http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Deploying National Ontology Services:

From ONKI to Finto Eero Hyvönen

Semantic Computing Research Group (SeCo)

Aalto University and University of Helsinki

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Eero Hyvönen

eero.hyvonen@aalto.fi

Outline

• Vision: National Semantic Web Infrastructure

• FinnONTO Ontology Infrastructure

– Ontologies

– Ontology Library Services

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Vision:

National Semantic Web Infrastructure

Lessons Learned from

MuseumFinland – Finnish Museums on the Semantic Web

2002-2004

• First system integrating museum collections form different museums

based on semantic web ontologies and RDF

– Online since 2004: http://www.museosuomi.fi/

– [Hyvönen, et al., Journal of Web Semantics, 2005]

• W3C domain independent ontology standard RDF(S) is useful but

– Domain specific ”standards” i.e. actual ontologies are missing

– There were no ontologies in Finnish reflecting Finnish cultural heritage

• There were useful thesauri around, such as

– General Finnish Thesaurus (YSA)

– Thesaurus for Museum Domain (MASA)

• Let’s create and share together ontologies on a national level!

– With interoperability to international ontologies

• => National Finnish Ontology Project FinnONTO (2003-2012)

FinnONTO Thesis

• Semantic Web needs a content infrastructure for

interoperability

• Especially useful in

– Cross-domain applications

– Collaborative Web 2.0 applications

Traditional Infras:

(rail)roads, electricity, …

Semantic Content Infra:

Ontologies, data, metadata

”Intellectuals solve problems

- geniuses prevent them” Albert Einstein

FinnONTO Industrial & Public Organization

Consortium

• FinnONTO

– 2003-2004 14 funding organizations

– 2004-2005 16 funding organizations

– 2005-2006 30 funding organizations

– 2006-2007 37 funding organizations

• FinnONTO 2.0

– 2008-2010 38 funding organizations

Semantic UBICOM-services (SUBI)

17 funding org., 2010-2012

0,55MEUR

FinnONTO 2.0

35 funding org., 2010-2012

1,52MEUR

Linked Data Finland (LDF)

19 funding org., 2012-2014

0,49 MEUR

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

FinnONTO Ontology Infrastructure

FinnONTO Approach:

Preventing Problems in Advance by Collaboration

• Sharing Ontologies

– Creating a Library Service of Mutually Interoperable

Vocabularies/Ontologies

• Sharing Metadata Schemas

• Sharing Linked Open Data

[Hyvönen et al., ICSC 2007, ESWC 2009, SW Journal 2010]

Major Components of

FinnONTO Ontology Infrastructure

• Ontologies

• Ontology Library Services

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Ontologies

Major Domain Ontology Types Needed

• General Concept Ontologies

• Actor Ontologies

• Place Ontologies

• Time Ontologies

• Event Ontologies

• Domain Nomenclatures and Terminologies

• ”Domain ontology” refers thesaurus or gazetteer like KOSs whose

resources are used is element values of metadata descriptions

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

General Concept Ontologies

A Method for Transforming Keyword

Thesauri into Light Weight Ontologies

• Input: a thesaurus using standard ISO [2788] / SFS 5471

– Semantic relations: NT, BT, RT, USE, USED FOR, ...

– Used widely in Finland

– Fairly large vocabularies, e.g., YSA 24,000 terms

• Output: a light-weight subclass-of ontology

– Complete subclass-of hierarchy

– Hierarchical relationships

• Based on NT / BT relations of the thesaurus

• Transitive subclass hierarchy sceletons

• Part-of and associative relations distinquished from subclass-of

– Disambiguation of meanings

• Semantic disambiquation of term meanings

• Preferred vs. non-preferred terms (USE / USED FOR)

• Multilinguality

Example of Transitivity Issues

• make-up mirrors BT mirrors

mirrors BT furniture

• make-up mirrors subClassOf furniture

• When searching furniture make-up mirros would be in the result!

Example: University Terminology

YSA Thesaurus -> YSO Ontology

Thesaurus Ontology

KOKO: Linked Ontology Cloud / Network

• Each ontology was aligned with the top ontology YSO by machine

and then corrected by hand [Hyvönen et al., ESWC, 2008]

• Protege editor (Stanford University) was used for editing

• Skosify tool was developed for validating and transforming

ontologies into SKOS [Suominen, Hyvönen, EKAW, 2012]

• Some additional tools were developed, such as MUTU for

managing changes in the top ontology [Pessala et al., ISWC WS,

2011] and KOAN for inspecting overlapping areas

YSO

AFO

MAO

TAO

VALO

KOKO

...

...

KOKO – Linked Open Ontology Cloud

Your ontology?

