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Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

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Page 1: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt
Page 2: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

D e p a r t m e n t o f F i s h e r i e s a n d F a u n a

I 0 8 A d e I a i d e T c e . r ' ] . : ; . " ,u , , . . . , IP e r t h

REPORT V

( R E V I S E D -M a r c h 1 9 7 2 )

MARRON IN FARM DAMS

( C h e r a x t e n u i m a n u s )

N . M . M O R R I S S Y

1 9 7 0

by

Page 3: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

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Page 5: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

4 c m s ( o r b i t ) c a r a p a c e l e n g t h a r e u s e d . I n t h e i r n a t u r a lh a b i t a t ' O f t o f 2 + f e m a _ l e m a r r o n o v e r J c m s i n ] e n g t h b r e e de a c h y e a r . D e v e l o p m e n t o f e g g s s t a r t s o n e y e a r b e f o r es p a w n i n g ( O c t o l e r ) . B e c a u s e t h e m a r r o n a r e s e n t b y r a i I ,p l a c e s v e r y d i s t a n t a r e g i v e n t h e s m a r r e r m a r r o n s o t h a t t h e ym a y h a v e m o r e c h a n c e o f s u r v i v i n g t h e t r i p o f a t l e a s t o n ed a y i n t h e c o n t a i n e r .

T y p e s o J d a m s o n f a n m s :

T h e r e a r e t h r e e m a i n t y p e s o f s u r f a c e w a t e r s t o r a g e sw h i c h a r e l o o s e . l y c a l l e d d a m s . T h e o n l y t r u e d a m i s a s t r u c t u r eb u i l t a c r o s s a w a t e r c o u r s e t o h o l d b a c i < t h e f l o w o f w a t e r .T h e s e f a r m d a m s a r e c o m m o n l y c a l l e d g u l l y d a m s . T h e y a r eo n l y c o m m o n i n t h e w e t t e r , c o o l e r r e g i o n o f t h e c o a s t a lr a n g e s i n t h e S o u t h - w e s t . A s n i g h t b e e x p e c t e d i n t r o d u c t i o n so f b o t h m a r r o n a n d t r o u t d o e x t r e m e l y w e I I i n t h e s e c l e a rw a t e r d a m s w h i c h a r e w . i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e w i l d d i s t r i _b u t i o n o f t h e s e a n i m a f s .

A n o t h e r t y p e o f f a r m d a m i s t h e T u r k e y _ n e s t o r r i n gt a n k d a m . T h e s e c o n s i s t o f a c o m p l e t e l y e n c l o s e d e a r t he m b a n k m e n t w h i c h i s u s u a l l y f i l l e d b y p u m p i n g f r o m b o r e s .T h e y a r e b u i l t o n f a i r t y f l a t g r o u n d i n t n e d r y e r a r e a s .T h e i - r - l a r g e c a p a c i t y , c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a m o u n t o r . s o i l m o v e d -i s h o r v e v e r , o b L a i n e d b y h o f d i n g a I a r g e a r e a o I . w a t e r a t ac o m p a r a t i v e l y s h a l l o w d e p t h . F o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e y h a v el i m i t e d v a l u e f o r W e s t e r n A u s t r a l i a n c o n d i t i o n s

- _ a l o n g d r ys u m m , J . , . : a n d h i g h e v a p o r a t i o n .

T h i s s t u d y i s c o n c e r n e d r v i t h t h e e x c a v a t e d e a r t h t a n k o { .d a m , t h e t h i r d t y p e . T h i s d a m i s u s u a l l y b u i l t o n a n a r e a . o fs l o p i n g g r o u n d , f o r r u n o f f c a t c h m e n t , w i e r e L h e r e i s c l a yg r o u n d t o a s u f f i c i e n t d e p t h a f i d n o " o c t s _ t o p r e v e n t I e a k a c ' oa n d a b o v e a n y s a l t - w a t e r t a b l e . f U o s t o f r n e w a t e r - i s . t o " " d . . tb e l o w t h e _ o r i g l n a r g r o u n d r e v e r . T h e e x c a v a t e d s o i r i s p l a c e di n b a n k s b e l o l v a n d o n e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e e x c a v a t r o n t o g i v ea d d i t i o n a l s t o r a g e a b o v e g r o u n d I e v e I . T o p " " u u n t t o s s o ft h i s a b o v e - g r o u n d s t o r F g e b y I e a k a g e a n y o v e r b u r d e n o f t o p s o i lo r p o r o u s s o i l a b o v e t h e c r a y i s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e s i t e b e f o r ee x c a v a t l o n . A m i n i m u m d e p t h o f l 2 t o f w a t e r s t o r e d i s r e q u i r e dL o a i l o r v f o r e v a p o r a L i o n d u r i n g t h e l o n g d r y s u m m e r . T h i su s u a f l y m e a n s a d a r n o f 2 r O O O c u b i c y a r O i l v L l u m e o f - " * " u u u t " Os o i l ) o r r i o r e . T h l s s t i l I a l l o w s f 6 r e v a p o r a t i o n i n o n es u m m e r o n l y . ( W a t s o n a n d C r a s b y . I p l - a n n i n g n e w f a r m d a m s _e x c a v a t e d e a r t h t a n k s " . B u l l e t i n N o . 3 S 9 6 , W . A . D e p t . o fA g r i c u l t u n e ) .

