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7/31/2019 Depreciation Term
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Depreciation Practices by Service-Oriented
Firms in Bangladesh
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Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction...1
1.1: Origin of the Study..1
1.2: Objectives........1
1.3: Scope of the Report1
1.4: Methodology.......2
1.5: Limitations.......2
2.0 Conceptual Overview of Depreciation.....3
2.1: Definition..3
2.2: Importance of Depreciation...3
2.3: Depreciation Methods.......4
3.0 Literature Survey.....6
4.0 Interview Findings and Analysis.......9
4.1 Brief Company Profile.9
4.2 Interview Summary.......10
4.3 Analysis......13
4.3.1 Objective Analysis.......13
4.3.2 Theory Analysis.......14
4.3.3 General Analysis......14
5.0 Concluding Remarks........16
Appendix
List of Tables
Table 1. Interviewee Details..12
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1.4 Methodology
As we were advised to prepare an extensively interview based report, we have
conducted interviews in each of our target companies for data collection and
information gathering.
Secondary data has been collected from internet, books and reports related to the
topic.
We have thoroughly studied the theory and linked the concept with information
gathered from different firms to have a better understating of the practical implication
of depreciation.
1.5 Limitation
Few potential interviewees were not available either due to their time constraints or
due to difficulty in reaching them during the Eid-ul-Azha vacation.
Employees of the Marketing departments were reluctant to talk about the topic since
they are not directly involved in the matters related to accounting principles such as
depreciation practices of their organization.
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2.0 Conceptual Overview of Depreciation
2.1 Definition
The word Depreciationis derived from a Latin word Depretium where De means decline and
pretium means price. In accounting, the term Depreciation means the systematic allocation of
the cost of a depreciable asset to expense over the assets useful life. Simply defined it is the
reduction in the value while that asset is being used by the company or organization. To be
precise, depreciation refers to gradual loss in the utility value of an asset with time due to
physical deterioration, inadequacy or obsolescence.
There are different methods for depreciation from which an entity can choose depending on the
nature of the assets inn questions and the needs of the entity. However firms must abide by the
rule of consistency in depreciating assets and cannot change depreciation methods followed for a
specific asset over its useful life without justifiable cause.
2.2 Importance of Depreciation
Annual charge of depreciation is an important practice in every organization. Deprecation is
often a significant factor in determining net income. It is determined and provided in the
accounts to find out the current cost of production. Depreciation means loss of an assets value as
it is consumed gradually over a period of time, without proper depreciation of the asset it will
appear overvalued in the balance sheet. It is also necessary to show the assets in their net book
value since all outside parties and potential investors requires this information for their
assessment of the company's performance and making educated investment decision.
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2.3 Depreciation methods
In Bangladesh, Straight-Line and Reducing Balance method are the most commonly used
depreciation methods.
Straight-line methodresults in a constant charge over the useful life if the assets salvage values
do not change.
Asset cost- Salvage value
Depreciation per period=
Estimated useful life
Or, Depreciation per period= Asset Cost X Deprecation-percentage rate
Reducing balance methodresults in a decreasing charge over the useful life of the asset, where
asset looses greater share of the value during its earlier years.
Under these broader categories there are other depreciation methods which are less used which
are-
The units-of-production method: The unit-of-production method results in a charge based
on the expected output of production.
Accelerated methods: Accelerated depreciation methods include sum-of-years digits and
double-declining balance methods. Similar to reducing-balance methods, Accelerated
method assume that an asset is used more heavily during the earlier years and loses
majority of its value during the first several years of use.
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The calculation of depreciation requires determination and evaluation of certain issues such as:
Depreciation cost: The basis of an asset is usually its cost. It can be its historical cost or fair
market value of the cost based on individual firms depreciation treatments.
Useful life: Useful life is the number of years an asset is expected to remain in use.
Salvage value: Salvage value is the estimated value of an asset at the end of its estimated useful
life.
Choice of method: Depreciation methods vary in financial reports and tax reporting.
Depreciation method is chosen in align with the firms business activities and consumption of
future benefits embodied in the asset.
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3.0 Literature Survey
Most researches conducted in the field of depreciation are in the context of western countries.
