DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A BASCULE BRIDGE USING · DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BRIDGE ABSTRACT ... motivation for the design and use of lightweight epoxy asphalt mixtures ... Data was collected

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at ISSN Print: 0976 © IAEME

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BRIDGE

ABSTRACTDuring

increased rate of trade shares among states and countries, various air and sea routes are being discovered quite frequently. In order to optimize the transportation process intricate bridge connecting two land masses. In times such as these, there comes a need for special movable bridges, for example ‘Bascule Bridge’. A bascule bridge (sometimes referred to as a dcontinuously balances a span, or "leaf", throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat or ship traffic. It may be single or double leafed. This research is focused on designing a bascule connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India, as reference and conducting a study on the stress and strain acting on the bridge along with the total deformation analysis. A comparatstainless steel and structural steel used for its construction and the various parameters found for both the materials to decide which material is safer for the construction. Key wordsCite this Articleand Narendiranath Babu TElement Method8(7), 2017, pp. 428http://www.i

1. INTRODUCTIONMovable bridges have been an essential part of any country's transportation system, their development being in coherence with that of the development of the highway and railroad systems. Movable bridges have procarry highway and rail lines across an active waterway. The number of movable bridges being constructed are increasing at a fast pace. One of the most important types of movable bridge is the basculIsland to mainland India was constructed in the year 1914 and is over a hundred years old. It is the only movable bridge in India. It has a double leafed mid span which can be open


International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, JulyAvailable online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMEISSN Print: 0976-6340 and IS

© IAEME Publication

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BRIDGE

Akshay Bharadwaj K

ABSTRACT During the fast paced civilization and development throughout the world and an

increased rate of trade shares among states and countries, various air and sea routes are being discovered quite frequently. In order to optimize the transportation process intricate routes are being used which at times require a ship or a boat to cross a bridge connecting two land masses. In times such as these, there comes a need for special movable bridges, for example ‘Bascule Bridge’. A bascule bridge (sometimes referred to as a dcontinuously balances a span, or "leaf", throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat or ship traffic. It may be single or double leafed. This research is focused on designing a bascule connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India, as reference and conducting a study on the stress and strain acting on the bridge along with the total deformation analysis. A comparatstainless steel and structural steel used for its construction and the various parameters found for both the materials to decide which material is safer for the construction. Key words: Bascule Bridge, finite element analysis, stress, deflectionCite this Articleand Narendiranath Babu TElement Method8(7), 2017, pp. 428http://www.iaeme.com/IJME

INTRODUCTIONMovable bridges have been an essential part of any country's transportation system, their development being in coherence with that of the development of the highway and railroad systems. Movable bridges have procarry highway and rail lines across an active waterway. The number of movable bridges being constructed are increasing at a fast pace. One of the most important types of movable bridge is the bascule bridge. The Pamban Bridge that connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India was constructed in the year 1914 and is over a hundred years old. It is the only movable bridge in India. It has a double leafed mid span which can be open

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Volume 8, Issue 7, July 2017, pp.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJME6340 and ISSN Online: 0976

Publication

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BRIDGE USING

Akshay Bharadwaj K

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University,

the fast paced civilization and development throughout the world and an increased rate of trade shares among states and countries, various air and sea routes are being discovered quite frequently. In order to optimize the transportation process

routes are being used which at times require a ship or a boat to cross a bridge connecting two land masses. In times such as these, there comes a need for special movable bridges, for example ‘Bascule Bridge’. A bascule bridge (sometimes referred to as a drawbridge) is a movable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or "leaf", throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat or ship traffic. It may be single or double leafed. This research is focused on designing a bascule connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India, as reference and conducting a study on the stress and strain acting on the bridge along with the total deformation analysis. A comparatstainless steel and structural steel used for its construction and the various parameters found for both the materials to decide which material is safer for the construction.

Bascule Bridge, finite element analysis, stress, deflectionCite this Article: Akshay Bharadwaj Krishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta and Narendiranath Babu TElement Method. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and 8(7), 2017, pp. 428–438.