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c o m m o n i n t h e S o u t h _ w e s L r e g i o n .i n t h e s e d a m s i n t h e r a n g e s -

2 .

Page 6: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

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Page 7: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

I I MATERIALS AND METHODS

T o d e t e r m i n e t h e i n f l u e n c e o f s u m m e r a i r t e m p e r a t u r e s a n da n n u a l r a i n f a l l o n t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f d a m s f o r m a r r o n , u s ew a s m a d e o f t h e c l i m a t i c g r a d i e n t i n a n o r t h - e a s t d i r e c t i o nf r o m P e m b e r t o n ( T a b l e I ) . T h e r e i s a c l o s e p o s i t i v e c o r r e -l a t i o n o f m a x i m u m a i r t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d a n a l m o s t e x p o n e n t i a ld e c r e a s e o f r a i n f a l l s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g d i s t a n c e f r o m P e m b e r t o n .

T h e s u r v e y i n g a n d s a n p l i n g o f d a m s w a s c o n f i n e d a sc l o s e l y a s p r a c t i c a b l e t o p l a c e s s p a c e d a l o n g t h i s g e n e r a lt r a n s e c t . T h i s s t r a t e g y a l s o r e d u c e d t h e a n l o u n t o f t r a v e l l i n go n f i e l d t r i p s .

T w o g r o u p s o f d a m s r v e r e s L u d i e d .

( a ) D a n s c h o s e n f r o m s a l e o f m a r r o n r e c o r d s k e D t a tP e m b e r t o n ( r r s a I e s r r d a m s ) .

D u r j . n g t h e f i r s t y e a r o f t t r e l n v e s t i g a t i o n ( 1 9 6 8 ) t h ep e r i o d F e b r u a r y - M a r c h w a s s e l e c t e d f o r f i e l d t r i p s . R e c o r d so f s a l e s o f m a r r o n f r o m P e m b e r t o n f o r t h e p e r i o d J a n u a r y -J u n e 1 9 6 7 w e r e t h e e a r l i e s t c o m p l e t e s e t a v a i l a b l e . T h e s er e c o r d s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e s t u d y . I f t h e d a m s i n v o l v e d w e r es u i t a b l e f o r m a r r o n t h e i n t r o d u c e d s t o c k s h o u l d h a v e b r e do n c e b e f o r e t h e f i r s t f i e l d t r i p .

T h e r e w e r e 1 2 1 r e c o r d s o f s a l e s ; d a t a a v a i l a b l e w e r e : -t h e d a t e o f s a I e , r e c i p i e n t t s n a m e a n d a d d r e s s , a n d t h en u m b e r o f m a r r o n s o l d . M o s t o f t h e s e s a l e s w e r e m a d e d u r i n gt f r e s u m m e r a n d e a r l y a u t u m n o f 1 9 6 7 . U s u a I I y o n l y ' l b a t c h o f '5 O m a r r o n r v a s s o 1 d , o c c a s i o n a l l y 2 ( 1 O O m a n r o n ) b u t r a r e l y3 b a t c h e s t o o n e p e r s o n . I t s e e m s t h a t 5 0 m a r r o n h a d b e e nj u d g e d a s t h e m i n i m u m n u f f b e r o f m a r r o n n e c e s s a r y f o r . u .s u c c e s s f u l e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f r n a r r o n i n a d a m .

T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e s a l e s i s s h o w n j - n F i A . 1 a sa n u m b e r o f s a l e s i n 5 0 b y 5 0 n i l e b l o c k s o f t h e S o u t h - w e s t .A b o u t k o f t h e s a l e s o c c u r r e d i n t h e b l o c k s 2 D , S D , a n d 4 Do f t h e c r e a t S o u t h e r n D i s t r i c t . O n I y 1 6 % o f s a l e s w e r e m a d et o a r e a s w h e r e m a r r o n o c c u r n a t u r a l l y i n s t r e a m s .

F r o m t h e s e s a l e s r e c o r d s , p l a c e s w e r e s e l e c t e d w h i c ho c c u r r e d b r o a d l y i n a n o r t h - e a s t d i r e c t i o n f r o m p e n b e r t o n .F u r t h e r s e l e c t i o n w a s m a d e o n t h e b a s i s o f o n l y 5 0 m a r r o nb e i n 8 s o I d , a n d o n a c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l i t y b y f _ i n d i n gt h a t t h e s u r n a m e , a t I e a s t , o f t h e p u n c h a s e r w a s m e n t i o n e d i nt h e t e . l e p h o n e b o o k a t o r n e a r t h e I o c a l i t y ( m a n y c o u n t r yp e o p l e u s e t h e n e a r e s t t o w n a s a p o s t a l a d d r e s s ) . l n i s s e l e c t -

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Page 9: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

S u r v e y i n g a n d s a m p l i n g o I _ , 1 - ! s d a m s .

( a ) C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e d a m s ' .

