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• Describe early attempts by the United States to expand in the Pacific.

• List the reasons many Americans came to favor expansion.

• Explain how the United States gained the territories of Samoa and Hawaii.

• Describe how the United States protected its trading rights in China.

Objectives

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Terms and People

• Matthew C. Perry– Commodore of the Navy who led a squadron of U.S. warships to Japan to open trade with the nation

• isolationism– policy of avoiding involvement in other countries’ affairs

• imperialism– building empires by imposing political and economic control over peoples around the world

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Terms and People (Continued)

• Liliuokalani– Queen of Hawaii who advocated for Hawaiian independence

• sphere of influence– areas where another nation has economic and political control

• annex – take over

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How did the United States acquire new territory and expand trade in the Asia-Pacific region?

In the mid-1800s, the United States was ready to take on new challenges.

Finding new trading partners

Acquiring new land

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U.S. merchants longed to trade with Japan, which had blocked outside trade for 250 years.

In 1853, Matthew C. Perry led U.S. warships into Tokyo Bay.

The Japanese were awed by Perry’s ships. In 1854, Japan agreed to trade with the U.S. This became known as the Treaty of Kanagawa, which also included that Japan would help shipwrecked sailors.

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In 1867, U.S. Secretary of State William Seward arranged the purchase of Alaska from Russia.

Alaska turned out to be rich in gold, oil, and other resources.

• He hoped to open trade in Asia and the Pacific.

• Critics thought the land was worthless. They called the deal “Seward’s Folly.”

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Until the late 1800s, American foreign policy differed from that of many European nations.

America

The U.S. generally pursued a policy of isolationism. It did not get involved in other nations’ affairs.

European Nations

Many nations undertook a policy of imperialism. They wanted to expand into new territories.

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In the late 1800s, America was gripped by a new spirit of expansionism.

Supporters made several arguments about the benefits of expansionism.

Expansionism Spread

American values

Promote economic growth

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Causes and Effects of U.S. Expansionism

Causes

• Western frontier closes.

• European nations acquire overseas colonies and compete for resources and markets.

• U.S. industry needs to acquire raw materials and find new markets in which to sell its products.

• Some in the U.S. want to spread American culture and values.

Effects

• U.S. navy grows in size and power.

• U.S. gains control of territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific.

• U.S. issues Open Door Policy (all nations can trade with China).

• U.S. builds Panama Canal.

• U.S. sends troops to Latin American nations to protect its interests.

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U.S. expansionists expressed interest in many Pacific Island chains, including Samoa.

The people of Samoa had no say in the matter.

U.S. Britain

Germany

Three nations fought for Samoa.

In 1899, the U.S. and Germany divided Samoa.

Samoa

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Americans also eyed Hawaii, because its location was ideal for a military outpost between the U.S. and Asia.

American planters came to Hawaii and set up huge sugar plantations.

Planters forced the Hawaiian king to accept a new constitution.

Liliuokalani became Hawaii’s queen. She advocated for Hawaiian independence.

1820

1887

1891

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In 1893, American planters organized an uprising that ultimately led the U.S. to annex Hawaii.

President Cleveland declared the revolt illegal.

A U.S. official sent 50 Marines to Hawaii.

The Marines overthrew the queen.

President McKinley signed a treaty to annex Hawaii.

Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898.

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Expansion across the Pacific allowed the U.S. to gain resources, open new markets, and encourage trade.

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In the late 1800s, China was weakened by war. Other nations took advantage of this weakness.

U.S. Secretary of State wanted to keep an “open door” in China. He wanted to preserve trade with China.

European powers and Japan forced China to grant them land and

trading rights.

They divided China into spheres of

influence.

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In 1900, the U.S. helped end the Boxer Rebellion in China.

• The Boxers opposed foreigners in China.

• They staged a violent rebellion in 1900.

The U.S. and other powers sent troops to end the rebellion.

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To prevent the other powers from seizing Chinese territory, Secretary Hay issued a second Open Door note.

Open Door Policy

America intended to preserve open trade with other nations.

China should not be broken up into separate pieces.

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