Baum (1991) defines depreciation as a loss in the existing value of property and attributes the
causes to physical deterioration, functional obsolescence or aesthetic obsolescence. Mansfield
(2000) also notes that property-based depreciation is the result of two negatives processes;
physical deterioration and obsolescence. Barreca (1999) classifies depreciation into three
classifications namely physical depreciation, functional depreciation and other economic losses.
These three views of depreciation obviously have something in common and that is the fact that
depreciation is the result of physical deterioration, functional and economic obsolescence.
Only a few studies have been found from Bangladesh perspectives on conceptual issues of
depreciation and the methods of depreciation.
STUDY 1: DEPRICIATION METHODS OF THE LISTED COMPANIES IN
BANGLADESH
A study conducted by Prof. Dr. Syed Mohammad Ather (2008) discussed the current
depreciation practices in of the listed companies in Bangladesh.
Focus:
The study mainly focused on listed companies in the Chittagong stock exchange.
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Methodology:
From random sampling method 100 companies were selected and survey was conducted by
questioning officials of those organizations. The questions were asked concerning depreciation
methods, calculation of depreciation, accounting standards etc. As few studies have been done on
depreciation methods in Bangladesh this particular study contributed to gain better understanding
regarding depreciation practices.
Conclusions:
The major finding of the study suggests that the two most common practices in Bangladesh are
Straight-line and Reducing Balance method and they differ significantly. The study also revealed
the trend of switching from reducing balance method to straight line method in organizations.
This particular finding preference to straight line method is also reflected more prominently in
our report. A relationship between accounting recording system and depreciation method is also
depicted.
STUDY 2: THE IMPACT OF DEPRECIATION- A HEDONIC ANALYSIS OF OFFICES
IN THE CITY OF KUALA LUMPUR
Dr. Aminah Md Yusof from University Technology of Malaysia made substantial contributions
in the understanding of depreciation regarding investment property. For the Pacific Rim Real
Estate Society (PRRES) Conference 2000 which was held in Sydney, 23 - 27 January 2000, he
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wrote a paper which focused on the impact of depreciation on offices in the city of Kuala
Lumpur.
Focus
The writer analyzed Kuala Lumpur's office market from 1996 to 1998. He highlighted the
various causes of fluctuations in the office rents, vacancy rates and economic growth in Malaysia
during this time frame.
Methodology
A survey on offices was undertaken to obtain comprehensive details of property characteristics.
Rental depreciation method was one of the key performance indicators. The variables found from
this survey were further examined. The main analytical tool which was used in this study was
Multiple Regression Analysis and its extension of Hedonic Price Technique. Some related
statistical tools such as Principal Component Analysis were also included.
Conclusions
The study concluded that depreciation may arise from factors, which are specific and systematic
to the property. In 1998, the city of Kuala Lumpur suffered high level of depreciation as shown
by an increase of 100% from 1996. This was due to the low demand created during the recession.
Moreover the creation of a large number of high-quality office spaces worsened the situation.
When all offices are affected by slow demand, some offices depreciate faster than others do. The
trend is explained by specific dimension of depreciation. The massive scale of depreciation in the
city of Kuala Lumpur was attributed to the Variation in offices c haracteristics, denoted by site
obsolescence, building obsolescence and physical deterioration. Among these three, physical
deterioration and obsolescence were found to be major sources of depreciation in the City of
Kuala Lumpur.
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4.0 Interview Findings and analysis
4.1 Brief Company Profile
To link the theories learnt from books and their practical implications, interviews were
conducted in four major companied currently operating in the service sector. They are:
Grameenphone
Banglalink
Sheraton Hotel and BSL
Basic Bank Limited
A brief introduction of the companies is given below:
Grameenphone: Grameenphone, widely known as GP, is the leading telecommunications
service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 20 million subscribers (as of June 2008),
Grameenphone is the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise
between Telanor and Grameen Telecom Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the
internationally acclaimed microfinance organization and community development bank Grameen
Bank.
Banglalink: Banglalink, is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after
Grameenphone. As of June, 2009, Banglalink has a subscriber base of more than 11 million. It is
a wholly owned subsidiary of Orascom Telecom.
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Sheraton and BSL: Sheraton is one of the brands of nine-branded hotel management services of
USA company Starwood Hotels and Resorts. It manages the Sheraton Hotel which is owned by
Bangladesh Service Limited (BSL).