T h e g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d a t e a c h p l a c e i ss h o u ' n o n a s a m p l e o f t h e r e c o r d s h e e t t h a t w a s u s e d i n t h ef i e l d . A s w e 1 1 , b l a c k a n d l v h i t e p h o t o g r a p l i s w e r e t a k e n . AB e c k m a n p o c k e t p H m e t e f r v a s u s e d t o m e a s u r e p H i n s i t u .D u r i n g t h e M a r c h 1 9 6 9 t r i p a I ' T h e r m o p h i l r r e l e c t r o n i ct h e r m o m e l - e r , r v i t h t h e t h e r m i s t o r o n a 2 0 r l e a d w a s u s e df r o m a n i n f l a t a b l e r u b b e r d i n g h y t o f i n d t h e w a t e r t e m p e r -a t u r e a L v r r r i o u s d e p t h s i n s o m e d a m s . T h e s e t e m p e r a t u r en r : a s u r c r i c n t s w e r e o n l y m a d e o n t h e t w o h o t d a y s o f t h et r i p a n d a t m i d - a f t e r n o o n w h e n m a x i m u m w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e sm a y b e e x p c c t e d .

w a t e r s a n p f e s t a k e n r v e r e a n a l y s e d b y t h e S t a t e C h e m i c a lL a b o r a L o r i e s i n P e r t h .

I n F e b r u a r y ' l 9 6 8 t h e f o l l o l v i n g a n a ] y s e s l v e r e m a d e : p H rt o t a l d i s o l v e d s o l i d s , N a C I , o r g a n i c m a t t e r ( % d t y b a s i s ) ,o r g a n i c N , i n o r g a n i c N a n d t o t a l s o l u b l e p h o s p h o r o u s . I \ l o s to f t h c s c f a c t o r s w e r e a n a . l y s e d t o d i s c o v e r w h e t h e r t h e r e l v a sa c h a n g e i n t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f d a n s i n : . n o r t h - e a s td i r e c t i o n f r o m P e n b e r t o n .

F o r t i r e M a r c h 1 9 6 9 t r i p w a t e r s a n : ! p l e s w e r e a n a l y s e df o r 3 p H , f e r r o u s - i r o n , t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s a l t s r N a C . l , C a , a n dt o t a l s o l u b l e n i t r o g e n ( a s a m e a s u r e o f p o l ] u t i o n b y e x c r e t o r yp r o d u c t s o f f a r m s t o c k ) . A l s o t a k e n l v a s a s a m p l e o f t h es u r f a c e l a y e r o f m u d a n d d e t r i t u s , t o a d e p t h o f 1 t t f r o m ab a c k c o r n e r o f e a c h d a m r v h e r e i n f l o w o f p l a n t m a t e r i a l o c c u r sw i t h r u n o f f o f r a i n i n t o t h e d a m . T h e s e s a m p l e s w e r e t a . k e nr v i t h a 3 f r d i a . c o r e s a m p l e r a n d a ' n a l y s e d f o r / . o r g a n i c m a t i e ro n a d r y b a s i s b y t h e C h e n i c a l L a b o r a t o r i e s i n P e r t h .

A c o n s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t o f r a i n h a d ' a n d w a s f a l l i n gd u r i n g t h e M a r c h 1 9 6 8 t r - i p b u t t h e d r y s e a s o n w a s s t i . l I i np r o g r e s s d u r i n g t h e M a r c h 1 9 6 9 t r i p .

( b ) S a n p l i n S o f m a r r o n .

Y o u n g o f t h e y e a r ( O + ) m a r r o n h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o o c c u p ya d i f f e r e n t m i c r o - h a b i t a t f r o m o l d e r m a r r o n i n t h e W a r r e nR i v e r n e a r P e m b e r t o n . U p t - c a b o u t 2 c r f l s , o r b i t c a r a p a c eL e n g t h ( e a r 1 y 1 + ) t h e y a r e n o t c a p t u r e d i n b a i t e d d r o p n e t s( 1 " n y l o n m e s h ) , t h e e a s i e s t a n d m o s t . e f f i c i e n t m e t h o d o fc a t c h i n g l a r g e r m a r r o n . I n s t e a d a s n a l l m e s h ( t a r r n y l o n ) l o n gh a n d l e d s c o o p - n e t i s u s e d t o o b t a i n s a m p l e s f r o m S r a s s a n dl i t t e r i n t . h e r v a t e r a l o n . q t h e s l r e a m b a n k s .

T h e s e O + m a r r o n a r e q u i t e d i s t i n c t i v e i n a p p e a r a n c e f r o m

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Where the re we . re su f f i c i en t numbers o f mar ron , and nocompe t i t i on be tween mar ron fo r t he number o f d rop -ne ts used ,numbers and we igh ts o f mar ron i n success i ve hau ls were usedto ob ta in De lu ry t ype es t i na tes o f t he to ta l popu la t i on . Thees ina tes were ob ta ined g raph ica l l y by ex t rapo la t i on o f t het rend l i ne re la t i ng ca tch pe r hau l t o accunu la ted ca tch up tothe p rev ious hau l .

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Dam 7 i sha l l ow , c .Lea r wa te r t end ing to hea t up a t a l ld e p t h s . C o r n o r a n t s w e r e p r e s e n t ( t h e d a m i s c l o s e t o t h eB l a c k w o o d R i v e r s y s t e m ) .

