DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICSphysics.cusat.ac.in/courses/MSc_Physics_Syllabus_2019.pdfsurfaces, calculus of functions of a complex variable, elementary functions of z, complex integration,

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Scheme of Examinations and Syllabus forthe M.Sc. Physics Degree Program

(From 2019 admission onwards)

Cochin University of Science and TechnologyCochin - 682 022

Website: http://physics.cusat.ac.in

http://physics.cusat.ac.in

CONTENTS M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 2019

Contents

Scheme 3Semester – I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Semester – II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Semester – III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Semester – IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Elective Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Semester - I 5PHY 2101 Mathematical Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5PHY 2102 Classical Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6PHY 2103 Electrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7PHY 2104 Advanced Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Semester - II 9PHY 2201 Quantum Mechanics - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9PHY 2202 Statistical Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10PHY 2203 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11PHY 2204 Solid State Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Semester - III 13PHY 2301 Quantum Mechanics - II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13PHY 2302 Nuclear and Particle Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14PHY 2303 Modern Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Elective Courses 1606 Advanced Solid State Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1607 Gravitation and Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1708 Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1809 Solar Cells - I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 Solar Cells - II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 Quantum Field Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2112 Thin Film Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213 Physics of Nanostructured materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2314 Quantum Computation and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2415 Advanced Magnetism and Magnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2516 Molecular Physics and Laser Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2617 Quantum Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2718 Nonlinear Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2819 Elementary Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2920 Astrophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3021 Computational Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3122 Complex networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3223 Phase transition and critical phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3324 2D Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3425 Advanced Mathematical Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3526 Nondestructive Measurement Techniques and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

© Department of Physics, CUSAT 2

SCHEME M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 2019

Scheme

Semester – ICourse Code Name C/E Marks Distribution

Cont. eval. End semester Total CreditPHY 2101 Mathematical Physics C 50 50 100 4PHY 2102 Classical Mechanics C 50 50 100 4PHY 2103 Electrodynamics C 50 50 100 4PHY 2104 Advanced Electronics C 50 50 100 4PHY 2105 Experiments in Physics Lab-I C - 50 50 2

Total 200 250 450 18

Semester – IICourse Code Name C/E Marks Distribution

Cont. eval. End semester Total CreditPHY 2201 Quantum Mechanics - I C 50 50 100 4PHY 2202 Statistical Mechanics C 50 50 100 4PHY 2203 Atomic and Molecular

SpectroscopyC 50 50 100 4

PHY 2204 Solid State Physics C 50 50 100 4PHY 2205 Scientific computing and data

analysis (Lab-II) C - 50 50 2Total 200 250 450 18

Semester – IIICourse Code Name C/E Marks Distribution

Cont. eval. End semester Total CreditPHY 2301 Quantum Mechanics - II C 50 50 100 4PHY 2302 Nuclear and Particle Physics C 50 50 100 4PHY 2303 Modern Optics C 50 50 100 4PHY 23xx Elective - I E 50 50 100 4PHY 2304 Experiments in Physics Lab-

IIIC - 50 50 2

Total 200 250 450 18

Semester – IVCourse Code Name C/E Marks Distribution

Cont. eval. End semester Total CreditPHY 2401 Major Project C 50 50 100 4PHY 24xx Elective II E 50 50 100 4PHY 24xx Elective III E 50 50 100 4PHY 24xx Elective IV E 50 50 100 4PHY 2402 Advanced Experiments in Phy-

sics Lab IVC - 100 100 4

Total 200 300 500 20

(Replace xx with selected elective course codes )


SCHEME M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 2019

Elective CoursesCourse Code Name C/E Marks Distribution

Cont. eval. End semester Total Credit06 Advanced Solid State Physics E 50 50 100 407 Gravitation and Cosmology E 50 50 100 408 Nonlinear Dynamics and

ChaosE 50 50 100 4

09 Solar Cells - I E 50 50 100 410 Solar Cells - II E 50 50 100 411 Quantum Field Theory E 50 50 100 412 Thin Film Physics E 50 50 100 413 Physics of Nanostructured Ma-

terialsE 50 50 100 4

14 Quantum Computation andInformation

E 50 50 100 4

15 Advanced Magnetism andMagnetic Materials

E 50 50 100 4

16 Molecular Physics and LaserSpectroscopy

E 50 50 100 4

17 Quantum Optics E 50 50 100 418 Nonlinear Optics E 50 50 100 419 Elementary Astronomy E 50 50 100 420 Astrophysics E 50 50 100 421 Computational Physics E 50 50 100 422 Complex Networks E 50 50 100 423 Phase Transition and Critical

PhenomenaE 50 50 100 4

24 2-D Materials E 50 50 100 425 Advanced Mathematical Phy-

sicsE 50 50 100 4

26 Nondestructive MeasurementTechniques and Applications

E 50 50 100 4

• Elective courses will be offered either in semester III or in semester IV.

• The Course Code for the Elective courses will be assigned at the time the course is offered.

• Each Lab course consists of nine hours per week and duration of practical examination is:

– For PHY 2105, PHY 2205 and PHY 2304 - 4 hours each

– For PHY 2402 - 6 hours

• Project work has five hours per week. Project report will be evaluated by the supervising guideand project report should be submitted in advance for evaluation. Project evaluation consists of aViva-Voce examination also.


SEMESTER - I M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 2019

Semester - I

PHY 2101 Mathematical Physics

Module 1 Vector analysis: vectors and scalars - direction angles and cosines - change of coordinatesystem - linear vector space differentiation - space curves - motion in a plane - conservative vectordivergence of a vector - Laplacian - curl of a vector involving ∇ - orthogonal curvilinear coordinates cy-lindrical coordinates - direction - vector field - formulas invloving ∇, orthogonal curvilinear coordinates,cylindrical coordinates, spherical coordinates.

Module 2 Complex numbers, functions of a complex variable, mapping branch lines and Riemannsurfaces, calculus of functions of a complex variable, elementary functions of z, complex integration,series representations of analytic functions, integration by the method of residues, evaluation of realdefinite integrals.

Module 3 Second order differential equations, The Euler linear equation, solutions in power series,special functions: gamma and beta functions, Legendre’s equation, Hermite’s equation, Bessel’s equa-tion. simultaneous equations, partial differential equations, Solutions of Laplace’s equation, solutionsof the wave equation, solution of Poisson’s equation, Green’s function method, Laplace and FourierTransform methods.

Module 4 Numerical methods: interpolation, finding roots of equations, graphical methods, methodof linear interpolation, Newton’s method, numerical integration, The rectangular rule, The trapezoidalrule, Simpson’s rule, numerical solutions of differential equations, Euler’s method, The three-term Tay-lor series method, Runge-Kutta method, equations of higher order, system of equations, least-squares,fundamental probability theorems, random variables and probability distributions, expectation and va-riance, special probability distributions, The Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distribution.

Text Books:

1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists: A Concise Introduction, Tai L. Chow, Cambridge UniversityPress (2001).

2. Mathematical Methods for Physicists Paperback (7th Edition), Arfken, Elsevier (2012).

3. Mathematical methods for physics and engineering, K. F. Riley, M. P. Hobson and S. J. Bence,Cambridge Universality Press (2006).

4. Mathematical Physics, V. Balakrishna, Ane Books (2008).



PHY 2102 Classical Mechanics

Module 1 Variational principle - Calculus of variations - Derivation of Lagrange’s equations fromHamilton’s principles. Conservation theorems and symmetry properties. Energy function and conser-vation of energy. Central force problem - equivalent one dimensional problem - classification of orbits -the differential equation for orbits - Kepler problem.