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INTRODUCTION Movable bridges have been an essential part of any country's transportation system, their development being in coherence with that of the development of the highway and railroad systems. Movable bridges have procarry highway and rail lines across an active waterway. The number of movable bridges being constructed are increasing at a fast pace. One of the most important types of movable bridge is

e bridge. The Pamban Bridge that connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India was constructed in the year 1914 and is over a hundred years old. It is the only movable bridge in India. It has a double leafed mid span which can be open

IJMET/index.asp

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)2017, pp. 428–438, Article ID: IJM

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHO

Akshay Bharadwaj Krishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta and Narendiranath Babu T

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore,


routes are being used which at times require a ship or a boat to cross a bridge connecting two land masses. In times such as these, there comes a need for special movable bridges, for example ‘Bascule Bridge’. A bascule bridge (sometimes

rawbridge) is a movable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or "leaf", throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat or ship traffic. It may be single or double leafed. This research is focused on designing a bascule bridge by taking the Pamban Bridge, the bridge that connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India, as reference and conducting a study on the stress and strain acting on the bridge along with the total deformation analysis. A comparatstainless steel and structural steel used for its construction and the various parameters found for both the materials to decide which material is safer for the construction.

Bascule Bridge, finite element analysis, stress, deflectionAkshay Bharadwaj Krishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta

and Narendiranath Babu T. Design and Analysis of a Bascule Bridge using Finite International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and

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Movable bridges have been an essential part of any country's transportation system, their development being in coherence with that of the development of the highway and railroad systems. Movable bridges have proved to be an economical solution to the problem of how to carry highway and rail lines across an active waterway. The number of movable bridges being constructed are increasing at a fast pace. One of the most important types of movable bridge is


asp 428

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Article ID: IJM

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Indexed

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FINITE ELEMENT METHO

rishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta and Narendiranath Babu T

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu,



rawbridge) is a movable bridge with a counterweight that continuously balances a span, or "leaf", throughout its upward swing to provide clearance for boat or ship traffic. It may be single or double leafed. This research is

bridge by taking the Pamban Bridge, the bridge that connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India, as reference and conducting a study on the stress and strain acting on the bridge along with the total deformation analysis. A comparatstainless steel and structural steel used for its construction and the various parameters found for both the materials to decide which material is safer for the construction.


Design and Analysis of a Bascule Bridge using Finite International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and

asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=7

Movable bridges have been an essential part of any country's transportation system, their development being in coherence with that of the development of the highway and railroad

ved to be an economical solution to the problem of how to carry highway and rail lines across an active waterway. The number of movable bridges being constructed are increasing at a fast pace. One of the most important types of movable bridge is


International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)Article ID: IJMET_08_07_0

asp?JType=IJME

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A BASCULE FINITE ELEMENT METHO

rishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta and Narendiranath Babu T

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Tamilnadu, India




bridge by taking the Pamban Bridge, the bridge that connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India, as reference and conducting a study on the stress and strain acting on the bridge along with the total deformation analysis. A comparative study is also conducted between stainless steel and structural steel used for its construction and the various parameters found for both the materials to decide which material is safer for the construction.







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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) 07_049


OF A BASCULE FINITE ELEMENT METHO

rishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta and

School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University,




bridge by taking the Pamban Bridge, the bridge that connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India, as reference and conducting a study on the stress and strain acting on the bridge along

ive study is also conducted between stainless steel and structural steel used for its construction and the various parameters found for both the materials to decide which material is safer for the construction.

Bascule Bridge, finite element analysis, stress, deflection. Akshay Bharadwaj Krishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta






[email protected]

T&VType=8&IType=7

OF A BASCULE FINITE ELEMENT METHO







Akshay Bharadwaj Krishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta

Design and Analysis of a Bascule Bridge using Finite International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology





[email protected]

T&VType=8&IType=7

OF A BASCULE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD







Akshay Bharadwaj Krishna, Akshay Prashant Pawgi, Shikhar Gupta Design and Analysis of a Bascule Bridge using Finite

Technology,



e bridge. The Pamban Bridge that connects the town of Rameshwaram on Pamban Island to mainland India was constructed in the year 1914 and is over a hundred years old. It is the only movable bridge in India. It has a double leafed mid span which can be opened for


http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 429 [email protected]

the passage of ships and barges and works on the principle of a bascule bridge. The material used for the construction of the bridge plays an important role due to the factors like the stresses that act upon it due to the varying loading condition throughout its length along with climatic conditions which may very well be corrosive in nature in a bridge constructed over a sea along with the duration that the bridge must not fail like in this case of more than 100 years and hence the material selection should be such that it can withstand all such parameters and stand still with utmost safety.

Zhendong Qian et al., proposed the usage of a lightweight epoxy asphalt mixture (LEAM) for pavement on bascule bridges. Test results demonstrated that the LEAM had a decent imperviousness to dampness harm, lasting twisting, and low-temperature splitting. The LEAM with a 70% lightweight total substitution rate was found to have the best impact on deadweight lessening and additionally the other execution measures. In addition, the explanatory outcome demonstrated that LEAM could decrease asphalt stretch altogether when contrasted with an epoxy asphalt mixture, which shows that the LEAM has a decent structural performance. Significant reductions in density at the higher lightweight aggregate percentages and overall better performance of the rounded lightweight mixtures was found to have been achieved by using 70% of the lightweight aggregate in the mixtures which would be vital for the optimal performance for the bridge deck paving. The study further provides a basis and motivation for the design and use of lightweight epoxy asphalt mixtures for bridge deck paving.