D a m 1 O ; k o o n a c s a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d i n l a r g e n u m b e r s .

D a n 1 3 ; c . l e a r w a t e r l i a b l e t o h e a t u p e x c e s s i v e l y .

D a n 1 4 ; t o o s m a l l a n u m b e r o f m a r r o n s t o c k e d .

D a x r 1 5 ; k o o n a c s a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d .

D a m 1 8 ; h e a v i l y p o l l u t e d w i t h s h e e p d r o p p i n g s a n d k o o n a c sp r ( : ! t ( . I r t .

D a m 1 9 ; m a r r o n a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n m i s a p p r o p r i a t e d .

D a m 2 1 ; d a m a l m o s t d r y , e x t r e m e l y t u r b _ i d a n d c o n t a i n e dv e r y I a r g e n u m b e r s o f G a m b u s i a .

T h u s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f d a n 1 5 w i t h k o o n a c s , g o u to f t h e 2 0 s a _ I e s w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o m f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o na t t h i s s t a g e .

F i v e d a m s w e r e c h o s e n f r o m t h o s e d a m s n e m a i n i n g , m a i n l yo n t h e b a s i s o f f a r m e r c o - o p e r a t i o n a n d s p a c i n g a l o n g t h en o r t h - e a s t d i r e c t i o n f r o m p e m b e r t o n . A d a m w i t h k o o n i c sa b u n d a n t , w a s i n c l u d e d t o c o n f i r m t h e u n f a v o u . { a b i l i t v o ft h i s f a c t o r .

. 9 a r t ( W a t e r s ) . 3 5 m i l e s f r o m p e n b e r t o n . A l t h o u g h o u t o ft h e f l a t t e r c o u n t r y a n d i n t h e c o o l e r , b e t t e r r a i n f a _ t l a r e ao f t he ranges th i s dam was i nc luded because , a l t hough o fs m a l l s i z e ( t r 5 O O c u b i c y a r d s ) , i t w a s s u f f i c i e n t l y t u r b i dto a l l ow day - t ime samp l ing .

D a m 2 ( C a r p e n t e r ) . A 2 ' O O O c u b i c y a r d d a m w i t h w h i t ep i p e - c l a y b a n k s ; 7 3 m i l e s a w a y .

D a n 3 ( H o o p e r ) . A l a r g e d a m o fm i l e s a w a y "

7 , O O O c u b i c y a r d s ; 1 0 5

D a m 4 ( T a l b o t ) . A 2 | O O O c u b i c y a r d d a m ;

D a m 5 ( p e r r i n ) . A 2 ' O O O c u b i c y a r d d a m :

S a m p l i n g _ M a r c h 1 9 6 8 a n d t 9 6 9 .

T h e r e s u l t s o f s a m p l i n g t h e 5 r s a l e s [ d a m s f r o r n 2 5 t h t o2 9 t h o f M a r c h t g 6 8 a r e s h o w n i n F i A . 2 .

l 8 0 m i l e s o u t .

2 1 O m i l e s , a w a y .

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Page 15: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

i n t h e d a t n s , l v i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f T a . l b o t r s d a m w h e r ek o o n a c s w e r e p r e s e n t b e f o r e h a n d .

D u r i n S t h e l a t e M a r c h 1 9 6 8 t r i p , u n l i k e t h e s u b s e q u e n t1 9 6 9 t r i p , r a i n h a d a n d \ \ , a s f a 1 . l i n 8 . R u n o f f i n t o t h e d a n s h a dc a r r i e d c o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s o f p l a n t d e b r i s a n d s m a l lg e r m i n a t i n g g r a s s s e e d s f r o m t h e c a t c h m e n t s i n t o t h e d a n sw h e r e s o r i l e m a t e r i a l w a s s t i l . l f 1 o a t i n 8 . I t w a s r e a l i s e d a tt h i s t i r i e t h a t t h e m a r r o n , a l t h o u g h o m n i v o r o u s ' m u s t d e p e n dt o a I a n g e d e g r e e o n t h i s p l a n t m a t e r - i a I f o r f o o d i n t u r b i dd a m s . T h e r e r v e r e n o t t h € u s u a l a q u a t i c i n v e r t e b r a t e s a n dp l a n t s t h a t a r e l i n k e d i n f o o d c h a i n s i n c . l e a r s t i I l w a t e r .M a r r o n e x a n i n e d f r o m t h e s e d a m s , a n d s t r e a m s i n t h e i r n a t u r a Lh a b i t a t , h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o h a v e p r e d o m i n a n t l y p l a n t m a . t e r l a Li n t h e i r s t o m a c h s .

D j r e c t f e e d i n g o f m a r r o n b y f a r m e r s a t t h e s e d a m s s e e m e dt o b e d e s u l t o r y a n d i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l . I n a I l c a s e s b y t h e t i m eo f t h e f i n s t r a i n s , t h e p l a n t s o n t i r r . . c a t c h m e n t s o f t h e s e d a m s td r y p a s t u r e o r l v h e a t s t u b b l e , h a d b ' r e n S r a z e d b y s h e e p t os o m e e x t e n t .