Module 2 Small oscillations - formulation of the problem - eigenvalue equation - normal co-ordinates- linear triatomic molecules. Independent co-ordinates of a rigid body. Orthogonal transformations -Euler angles - rigid body equations of motion- angular momentum and kinetic energy of motion about apoint- inertia tensor-Solving rigid body problems and Euler equations of motion- torque free motion ofa rigid body- symmetric top. Rate of change of a vector, centrifugal and Coriolis forces.

Module 3 Hamilton’s equations of motion - cyclic Coordinates and conservation theorems. Hamil-ton’s equation from a variational principle. Equations of canonical transformation - examples. PoissonBrackets. Infinitesimal canonical transformation - generators - angular momentum Poisson Bracketrelations.

Module 4 Hamilton-Jacobi equation - harmonic oscillator problem - Hamilton’s characteristic function.Action and Angle variables-separable systems - Kepler problem. Nonlinear Equations and Chaos: In-troduction, singular points of trajectories, nonlinear oscillations, limit cycles, chaos: logistic map, defi-nitions, fixed points, period doubling, universality.

Text Books:

1. H. Goldstein, C. Poole and J. Safko , Classical Mechanics, Third Edition, Pearson (2011).

2. Michael Tabor, Chaos and Integrability in Nonlinear Dynamics, Wiley (1989).

3. V. B. Bhatia , Classical Mechanics, Narosa (1997).

4. Mechanics Vol. I, Landau and Lifshitz, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann (1976).



PHY 2103 Electrodynamics

Module 1 Multipole expansion, Electrostatic multipole moments - energy of a charge distributionin an external field. Boundary value problems, Formal solution with Green’s functions, electrostaticpotential energy. Method of images- Point charge near a grounded conducting sphere-Point charge neara charged insulated conducting sphere - conducting sphere in an uniform electric field. Laplace equationin spherical polar coordinates- Boundary value problem with azimuthal symmetry.

Module 2 Maxwell’s equations. Vector and scalar potentials - gauge transformations - Lorentz gauge,Coulomb gauge, Poynting’s theorem and conservation of energy and momentum, complex Poynting vec-tor. Boundary conditions for the electric and magnetic fields at an interface - Plane electromagneticwave in a non-conducting medium, linear and circular polarization, reflection and refraction at a dielec-tric interface, polarization by reflection and total internal reflection.

Module 3 Waves in conducting or dissipative medium-skin depth. Cylindrical cavities and wave gui-des, metallic wave guides, modes in a rectangular wave guide, resonant cavities. Simple radiating sys-tems: Green’s function for wave equation, fields and radiation of a localized oscillating source - electricdipole field and radiation, magnetic dipole and electric- quadrupole fields, centre-fed linear antenna.

Module 4 Special theory of relativity - Postulates of relativity, Lorentz transformations, four vectors,addition of velocities, four velocity, relativistic momentum and energy, mathematical properties of space-time, matrix representation of Lorentz transformation. Dynamics of relativistic particles. Lagrangianand Hamiltonian of relativistic charged particle, motion in a uniform static electric and magnetic fields,Magnetism as a relativistic phenomenon, Transformation of the field, Electromagnetic field tensor.

Text Books:

1. J. D. Jackson, Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition, Wiley (2009).

2. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. J. Griffiths, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press (2017).

Reference Books:

1. The Classical theory of fields - L D Landau and E M Lifshitz Pergamom Press Ltd (1971)

2. Electrodynamics - M. Chaichian, I. Merches, D Radu and A. Tureanu, Springer Verlag, (2016)

3. Classical Electrodynamics - W Greiner , Springer Verlag , New York (1998)



PHY 2104 Advanced Electronics

Module 1 Combinational systems - Synthesis of Boolean functions, Boolean algebra, Universal gate -NAND, Integrated NAND circuit, Arithmetic circuits, Adder, Subtractor, BCD Addition, 2’s complemen-tary technique, Sequential systems - Flip flops-RS, JK, JK-MS, D-FF, Register, Buffer register, serialand parallel registers, Tristate switches, Tristated buffer registers, Bus organization in computers,Counters, Synchronous and Asynchronous counters, Ripple counters, Ring counter, Timing diagram,Fundamentals of D/A conversion,-Accuracy and resolution - ADC/DAC chips, Flash Converters

Module 2 Ideal amplifier - operational amplifier - the basic operational amplifier, differential am-plifier and its transfer characteristics, frequency response of operational amplifiers, adder, subtractor,Op-amp as differentiators, integrators, applications of differentiators and integrators, Solution of dif-ferential equations - general ideas about analog computation and simulation - other applications ofOp-amps, filters, comparators, sample and hold circuits, waveform generators.

Module 3 Microprocessor architecture - memory - input/output - 8085 MPU - Instructions and timings- instruction classification - instruction format - instruction timing and operation status - Programmingthe 8085 - data transfer instructions - arithmetic operations - logic operations - branch operations -examples of assembly language programs.

Module 4 Amplitude Modulation - Double and Single sideband techniques - Frequency modulationand Demodulation techniques - Bandwidth requirements - Pulse communication - Pulse width, Pulseposition and Pulse code modulation - Digital communication - error detection and correction - frequencyand time division multiplexing.

Text Books:

1. John Ryder, Electronic Fundamentals and Applications (5th Edition), Prentice Hall, New Delhi,(1983).

2. Milman and Halkias, Integrated Electronics, Mc. Graw Hill, (1983).

3. Robert G. Irvine, Operational Amplifier - Characteristics and Applications, 2nd Edition, PrenticeHall, New Jersey (1987).

4. Gaonkar, Microprocessor Architecture, Programming and Applications,Wiley Eastern Limited,New Delhi (1992).

5. John Wakerly, Digital Design: Principles and Practices (4th Ed.), Prentice Hall (2005).

6. D. C. Green, Digital Electronics (5th Ed.), Pearson Education Ltd., (2005).

7. Roddy and Coolen, Electronic Communications, Prentice Hall 4th Ed (1995).

8. B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems 3rd Ed, Oxford University press(1998).


SEMESTER - II M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 2019

Semester - II

PHY 2201 Quantum Mechanics - I

Module 1 deBroglie’s hypothesis: matter waves and experimental confirmation, wave packets. Linearvector space: the Hilbert space, Wave Functions, Hermitian operators, Projection operators, Commuta-tor algebra, Unitary operators, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a Hermitian operator. Representationin discrete bases: Matrix representation of kets, bras, and operators, Change of bases and unitarytransformations, Matrix representation of the eigenvalue problem, Representation in continuous bases,Position representation, Momentum representation, Connecting the position and momentum represen-tations, Matrix and wave mechanics.

Module 2 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics: State of a System, Probability Density, SuperpositionPrinciple, Observables as Operators, Measurement in quantum mechanics, Expectation values, Com-muting operators and Uncertainty relations, Time evolution of the state. Time-independent potentialsand Stationary States, Time evolution operator, Conservation of probability, Time evolution of expecta-tion values, Infinitesimal Unitary transformations, Finite Unitary transformations, Poisson’s bracketsand commutators, Ehrenfest theorem.

Module 3 Many-particle systems: Interchange symmetry, Systems of distinguishable non-interactingparticle, Systems of identical particles, Exchange degeneracy, Symmetrisation postulate, Constructingsymmetric and antisymmetric wave functions, Systems of identical non-interacting particles, Pauli’sexclusion principle

One-dimensional Problems: Infinite square well potential, Finite square well potential: Scatteringand bound state solutions, Harmonic oscillator.

Module 4 Three Dimensional Problems: Schrödinger equation in presence of central Potential, Hyd-rogen Atom. Scattering: Cross Section, Scattering of Spin-less Particles, Amplitude and DifferentialCross Section, The Born Approximation, Validity of the Born Approximation, Partial Wave Analysis,Scattering of Identical Particles.

