Deriving trends in cartography from ICA's past and ... · Poland France Netherlands Hungary United Kingdom Croatia Slovenia Belgium Czechia Borders and names as of today United Kingdom

Deriving trends in cartography from ICA's past and geography

Menno-Jan Kraak

• Introduction

• ICA’s geography and history

• Maps & cartography

• Trends in mapping

• Conclusion

Deriving trends in cartography from ICA's past and geography

• The mission of the ICA is to promote the disciplines and professions of Cartography and GIScience in an international context

What do we do? ICA’s Members and International Cartographic Conferences

ICA member

1962 Frankfurt am Main

Frankfurt am Main1964 London/Edinburgh

Edinburgh

1967 Amsterdam

Amsterdam

1968 Dehli

Dehli

1970 Stresa

Stresa

Ottawa1972 Ottawa1974 Madrid

Madrid

Moscow

1976 Moscow1978 College ParkCollege Park1980 Tokyo

Tokyo

1982 Warszawa

Warszawa

1984 Perth

Perth

1987 MoreliaMorelia

1989 Budapest

Budapest

1991 Bournemouth

Bournemouth

Cologne

1993 Cologne

Stockholm

1997 Stockholm1999 Ottawa

Beijing

2001 Beijing

Durban

2003 Durban

Coruna

2005 Coruna2007 Moscow

Santiago2009 Santiago

Paris

2011 Paris

Dresden

2013 Dresden

Rio de Janeiro

2015 Rio de Janeiro2017 Washington

Washington

2019 Tokyo2021 Florence

FlorenceBarcelona

1995 Barcelona

• Commissions are core to ICA’s success

• Commissions follow their ToR to reach ICA’s objectives

• Commissions act globally

• Commissions might execute specific ICA tasks incorporated in their ToR

The Commissions and working Groups over time

64 68 72 76 80 84 87 91 95 99 03 07 11 15

Commission Working Group

ICA and its Commissions and Working Groups

Map Projections

Art a

nd C

arto

grap

hy

Atlas

esCart

ograp

hic H

eritag

e

into t

he di

gital

Cartograp

hy an

d

Children

Early Warning and

Crisis Management

Cognitive Issues in

GeoInfoVis

Education and Training

Generalization & Multiple ReprsGeospatial Analysis &

Modelling

History of Cartography

Location Based

Services

Map Design

Map Production &

Geoinfo M

anagement

Visu

al An

alytic

s

Use,

User

and U

sabil

ity

Issue

s

Ubiquitou

s Map

ping

Ubiquitou

s Map

ping

Topographic MappingSensor-driven Mapping

SDI & Standards

Planetary Cartography

Open Source

Geospatial Technology

Mountain Cartography

Marine CartographyM

aps and the InternetM

aps & Graphics for

Blind


Topono

my

GI for Sustainability

ICA and its Commissions and Working Groups

Map Projections

Art and Cartography

Atlases

Cartographic Heritage

into the digital

Cartography and

Children

Early Warning and

Crisis Managem

ent

Cognitive Issues in

GeoInfoVis

Education and Training

Generalization &

Multiple Reprs

Geospatial Analysis &

Modelling

History of Cartography

Location Based

Services

Map Design

Map Production &

Geoinfo M

anagement

Visual Analytics

Use, User and Usability

Issues

Ubiquitous Mapping

Topographic Mapping

Sensor-driven Mapping

SDI & Standards

Open Source

Geospatial Technology

Mountain CartographyM

arine CartographyM

aps and the InternetM

aps & Graphics for

Blind


Toponomy

GI for Sustainability

Commission and Working Groups over time

History

Map Production

Use

Census

Quality

Standards

Adv. Technology

AtlassesBlind

Education

HistoryComputer Ass.

Satellite

Gender

Urban

Base map theme

Reg. Planning

Marine

Communication

Census

Map Production

History

Map Production

Standards

Quality

Visualization

Theory

Updating

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Map Production

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization

MountainPlanetaryInternetChildren

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization

Ubiqutous

Updating

Projections

Heritage

Use

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization

UbiqutousProjections

Society

AnalysisHeritage

Use

History

StandardsVisualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

Satellite

Generalization


Society

Analysis

Cognition

Quality

Neocartography

Education

TerminologyAutomation

Education


Sustainability

Education


Thematic

Communication

Technology

Education


Communication

TechnologyHistory

Base Maps

Nat. Recources

MarineHistory

Satellite

Urban

Marine

Census

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Heritage

Use


AtlassesBlind

Sensors

Generalization


Analysis

Art

Early Warning

Cognition

LBS

Sustainability

DesignOpen source

Toponomy

Topo Mapping

EducationEducation Education Education EducationEducation Education EducationMap Production Map Production Map ProductionMap Production