A f t e r t h e 1 9 6 8 t r i p t h e r e w e r e s e v e r a l r e q u e s t s f r o mf a r m e r s i n t h e G r e a t S o u t h e r n r e g i o n t o i d e n t i f y s m a l l e 8 8 sw h i c h t h e y f o u n d c o v e r i n g n a r r o n t h a t h a d c r a l v l e d o u t o l t h ew a t e r a n d d i e d . T h e s e a r e t h e e g g s o f C o r i x i d a e . T h e y a p p e a r e dt o b e l a i d o n a n y s o l i d o b j e c t i n t h e d a m . M a r r o n i n H o o p e r r sd a m ( 3 ) s u f f e r e d f r o r n t h i s a t L a c h m e n t . H o o p e r r s d a m a l s oc o n t a . l n e d l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f s h e e p f a e c / - : s w h i c h h a v e b e e ne x p r c s s e d i n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h f a r n e r s L o b e a c a u s e o fm a r r o n f a i l i n g i n d a m s .

( b) "Succ€5e: lg l :_dgg

T h e M a r c h 1 9 6 9 t r i p ( d u r i n g w h i c h t l i e 5 r r s a l e s r r d a n sw e r e r e s a m p l e d a n d 7 " s u c c e s s f u l r r d a m s f i r s t s u r v e y e d a l l ds a m p l e d ) w a s s t a r t e d f r o n t h e N . E . I n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a rt r i p s s t a r t e d f r o m P e m b e r t o n .

S u r v e y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e r r s u c c e s s f u l ! ' d a m s a r es h o w n i n T a b l e 4 . T h e s i z e s o f t h e s e d a m s w e r e s i m i l a r t ot h o s e o f t h e I ' s a l e s r r d a m s r a n g i n g f r o m 1 ' 5 O O c u b i c y a r d s( t u x i n s ) t o 3 , 5 o o c u b i c y a r d s ( G r a h a n ) w i t h m a x i m u m d e p t h so f t h c s a m e o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e . T h e d a m s w e r e a l s o q u i t e

t u r b i d . T h e y w e r e s t o c k e d w i t l l s i r n i l a r n u m b e r s o f m a r r o n ,f o r t h e m o s t p a r t q u i t e r e c e n t l y i n t h e m i d 1 9 6 0 r s .

S a m p l i n g o f t h e s e d a m s r e v e a l e d i n e v e r y c a s e t h a t m a r r o nw e r e w e I I e s t a b l i s h e d . F i g . 3 s h o w s t h e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s o fm a r r o n c a p t u r e d i n t h e d a m s a n d T a b l e 5 c a t c h n a t e s a n d e s t i -

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t o t h e a c r e w i t h a s l i g h t t o m o d e r a t e f i s h i n g i n t e n s i t y .T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h i s b i o m a s s , h o w e v e r , i s d o n e a t t h ee x p e n s e o f t h e s u r v i v a l o f O + m a r r o n .

T h e s e s u c c e s s f u f I t d a m s p r o v i d e c . l e a r e r e v i d e n c e o f t i r ep o t e n t i a l g r o l v t h r a t e o f m a r r o n , F o r e x a n p l e i n G a r s i : o l e r sd a m ( 2 ) t h e m a r r o n a t t a i n e d 5 . 5 c m s . o r b i t c a r a p a c e l e n . . t h( . = 3 r r I e g a l s i z e ) i n I e s s t h a n 2 y e a r s .

T h e r e w a s n o o p p o r t u n i t y t o k i l l l a r g e s a m p l e s o ff € r m a l e s f o r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e i r b r e e d i n g s t a t u s . I n F i g . 3 ,h o w e v e r , t h e s i z e s o f a I l f e n a l e s L h a t } v e r e e x a m i n e d a r es h o w n t o g e t h e r w i t h a d i s t i n c L _ i o n o n b r e e d i n g c o n d i t i o n . I ti s e v i d e n t t i l a t 1 + m a r r o n w e r e r i p e n i n g e g g s f o r s p a w n i n g a s2 y e a r o l d s . I n t h e W a r r e n R i v e r a t p e m b e r t o n f e m a l e sm a t u r e a t 2 y e a r s , w h e n t h e y r e a c h 3 c m s i n I e n g t h a n d s p a w nf o r t h e f i n s t t i m e a s 3 y e a r o I d s . T h i s l e n g t h i s a L t a i n e da t a n e a r l - i e r a g e i n f a r m d a m s .