Text Books:

1. Quantum Mechanics: Concepts and Applications (2nd Ed.), Nouredine Zettili, Wiley (2009).

2. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J. J. Sakurai, 2nd Edition, Pearson (2010) (Modules 1 and 3).

3. R. Shankar, Principle of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd edition, Kluwer Academic, 1994

Reference Books:

1. Quantum Mechanics (4th Revised edition), V.K. Thankappan, New Academic Science Ltd (2014)(Module 4).

2. A Textbook of Quantum Mechanics (2nd Edition), P M Mathews and K Venkatesan, McGraw HillEducation (2017).

3. Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Ishwar Singh Tyagi, Pearson (2013).

4. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D. Griffiths, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University (2017).

5. Quantum Physics, H. C. Verma,2nd ed., TBS Publishers, (2012)



PHY 2202 Statistical Mechanics

Module 1 Features of macroscopic systems: Concept of equilibrium, Irreversibility and approach toequilibrium, Basic probability concepts: Statistical ensembles, Mean values and fluctuations, Statisticaldescription of a system of particles, Micro and macro states, Statistical postulates, Statistical ensemble,The microcanonical ensemble.

Module 2 Thermal Interaction, Distribution of energy between macroscopic systems, Systems in con-tact with heat reservoir, Canonical ensemble and Boltzmann distribution, Partition function and Freeenergy, Paramagnetism, Ideal gas in canonical ensemble - mean energy and mean pressure, harmonicoscillators, Grand Canonical ensemble, Microscopic theory and macroscopic measurements: Determi-nation of absolute temperature, work, internal energy and heat, Heat capacity, entropy.

Module 3 Canonical distribution in the classical approximation: Ideal gas, entropy of mixing andGibbs paradox, Maxwell velocity distribution, effusion and molecular beams, The equipartition theoremand its applications, Specific heat of solids, Phase space of classical systems, Liouville’s theorem.

Module 4 Statistical physics of ideal quantum gases: Density operator, ideal Fermi gas at zero andnon-zero temperatures, Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein integrals, Ideal Bose gas - Bose-Einstein con-densation.Interacting systems: 1D Ising model, Mean filed approach, Phase transitions, Critical point and criticalexponents, Universality, Scaling and Renormalization group approach (Qualitative ideas).

Text Books:

1. Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course, Volume 3, F. Reif, Tata- McGraw-Hill (2008).

2. Principles of equilibrium statistical mechanics, D. Chowdhury and D. Stauffer, Wiley (2000).

3. R. K. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics, 2nd edition, Elsevier (2005).

4. K. Huang, Statistical Mechanics, 2nd Edition, Wiley India (2008).

Reference Books:

1. Landau and Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, Elsevier (2005).



PHY 2203 Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy

Module 1 Quantum states of electrons in atoms - Pauli’s exclusion principle, calculation of spin-orbitinteraction energy in one electron systems, fine structure of spectral lines in hydrogen and alkali atoms.Equivalent and non-equivalent electrons, two electron systems, interaction energy in LS and j j cou-plings, spectra of helium and alkaline earth elements. Normal and anomalous Zeeman effects, Starkeffect, Paschen-Back effect (all in one electron system only). Hyperfine structure of spectral lines - cal-culation in one electron systems. Line broadening mechanisms - line shape functions for Doppler andnatural broadening

Module 2 Types of molecules, rotational spectra of diatomic molecules as rigid rotor, intensity of rota-tional lines, The effect of isotopic substitution, energy levels and spectrum of non-rigid rotor, techniquesand instrumentation for microwave spectroscopy. The vibrating diatomic molecule - simple harmo-nic oscillator, the anharmonic oscillator, the diatomic vibrating rotator - CO molecule. Interaction ofrotation and vibrations, the vibrations of polyatomic molecules and their symmetry, the influence of ro-tation on the spectra of linear molecules - Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules - Born-Oppenheimerapproximation, vibrational coarse structure - progressions. Intensity of vibrational transitions - theFranck-Condon principle. Dissociation energy and dissociation products. Rotational fine structure ofelectronic-vibrational transitions - the Fortrat diagram. Predissociation.

Module 3 Raman effect - classical theory, elementary quantum theory, pure rotational Raman spectra- linear molecules, vibrational Raman spectra polarization of light and Raman effect, techniques andinstrumentation of Raman and IR spectroscopy, structure determination by IR and Raman spectroscopy- simple examples, fundamentals of SERS.

Nuclear and electron spin - interaction with applied magnetic field, population of energy levelsLarmor procession, NMR: NMR of hydrogen nuclei - chemical shift, techniques and instrumentationfor NMR spectroscopy, medical applications of NMR - ESR spectroscopy - g factor - fine and hyperfinestructure, double resonance, Basic idea of Mossbauer Spectroscopy- Recoilless emission and absorption.

Module 4 Spontaneous emission-stimulated emission, Einstein’s coefficients. The laser idea popula-tion inversion-lasing action-characteristics of laser-pumping mechanisms , three level laser - four levellaser - rate equation - pumping threshold laser spiking. Specific laser systems - laser system involvinglow density medium - He-Ne laser -Argon ion laser - CO2 laser - excimer laser. Laser systems involvinghigh density medium - ruby laser - dye laser - ND:YAG laser - semiconductor diode lasers.

Text Books:

1. Introduction to Atomic Spectra, H. E. White, McGraw-Hill Inc., US (1934).2. Fundamentals for Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th Ed., C. N. Banwell and E. M. McCash, McGraw

Hill Education (2017).3. Lasers Theory and Applications (2nd Edition), K. Thayagarajan and A.K Ghatak, Springer (2011).

Reference Books:

1. Spectroscopy Vol. I, II and III, B.P. Straughan and S.Walker, Chapman and Hall (1976).2. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy, G. M. Barrow, McGraw-Hill Inc.,US (1962).3. Molecular structure and Spectroscopy (2nd Edition), G. Aruldhas, Prentice Hall of India (2007).4. The Physics of Atoms and Quanta (4th ed.), H. Haken and Hans C. Wolf, Springer-Verlag (1994).5. Laser fundamentals, William T Silfvast, Cambridge University press (2004).6. Laser Physics, Peter W. Milonni and Joseph H. Eberly, Wiley-Blackwell (2010).7. Optical Electronics, A.K.Gahtak and K. Thayagarajan, Cambridge University press (1989).



PHY 2204 Solid State Physics

Module 1 Solids Without Considering Microscopic Structure: The Early Days of Solid State - SpecificHeat of Solids - Einstein’s Calculation-Debye’s Calculation-Periodic (Born-von Karman) Boundary Con-ditions - Debye’s Calculation Following Planck - Debye’s "Interpolation" - Shortcomings of the DebyeTheory - Electrons in Metals: Drude Theory - Electrons in an Electric Field - Electrons in Electric andMagnetic Fields - Thermal Transport - Sommerfeld (Free Electron) Theory - Basic Fermi-Dirac Statis-tics - Electronic Heat Capacity - Magnetic Spin Susceptibility (Pauli Paramagnetism) - Shortcomings ofthe Free Electron Model

Module 2 Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Monatomic Chain - Phonons-Crystal Momentum - Vibra-tions of a One-Dimensional Diatomic Chain - Introduction to Electrons Filling Bands - Multiple Bands- The Reciprocal Lattice in Three Dimensions - General Brillouin Zone Construction - Electronic andVibrational Waves in Crystals in Three Dimensions - Wave Scattering by Crystals - Equivalence ofLaue and Bragg conditions - Scattering Amplitudes - Systematic Absences - Geometric Interpretationof Selection Rules - Methods of Scattering Experiments - Powder Diffraction - Scattering in Liquids andAmorphous Solids

Module 3 Electrons in Solids - Electrons in a Periodic Potential - Nearly Free Electron Model - Bloch’sTheorem - Energy Bands in One Dimension - Energy Bands in Two and Three Dimensions - Tight Bin-ding - Band-Structure Picture of Metals and Insulators - Optical Properties of Insulators and Semicon-ductors - Direct and Indirect Transitions - Optical Properties of Metals - Optical Effects of Impurities -Electrons and Holes - Doping - Impurity States - Statistical Mechanics of Semiconductors -Band Struc-ture Engineering - Designing Band Gaps - Non-Homogeneous Band Gaps

Module 4 Magnetism and Mean Field Theories - Hund’s Rules - Coupling of Electrons in Atoms to anExternal Field - Free Spin (Curie or Langevin) Paramagnetism - Larmor Diamagnetism - (Spontaneous)Magnetic Order - Ferromagnets - Antiferromagnets - Ferrimagnets - Macroscopic Effects in Ferromag-nets: Domains - Domain Wall Structure and the Bloch/ Néel Wall - Hysteresis in Ferromagnets.