Aligning KOKO ontologies

[Hyvönen et al., ESWC 2009]

End-users’ view

YSO

AFO

MAO

TAO

VALO

KOKO

KOKO Ontology

KOKO: Linked Open Ontology Cloud

Name Ontology domain Underlying thesaurus Size Maintaining Organization

1 YSO General domain General Finnish Thesaurus, YSA, Allärs 23700 National Library, Åbo Academy

2 MUSO Music Thesaurus of Music, MUSA/CILLA 1000 National Library

3 MAO Museum domain Thesaurus of Museum Domain, MASA 6800 National Board of Antiquities

4 AFO Agriculture, foresty Agriforest Thesaurus 5500 Viikki Science Library

5

TAO Applied arts Thesaurus of Applied Arts 2600 University of Eastern Finland and

Library of Aalto University

6

VALO Photography Thesaurus of Photography Literature,

Thesaurus of Photography Technology

1900 Finnish Museum of Photography

7 MERO Seafaring, shipping Thesaurus of Seafaring 1400 Finnish Transport Agency

8 KAUNO Literature subjects Thesaurus of Literature, Bella 4900 Finnish Public Libraries, Kirjastot.fi

9 JUHO Public government Thesaurus of Finnish Government, VNAS 6400 Ministry of Finance

10 TERO Health promotion YSA, TESA, MeSH, Stameta 22000 Various organizations

11 KITO Literature research Thesaurus of Literature Research 900 Finnish Literature Society

12 KULO Culture research Thesaurus for Folk Culture Studies 1600 Finnish Literature Society

13 KTO Linguistics Thesaurus of Linguistics 1000 Research Institute for the Languages in

Finland14 PUHO Defense Thesaurus of Defence Administration 2000 Finnish Defence Forces

15 POIO Points of interest TGN, Geonames, LDG, SUO 4600 Various organizations

TOTAL 86300

Ontology Developers in Action

• Work goes now on at the National Library based on the FinnONTO

prototype

– Validating and correcting ontologies (e.g. translations)

– Finalizing the parts and structure of the ontology cloud

– Minimizing overlapping areas

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Actor Ontologies

Resolving and Aligning Identities

- Linguistic variations

- Pseudonames (Mark Twain = Samuel Clemens), nicknames

- Honorary names (e.g., popes, kings, ...)

- Name changes (e.g., due to marriage) in time

- Different names used in different communities

ONKI People Ontology Service

A demo with Getty ULAN

120,000

Instances

[Kurki, Hyvönen,

ICSD, 2010] Faceted

Search

Use Case: CultureSampo http://www.kulttuurisampo.fi

”How is A. Gallen-Kallela related to Napolean I ?”

[Mäkelä et al., Semantic Web Journal, 2012]

Use Case: Semantic National Biography http://www.ldf.fi/dataset/history/map.html#4.00/60.00/25.00

• 6300 biographies of the National Biography (Finnish Literature Society)

• CIDOC CRM data (116 000 events) linked with 4 additional datasets to

enrich data

• based on (SKS) aineistoon perustuen

[Hyvönen et al., ISWC P&D, 2014]

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Place Ontologies

ONKI Geo for Geo-ontologies

http://demo.seco.tkk.fi/onkipaikka/

800,000

contempory

Finnish places

Finnish historical

places

Millions of

places abroad

(GNS,GNIS)

Historical Place Ontology of Finland

(counties, municipalities)

[Kauppinen et al., 2007,

Hyvönen et al., 2011]

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ontologies/sapo/

Modeling Changes of Regions

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ontologies/sapo/

http://demo.seco.tkk.fi/saha/sapo/resource.shtml?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yso.fi%2Fonto%2Fsapo%2FHelsinki_1946-1965_

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Time Ontologies

• Modeling linear and cyclic time

• Time periods are different in different countries

– E.g. Bronze Age in Egypt and Nordic Countries

• Modeling uncertainty in time [Kauppinen et al., IJHCS, 2010]

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Event Ontologies

Using Events as References (URI)

• Example: Bettman Archive Foto [Doerr, 2004]

• Dublin Core record related to the Yalta Conference

• Matadata does not refer explicitly to the Yalta Conference or WW II

• Based on shared events, content could be aggregated

– Searching stuff dealing with the events

– Finding semantic associations based on events and their clusters

Finnish History Ontology HISTO

• http://www.seco.tkk.fi/projects/history/

Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage:

Tradional Leather Boot Making

Event Graph of Making Leather Boots

[Kettula, Hyvönen, CIDOC 2012]

Skill Documentation in CultureSampo:

A Semantic Video Viewer

Semantic

recommendations Semantic process

description

Dynamic information

about the video scene

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Nomenclatures and Terminologies