A t a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o m e a s u r e t h e f o o d a v a i l a b l e t ot h e r n a r r o n i n t h e s e d a m s . A s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r i t w a sr e a l i s e d t h a t t h e f o o d h a d m a i n l y a n e x t e n n a l s o u r c e , b e i n gt h e p l a n t d e b r i s a n d s m a f l g e r m i n a t i n g s e e d s w a s h e d i n t ot h e d a r n s w i t h r u n - o f f f r o m p a s t u r e o r w h e a t s t u b b t e . I t m i g h tt t e r e f o r e b e e x p e c t e d L h a t , o n t h e M a r c h 1 9 6 9 t r i p ( u n l i k et h e 1 9 6 8 o n e w h e n t h e d r y s e a s o n w a s s t i l l i n p r o g n e s s ) f o o di n t h e f o r m o f d e c o m p o s i n g p l a n t m a t e r i a l , ( p I a n t d e t n _ i L u s ,w o u l d b e a t a I o $ l e v e l . T h e s a m p t e t v a s t h e f i r s t l r r o fs u r f a c e m a t e r i a l o n t h e b o t t o m . T h i s s a m p l e t v a s a l w a y sL a . k e n a b o u t 5 i o u t f r o m o n e o f t i ) e b a c k c o r n e r s o f t h e d a | r s .T h i s p o s i t i o n w o u l d b e w h e r e t h e p l a n t m a t e r i a l w a s h e s i n t ot h e d a r i . I t w a s n o t i c e d t h a t d r o p - n e t s h a d h i g h e r c a t c h e si n t h e s e c o r n e r s ( t h e s a m e p o s i t i o n i n g o f t h e f i v e n e t s l v a su s e d i n a l l d a m s ) . S e v e r a l f a r m e r s c o r n m e n t e d t h a t m o r e m a r r o nc o u l d b e c a p t u r e d i n t h e s e b a c k c o r n e r s .

T h e f o o d d a t a s h o w s o m e d e g r e e o f p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o nw i t h t h e s i z e o f t h e s t o c i ( s o f m a r r o n i n d i f f e r e n t d a m s b u tt h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i s c o m p l i c a t e d b y o t h e r f a c t o r s .

F o r e x a m p l " e , t h e f o o d v a l u e w a s h i g h e s t i n W a r d r s d a m( 6 ) w h e r e t h e a b s o l u t e b i o m a s s p e r u n i t a r e a o f w a t e r w a sh i g h e s t . I t w a s l o w e s t i n B r o w n r s d a m ( 4 ) w h e r e t h e b i o m a s sw a s a l s o l o w e s t b u t w h e r e f i s h i n g l l a d b e e n f r e q u e n t , G r o w t ho f m a r r o n r v a s h i g h e s t i n G a r s t o n e t s d a m ( 2 ) l v h e r e t h e f o o dv a l u e l y a s h i g h . B i o m a s s w a s h i g h b , - r t t h e f o o d v a l u e l o w i nM a t t i s k e r s d a m ( 1 ) w h e r e t h e g r o r v L h o f m a r r o n h a d o b v i o u s L vb e e n s t a t i o n a r y f o r s o m e t i m e .

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Page 19: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

m o s t s u c c e s s f u l . T h e s e 3 d a m s w e r e v e r y p r o m i n e n t w h i t ec l a y d a m s .

O b s e r v a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e I U a r c h 1 9 6 9 t r i p a f t e r N a r e m b e e nr e v e a ] - e d t h a t t h e s e w h i t e c l a y a n d q u a r t z d a m s o c c u r e dt h e r e a f t e r r i g h t t h r o u g h t o P e m b e r t o n . I t w a s a . I s o o b s e r v e dt h a t t h e s e d a m s o c c u r r e d o n r i s i n g g r o u n d a n d n e a r t h e t o p so f h i . l l s w h i l e t h e r e d c l a y a n d l a t e r i t e d a m s o c c u r . r e d o nI o w e r f l a t t e r g r o u n d i n t h e v a l l e y s a n d o n t h e f l a t s .

A p p a r e n t l y t h e w h i t e p i p e - c I a y ( k a o l i n ) i s k n o w n g e o -g r a p h i c a l l y a s t h e p a l l i d z o n e . T h i s z o n e u n d e r l i e s t h e r e d -c . l a y - ! a t e r i t e I a y e r a n d i s , t h e r e f o r e , e x p o s e d b y w e a t h e r i n go n h i g h e r s l o p i n g I r o u r ] d .

D a m s b e t w e e n h i g h a n d l o w g r o u n d w h e r e t h e s u r f a c e i sl a t e r i t e m a y , h o r v e v e r , b e e x c a v a t e d i n t o t h e p a l l i d z o n e a n dt h e w h i t e e x c a v a L e d s o i l f o r m i n g L h e w a l I s o f L h e d a m i s t h e r rd r . i i a . i i q i i n ^ + i v a

T a b l e 6 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t s o f a n a l y s e s o f w a t e r s a m p l e sf r o m a l l t h e d a m s s t u d i e d i n t h e M a r c h 1 9 6 9 t r i p . F e r r o u s i r o nw a s n o t d e t e c t e d i n a n y s a m p l e s . T h e r e d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b ea n y d i s t i n c t i v e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e d a n d w h i t e c l a v d a m sw i t h a n y o f t h e s e d a t a .

F e L r m e r s h a d e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t w h i t e c l a y d a n sh e l d w a t e r b e l t e r t h a n r e d c l a y d a m s t h r o u g h t h e s u m m e r .M a r r o n i n G r a h a m r s d a m a t N a r e m b e e n h a d , h o w e v e r , s u r v i v e da d r o p i n l v a t e r . l e v e l t o a d e p t h o f 3 1 2 i n F e b r u a r y I 9 $ 8a n d o t h e r w h l t e c l a y d a m s h a d d r . i e d u p t . h e n .