Superconductors - Type-I and Type-II superconductors - Meissner effect - BCS theory (qualitative) -High temperature superconductors - applications - Josephson effect.

Text Books:

1. Solid State Physics, Dekker, A. J., Macmillan (2000).

2. Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th Edition), Charles Kittel, Wiley (2004).

3. Solid state physics, Ashcroft, Neil W. and Mermin, N., Brooks/Cole (1976).

4. Elements of x-ray diffraction (3rd edition), Cullity, B. D. and Stock, Stuart H., Prentice Hall (2001).

5. Elementary Solid State Physics: Principles and Applications, Ali Omar, Pearson (1993).

6. The Oxford solid state basics, Simon, Steven, Oxford University Press (2004).


SEMESTER - III M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 2019

Semester - III

PHY 2301 Quantum Mechanics - II

Module 1 Orbital angular momentum: Commutation relations, eigenvalue equations, eigenvaluesand eigenfunctions. Total angular momentum: Commutation relations, eigenvalues. Matrix repre-sentation of angular momentum, Spin angular momentum, Pauli spin matrices and their properties,Two component wave function, Pauli’s equation. Addition of Angular momentum and Clebsch-Gordancoefficients.

Module 2 Time-independent perturbation theory, Non degenerate perturbation theory, The Stark ef-fect, Degenerate perturbation theory, Spin Orbit Coupling, Fine structure, Variational method, WKBmethod, Bound states for potential wells with no rigid walls, one rigid wall and two rigid walls, Tunnel-ling through a potential barrier.

Module 3 Schroedinger and Heisenberg Pictures of Quantum Mechanics, The interaction Picture andTime-dependent perturbation theory, Transition probability, Constant perturbation, Harmonic pertur-bation, Adiabatic and sudden approximations, Interaction of atoms with radiation, Transition rates forabsorption and stimulated emission of radiation, Dipole approximation, Electric dipole selection rules.

Module 4 Klein-Gordon equation: Free particle solutions, Probability density. Dirac equation: Diracmatrices, Probability density, Solution of free Dirac equation and positrons, Pauli’s equation from Diracequation, Spin-orbit Coupling, Lorentz invariance of Dirac equation (basic ideas), Weyl’s Equation forneutrino.

Text Books:

1. Nourdine Zettili, Quantum Mechanics Concepts and Applications, 2nd edition, Wiley, (2009).

2. J. J. Sakurai, Modern Quantum Mechanics, Revised edition, Addison-Wesley, (1994). (Modules 1and 3)

3. Walter Greiner, Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Wave Equations, 3rd Edition, Springer, (2000).(For module 4)

4. V.K. Thankappan, Quantum Mechanics, 4th edition, New Age International, (1985). (Module 4)

5. R. Shankar, Principle of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd edition, Kluwer Academic, (1994).

Reference Books:

1. Mathews and Venkatesan, Textbook of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd edition, Tata McGraw Hill,(2010).

2. David Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, (2004).

3. Principles of Quantum Mechanics, Ishwar Singh Tyagi, Pearson (2013).



PHY 2302 Nuclear and Particle Physics

Module 1 Nuclear properties: Nuclear radius, shape, spin, parity, Magnetic and electric moments,Nuclear binding energy.

Nuclear two body problem, The deuteron, simple theory, spin dependence, tensor force, nucleon-nucleon scattering, partial wave analysis of n-p scattering, determination of phase shift, singlet andtriplet potential, effective range theory, low energy p-p scattering, Meson theory of nuclear forces.

Module 2 Nuclear models, semi empirical mass formula, stability of nucleus, shell model, spin orbitpotential, valance nucleons, Collective structure.

Nuclear reactions, conservation laws, energetic, compound nuclear reactions, direct reaction, reso-nant reaction, nuclear fission, energy in fission, controlled fission reactions, fission reactors.

Module 3 Nuclear decays: barrier penetration and alpha decay, beta decay, simple theory of betadecay, Kurie plot, parity violation in beta decay, gamma decay, multipole moments and selection rules.

Detection of nuclear radiation: Interaction of radiation with matters, gas-filled counters scintillationdetectors, semiconductor detectors, energy and timing measurement.

Module 4 Meson Physics, properties of pi-mesons, decay modes, meson resonance, strange meson andbaryons, CP violation in K decay.

Particle interaction and families, symmetries and conservation laws, quark model, coloured quarksand gluons, reactions and decays in the quark model, c, b and t quarks, quark dynamics.

Text Books:

1. Introduction to Nuclear Physics (1st Edition), Harald A. Enge, Addison Wesley (1996).

2. Introductory Nuclear Physics (3rd Edition), Kenneth S. Krane, Wiley (1987).

Reference Books:

1. Concepts of Nuclear Physics, B. L. Cohen, McGraw-Hill Inc., US (1971).

2. Nuclear Physics: Theory and Experiment, R. R. Roy and B.P. Nigam, Newagepublishers (1996).

3. Theoretical Nuclear Physics, J. M. Blatt and V. F. Weisskopf, Springer-Verlag New York (1979).

4. An Introduction to Nuclear Physics (2nd Edition), S. B. Patel, New Age International (2011)

5. Introduction to Elementary Particles (2nd Revised Edition), David Griffiths, Wiley VCH (2008).

6. The particle hunters (2nd Revised Edition), Yuval Ne’eman & Yoram Kirsh, Cambridge UniversityPress (1996).



PHY 2303 Modern Optics

Module 1 Matrix representation in optics-ABCD matrix-translation reflection and refraction matrices-matrices for thin and thick lenses-Polarisation-Nature of polarized light-polarisers-Jones Vectors of li-nearly, elliptically and circularly polarized light-Jones matrices for optical components.

Polarisation by reflection-Optical activity-Induced optical effects-optical modulators

Module 2 Coherence-Spatial and temporal coherence-Visibility-Mutual coherence function-Degree ofcoherence

Condition for interference-Wave front splitting- Amplitude splitting - Multiple beam interference -Fabri Perot interferometer-Etalon-Applications-Thin film optics-Theory of multi layer films-High andanti-reflection coatings

Module 3 Diffraction-Kirchhoff’s theorem-Fresnel-Kirchhoff Formula-Fraunhofer diffraction patternsfor single, double slits and circular aperture-Fresnel diffraction pattern-Zone plate

Fourier Optics-Fourier transform-Applications of Fourier transform to Diffraction-Aperture function-Spatial filtering-Apodization

Holography-Recording and reconstruction of wave fronts.

Module 4 Non-linear optics-principle-nonlinear wave equation- Born approximation-second order non-linear optics-second harmonic generation-phase matching-frequency conversion-electro optic effect-threewave mixing.