G. Besterfield et al., proposed a procedure for the assembly of trunnion-hub-girder (THG) in bascule bridges which could help in avoiding failures. The study was conducted to understand the failures due to the general assembly procedure followed and the results were used to develop specifications and recommendations for assembly. The causes of failures include the development of high stresses at low temperatures during assembly, while noting that fracture toughness of THG materials decreases with temperature. Recommended specifications included following an alternative assembly procedure that nearly doubles allowable crack length, and that lowers cooling temperatures to avoid trunnion sticking in the hub. Based on the results of the study, various recommendations were made for the THG assembly procedure. Few of them included developing inspection specifications to determine if voids or cracks were bigger than an allowable value, to specify tight machining tolerances for the inner diameter of the hub, to consider heating the outer component as opposed to cooling the inner component as heating is a slow process and hence would not create large transient thermal stress. The maximum Von-Mises stress was found to occur when the whole assembly reaches steady state. The maximum hoop stress on the other hand was found to occur due to thermal shock when the hub was cooled down by immersion in liquid Nitrogen.

J W Smith et al., proposed a method for calculating cycles of stress in steel bridge decks under heavy traffic. This was achieved by using influence surfaces, derived by finite element analysis, and simulating the passage of heavy vehicles by a Monte-Carlo technique. The predicted stress cycle counts compared favourably with experimental observations on a real bridge using an electronic continuous monitoring system. A simplified method for the calculation of the cycles of stress in steel decks under heavy vehicles was developed by Smith and Wastling. They made use of an average bridge temperature and treated wheel loads separately. Their results were conservative when compared with observations on a full scale bridge. An advanced method of analysis was presented in their paper. The paper made it evident that the theoretical method of calculation overestimates damage at high temperatures and underestimates the damage at low temperatures.

F. Necati Catbas et al., proposed a machine learning algorithm for processing of massive data collected from the mechanical components of movable bridges. The proposed approach


consisted of training and monitoring statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression analysis (RRA). The monitoring phase included tracking of errors assomodels. monitoring of the bridge mechanical components such as gearbox, motor and rack and pinion. Data was collected from Sunrise Movable Bridge, Florida, USA, for 4 years through sensand was used to assess the performance of the algorithm under baseline and different common damage scenarios. satisfactory performance for the detection of the damage scenarios caused bof sufficient oil in gearbox, as well as bolt removal from rack and pinion.algorithm couldmassive (big) data collected for structural health mon

2. METHODOLOGYThe study began by conducting a literature survey on the various types of movable bridges, specifically the bascule bridge. Pamban Bridge was chosen as the reference and a detailed study on its dimensions alovarious parts of the bridge were first modelled in Solidworks and were then assembled in the same. Calculations were done with regards to the loading condition of the bridge at closed position and as well as for the various open positions. Weight of the engine of the train along with its bogeys for Indian Railway was found online. At closed position, the load was calculated according to the selftrain passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the selfthe leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and a stress, strain and total deformation analysis was covalues as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way the study on the stresses, straconducted successfully between the two materials.

Design and Analysis of a Bascule Bridge using Finite Element


consisted of training and monitoring statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression analysis (RRA). The monitoring phase included tracking of errors asso

. The main goal was to analyze the efficiency of the developed system for health monitoring of the bridge mechanical components such as gearbox, motor and rack and pinion. Data was collected from Sunrise Movable Bridge, Florida, USA, for 4 years through sensand was used to assess the performance of the algorithm under baseline and different common damage scenarios. satisfactory performance for the detection of the damage scenarios caused bof sufficient oil in gearbox, as well as bolt removal from rack and pinion.algorithm could be regarded as a valuable tool for the management and interpretation of the massive (big) data collected for structural health mon

METHODOLOGYThe study began by conducting a literature survey on the various types of movable bridges, specifically the bascule bridge. Pamban Bridge was chosen as the reference and a detailed study on its dimensions alovarious parts of the bridge were first modelled in Solidworks and were then assembled in the same. Calculations were done with regards to the loading condition of the bridge at closed

ion and as well as for the various open positions. Weight of the engine of the train along with its bogeys for Indian Railway was found online. At closed position, the load was calculated according to the selftrain passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the selfthe leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and a stress, strain and total deformation analysis was covalues as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way the study on the stresses, straconducted successfully between the two materials.



