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Procedure of deriving kinematic Equations.
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Constant velocity
Average velocity equals the slope of a position vs time graph when an object travels at constant velocity.
v = Δx
Δt
Displacement when object moves with constant velocity
The displacement is the area under a velocity vs time graph
v
t
Δx
Δx = v Δt
Uniform accelerationThis is the equation of the line of the velocity vs time graph when an object is undergoing uniform acceleration.
The slope is the acceleration
The intercept is the initial velocity
v f = at +v 0v
t
v0
Δv
Δt
Displacement when object accelerates from rest
Displacement is still the area under the velocity vs time graph. However, velocity is constantly changing.
v
t
Displacement when object accelerates from rest
Displacement is still the area under the velocity vs time graph. Use the formula for the area of a triangle.
Δx = 12ΔvΔt
v
t
Δv
Displacement when object accelerates from rest
From slope of v-t graphRearrange to get
Now, substitute for ∆v
a = Δv
Δt Δv = a Δt
Δx = 12 a Δt ⋅ Δt
v
t
Δv
Displacement when object accelerates from rest
Simplify
Assuming uniform acceleration and a starting time = 0, the equation can be written:
v
t
Δv
Δx = 12 a (Δt)2
Δx = 12
at 2
Displacement when object accelerates with initial velocityBreak the area up into two parts:
the rectangle representingdisplacement due to initial velocity
v
t
v0 Δx = v 0Δt
Displacement when object accelerates with initial velocityBreak the area up into two parts:
and the triangle representingdisplacement due to acceleration
Δx = 12 a(Δt)2
v
t
v0
Δv
Displacement when object accelerates with initial velocitySum the two areas:
Or, if starting time = 0, the equation can be written:
Δx = v 0Δt + 12
a(Δt )2
Δx = v0t + 12 at2
v
t
v0
Δv
Time-independent relationship between ∆x, v and a
Sometimes you are asked to find the final velocity or displacement when the length of time is not given.To derive this equation, we must start with the definition of average velocity:
v = Δx
Δt
Time-independent relationship between ∆x, v and a
Another way to express average velocity is: v = Δx
Δt
v = v f +v 0
2
Time-independent relationship between ∆x, v and a
We have defined acceleration as:
This can be rearranged to:
and then expanded to yield :
a = ΔvΔt
Δt = Δv
a
Δt = vf −v0
a
Time-independent relationship between ∆x, v and a
Now, take the equation for displacement
and make substitutions for average velocity and ∆t
Δx = v Δt
Time-independent relationship between ∆x, v and a
Simplify
Δx =
vf + v0
2⋅vf −v0
a
Δx =
vf2 −v0
2
2a
Time-independent relationship between ∆x, v and a
Rearrange again to obtain the more common form:
2a Δx = v f2 − v 0
2
vf2 = v0
2 + 2a Δx
Which equation do I use?
• First, decide what model is appropriate– Is the object moving at constant velocity? – Or, is it accelerating uniformly?
• Next, decide whether it’s easier to use an algebraic or a graphical representation.
Constant velocity
If you are looking for the velocity,– use the algebraic form
– or find the slope of the graph (actually the same thing)
v = Δx
Δt
Constant velocity
• If you are looking for the displacement,– use the algebraic form
– or find the area under the curve
Δx = v Δt
v
t
Δx
Uniform acceleration
• If you want to find the final velocity,– use the algebraic form
• If you are looking for the acceleration– rearrange the equation above
– which is the same as finding the slope of a velocity-time graph
vf = at + v0
a =
ΔvΔt
Uniform acceleration
If you want to find the displacement,– use the algebraic form– eliminate initial velocity if the object
starts from rest
– Or, find the area under the curve
Δx = v0t + 12 at2
v
t
v0
Δv
If you don’t know the time…
You can solve for ∆t using one of the earlier equations, and then solve for the desired quantity, orYou can use the equation
– rearranging it to suit your needs vf
2 = v02 + 2a Δx