Third order non-linear optics-third harmonics generation- optical Kerr-effect- parametric oscillator–self focusing –soliton (elementary ideas).

References:

1. Introduction to Modern Optics, G.R.Fowles, Dover Publications (1989)

2. Optical electronics, Ghatak and Thyagarajan, Cambridge University Press (1989)

3. Optics, Ajoy Ghatak,McGraw Hill Education India Private Limited; Sixth edition (2017)

4. Optics, Hechst, Pearson Education; 4 edition (2008)

5. Fundamentals of Photonics, Bahaa E . A. Saleh and Malvin Carl Teich , Wiley-Interscience; 2edition (2007)


ELECTIVE COURSES M.Sc. Physics Syllabus 2019

Elective Courses

06 Advanced Solid State Physics

Module 1 Optical absorption: Free carrier absorption - optical transition between bands - direct andindirect - excitons - photoconductivity - general concepts - model of an ideal photoconductor - traps -space charge effects - crystal counters - experimental techniques - Transit time. Luminescence in crystal- excitation and emission - decay mechanism - Thallium activated alkali halides - model of luminescencein sulphide phosphors - electroluminescence.

Module 2 Density of states - classification of solid into metals, semimetals, semiconductors and insu-lators - Calculation of number of carries in intrinsic semiconductor - Fermi level - carrier concentrationin impurity semiconductors -electronic degeneracy in semiconductors. Equation of motion of electronsin a band - Effective mass and concept of holes - Boltzmann Transport equation. contact potential -metal-semiconductor contact - Schottky boundary layer - injecting contacts - surface states.

Module 3 Quantum wells and low dimensional systems: Electron confinement in -infinitely deepsquare well and square well of finite depth - confinement in two and one dimensional well - ideas ofquantum well structures, quantum dots and quantum wires - methods of preparation of nanomaterials:top down and bottom up approaches: wet chemical, self assembled vapour, phase condensation.

Module 4 Growth of single crystals - general ideas. Thin film preparation techniques - thermal andelectron gun evaporation - dc and rf sputtering - amorphous solids : preparation techniques - applica-tions. Classification of liquid crystals - applications of liquid crystals - ceramic processing techniques -electrical and mechanical properties - composite materials.

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th Ed., C. Kittel, Wiley, (2005)

2. Solid State Physics, A. J. Dekker, Macmillan (2000)

3. Electronic Properties of Crystalline Solids, R. H. Bube, Academic Press Inc (1974)

4. Lectures on Solid State Physics, G. Busch and H. Schade, Pergamon Press (1976)

5. Theoretical Solid State Physics, A. Haug, Pergamon Press (1972)

6. Solid State Physics, N. W. Ashcroft, N. D. Mermin Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1976



07 Gravitation and Cosmology

Module 1 - Tensor analysis: Tensors - Contravarient and covarient tensors, direct product, con-traction, inner product, quotient rule, tensor densitites, dual tensors. Metric tensor, Parallel transport.Christoffel symbol, Covarient derivative, Riemanian geometry, Riemann curavture tensor, Ricci tensor,Equation of geodeis.

Module 2 - GTR Drawback’s of Newtonian theory of gravity, Mach’s principle, principle of equiva-lence, consequences of principle of equivalence (bending of light, redshift, time dialation). Gravity ascurvature of space-time, Einstein equation, reduction to Newtonian form.

Module 3 - Astrophyical Applications of Eintein’s equation. Schwarzchild solution : derivation,Schwarzchild singularity, gravitational redshift, particle orbits - precession of the perihelion of planetMercury, light ray orbits - the deflection and time delay of light. Linearised gravitational waves.

Module 4 - Cosmology Cosmologic Principle, Hubble’s law, FRW model of the universe:- FRW me-tric, cosmological redshift, open, clossed and falt universes, matter dominated and radiation dominateduniverses, Particle horizon and event horizon, primordial nucleosynthesis, CMBR, Flaws of the FRWmodel. Jean’s mass in the expanding universe, evolution of the Jean’s mass. Dark matter, recent acce-leartion of the universe, Dark energy. (only introcuctory ideas.)

References:

1. Gravitaion and Cosmology, S. Weinberg, ,John Wiley & Sons ( 1972)

2. A First Course in General Relativity, Schutz, Bernard. New York, NY: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1985. ISBN: 9780521277037.

3. Gravity, J. B. Hartle, Pearson Education.(2003)

4. Introduction to cosmology, J. V. Narlikar, Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition (2002)

5. Gravitation, Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne, and John Archibald Wheeler,(1973)



08 Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos

Module 1 Linear and nonlinear forces- Working definition of nonlinearity. Linear oscillators- free,damped and forced oscillators- Nonlinear oscillations and resonance.

Dynamical systems as systems of first order ordinary differential equations. Equilibrium points andtheir classification (two-dimension). Limit cycles, attractors, dissipative and conservative systems.

Module 2 Simple bifurcations in dissipative systems. Discrete dynamical systems. Logistic map.Equilibrium points and stability. Periodic orbits. Period-doubling bifurcations. Onset of chaos. Lyapu-nov exponents. Bifurcation diagram. Strange attractors in Henon map. Quasiperiodic and intermit-tency route to chaos. Period-doubling bifurcations and chaos in Duffing oscillator and Lorenz equations.

Module 3 Canonical perturbation theory- problem of small devisors. Statement and discussuion ofKAM theorem.

Surface of section. Henon-Heiles Hamiltonian(numerical results). Area-preserving maps. Poincare-Birkhoff theorem. Homoclinic points.

Module 4 Lyapunov exponents-numerical computation-one-dimensional maps and continuous timesystems. Power spectrum. Autocorrelations.

Fractal sets-examples. Fractal dimension-box counting. Correlation dimension. Criteria for chaoticmotion.

Text Books:

1. Nonlinear Dynamics, M.Lakshmanan and S.Rajasekar, Springer, (2003)

2. Chaos and Integrability in Nonlinear dynamics, M.Tabor, John Wiley, (1989)

Reference Books:

1. Chaos- an introduction to nonlinear dynamics, J. Alligood, T. Sauer and J.Yorke, Springer, (1997)

2. Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics, R.C. Hilborn, Oxford University Press, (1994)

3. Deterministic Chaos, H.G.Schuster, Wiley-VCH, 3rd edition (1995)



09 Solar Cells - I

Module 1 Energy- some definition-primary and secondary energy sources-Human and world energyconsumption- method of energy conversion-need for sustainable energy sources-limited fossil fuel. Rene-wable energy sources- current status of wind energy-solar thermal, biomass and hydroelectricity Sustai-nable Sun’s energy- solar radiation- black body radiation-the Sun and the Earth- extraterrestrial solarradiation-solar spectrum at the earths surface Place of photovoltaics in energy supply- A brief review ofdifferent types of solar cells in the market.Ref: Chapter 1 and 11 of Book 1, Chapter 1,2 & 5 of Book 2.

Module 2 Photoelectric effect, photoconductivity, photo emissive effect and photovoltaic effect - a com-parison, the working principle of solar cells- generation of charge carriers-separation and collection So-lar cell parameters and equivalent circuit- External solar cell parameters-External quantum efficiency-equivalent circuit.Ref :- Chapter 3 and 9 of Book 2.

Module 3 The thermodynamic limit- the Shockley-Quiesser limit- other losses Solar cell design: De-sign for high Isc - high Voc - high FF. Analytical techniques- Solar simulator-quantum efficiency measurement-minority carrier life time and diffusion length measurement.Ref: Chapter 5 Book 1, Chapter 10 Book 2.