consisted of training and monitoring statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression analysis (RRA). The monitoring phase included tracking of errors asso

The main goal was to analyze the efficiency of the developed system for health monitoring of the bridge mechanical components such as gearbox, motor and rack and pinion. Data was collected from Sunrise Movable Bridge, Florida, USA, for 4 years through sensand was used to assess the performance of the algorithm under baseline and different common damage scenarios. Based on the results, the proposed health monitoring system had a satisfactory performance for the detection of the damage scenarios caused bof sufficient oil in gearbox, as well as bolt removal from rack and pinion.

be regarded as a valuable tool for the management and interpretation of the massive (big) data collected for structural health mon

METHODOLOGY The study began by conducting a literature survey on the various types of movable bridges, specifically the bascule bridge. Pamban Bridge was chosen as the reference and a detailed study on its dimensions along with the materials used for its construction was conducted. The various parts of the bridge were first modelled in Solidworks and were then assembled in the same. Calculations were done with regards to the loading condition of the bridge at closed

ion and as well as for the various open positions. Weight of the engine of the train along with its bogeys for Indian Railway was found online. At closed position, the load was calculated according to the selftrain passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the selfthe leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and a stress, strain and total deformation analysis was covalues as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way the study on the stresses, straconducted successfully between the two materials.


IJMET/index.asp

consisted of training and monitoring phases.statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression analysis (RRA). The monitoring phase included tracking of errors asso

The main goal was to analyze the efficiency of the developed system for health monitoring of the bridge mechanical components such as gearbox, motor and rack and pinion. Data was collected from Sunrise Movable Bridge, Florida, USA, for 4 years through sensand was used to assess the performance of the algorithm under baseline and different common

Based on the results, the proposed health monitoring system had a satisfactory performance for the detection of the damage scenarios caused bof sufficient oil in gearbox, as well as bolt removal from rack and pinion.


The study began by conducting a literature survey on the various types of movable bridges, specifically the bascule bridge. Pamban Bridge was chosen as the reference and a detailed

ng with the materials used for its construction was conducted. The various parts of the bridge were first modelled in Solidworks and were then assembled in the same. Calculations were done with regards to the loading condition of the bridge at closed

ion and as well as for the various open positions. Weight of the engine of the train along with its bogeys for Indian Railway was found online. At closed position, the load was calculated according to the self-weight of the leaf of the bridge along with thtrain passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the selfthe leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and a stress, strain and total deformation analysis was covalues as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way the study on the stresses, strains and the total deformation on the bascule bridge was conducted successfully between the two materials.


asp 430

phases. The training phase was focused on the extracting statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression analysis (RRA). The monitoring phase included tracking of errors asso






ion and as well as for the various open positions. Weight of the engine of the train along with its bogeys for Indian Railway was found online. At closed position, the load was

weight of the leaf of the bridge along with thtrain passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the selfthe leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and a stress, strain and total deformation analysis was covalues as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way

ins and the total deformation on the bascule bridge was conducted successfully between the two materials.

Figure 1


The training phase was focused on the extracting statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression analysis (RRA). The monitoring phase included tracking of errors asso



be regarded as a valuable tool for the management and interpretation of the massive (big) data collected for structural health monitoring (SHM) of movable bridges.




weight of the leaf of the bridge along with thtrain passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the selfthe leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and a stress, strain and total deformation analysis was conducted on the same using the load values as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way

ins and the total deformation on the bascule bridge was

Design and Analysis of a Bascule Bridge using Finite Element Method

editor@

The training phase was focused on the extracting statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression analysis (RRA). The monitoring phase included tracking of errors associated with the derived



be regarded as a valuable tool for the management and interpretation of the itoring (SHM) of movable bridges.




weight of the leaf of the bridge along with thtrain passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the selfthe leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and

nducted on the same using the load values as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way


Method

[email protected]

The training phase was focused on the extracting statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression

ciated with the derived The main goal was to analyze the efficiency of the developed system for health

monitoring of the bridge mechanical components such as gearbox, motor and rack and pinion. Data was collected from Sunrise Movable Bridge, Florida, USA, for 4 years through sensand was used to assess the performance of the algorithm under baseline and different common

Based on the results, the proposed health monitoring system had a satisfactory performance for the detection of the damage scenarios caused by leakage and lack of sufficient oil in gearbox, as well as bolt removal from rack and pinion. The introduced

be regarded as a valuable tool for the management and interpretation of the itoring (SHM) of movable bridges.