HistoryHistory HistoryHistory

Satellite





Art

Early Warning

Sustainability

DesignOpen source

Marine Marine MarineHistory

Thematic

Communication

IGU AtlasIGU AtlasIGU Atlas

Map Use

ICA.FIG.ISP A

IFLA IFLA

Market

ChildrenGeneralization

Early Warning

Art

Open Data

Toponomy

UNGGIM

IMY

Open source

TouristAfrica

Crime

Census

1964-1968 1968-1972 1972-1976 1976-1980 1980-1984 1984-1987 1987-1991 1991-1995 1995-1999 1999-2003 2003-2007 2007-2011 2011-2015 2015-2019

History

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Satellite

Urban

Census

Education

Marine

Theory

Atlasses

Map Use

IFLA

Market

Theory

Marine

ICA.FIG.ISP BICA.FIG.ISP C

Urban

Census

Gender

Definitions

Map UseMarketGender

Theory

Heritage

Use

Analysis

Early WarningHist. Colonial

IMY

Tech outreach

Basic Manual

Definitions

Base map theme

Kraak, M.J. & S.I. Fabrikant / Of Maps, Cartography, and the Geography of the International Cartographic Association (submitted ICY) / Data collected by Data: Igor Drecki / University of Auckland (NZ)

Origin of Commission and Working Group Chairs

South Africa

Kenya

Australia

ChinaJapan

India

Canada

Mexico

Brazil

Chile

United States Spain

Germany

AustriaSwitzerland

Sweden

Greece

Russia

Poland

France

Netherlands

Hungary

United Kingdom

CroatiaSlovenia

Belgium

Czechia

Borders and names as of today

United

Kin

gdom

Croatia

India

Spain

Chin

a

Slo

venia

Mexico

Ken

ya

Greece

Austr

ia

Czech

iaB

elgiu

m

Den

mar

kC

hile

Brazil

Austr

aliaJapan

South

Afr

icaR

ussia

Sw

itzerlan

dSw

eden

Hungar

yPolan

d

United

States

Can

ada

Neth

erlan

ds

Ger

man

yFran

ce

10

30

20

40

c) Number of chairs per country

Origin of Commission and Working Group Chairs over time

History

Map Production

Use

Census

Quality

Standards

Adv. Technology

AtlassesBlind

Education


Satellite

Gender

Urban

Base map theme

Reg. Planning

Marine

Communication

Census

Map Production

History

Map Production

Standards

Quality

Visualization

Theory

Updating

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Map Production

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization


StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization

Ubiqutous

Updating

Projections

Heritage

Use

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization


Society

AnalysisHeritage

Use

History


Theory

AtlassesBlind

Satellite

Generalization


Society

Analysis

Cognition

Quality

Neocartography

Education


Education


Sustainability

Education


Thematic

Communication

Technology

Education


Communication

TechnologyHistory

Base Maps

Nat. Recources

MarineHistory

Satellite

Urban

Marine

Census

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Heritage

Use


AtlassesBlind

Sensors

Generalization


Analysis

Art

Early Warning

Cognition

LBS

Sustainability

DesignOpen source

Toponomy

Topo Mapping



Satellite





Art

Early Warning

Sustainability

DesignOpen source


Thematic

Communication


Map Use

ICA.FIG.ISP A

IFLA IFLA

Market


Early Warning

Art

Open Data

Toponomy

UNGGIM

IMY

Open source

TouristAfrica

Crime

Census

1964-1968 1968-1972 1972-1976 1976-1980 1980-1984 1984-1987 1987-1991 1991-1995 1995-1999 1999-2003 2003-2007 2007-2011 2011-2015 2015-2019