Module 4 Silicon wafer based solar cell- basic silicon solar cell-cell fabrication-strategies to enhanceabsorbtion- reduce surface recombination-reduce series resistnace. Evolution of Silicon solar cell design-future directions in silicon cell design Thin film solar cells- transparent conducting oxides- chalcogenidesolar cells-organic photovoltaics- perovskite and Dye sensitized solar cells-hybrid organic. inorganic so-lar cells- multijunction solar cells-spectral conversion-multi exciton generation (qualitative ideas only).Ref: Chapter 12,13,14 Book 2, Chapter 7 and 8 Book 3.

Reference Books:

1. Chetan Singh Solanki, Solar Photovoltaics, Fundamentals, Technologies and applications, PHILearning, 2011.

2. Klaus Jäger, Olindo Isabella, Arno H.M. Smets, René A.C.M.M. van Swaaij Miro Zeman, SolarEnergy Fundamentals, Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology (2014).

3. Jenny Nelson, The Physics of Solar Cells, Imperial College Press (2013).

4. Matin A.Green, Solar cells Operating principles, technology and system applications, Universityof New South Wales (1992).



10 Solar Cells - II

Module 1 Photovoltaics in world energy scenario: Need for sustainable energy source - sustainableSun’s energy - current status of renewable energy sources - The solar constant - Sun’s intensity at theearth’s surface - direct and diffuse radiation - apparent motion of the sun - Black body radiation - SolarSpectra

Module II Basic Semiconductor Physics: Atomic structure - Doping-Carrier concentrations-Transportproperties Generation and recombination of electron-hole pairs (qualitative ideas only): Band to bandgap processes-Shockley-Read-Hall recombination-Auger recombination-Carrier concentration in nonequilibrium Semiconductor junctions: p-n homojunctions-p-n heterojunctions-Metal-semiconductor juncti-ons

Module III Solar Cell Parameters and Equivalent Circuit : External solar cell parameters-the exter-nal quantum efficiency-the equivalent circuit Losses and Efficiency Limits : The thermodynamic limit-the Schokley-Quiesser limit- other losses-design rules for solar cells

Module IV Solar cell technologies (qualitative ideas only): Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells : Crystal-line Silicon- production of silicon wafers-fabricating solar cells-high efficiency concepts Thin film solarcells : Transparent conducting oxides - the III-V PV technology-thin film Si technology-Chalcogenide so-lar cells-Organic photovoltaics-Hybrid oraganic-inorganic solar cells-perovskite solar cells-Quatum dotsensitized solar cells Third generation concepts : Multi junction solar cells-Spectral conversionmulti-exciton generation-intermediate band solar cells-Hot carrier solar cells

Reference Books:

1. Klaus Jäger, Olindo Isabella, Arno H.M. Smets, René A.C.M.M. van Swaaij Miro Zeman, SolarEnergy Fundamentals, Technology and Systems, Delft University of Technology (2014).

2. Peter Wurfel, Physics of solar cells: from principles to advanced concepts, Wiley-VCH, 2009.

3. Matin A.Green, Solar cells Operating principles, technology and system applications, Universityof New South Wales (1992).

4. Chetan Singh Solanki, Solar Photovoltaics, Fundamentals, Technologies and applications, PHILearning, 2011.

5. Jenny Nelson, The Physics of Solar Cells, Imperial College Press (2013).



11 Quantum Field Theory

Module 1 Classical field theory, Euler Lagrange equations, Hamilton formalism, conservation laws.Canonical quantization of neutral and charged scalar filed, symmetry transformations.(Sect. 2.1-2.2, 2.4, 4.1-4.3 of Ref. 1)

Module 2 Scalar fields: The invariant commutation relations, scalar Feynman propagator. Diracfields-- canonical quantization of Dirac fields-Feynman propagator.(Sect. 4.4-4.5, 5.1-5.4 of Ref. 1)

Module 3 Canonical quantization of Maxwell’s field-Maxwell’s equations-Lorentz and Coulomb gauges-Lagrangian density.

Canonical quantization in Lorentz and Coulomb gauges-Coulomb interaction and transverse deltafunctions.(Sect. 6.1--6.2, 7.1--7.5, 7.7 of Ref. 1)

Module 4 Interacting fields, interaction picture, time evolution operator, scattering matrix, Wick’stheorem(no proof), Feynman rules(no rigorous treatment) -Moller and Compton scattering.(Sect. 8.1-8.7 of Ref. 1)

Spontaneous symmetry breaking, scalar theory, Goldston theorem(no proof), spontaneous breakingof gauge symmetries.(Sect. 8.1-8.3 of Ref. 2)

Reference Books:

1. Field Quantization, Greiner W and Reinhardt J, Springer, (2013)

2. Quantum Field Theory, Ryder L H, Cambridge University Press; 2 edition (1996)

3. Quantum Field Theory, Itzykson C and Zuber J B, Dover Publications Inc., (2006)

4. Relativistic Quantum Fields I & II, Bjorken J D and Drell S D, McGraw Hills(1965)



12 Thin Film Physics

Module 1 Vacuum Technology: High vacuum production – Mechanical pumps – Diffusion pumpsCryogenic pumps – Cryosorption pumps - Getter pumps – ion pumps.

Vacuum gauges – McLeod gauge – Thermal conductivity gauges - Cold cathode and hot cathodeionisation gauges.

Module 2 Film Preparations: Vacuum evaporation - Evaporation theory - Rate of evaporation -Hertz-Kundsen equation - Free evaporation and effusion - Evaporation mechanisms - Directionality ofevaporating molecules - vapour sources - wire and metal foils - Electron bean gun - flash evaporation- sputtering - Glow discharge sputtering - Bias sputtering - Reactive sputtering - Triode sputtering -Magnetron sputtering - Ion beam sputtering - CVD - PLD.

Film thickness measurements - Optical methods - FECO - Fizeau’s technique - Ellipsometry - Vamfo.Other techniques - Electrical - Mechanical - Micro-balance - Quarts crystal monitor.

Module 3 Nucleation Theories: Condensation process - Theories of Nucleation – Capillarity theory– Atomistic theory – Comparison – stages of film growth – Incorporation of defects during growth.

Optical properties - Reflection and transmission at an interface – Reflection and transmission by asingle film – Optical constants - Refractive index measurement techniques – Reflectivity variation withthickness – Anti-reflection coatings – single and multilayer – Reflection coatings.

Module 4 Electrical Properties: Sources of resistivity – sheet resistance – TCR – Influence ofthickness on resistance – Theories of size effect – Theories of conduction in discontinuous films – Elec-tronic conduction in thin insulating films. Metal insulator contact – High field effect.

Dielectric properties - Simple electrical theory – D.C. conduction mechanisms – High and low fieldconduction – Temperature dependence – space charge limited conduction – A.C. conduction mechanisms– Relaxation peaks.