Basic Bank Limited: BASIC Bank Limited 1988, started its operations from the 21st
of January,
1989. It is governed by the Banking Companies Act 1991. The Bank is state-owned. However,
the Bank is not nationalized; it operates like a private bank as before.
4.2 Interview Summary
All the organizations currently use Straight Line depreciation method to record reduction in their
assets value per period. They use it mainly because of ease in calculation and simplicity in
understanding it. The firms charge depreciation on historical costs of assets but they revalue
these assets during special occasions.
Although the interviewed firms operate in different industries of the service sector, all of them
think Straight Line depreciation best reflects the cost associated in benefit received from all of
their depreciable assets. Every organizations is reluctant to switch to other depreciation methods
either due to (a)cumbersome problems involved in switching to other methods or (b) due to
possible negative impacts on financial health of the organization resulting from such change.
Much of the company policies and regulations regarding depreciation of the interviewed firms
were predetermined since the commencement of their operations or they remained unchanged
during the tenure of the interviewee. Government rules and regulations regarding depreciation
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methods in times of tax calculations result in different depreciation expense, taxable profit and
deferred tax assets or liabilities. This leads the firms to maintain two sets of books one for the
company where depreciation is calculated under the guidance of company policies and another
for tax authority purpose which uses depreciation rules and methods under the guidance of
Bangladesh Accounting Standards (BAS).
Even though the preferences for and use of depreciation methods, and the affects of external
parties like government on companies were more or less the same, there are few points on which
the interviewees and the firms as a whole differed in opinions/views. They are:
Separate Reserve Fund for Depreciation:
None of the companies interviewed has any reserve fund allocated for depreciation. Of
the interviewed people, 28% treats accumulated depreciation as a reserve fund, another
28% said they dont have any such fund due to company policies, 14% feel the need for a
sinking fund and the rest 30% are unaware of it.
Shareholders suggestions regarding current depreciation methods:
Of the 4 firms interviewed, 25%of the companys shareholders suggest to change the life
span of some technical assets, another 25% have their depreciation policies consistent
with the desire of the stakeholders, another 25% havent had any annual shareholder
meetings as this was the first year they issued shares to the public, and the rest 25% said
that the shareholders are not bothered about it.
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The interview was conducted through a generel questionnaire consiting of 15 questions. Detail
Information regarding the interviewees and interview timetable is give below:
Table 1. Interviewee detail
ompany
ame
Interviewee
Name
Designation Contact No. Education
Background
Time of
Interview
Grameen
phone
Muhammad
Khatibur
Rahman
Manager, Fixed
Asset, Finance
Division
Telephone:9882990
Mobile:01717505529Email:khatibur@
grameenphone.com
Chartered Accountant
Firm
11am- 12pm
25.11.2009
Imrul Karim
Marketing
Communications
Mobile: 01711081004BBA, MBA
1-1:30pm
25.11.2009
Bangla
link
S.M. ShawkatUllah
Manager, Fixed
Asset, Accounting
& Finance
Mobile:01911310516
Email:[email protected]
------------
2-3pm
24.11.2009
Md.
Tariquzzama
n Khan
Budgeting, Planning& Reporting Sr.
Executive
Accounting &
Finance
Mobile:01924400102
Email:tarkhan@
banglalinkgsm.com------------
12:30-1:30pm
24.11.2009
Sheraton
Shahidus
Sadeque
Marketing
CommunicationManager
Telephone:8330001,8358060
Mobile:01713046050Email:
sadeque@sheraton-
dhaka.com
-----------
5:30-5:50pm
24.11.2009
BSL
Md. Nazrul
Islam
Manager, Accounts
and Finance And
Head of Internal
Audit
Telephone:8358060
Email:
-----------
9.40-
10.00am
25.11.2009
Basic
Bank
Limited
Mohammad
Sayadur
Rahaman
Assistant Manager,
Central Accounts
Division
Telephone:7176017Mobile:01713444211
Email:rahamansa@
basicbanklimited.com
BBA(Hons),
MBA(Accounting &I.S.) University of
Dhaka
3-4pm
24.11.2009
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4.3 Analysis:
4.3.1 Objective Analysis:
The interviewees were either from finance or marketing department. Those from finance
department had a thorough understanding and clear conceptions regarding depreciation practices.