Lots of Different Kinds in Diffrent Domains

• Diseases, drugs

• Trademarks of different kinds

• Chemical combounds

• Biological species

• Laws

• …

Biological Taxonomic Ontologies and Namelists Collab.: Finnish Museum of Natural History, BirdLife, Vanamo http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ontologies/biology/

vuosi alue ryhmä taksoneita joista lajeja

Catalogus Lepidopterorum. Fenniae et regionum adiacentium. 1. Macrolepidoptera. 1962 Suomi Perhoset 313 161

Suomen perhosten luettelo 1977 Suomi Perhoset 256 120

The Lepidoptera of Europe. A Distributional Checklist 1996 Skandinavia Perhoset 12256 9804

Checklist of Finnish Lepidoptera 2002 Suomi Perhoset 265 126

Suomen perhosten luettelo - päivitetty versio 2008 Suomi Perhoset 4573 2987

Norwegian Lepidoptera 2008 Norja Perhoset 3244 2210

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Russia (only NW parts) 2008

Luoteis-

Venäjä Perhoset 3251 2171

Estonian Lepidoptera. Catalogue 2008 Viro Perhoset 3477 2389

The Fly Fauna of Finland (Draft) 2008 Suomi Kärpäset 6351 4800

Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 1. heimo Ichneumonidae, alaheimot

Pimplinae, Poemeniinae, Rhyssinae ja Diacritinae - A check list of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part

1 1995 Suomi Loispistiäiset 282 210

Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 2. alaheimot Tryphoninae, Eucerotinae,

Adelognathinae, Xoridinae ja Agriotypinae - A check list of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 2 1999 Suomi Loispistiäiset 398 311

Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 3. alaheimo Cryptinae - A check list of

Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 3 1999 Suomi Loispistiäiset 919 727

Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 4. heimo Ichneumonidae, alaheimot

Lycorinae, Neorhacodinae, Stilbopinae, Banchinae ja Ctenopelmatinae - A Check list of Finnish

Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 4 2000 Suomi Loispistiäiset 786 646

Suomen loispistiäisluettelo (Hymenoptera, Parasitica). Osa 5. heimo Ichneumonidae, alaheimot

Tersilochinae, Ophioninae, Anomalinae, Paxylommatinae, Cremastinae ja Campopleginae - A check list

of Finnish Hymenoptera, Parasitica. Part 5 2003 Suomi Loispistiäiset 733 587

Suomen ripsiäisten luettelo - Checklist of Finnish Thysanoptera 2008 Suomi Ripsiäiset 219 140

Suomen nivelkärsäisten luettelo - Check-list of Finnish Hemiptera 2008 Suomi Nivelkärsäiset 2690 1697

Suomen verkkosiipiset ja kärsäkorennot - The Neuroptera s.l. and Mecoptera of Finland 2008 Suomi

Verkkosiipiset ja

kärsäkorennot 113 72

Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet (Finnish Names of the Birds of the World) 2010 Maailma Linnut 12125 9740

Nisäkkäiden nimilista (beta) 2008 Maailma Nisäkkäät 6062 4629

Suomen myrkkypistiäisten luettelo 2010 Suomi Myrkkypistiäiset 1048 664

[Tuominen et al., ESWC, 2011, ESWC WS 2013]

Changes in Biological Taxonomies is a

Challenge!

[Tuominen et al., ESWC 2011]

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

Ontology Library Services:

ONKI Concept

Centralized ONKI Ontology Services

1. Ontology Developers - Colloborative development of

interdependent ontologies

- Versioning and support for updates

2. Information Searchers - Support concept-based search

- Keyword disambiguation

- Finding the right search concepts

2. Information Indexers - Support indexing concept finding

- Keyword disambiguation

- Support indexing patterns

Nokia:

company or city?

• FinnONTO ontologies are published as a service by the National

Ontology Library ONKI since 2008

• Living laboratory for human and machine users (APIs)

• 14 000 human users / month

• 400 registered machine user domains

• Two implementations

• ONKI 3

– http://www.onki.fi

• ONKI Light

– On SPARQL for SKOS vocabularies

– http://light.onki.fi/

ONKI 3: http://onki.fi

ONKI Light on SPARQL: http://light.onki.fi

(Linked Data Finland)

What is ONKI? Architecture

ONKI SKOS ONKI Geo ONKI People ...