Books:

1. Hand Book of Thin Film Technology, Maissel and Glang, McGraw Hill Higher Education (1970)

2. Thin Film Phenomena, K.L. Choppra, McGraw-Hill Inc.,US (1969)

3. Physics of Non-Metallic Thin Films, Dupy and Kachard, Plenum Press (1976)

4. Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technology, S. Dushman and J.M. Lafferty, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.; 2nd Ed. (1962)



13 Physics of Nanostructured materials

Module 1 Introduction to Nanoscience and Technology(brief ideas). Review of metals, insulators andsemiconductors. Concept of electrons, holes and excitons, low dimensional structure, quantum well,quantum wire and quantum dots and examples of quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dots.Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, single walled carbon nanotubes and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, ap-plications of CNTS. (Ref. 2,3,6,8,10,11.12)

Module 2 Size effects on the optical, electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties. Size effects onthe optical properties of semiconductor nanostructures, weak excitonic confinement, strong excitonicconfinement, semiconducting nanoparticles of ZnS, CdS, CdTe, size effects on the magnetic properties -super paramagnetism, spin glass, spin clusters. (Ref. 1,2,6,11)

Module 3 Synthesis and fabrication of nanostructured materials, bottom up approaches and top downmethods, High Energy Ball Milling (HEBM), chemical methods, cold co-precipitation technique and solgel synthesis of nanoparticles, molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metal organic chemical vapour depo-sition(MOCVD), laser assisted MBE, template assisted deposition, electrode deposition, pulsed laserablation(PLA), sputtering, DIP Pen lilthography, growth on patterned subtracts - nano-pattering, opti-cal, X-ray, electron lithography, concept of clean rooms, nanolithography. (Ref. 2,6,7,9)

Module 4 Characterization of nanostructures, particle size determination (XRD), Debye-Scherrer for-mula, elimination of strain, size determination by mass spectrometry - scanning probe microscopy -atomic force microscope(AFM), magnetic force microscopy(MFM), electron microscopy, SEM, TEM andXPS. CMR and GMR materials, spintronics, photonic band gap materials, bio-medical applications ofnano- materials, MEMS, NEMS and some other applications of nanotechnology(general ideas).

Reference Books

1. S.V. Gaponenko, Optical properties of semiconducting nanocrystals, Cambridge University Press(1997)

2. A. K. Bandhyopadhyay, Nanomaterials, New Age International Publishers (2007)3. B R Nag, Physics of quantum well devices, Kluwer Academic (2000)4. ) Bieter K. Schroder, Semiconductor material and device characterization, Wiley - Interscience

publication (1993)5. A I Gusev and A A Remphal, Nanocrystalline materials, Cambridge International Science Publis-

hing6. Hari Singh Nalwla, Nanostructured materials and nanotechnology Vol. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII,VIII,

IX (2002)7. Douglas B. Chrisey and Graham K. Hubler, Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films, John Wiley

and Sons (1994)8. K L Chopra and Inderjeet Kaur, Thin Film Device Applications, Plennum Press(1983)9. P N Prasad, Nanophotonics, John Wiley & Sons( 2004)

10. L Jack, P. Hawrylak, and A Wojs, Quantum dots, Springer - Verlag (1997)11. J H Davis, Physics of low dimensional structures Cambridge (1998)12. C . P. Poole Jr. and F J Owans, Introduction to nanotechnology, Wiley-Interscience, (2003)



14 Quantum Computation and Information

Module 1 Introduction to classical computation. The Turing machine - the circuit model of computa-tion - computational complexity (elementary ideas) - energy and information - reversible computation.Introduction to quantum mechanics - Linear vector space - Tensor products - Postulates of quantummechanics - the EPR paradox and Bell’s theorem. (relevant sections of Chapter 1 and 2 of Benentiet.al.)

Module 2 The qubit - single qubit gates - controlled gates - universal quantum gates - Deutsch andDeutsch - Josza algorithms - the quantum Fourier transform - period finding and Schor’s algorithm -quantum search - first experimental implementations ( relevant sections of Chapter 3 of Benenti et.al.)

Module 3 Classical cryptography-quantum no - cloning theorem - quantum cryptography - BB84 andE91 protocols - dense coding - quantum teleportation - experimental implementations. ( relevant secti-ons of Chapter 4 of Benenti et.al.)

Module 4 Classical information and Shannon entropy - data compression - density matrix in quan-tum mechanics - von Neumann entropy - quantum data compression - composite systems - Schmidtdecomposition - entanglement concentration ( relevant sections of Chapter 5 of Benenti et.al.)

Reference Books:

1. G. Benenti, G. Casati and G. Strini, Principles of quantum computation and information, WorldScientific, (2004)

2. M. A. Nielson and I. L. Chuang, Quantum computation and quantum information (CambridgeUniversity Press), (2000)



15 Advanced Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Module 1 Review on basic magnetism -Magnetic poles - Magnetic flux - Circulating currents - Ampere’s circuital law - Biot- Savart law

- Field from a straight wire - Magnetic dipole - Magnet induction and magnetization - Flux density -Susceptibility and permeability - Hysteresis loops - Solution of the Schrodinger equation for a free atom- Extension to many electron atoms - Normal Zeeman effect - Pauli exclusion principle - R-S coupling -Hund’s rules - jj coupling - Anomalous Zeeman effect

Module 2 Diamagnetism and ParamagnetismDiamagnetism: Diamagnetic susceptibility - Diamagnetic substances & applications - Superconductivity-

Paramagnetism: Langevin theory of paramagnetism - Cuire - Weiss law - Quenching of orbital angularmomentum - Pauli Paramagnetism - Paramagnetic oxygen - Applications of paramagnets

Module 3 Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, Ferrimagnetism and AnistropyInteractions in ferromagnetic materials: Weiss molecular field theory - Origin of the Weiss molecu-

lar field - Collective-electron theory of ferromagnetism - Ferromagnetic domains - Observing domains- Occurance of domains - Domain walls - Magnetization and hysteresis Antiferromagnetism: Neutrondiffraction - Weiss theory of antiferromagnetism - Cause of negative molecular field - Applications Fer-rimagnetism: Weiss theory of ferrimagnetism - Ferrites - The garnets - Half-metallic antiferromagnetsMagnetocrystalline anisotropy - Shape anisotropy - Induced magnetic anisotropy

Module 4 Applications of Magnetic MaterialsMagnetic media - Write heads - Read heads - Future of magnetic data storage-Magneto-optics basics

- Magneto-optic recording-Permanent Magnets-Magnetocaloric effect (Elementary)

Text Books:

1. Magnetic Materials Fundamentals and Applications - Nicola A. Spaldin, Cambridge UniversityPress, 2003 [Module 1,2,3 and 4]

2. Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials - K.H.J Buschow and F.R De Boer, Kluver AcademicPublishers, London, 2003 [Module 4]

3. Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Applications - Editors: J.Ping Lu, Eric Fullerton, Oliver Gut-fleish, David J.Sellmyer, Springer, 2009 [Module 4]

Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Magnetic Materials - B.D. Cullity and C.D. Graham. Addison-Wesley, 1972.

2. Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials - D. Jiles. Chapman & Hall, 1996.

3. Molecular Quantum Mechanics - P.W. Atkins. Oxford University Press, 1999.



16 Molecular Physics and Laser Spectroscopy

Module 1 Theory of chemical bonding in diatomic molecules Born-Oppenhemier approximation – Mo-lecular orbital theory LCAO approximation. – H2 molecule – Valence-Bond theory – H2 molecule –Heitler and London treatment of H2 molecule.

LCAO-MO treatment of general diatomic molecule – Valence-Bond treatment of diatomic molecules– Electronic states and Term symbols – Hund’s coupling cases.

Module 2 M.O. theory of simple polyatomics and application to water molecule, Huckel M.O. theoryand its application to ethylene, allyl and butadiene systems.

Microwave spectroscopy – Rotational spectrum of non-rigid diatomic molecules – Stark effect inrotational spectra. Nuclear Quadrupole hyperfine interaction due to single nuclear spin. Zaeman effectin rotational spectra. Description of microwave spectrometer.

Module 3 Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules – Rotational Structure of electronic bands – PQRbranches – Bandhead formation and shading – Combination relations for evaluation of rotational con-stants.

Laser systems – three and four level schemes – solution of rate equations for three level systems –System description of semiconductor diode lasers – Ti-saphire lasers and Tunable Dye Lasers.