Those from marketing depratment know well about depreciation and different methods.
However, since they are not directly involved in the financial matters of their respective
organizations, they lack expertise knowledge in accounting and are unaware of company policies
regarding depreciation.
All the organizations prefer straight-line method and believe it to be suitable for their respective
businesses. Straight-line method is preferred by the organizations for various reasons such as-
Simplicity (Easy to understand)
Easy to calculate
Used for a very long period of time
Relevance to the consumption of benefits
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4.3.2 Theory Analysis
By depreciating assets per period, the firms are complying with the matching principle by
writing off costs for benefit received for a particular period. They are also practicing
conservatism by expensing this estimated cost. However, it can also be argued that organizations
with cream investment on assets, particularly with technological equipments, are appearing to be
not too conservative. Technological equipments have a greater probability of being obsolete
quickly and it would seem more prudent to recognize this increased potential loss of such assets
in their initial years of estimated useful life.
4.3.3 General Analysis
In different organizations of the same sector, historical costs of similar assets (with
similar benefits) of two companies may differ because of their difference in
acquisition time. As a result, depreciation expense might be less in one company and
more in the other. So true value of asset and proper depreciation expense is not
reflected in the financial statement. For example, Sheraton, Westin and Radisson are
the three major companies operating in the hospitality industry. However, they started
their operations at different times. Sheraton was established in 1963 whereas
Radisson and Westin entered the industry in recent years, the fixed assets acquired by
these firms are similar in nature but due to difference in acquisition time, historical
costs recorded of these assets differ greatly. This results in significant difference in
the value of assets and depreciation expense in the financial statements. Ultimately
comparison of such organizations in same sector becomes less valid and reliable.
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The provision of sinking fund or reserve fund is also an important issue in the study.
Although all the firms interviewed do not keep such provision, many of them felt the
need of having a sinking fund. For example, the need for sinking fund becomes
necessary when BSL (Owner company of Dhaka Sheraton Hotel) faced the upcoming
renovation problem. Agreement between BSL and Sheraton will soon expire and BSL
premises need massive renovation before it can actually give contract to or invite
other hotel managerial teams. This involves huge cost and lump-sum fund to finance
it.
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5.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS
USE OF REDUCING BALANCE METHOD
Instead of using Straight Line depreciation method for depreciating all assets, companies
should write off technological assets values using Reducing Balance method. One benefit
relates to offsetting future expenses in the upkeep of such assets. Often this approach is more
beneficial when the annual benefit from the assets use decreases with age and assets cost of
repair and maintenance increases. By offsetting the increased repair and maintenance costs, the
accelerated method equalizes the combined charges of both repairs and depreciation.
PROVISON OF SINKING FUND
Unpredictably undesirable circumstances always work as potential threats to organizations.
Hence it is wise to take proactive measures to overcome them. Provision of sinking fund could
be such a step in situations when (a) unexpected drastic physical/functional deterioration of
equipments occur or (b) assets get stolen, before these are being fully depreciated. In such cases,
the funds available in sinking fund will at least help organizations to expedite their attempt to
replace the old equipments/assets without causing much disruption in the organizations
operational function. Moreover, this reserve can always be maintained to replace fully
depreciated and disposed off assets.
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CONSISTENCY AND COMPARABILITY PRINCIPLES
All the firms with similar businesses and operations (e.g. mobile operating firms like
Banglalink and GrameenPhone) have fair knowledge about depreciation methods used by them
and they also apply similar depreciation method. This practice complies with consistency and
comparability principles, and allows reliable comparison of financial statements of these similar
firms.
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Bibliography
Books:
Hermanson, Roger H., Edwards, James Don and Salmanson, 1987. R.F.Accounting Principles,
Business Publications Inc.