' B e c a u s e r e d

c l a y d a m s t e n d t o o c c u r o n t h e l o w e r , f l a t t e r p a r t s o fv a l l e y s t h e d a m w a t e r s a r e l i k e l y t o b e p o l l u t e d b y s a l tl e a c h i n g p r e v e l e n t i n s u c h p l a c e s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s . T e s t sh a v e s h o l v n t h a t r e d c l a y s e t t l e s o u t o f s u s p e n s i o n m u c h m o r er a p i d l y t h a n w h i t e c l a y , s o t h a t b o t t o m w a t e r i n r e d c l a yd a m s n a y b e c o m e e x c e s s i v e l y h e a t e d i n s u m m e r i f t h e w a t e r i sc l e a r e r .

IT h e r e i s , t h e r e f o r e , p r o b a b l y n o s i n g l e g e n e r a l r e a s o n I

f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f m a r r o n i n w h i L e c l a y d a n s a s o p p o s e d t o r e d Ic l a y d a n s . T h e r e i s a l s o n o r e a s o n t o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e f o r m e ra l w a y s h a v e s u c c e s s f u l w a t e n s f o r m a r r o n o r t h a t t h e l a t t e ra n e a l w a y s u n s u i t a b l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e c o o l e r a n d w e t t e ra r e a s c l o s e r t o P e m b e r t o n .

T h e t u r b i d i t y o f f a r m d a m s r e s u l t s i n a v e r y m a r k e d d e c -r e a s e i n l v a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e l v i t h i n c r e a s e i n d e p t h f r o m L h es u r f a c e ( T a b l e 7 ) . M a r r o n o n t h e b o t t o m n e a r t h e c e n t r e o f t h ed a m m a y t h u s e x p e r i e n c e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f u p t o 1 O " Cl o w e r t h a n a t t h e s h o r e t i n e d u r i n g t h e h e a t o f m i d _ a f t e r n o o ni n s u m m e r .

1 6 .

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de te rm ined .

( c ) f ne managemen t o f mar ron s tocks i n f a rm dams requ i resa more de ta i l ed ' quan t i t a t i ve de te rm ina t i on o f t he op t imumIeve l o f f i sh ing i n tens i t y . The re i s a l so scope fo r f u r the rinves t i ga t i on o f t he food o f mar ron i n t hese dams andmethods o f improv ing food supp l i es .

1 8 .

Page 22: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

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( c ) D a m s c o n t a i n i n g k o o n a c s o r f i s h s h o u l d n o t b e s t o c k e dw i t h m a r r o n .

( d ) T h e h o l d i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e d a m f o r m a r r o n s h o u l d b ei n c r e a s e d b y p l a c i n g s h e l t e r s i n t h e w a t e r , s u c h a sp i p e s o r l o g s i n d e e p e r w a t e r f o r l a r g e m a r r o n a n do l d b a g s i n s h a l l o w w a t e r n e a r t h e b a n k s f o r s m a l lm a r r o n .

( e )

( f )

T o c o m b a t s i l t a t i o n ( w h i c h c a u s e s s h a l l o w i n g o f t h e d a ma s i t a g e s ) a n d i n c r e a s e t h e f o o d s u p p l y , t h e c a t c h m e n to f t h e d a n s h o u l d b e l e f t a s i l e a v i l y g r a s s e d a s p o s s i b l e ,p a r t i c u l a r l y u p t o t h e t i m e o f t h e w i n t e r r a i n s .

I f v e r y n u m e r o u s s m a l l b u f f - c o l o u r e d i n s e c t e g g s a r ef o u n d o n s t i c k s a n d o t h e r o b j e c t s i n t h e w a L e r d u r i n gt h e . l a t e s u m m e r m o n t h s s o m e a c L i o n i s w a r r a n t e d . T h ea d u , l t a q u a t i c i n s e c t i s a b o u t t ' r i n I e n g t h , w h i t eu n d e r n e a t h , w i t h g r e y - b r o w n w i n g s , a n d a p a i r o f o a r -s h a p e d l e g s . O b j e c t s s u c h a s t r e e b r a n c h e s s h o u l d b es t : b m e r g e d i n t h e d a m a n d r e m o v e d w h e n c o v e r e d w i t he g g s w h i c h c a n b e d e s t r o y e d .

M a n a g e m e l t o f e g t a b l i s h e d s t o c k s o f n a r r o n

D u r i n g t h e l a t e s u m m e r. i n t r o d u c t i o n o f m a r r o n o n ei n s h a l l o w w a t e r ( n e a r t h ed a m ) f o r s m a t l n a r r o n | - ' l

W h e n t h e m a r r o n h a v e bt h e r e a r e t h u s t h r e e g r o u p sa b o v e , c n e s o f i n t e r m e d i a t es p a w n i n g a n d t h e - t a r g e o r i gm a r r o n c a n t h e n b e r e m o v e dw i 1 l b r e e d n e x t y e a r .

o f e a c h y e a r f l o l l o w i n g t h es h o u l d l o o k u n d e r b a g s p l a c e db a n k s a t t h e b a c k c o r n e r s o f t h er r i n o v e r a l l l e n g t h .

e e n f o u n d t o h a v e s p a w n e d t w i c e ,o f m a r r o n ; v e r y s m a l l o n e s , a ss i z e l r o m t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r r s

i n a l m a r r o n . T h e l a r g e o r i g i n a lf o r t h e o n e s o f i n t e r m e d i a t e s i z e

T h e b e s t m e t h o d o f c a p t u r e o f m a r r o n , a p a r t f r o m t h ev e r y y o u n g o n e s i n t h e i r f i r s t y e a r o f l i f e , i s t o u s eb a i t e d d r o p - n e t s w i t h a s m a l l i s h r n e s h ( ' l ' i ) .