weight of the leaf of the bridge along with the weight of the train passing over the bridge. In the open position the load only included the self-weight of the leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and

nducted on the same using the load values as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way


iaeme.com

The training phase was focused on the extracting statistical features and conducting cross correlation analysis (CCA) and robust regression

ciated with the derived The main goal was to analyze the efficiency of the developed system for health

monitoring of the bridge mechanical components such as gearbox, motor and rack and pinion. Data was collected from Sunrise Movable Bridge, Florida, USA, for 4 years through sensors and was used to assess the performance of the algorithm under baseline and different common

Based on the results, the proposed health monitoring system had a y leakage and lack

The introduced be regarded as a valuable tool for the management and interpretation of the

itoring (SHM) of movable bridges.




e weight of the weight of

the leaf of the bridge. The final assembled bridge was then imported in Ansys Workbench and nducted on the same using the load

values as calculated from the calculations. The material chosen for the bridge was first chosen as structural steel and then stainless steel and the results for both were compared. This way




2.1. Calculations Length of 1 leaf of the bridge = 35.2 m; which would fit one and half coaches of train per leaf.

We have considered maximum loading condition per leaf of the bridge, which would correspond to one engine and half a passenger coach of a train per leaf of the bridge.

Weight of 1 engine coach = 112.8 tonnes

Weight of 1 fully loaded passenger coach of a train = 49 tonnes

Therefore, weight of half a passenger coach of a train = 24.5 tonnes

Weight acting on one leaf of the bridge = (112.8 + 24.5) = 137.3 tonnes

The area of the base of the cage structure of one leaf of the bridge = 69.965 m² (Area considered in all three conditions) Note: The entire load would act on this base of the leaf.

Pressure = Force / Area

= (Mass x Acceleration due to gravity) / Area

Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s²

Condition 1 Pressure acting on one leaf due to the weight of 1.5 coaches of a train. Mass of 1.5 coaches of a train as calculated (M1) = 137.3 tonnes Therefore, (P1) = (137.3 x 1000 x 9.81) / 69.965

(P1) = 19251.24 N/m²

Condition 2 Pressure acting on one leaf due to self-weight of the bridge. Self-weight of one leaf of the bridge (stainless steel material) (Found using SolidWorks analysis) (m1)= 410.41 tonnes Self-weight of one leaf of the bridge (structural steel) = m1 x (density of structural steel / density of stainless steel) = 410.41 x (7850 / 7750) = 415.7 tonnes

Self-weight of one leaf of the actual Pamban Bridge = 415 tonnes [*] o CASE 1: STAINLESS STEEL

Pressure acting due to self-weight on one leaf of the bridge (P2)= (410.41 x 1000 x 9.81) / 69.965 (P2)= 57544.802 N/m²

o CASE 2: STRUCTURAL STEEL Pressure acting due to self-weight on one leaf of the bridge (P3) = (415.7 x 1000x 9.81) / 69.965 (P3) = 58286.529 N/m²

Condition 3 Pressure acting on the leaf at 0 degrees

o CASE 1: STAINLESS STEEL

P = P1 + P2

P = 19,251.24 + 57,544.802



Total Deformation (m)

Equivalent elastic strain (m/m)

Equivalent elastic stress (Pa)

Total Deformation (m)

Equivalent elastic strain (m/m)

Equivalent elastic stress (Pa)

Minimum 0. m 1.8909e-012 m/m 9.3834e-002 Pa 0. m 2.1257e-012 m/m 0.10694 PaMinimum occurs on Support system Rack Rack Support system Rack Rack

Maximum 6.8158e-002 m 1.166e-003 m/m 2.2503e+008 Pa 6.6984e-002 m 1.1643e-003 m/m 2.3285e+008 PaMaximum occurs on

Cage structure of the bridge Rack Rack

Cage structure of the bridge Rack Rack

Minimum 0. m 3.4765e-012 m/m 0.23363 Pa 0. m 7.2733e-012 m/m 1.1444 PaMinimum occurs on Support system Rack Rack Support system Rack Rack


Cage structure of the bridge



Cage structure of bridge



Minimum 0. m 5.7276e-013 m/m 4.2538e-002 Pa 0. m 8.3303e-013 m/m 4.4185e-002 PaMinimum occurs on Support system Rack Rack Support system Rack Rack








ANGLESSTAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURAL STEEL

0º

13.5º

27º

P = 76,796.042 N/m² o CASE 2: STRUCTURAL STEEL

P = P1 + P3 P = 19,251.24 + 58286.529 P = 77,537.769 N/m²

NOTE: For conditions other than 0 degrees for the bridge, only the self-weight of the materials are applicable.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The materials chosen for the comparison are Stainless steel and Structural steel. Steel is generally utilized far and wide for the development of bridges from the extensive to the little. It is a versatile and successful material that gives productive and maintainable arrangements. Steel has for quite some time been perceived as the monetary choice for a scope of any bridge. It commands the business sectors for long traverse spans, railroad bridges, footbridges, and medium traverse interstate extensions. Steel spans epitomize great outline, they are quick to construct, and have empowered the recovery of numerous previous modern, dock and canal side regions. The high strength-to-weight ratio of steel minimizes the structural weight of superstructures and thus minimizes the substructure costs, which is particularly beneficial in poor ground conditions. Minimum self-weight is also an important factor in the cost of transporting and handling components. The yield strength of Concrete is 0 Pa. This means that concrete cannot be elongated or compressed at all and is a very rigid material. The ultimate compressive strength of concrete is 4.1 x 107 Pa which basically means that it can withstand high level of loads without failing. Hence concrete is chosen as the material for the support structure of the bridge which needs to be the most robust part in a bridge. The yield strength of structural steel is 2.5 x 108 Pa whereas of stainless steel is 2.07 x 108 Pa. Stainless steel has a component of chromium in it which makes it more anti corrosive but then again comes at a costlier price than structural steel. It is observed clearly that stainless steel undergoes more stress and hence more strain and deformation for the same loading conditions as that of structural [*] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamban_Bridge steel. This is mainly because of its lesser yield stress than structural steel. This makes it more susceptible to failing over the period of time. As far as the anti-corrosive property of structural steel is considered, it can be improved by applying a galvanized coating on structural steel which will enhance its anti-corrosive properties and make it more suitable for construction of the bridge over a water body.

Table 1 Comparison of properties at different angles of lift of the bascule bridge for stainless steel and structural steel



It can be observed from table 1 that for each condition of the opening angle of the bridge, stainless steel as material undergoes more stress, strain and hence more total deformation. The table 1 also explains the location for each of these stressdeformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true because the weight acts directly onto the base structure through the trusses that give the support to the base of the cage structure. It can also be observed from the images that the maximum deformation occurs at the central portion of the bridge. This is qend portion of the cantilever attains the maximum stress and undergoes maximum deformation and the bridge here is constructed out of two halves of cantilever being joined together and hence the

3.1. Stainless Steel



It can be observed from table 1 that for each condition of the opening angle of the bridge, stainless steel as material undergoes more stress, strain and hence more total deformation. The table 1 also explains the location for each of these stressdeformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true because the weight acts directly onto the base structure through the trusses that give the support to the base of the cage structure. It can also be observed from the images that the maximum deformation occurs at the central portion of the bridge. This is qend portion of the cantilever attains the maximum stress and undergoes maximum deformation and the bridge here is constructed out of two halves of cantilever being joined together and hence the

Stainless Steel



It can be observed from table 1 that for each condition of the opening angle of the bridge, stainless steel as material undergoes more stress, strain and hence more total deformation. The table 1 also explains the location for each of these stressdeformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true because the weight acts directly onto the base structure through the trusses that give the support to the base of the cage structure. It can also be observed from the images that the maximum deformation occurs at the central portion of the bridge. This is qend portion of the cantilever attains the maximum stress and undergoes maximum deformation and the bridge here is constructed out of two halves of cantilever being joined together and hence the maximum deformation in the mid span of the bridge.

Stainless Steel Bridge (0 Degrees)

Figure

Figure


IJMET/index.asp

It can be observed from table 1 that for each condition of the opening angle of the bridge, stainless steel as material undergoes more stress, strain and hence more total deformation. The table 1 also explains the location for each of these stressdeformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true because the weight acts directly onto the base structure through the trusses that give the support to the base of the cage structure. It can also be observed from the images that the maximum deformation occurs at the central portion of the bridge. This is quite obvious because in a cantilever type loading scenario the end portion of the cantilever attains the maximum stress and undergoes maximum deformation and the bridge here is constructed out of two halves of cantilever being joined

maximum deformation in the mid span of the bridge.