Reports:
The impact of depreciation- A Hedonice analysis of offices in the city of Kuala lampur
Aminah Md Yusof
Assessing Depreciation for Valuation PurposesA Decompositional Approach
Frank Gyamfi-Yeboah and Jonathan Ayitey, Ghana
Depreciation Methods of the Listed Companies in Bangladesh
Prof. Dr. Syed Mohammad Ather, FCMA
Farid Ahammad Sobhani, Abdul Hamid Chowdhury
Internet Links:
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HA012264421033.aspx
http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page49.htm
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Depreciation+method+changes+allowed+without+IRS+consent.-
a078405517
http://www.gwf.org.bd/JIDS/JIDSV2I3Nov2008/48-54.pdf
http://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&res
num=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+dep
reciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664a
http://www.google.com.bd/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=+depreciation+methods+in+service+sector&aq
=f&aqi=&oq=&cad=h
http://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdf
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/53/2662373.pdf
http://www.aasb.com.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1021_8-97.pdf
http://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/INT1030_09-04.pdf
http://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdf
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HA012264421033.aspxhttp://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HA012264421033.aspxhttp://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page49.htmhttp://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page49.htmhttp://www.gwf.org.bd/JIDS/JIDSV2I3Nov2008/48-54.pdfhttp://www.gwf.org.bd/JIDS/JIDSV2I3Nov2008/48-54.pdfhttp://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+depreciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664ahttp://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+depreciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664ahttp://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+depreciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664ahttp://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+depreciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664ahttp://www.google.com.bd/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=+depreciation+methods+in+service+sector&aq=f&aqi=&oq=&cad=hhttp://www.google.com.bd/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=+depreciation+methods+in+service+sector&aq=f&aqi=&oq=&cad=hhttp://www.google.com.bd/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=+depreciation+methods+in+service+sector&aq=f&aqi=&oq=&cad=hhttp://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdfhttp://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/53/2662373.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/53/2662373.pdfhttp://www.aasb.com.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1021_8-97.pdfhttp://www.aasb.com.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1021_8-97.pdfhttp://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/INT1030_09-04.pdfhttp://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/INT1030_09-04.pdfhttp://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdfhttp://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdfhttp://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdfhttp://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/INT1030_09-04.pdfhttp://www.aasb.com.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1021_8-97.pdfhttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/53/2662373.pdfhttp://www.pwc.com/en_CO/co/ifrs/assets/impact-ifrs-telecommunications-sector.pdfhttp://www.google.com.bd/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=+depreciation+methods+in+service+sector&aq=f&aqi=&oq=&cad=hhttp://www.google.com.bd/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=+depreciation+methods+in+service+sector&aq=f&aqi=&oq=&cad=hhttp://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+depreciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664ahttp://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+depreciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664ahttp://www.google.com.bd/#hl=en&safe=off&ei=9JgWS4rwF5zInAP539iHBw&sa=X&oi=spell&resnum=0&ct=result&cd=1&ved=0CAYQBSgA&q=what+a+company+needs+to+do+to+switch+to+depreciation+method&spell=1&fp=befd3a870de5664ahttp://www.gwf.org.bd/JIDS/JIDSV2I3Nov2008/48-54.pdfhttp://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page49.htmhttp://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HA012264421033.aspx7/31/2019 Depreciation Term
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Appendix
Questionnaire
[Dear respondent, we are conducting interviews for our report on Depreciation practices by
service-oriented firms in Bangladesh It is assuredthat the objective of the report is purely
academic and will be used for classroom purposes only]
Name:
Name of organization: ..
Position in the Company: .
Contact Information:
1. What depreciation methods are currently used in your organization?
2. In your opinion what are the advantages of using the current depreciation methods?
3. Does your company charges depreciation on fair market value or on historical cost of
assets?
4. Does your company revalue assets after the end of each accounting period and recognize
both gain/loss on revaluation or does it revalue assets only when a permanent
impairment/fall of market value of assets occurs?
5. Do you believe an alternative depreciation method would be more beneficial for your
organization? If so, why?
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6. What types of fixed assets does the organization have?
7. What types of fixed asset are being depreciated in your organization?
8. How much are you involved in deciding depreciation to be used in the organization and
the calculation of depreciation?
9. Were there other methods practiced before the current depreciation policy for any of the
fixed asset?
10.If there were, what are they and why they have been replaced by the current method or
methods?
11.Is there any reserve fund allocated for depreciation. If there isnt, why not?
12.What are the opinions of the stakeholders regarding the current depreciation methods?
13.What are the governments regulations regarding depreciation methods?
14.What are the effects of taxation policies on depreciation?
15.Do you have any suggestion regarding the practiced depreciation methods?