A l w a y s e n s u r e i n f u t u r em e d i a t e s i z e s , l e s s t h a n 3 r ta r e p r e s e n t i n g o o d n u m b e r s ,b r i t r e r : o v e a I I I a r g e r m a r r o n

y e a r s t h a t m a r r o n o f i n t e r -c a r a p a c e l e n g t h o r 6 r r o v e r a l l ,

a n d a r e r e t u r n e d t o t h e r v a t e re a c i ) y e a r .

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Page 25: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

-I vr. REFERENcEs

C: ima t i c Su rvey . Reg ion 1 l - G rea t Sou the rn , Wes te rnAus t ra l i a . I ssued by the D i rec to r o f Me teo ro logy ,Me Ibour ne.

Ra in fa l l r eco rds . Fo t i o lO . Bu reau o f Me teo ro logy , pe r th .

J .E . Watson and J .C . c rasby .P lann ing new fa rm dams - excava ted ea r th tanks . Bu I Ie t i nNo . 3596 . W.A . Depar tmen t o f Ag r i cu l t u re .

I

2 2 "

Page 26: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

'92

.' ax?oqldaq 11qc ag

.... Hdt ,t€O Jo eurT I! J eXel{ 'dueJ JaleM

"' srEulTuv cTlenbv

.. ... lue8Jeua paloou' eeSfv : sxu"Td (c)

"" laaa'I' ""' 'txrcede3 pexBullxs3

' tof f oq lC T T 113 o^oqB T T ern Jo lqBT aH

"" rl?dao unurxeN't""' " qlpTrlt unurrx€!{

": " " " (TIe,\ uep 01 peaq) q18ue'I

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'suoTsueuITO (q )

'"'' (ruo f JuT TeTuueJed

Jo xueueulJad) '(ueo fIInC) ueo uoTlESTrrI -Jo

" (llo "i'i "itJ"tt" alerpaululT uo luepuadep

.(TaTos) :11,rn1'1"o1"" pale^ecxg) ueo rroxs 'ed'(J (€)

uleo Jo 38v :sJIT3m-rJwffitffic- 'z

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s s eJppv''' aueN s rJeuJEJ (E )

:itilffiffihb 'r

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- ;AsH6-dft5aE-311ffis -

Page 27: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

T A B L E I

AIR TEMPERATURES AND RAINFALL ATT.OWNSHTPS IN A NORTH-EAST DIRECTION

FROM PEMBERTON

P L A C ED i s t . f r o nPember ton

( n i I e s )

Ave rage A i r Tempe r a tu re s ( ( ' F

) A v . A n n .R a i n f a I I( i n c h e s )January July Annu a I

M a x . M i n . M a x . M i n M a x . M i n .

Penbert on

Man j i nup

Br idge town

May anup

Boyup Brook

D inn inup

Koj onup

Ka tann ing

B roome h i l 1

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Bruce Rock

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1 2 . a

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rdx &

rqV c )

F t r

FI U)r43 =

z< r rc r o- 1 4

x c.)

v E l

=z

E

=

Ftti14

0d10 20 30

CALCTUM CONCENTRATTON p. p.m.

F ig .4 Re la t i onsh ip be tween abundance o fmar ron i . n dams and ca l c ium concen_t ra t i on o f dam wa te r .

3+"

40

Page 38: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

"SUCCESSFUL" DAMS

I IATTTSKE Drrr I

BROWN Dr'll -l

r i l

€a::;-€1"{

9 5 5 3 7 2 7 2 - 3 0 c B I s .

Page 39: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

. .SUCCESSFUL" DAMS

BROWN-DanI l

WARD Danl 6

( i i )

Page 40: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

'SUCCESSFUT--' DAMS

GRAHAM-Dam 7

Page 41: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

"SALES" DAI.1S

CARPENTER-Dam 2

WATERS Dam I

( i v )

Page 42: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

. .SALES" DAMS

HOOPLR Darn l

TALBOT-Dan-1

Page 43: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

.SALES"

PERRIN-Dam 5

Shoreline and Milky Turbid Water itr Ca4rentert White,pipe_clay Dam.

(vi)

Page 44: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

Catchnrent Are: of a D:rn Grued Do\\n b) Sheep.

Leeman s Danr Near Westonia,

Page 45: Department of Fisheries and Fauna ( REVISED- MARRON IN ...spJB^ro1 asJ€ds sr luauaflXas q8noq? 'sl JeJ daeUs pue f r?oq^r paqslTqefsc TTe^,!. Jo slsfsuoc uorFaJ oq? Jo ?so tr oogt

A catch of l \ Iarron in Ward_s SLrcccssfrr l -

Dan1.

D i . l i . r t V i e " , r f . r \ \ h i t e P i p e - ( l . r \ f t ' r n r \ e . , . P e h e | . o n