History

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Satellite

Urban

Census

Education

Marine

Theory

Atlasses

Map Use

IFLA

Market

Theory

Marine


Urban

Census

Gender

Definitions

Map UseMarketGender

Theory

Heritage

Use

Analysis


IMY

Tech outreach

Definitions

Manual

Base map theme

History

Map Production

Use

Census

Quality

Standards

Adv. Technology

AtlassesBlind

Education


Satellite

Gender

Urban

Base map theme

Reg. Planning

Marine

Communication

Census

Map Production

History

Map Production

Standards

Quality

Visualization

Theory

Updating

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Map Production

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization


StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization

Ubiqutous

Updating

Projections

Heritage

Use

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization


Society

AnalysisHeritage

Use

History


Theory

AtlassesBlind

Satellite

Generalization


Society

Analysis

Cognition

Quality

Neocartography

Education


Education


Sustainability

Education


Thematic

Communication

Technology

Education


Communication

TechnologyHistory

Base Maps

Nat. Recources

MarineHistory

Satellite

Urban

Marine

Census

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Heritage

Use


AtlassesBlind

Sensors

Generalization


Analysis

Art

Early Warning

Cognition

LBS

Sustainability

DesignOpen source

Toponomy

Topo Mapping



Satellite





Art

Early Warning

Sustainability

DesignOpen source


Thematic

Communication


Map Use

ICA.FIG.ISP A

IFLA IFLA

Market


Early Warning

Art

Open Data

Toponomy

UNGGIM

IMY

Open source

TouristAfrica

Crime

Census

History

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Satellite

Urban

Census

Education

Marine

Theory

Atlasses

Map Use

IFLA

Market

Theory

Marine


Urban

Census

Gender

Definitions

Map UseMarketGender

Theory

Heritage

Use

Analysis


IMY

Tech outreach

Definitions

Manual

Base map theme

United

Kin

gdom

Croatia

India

Spain

Chin

a

Slo

venia

Mexico

Ken

ya

Greece

Austr

ia

Czech

iaB

elgiu

m

Den

mar

kC

hile

Brazil

Austr

aliaJapan

South

Afr

icaR

ussia

Sw

itzerlan

dSw

eden

Hungar

yPolan

d

United

States

Can

ada

Neth

erlan

ds

Ger

man

yFran

ce

10

30

20

40

Origin of Commission and Working Group Chairs over time

History

Map Production

Use

Census

Quality

Standards

Adv. Technology

AtlassesBlind

Education


Satellite

Gender

Urban

Base map theme

Reg. Planning

Marine

Communication

Census

Map Production

History

Map Production

Standards

Quality

Visualization

Theory

Updating

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Map Production

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization


StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization

Ubiqutous

Updating

Projections

Heritage

Use

StandardsGender

Visualization

Theory

AtlassesBlind

SatelliteMarine

Generalization


Society

AnalysisHeritage

Use

History


Theory

AtlassesBlind

Satellite

Generalization


Society

Analysis

Cognition

Quality

Neocartography

Education


Education


Sustainability

Education


Thematic

Communication

Technology

Education


Communication

TechnologyHistory

Base Maps

Nat. Recources

MarineHistory

Satellite

Urban

Marine

Census

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Heritage

Use


AtlassesBlind

Sensors

Generalization


Analysis

Art

Early Warning

Cognition

LBS

Sustainability

DesignOpen source

Toponomy

Topo Mapping



Satellite





Art

Early Warning

Sustainability

DesignOpen source


Thematic

Communication


Map Use

ICA.FIG.ISP A

IFLA IFLA

Market


Early Warning

Art

Open Data

Toponomy

UNGGIM

IMY

Open source

TouristAfrica

Crime

Census

1964-1968 1968-1972 1972-1976 1976-1980 1980-1984 1984-1987 1987-1991 1991-1995 1995-1999 1999-2003 2003-2007 2007-2011 2011-2015 2015-2019