Bridge (0 Degrees)

Figure 2 Total Deformation of the bridge

Figure 3 Equivalent stress acting on the bridge


asp 433

It can be observed from table 1 that for each condition of the opening angle of the bridge, stainless steel as material undergoes more stress, strain and hence more total deformation. The table 1 also explains the location for each of these stressdeformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true because the weight acts directly onto the base and hence gets distributed on the whole cage structure through the trusses that give the support to the base of the cage structure. It can also be observed from the images that the maximum deformation occurs at the central

uite obvious because in a cantilever type loading scenario the end portion of the cantilever attains the maximum stress and undergoes maximum deformation and the bridge here is constructed out of two halves of cantilever being joined


Bridge (0 Degrees)

Total Deformation of the bridge

Equivalent stress acting on the bridge


It can be observed from table 1 that for each condition of the opening angle of the bridge, stainless steel as material undergoes more stress, strain and hence more total deformation. The table 1 also explains the location for each of these stress-strain vdeformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true

and hence gets distributed on the whole cage structure through the trusses that give the support to the base of the cage structure. It can also be observed from the images that the maximum deformation occurs at the central






[email protected]

It can be observed from table 1 that for each condition of the opening angle of the bridge, stainless steel as material undergoes more stress, strain and hence more total deformation. The

strain values along with the total deformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true







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alues along with the total deformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true





[email protected]


alues along with the total deformation. It can be observed that maximum stress, strain and deformation occurs on the cage structure of the bridge which includes the base and the trusses. This is possibly true




3.2. Structural



Structural Steel



Figure

Steel Bridge (0 Degrees)

Figure

Figure


IJMET/index.asp

Figure 4 Equivalent strain acting on the bridge

Bridge (0 Degrees)




asp 434

Equivalent strain acting on the bridge

Bridge (0 Degrees)








editor@




Method

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3.3. Stainless Steel Bridge (



tainless Steel Bridge (



Figure

tainless Steel Bridge (

Figure

Figure


IJMET/index.asp


tainless Steel Bridge (27 Degrees)




asp 435


Degrees)








[email protected]





[email protected]


[email protected]


3.4. Structural



Structural Steel Bridge (27



Figure

Steel Bridge (27

Figure

Figure


IJMET/index.asp


Steel Bridge (27 Degrees




asp 436


Degrees)








editor@




Method

[email protected]



4. CONCLUSIONThe study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study here proves structural steel to be a better material for the constructionit does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such a way that it opens for larger angles fof gearing mechanism, the future studies can also look into the opening and closing of the bridge by a motor.

REFERENCES[1] Zhendong

lightweight epoxy asphalt Materials

[2] G.procedures of trunnionMechanic,

[3] JStructures

[4] F.massive data coConstruction

[5] Pellegrino, S. 1986. “Kinematically indeterminate structures,” Dissertation, Cambridge, U.K.

[6] Wallnerconditions.” Proc., IABSE

[7] Abrahams, M. J. 2000. Bridge engineering handbook, W. F. Chen and New York, Chap.

[8] Ecale, H., Brown, G., and Kocsis, P. 1977. “Chicago type Bascule balancing: technique.” J. Struct. Div., 10311, 2269



CONCLUSIONThe study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study here proves structural steel to be a better material for the constructionit does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such a way that it opens for larger angles fof gearing mechanism, the future studies can also look into the opening and closing of the bridge by a motor.

REFERENCESZhendong Qianlightweight epoxy asphalt Materials, Volume 25, Issue 7, July 2011,

G. Besterfieldprocedures of trunnionMechanic, Volume 40, Issue 2,

J W Smith, Structures, Physical Testing

F. Necati Catbasmassive data coConstruction

Pellegrino, S. 1986. “Kinematically indeterminate structures,” Dissertation, Cambridge, U.K.

Wallner, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary conditions.” Proc., IABSE

Abrahams, M. J. 2000. Bridge engineering handbook, W. F. Chen and New York, Chap.

Ecale, H., Brown, G., and Kocsis, P. 1977. “Chicago type Bascule balancing: technique.” J. Struct. Div., 10311, 2269



Figure

CONCLUSIONS The study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study here proves structural steel to be a better material for the constructionit does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such a way that it opens for larger angles fof gearing mechanism, the future studies can also look into the opening and closing of the bridge by a motor.

REFERENCES Qian, Leilei

lightweight epoxy asphalt Volume 25, Issue 7, July 2011,

Besterfield, A. Kawprocedures of trunnion–

Volume 40, Issue 2,

M A WastlingPhysical Testing

Catbas, Masoudmassive data collected from the mechanical components of movable bridges”Construction, Volume 72,

Pellegrino, S. 1986. “Kinematically indeterminate structures,” Dissertation, Cambridge, U.K.

, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary conditions.” Proc., IABSE

Abrahams, M. J. 2000. Bridge engineering handbook, W. F. Chen and New York, Chap. 21.