ONKI API

ONKI library www.onki.fi

ONKI Widgets ONKI Browser(s)

ONKI Web Service Ontology download

External sources

Ontology directory

ONKI Publish

Your ONKI pURIfier ONKI ctrl ONKI Fetch

Ontologies

ONKI Feedback

Domain and

ontology specific

ONKI

implementations

Services for

end-users

Services for

ontology owners

Ontology data

Annotators, software developers,

content service end-users

Ontology developers

& publishers

[Viljanen et al., ESWC 2010]

ONKI Widget for Mashups

• Ontology services are automatically available after publishing a

vocabulary or ontology with ONKI

• Simple AJAX-based widget for creating mash-ups

– Direct Web Remoting (DWR) API

KOKO Ontologies and ONKI Light Deployed in 2014 by

the National Library as Finto: http://finto.fi

• Permanent free national service funded by

Ministry of Education and Culture and Ministry of Finance

from state budget

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/

A Practical Pilot Example (online since 2008)

CultureSampo http://www.kulttuurisampo.fi

Biografiakeskus ja kirjastot keräävät

henkilöhistoriaa

henkilö nimi ammatti syntymapaikka ...

H1 Akseli Gallen-Kallela taiteilija Lemu

H2 Gustaf Mannerheim marsalkka Askainen

...

H1

Lemu

taiteiija ihminen

”Akseli Gallen-Kallela”

H2

Askainen

marsalkka

”Gustaf Mannerheim”

tyyppi

tyyppi

nimi

nimi

ammatti

ammatti

s-paikka

s-paikka

Biography Center

Museo luetteloi maalauksia

...

T1

1929

maalaus

tekijä

aika

tyyppi

”Gustaf Mannerheim” nimi

aihe

nimi

”Akseli Gallen-Kallela”

teos nimi tekijä aika aihe ...

T1 Mannerheimin muotokuva Akseli Gallen-Kallela 1929 Gustaf Mannerheim

T2 Aino-triptyykki Akseli Gallen-Kallela 1891 Aino, Kalevala

...

Art Museum Collection

Maanmittauslaitos ylläpitää

paikkarekistereitä

Varsinais-Suomen lääni Suomi

Askainen

Lemu

Turku

kunta lääni

Askainen Varsinais-Suomen lääni

Helsinki Uudenmaan lääni

Lemu Varsinais-Suomen lääni

Turku Varsinais-Suomen lääni

...

part-of part-of

part-of

part-of

kunta

tyyppi

lääni

tyyppi

...

tyyppi Land Survey

FinnONTO kehittää ontologiainfrastruktuuria

taiteiija

ihminen

marsalkka

maalaus

käsite

pysyvä

paikka

ammatti kunta

yläluokka

yläluokka

yläluokka

yläluokka

yläluokka

ajanjakso

yläluokka abstrakti muuttuva

fyysinen objekti

lääni

KOKO-ontologia

FinnONTO

Semantic RDF Network Connects it All:

Web of Data (GGG)

H1

Lemu

taiteiija ihminen

”Akseli Gallen-Kallela”

H2

Askainen

marsalkka

”Gustaf Mannerheim”

tyyppi

tyyppi

nimi

nimi

ammatti

ammatti

s-paikka

s-paikka

T1

1929

maalaus

tekijä

aihe aika

tyyppi

Varsinais-Suomen lääni Suomi

Turku

part-of part-of

part-of part-of

käsitteet

pysyvä

paikka

ammatti kunta

tyyppi

tyyppi

tyyppi

yläluokka

yläluokka

yläluokka

yläluokka

yläluokka

ajanjakso

yläluokka abstrakti muuttuva

fyysinen objekti

lääni

yläluokka

...

CultureSampo

Nine Thematic Perspectives

into Cultural Heritage

Three languages

Nine perspectives

Lately commented items

Lately viewed items

Collections on the Map

Objects on Historical Maps and Google Maps

Wikipedia articles

Panoramio photos

Links to historical places

Relational Search:

”How is A. Gallen-Kallela related to Napolean I ?”

Skill Documentations (Intangible CH)

A Semantic Video Viewer

Semantic

recommendations Semantic process

description

Dynamic information

about the video scene

Semantic Kalevala:

The computer ”understands” the national epic Kalevala

Semantically annotated 50

poems of the national epic

- Events and narratives

Translation into modern Finnish

Links to

related art

etc.

Summary

• Ontologies Are a Key for Linking Data

• Support and Tools are Needed

– Shared ontologies

– Shared ontology services

• Cross-domain Collaboration Is Needed in GGG!

• Use Ontology Infrastructure to Prevent Data Linking Problems!

64

Thanks!

More info, publications & demos

on the SeCo-web

?!

http://www.seco.tkk.fi

http://www.seco.tkk.fi/ http://www.seco.tkk.fi/publications Eero Hyvönen: Publishing and Using Cultural Heritage Linked Data on the Semantic Web. Morgan & Claypool, Palo Alto, CA, USA, October, 2012.