History

Map Production

Adv. Technology

Blind

Satellite

Urban

Census

Education

Marine

Theory

Atlasses

Map Use

IFLA

Market

Theory

Marine


Urban

Census

Gender

Definitions

Map UseMarketGender

Theory

Heritage

Use

Analysis


IMY

Tech outreach

Definitions

Manual

Base map theme

United

Kin

gdom

Croatia

India

Spain

Chin

a

Slo

venia

Mexico

Ken

ya

Greece

Austr

ia

Czech

iaB

elgiu

m

Den

mar

kC

hile

Brazil

Austr

aliaJapan

South

Afr

icaR

ussia

Sw

itzerlan

dSw

eden

Hungar

yPolan

d

United

States

Can

ada

Neth

erlan

ds

Ger

man

yFran

ce

10

30

20

40

Number of Executive Committee members by country

Indonesia

United

Kin

gdom

Morocco

Ken

ya

Fin

land

Brazil

Philippin

es

Hong K

ong

Chile

Sw

itzerlan

dPolan

d

Spain

Hungar

y

Austr

iaM

exico

South

Afr

ica

Can

ada

Japan

Russia

Austr

alia

ItalyIn

dia

Chin

aC

zechia

United

States

Ger

man

ySw

eden

Neth

erlan

ds

Fran

ce

3

9

6

12

15

0.2

0.6

0.4

0.8

Officers / population

NUMBER OF Officers

Location Executive Committee members over time

Borders and names as of today

South Africa

Kenya

Australia

Indonesia

China

Hong Kong

Japan

PhilippinesIndia

Canada

Mexico

Brazil

Chile

United States

Morocco

Spain

Germany

Austria

Switzerland

Sweden

Finland

Italy

Russia

Poland

France

Netherlands

Czechia

Hungary

United Kingdom

PresidentSecretary-General

Vice-President

Executive Committee members by country over timeIndonesia

United Kingdom

59 61 64 68 72 76 80 84 87 91 95 99 03 07 11 15

South AfricaKenya

BrasilFinland

Chili

AustriaHong Kong

ChinaMexico

PolandAustralia

CzechiaPhilippines

Hungary

RussiaIndia

SwitzerlandNetherlands

JapanSpain

CanadaMorocco

United States

GermanyItaly

SwedenFrance

Kraak, M.J. & S.I. Fabrikant / Of Maps, Cartography, and the Geography of the International Cartographic Association (submitted ICY) / Data collected by Data: Igor Drecki / University of Auckland (NZ)

Cartography and maps

art

using

making

technology

science

MAPS

CARTOGRAPHY

Process

Tools

Sustainability of the definition

CARTOGRAPHY technology MAPSmakingscienceart usingCARTOGRAPHY

technology

MAPS

making

science

art

using

Data Visualizers

InfoVis

D3

Internet

ProfessionalsDesigners

GIScience

LBS

GPSCrowd

CARTOGRAPHY

technology

MAPS

making

science

art

using

Societal needs and technological innovation

ICC Spatializations

Percentageconferencecontributions

mobile

digital

database

time

time

time

Spatializations of International Cartographic Conferences

Commissions and conference proceedings

2003 Durban

2001 Beijing

1999 Ottawa

1997 Stockholm

1993 Cologne

1995 Barcelona

2013 Dresden

2009 Santiago

2011 Paris

2007 Moscow

2005 Coruna

200 400 6000UseChildren

Satellite

Blind Gender

Standards

Generalization Marine

Map Production

Atlases

Education

History

Visualization

Theory

Commissions existing at least ten conferences Number of submissions • Yesterday • Carefully crafted ’authoritative’ products (cartographers) • Filling gaps to present the essence of the message

• Today • Participatory perspective: cartographers & mapmakers • Big data: creating summaries • Map environments: Web, AR, VR

Changes

• maps tell stories • maps invite • maps show patterns • maps reveal relationships • maps explain • maps provide overview • maps offer insight

Maps

• A map is a visual representation of an environment

• Maps that matter should raise interest, be engaging, instantly understandable, and be relevant to society

[Kraak, M.J. & S.I. Fabrikant, 2017]

ICA’s International Map Year [ mapyear.org ]

Why we are needed

Apeldoorn58

Utrecht79

… to avoid my worst nightmares Why we are needed … to avoid my worst nightmares

• Today’s cartographer should be creative and be able to design maps for personalized interaction to reveal (hidden) stories. The cartographer should be able to code to hack the data, be cooperative with both graphic designers and data visualizers as well as (geo)scientists who know the problems and stories behind the data

A smart future

• The map has become an interactive, mobile, dynamic and collaborative interface between humans and the dynamically evolving environment

• Cartography is ready for tomorrow. However, we have to remain innovative and open, so we can handle societal and technological changes, without compromising on fundamental cartographic values, but also be willing to extend these values Special (open) research issue 2017-01

with contributions of the Commissions of • Cognitive issues in geographic

information visualization • Use, Users and usability issues • Visual Analytics

Where to find some of the trends and challenges

§

Let’s make the world a better place with maps

Documents

Deriving trends in cartography from ICA's past and ... · Poland France Netherlands Hungary United Kingdom Croatia Slovenia Belgium Czechia Borders and names as of today United Kingdom