IJMET/index.asp


The study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study here proves structural steel to be a better material for the constructionit does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such a way that it opens for larger angles for taller ships and barges to pass through them. Instead of gearing mechanism, the future studies can also look into the opening and closing of the

Chen, Chenlonglightweight epoxy asphalt mixture for bascule bridge pavements

Volume 25, Issue 7, July 2011,

Kaw, S. Nichani–hub–girder for bascule bridges”

Volume 40, Issue 2, Septe

Wastling, “Predicting the fatigue life of steel bridge decks” Physical Testing, 1989, Pages 368

Masoud Malekzadehllected from the mechanical components of movable bridges”

72, Part 3, December 2016, Pages 269

Pellegrino, S. 1986. “Kinematically indeterminate structures,” Dissertation,

, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary conditions.” Proc., IABSE-Symposium 2002,

Abrahams, M. J. 2000. Bridge engineering handbook, W. F. Chen and



asp 437


The study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study here proves structural steel to be a better material for the constructionit does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such

or taller ships and barges to pass through them. Instead of gearing mechanism, the future studies can also look into the opening and closing of the

Chenlong Jiangmixture for bascule bridge pavements

Volume 25, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 3117

Nichani, B. Ratnamgirder for bascule bridges”

September–October 2003, Pages 123

Predicting the fatigue life of steel bridge decks” 1989, Pages 368–375

Malekzadeh, “A machine learningllected from the mechanical components of movable bridges”

, December 2016, Pages 269


, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary Symposium 2002, Melbourne, 110


Ecale, H., Brown, G., and Kocsis, P. 1977. “Chicago type Bascule balancing: technique.” J. Struct. Div., 10311, 2269–2272.



The study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study here proves structural steel to be a better material for the constructionit does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such


Jiang, Sang Luomixture for bascule bridge pavements

Pages 3117–3122

Ratnam, T.A. Cherukaragirder for bascule bridges” Theoretica

October 2003, Pages 123

Predicting the fatigue life of steel bridge decks” 375

A machine learningllected from the mechanical components of movable bridges”

, December 2016, Pages 269–


, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary Melbourne, 110


Ecale, H., Brown, G., and Kocsis, P. 1977. “Chicago type Bascule balancing:


[email protected]


The study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study here proves structural steel to be a better material for the construction of the bascule bridge as it does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such


Luo, “Performance evaluation of a mixture for bascule bridge pavements” Construction and Building

Cherukara, M. DenningerTheoretical and Applied Fracture

October 2003, Pages 123–134

Predicting the fatigue life of steel bridge decks”

A machine learning-based algorithm for processing llected from the mechanical components of movable bridges”

–278


, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary Melbourne, 110–111.




[email protected]

The study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study

of the bascule bridge as it does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such


Performance evaluation of a Construction and Building

Denninger, “Assembly l and Applied Fracture 134

Predicting the fatigue life of steel bridge decks” The

based algorithm for processing llected from the mechanical components of movable bridges” Automation

Pellegrino, S. 1986. “Kinematically indeterminate structures,” Dissertation, Univ. of

, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary

Abrahams, M. J. 2000. Bridge engineering handbook, W. F. Chen and L. Duan, eds., CRC,



[email protected]

The study hence proved that bascule bridges when designed with appropriate counter balance mechanism and proper material, they can withstand high loads even such of trains. The study

of the bascule bridge as it does not deform as much as stainless steel. The design of the bascule bridge was such that it could open to a maximum of 27 degrees but for future scope, researchers can design it in such


Performance evaluation of a Construction and Building

Assembly l and Applied Fracture

The Life of

based algorithm for processing Automation in

Univ. of

, M., Pircher, M., and Egger, H. 2002. “Structures reacting to environmental boundary

L. Duan, eds., CRC,

Ecale, H., Brown, G., and Kocsis, P. 1977. “Chicago type Bascule balancing: A new



[9] Markus Wallner and Martin Pircher. “Kinematics of Movable Bridges” Journal of Bridge Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 2 (March 2007)

[10] Lu, S. Y., Malvern, L. E., Jenkins, D. A., Allred, S. F., and Biwer, L. W. 1982. “Balancing of trunnion-type Bascule bridges.” J. Struct. Div., 10810, 2339–2343.

[11] Prataprao Jadha V., G. Mohan Ganesh and Vinayagamoorthy M, Erection Stage Dynamic Behavior of Cable Stayed Bridge Using Construction Stage Analysis, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 252–264.

[12] Mohammed Anif and Prof. G Augustine Maniraj Pandian, Effect of Skew for Various IRC Loadings on a T-Beam Bridge Section. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 2017, pp. 410-417

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DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A BASCULE BRIDGE USING · DESIGN AND ANALYSIS BRIDGE ABSTRACT ... motivation for the design and use of lightweight epoxy asphalt mixtures ... Data was collected