Module 4 Description of diode laser spectrometer – examples of diode laser spectra of diatomic mole-cules. Dunham representation of re-vibrational transitions. (basic ideas only)

CW dye laser spectrometers - basic ideas of intermodulated fluorescence spectroscopy – Microwavefrequency - optical double resonance spectroscopy and infrared optical double resonance spectroscopy

Reference Books:

1. R.K. Prasad, Quantum Chemistry, NEW AGE; Fourth edition (2010)

2. W. Gordy and E.L. Cook, Microwave Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons (1984)

3. G. Herzbera, Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company (1979)

4. Qrazio Svelto, Principles of Lasers

5. Eizi Hirota, High Resolution Spectroscopy of Transient Molecules

6. A. Mooradian.T., Jaeger and P. Stockseth, Tunable Lasers and Applications

7. A.B. Budgor, L. Esterowitz and L.G. Deshazer, Tunable Solid State Lasers-II



17 Quantum Optics

Module 1 Interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter – linear dipole oscillator method –radiative damping – coherence.

Nonlinear dipole oscillator method. Coupled mode equations cubic nonlinearity – nonlinear suscep-tibilities.

Module 2 Atom-field interaction for two level atoms – blackbody radiation – Rabi Flopping.Introduction to laser theory – the laser self consistency equation – steady state amplitude and fre-

quency – stability analysis – mode pulling.

Module 3 Doppler – broadened lasers – Two mode operation and the ring laser – mode locking – singlemode semiconductor theory – evaluation of laser gain and index formulas – transverse vibrations andGaussian beams.

Field quantization - single mode field quantization – multimode field quantization – single mode inthermal equilibrium. Coherent states – coherence of Quantum fields p ( ) representations.

Module 4 Interaction between atoms and quantized fields – Dressed states – Jaynes-Cummings mo-del – collapse and revival.

Squeezed state of light – squeezing the coherent states – two side mode master equation – two modesqueezing – squeezed vacuum.

Text Books:

1. P. Meystre and M. Sargent III, Elements of Quantum Optics (2nd Ed.)

Reference Books:

1. W.H. Louisell, Quantum Statistical Properties of Radiation

2. M. Sargent III, M.O. Scully and W.E. Lamb, Laser Physics



18 Nonlinear Optics

Module 1 Review of the concepts of polarizability and dielectric tensor of a medium. Frequency de-pendence of the dielectric tensor – wave vector dependence of the dielectric tensor – electromagneticwaves in an isotropic dielectrics.

Nonlinear dielectric response of matter – frequency variation of the nonlinear susceptibilities – wavevector dependence of the nonlinear susceptibilities.

Module 2 Second harmonic generation – perturbation theory – phase matching evolution of SHWunder phase matching conditions.

Four wave mixing spectroscopy – optical phase conjugation – nonlinear materials.

Module 3 Scattering of light – Raman scattering – Quantum theory of Raman scattering – Brillouinscattering.

Interaction of atoms with nearly resonant fields – wave function under near resonant conditions.Bloch equations – self induced transparency.

Module 4 Fibre optics – normal modes of optical fibres – nonlinear Schrödinger equations – lineartheory.

Basic concepts of solitons and non-linear periodic structures. Effect of fibre loss – effect of wavequide property of a fibre – conditions of generation of a solitons in optical fibres.

Text Books:

1. D.L. Mills, Nonlinear Optics, Springer, 2nd,ed. (1998)

Reference Books:

1. F.Zernike and J.E. Midwinter, Applied Nonlinear Optics

2. G.C. Badwin, Nonlinear Optics

3. A. Hasegawa, Optical Solitons in Fibres



19 Elementary Astronomy

Module 1 Celestial Sphere and Time : Constellations. The celestial sphere. Equatorial, eclipticsystem of co-ordinates. Seasons, Sidereal, Apparent and Mean solar time. Calendar. Julian date.Stellar Distances and Magnitudes : Distance scale in astronomy. Determination of distances to planetsand stars. Magnitude scale. Atmospheric extinction. Absolute magnitudes and distance modulus.Colour index.

Module 2 Theories of formation of the Solar System, The Sun: Photosphere, chromosphere and coronaof the Sun. Sun spots and magnetic fields on the sun. Solar activity, solar wind.

Planets and their Satellites : Surface features, atmospheres and magnetic fields of Earth, Moon andPlanets. Satellites and rings of planets. Asteroids, Meteors, Meteorites and Comets.

Module 3 Stars : Basics of Star formation & Evolution. The HR diagram. Pre-main sequence con-traction, main sequence stage and formation of super dense objects - White dwarfs, Neutron stars &Pulsars. Black holes.

Module 4 The Milky Way Galaxy & Galaxies beyond : Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy Galacticand globular clusters, Inter Stellar Matter, Position of our Sun and its motion around the galactic centre.Rotation of the Galaxy and its mass.

Extragalactic Systems : Hubble’s classification of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Galaxy interacti-ons, Elements of Astrobiology.

Introduction to Cosmology : The expanding universe. Big Bang and Steady State models of theuniverse. Dark matter.

Text books:

1. H. Karttunen, P Kroger, H Oja, M Poutanen & K. J. Donner editors. Fundamental Astronomy, 5th

Edition, Springer-Verlag (2007)

References :

1. W.M.Smart: Foundations of Astronomy, Longmans (1965)

2. Frank H. Shu: The Physical Universe-An Introduction to Astronomy, Univ Science Books (1981)

3. K D Abhyankar: Astrophysics of the Solar System, Universities Press (1999)

4. Baidyanath Basu: Introduction to Astrophysics, PHI, 2nd ed. (2013)

5. Horneck and Rettberg: Complete Course in Astrobiology, Wiley (2009)

6. Introduction to cosmology, J V Narlikar, Cambridge University Press; 3 edition (2002)



20 Astrophysics

Module 1 Magnitudes: Apparent and Absolute stellar magnitudes, distance modulus, Bolometric andradiometric magnitudes, Color - index, Color temperature, effective temperature, Brightness tempera-ture,luminosities of stars. Equatorial, ecliptic and galactic system of coordinates. Apparent and Meansolar time and their relations. Classification of stars, H-D classification, Hertzsprung-Russel (H-R)diagram.

Module 2 Fundamental Equations :Equation of mass distribution. Equation of hydrostatic equilibrium. Equation of energy transport

by radiative and convective processes. Equation of thermal equilibrium. Equation of state. Stellaropacity. Stellar energy sources.

Module 3 Stellar Models :The overall problem and boundary conditions. Russell Voigt theorem. Dimensional discussions of

mass luminosity law. Polytropic configurations. Homology transformations.

Module 4 Stellar Evolution :Jean’s criterion for gravitational contraction and its difficulties. Pre-main sequence contraction

under radiative and convective equilibrium. Evolution in the main sequence. Growth of isothermal coreand subsequent development. Ages of galactic and globular clusters.

Reference Books :

1. Textbook of astronomy an astrophysics with elements of cosmology, V.B.Bhatia, Narosa publishinghouse, 2001.

2. Astrophysics - Stars and Galaxies, K. D. Abhyankar, University Press, 2001.

3. M.Schwarzschild:Stellar Evolution

4. S.Chandrasekhar:Stellar Structure

5. Theoritical Astrophysics (Vols.I,II,III) - T. Padmanabhan (CUP)

6. Menzel,Bhatnagar and Sen:Stellar Interiors.

7. Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars - S.L.Shapiro and S.A.Teukolsky (John Wiley, 1983)

8. Cox and Guili:Principles of Stellar Interiors - Vol.I and II.

9. R.Bowers and T. Deeming:Astrophysics (John and Barlett.Boston)



21 Computational Physics

Module 1 Introduction and Objectives of Computational Physics, Basic Programming techniques anddata visualization. Machine representation, Numerical precision and stability, Errors. Review of Nu-merical Methods: Root finding, Numerical Differentiation, Numerical Integration, Interpolation Met-hods, Matrices and Linear Algebraic Equations, Ordinary Differential Equations. Data Fitting, FourierTransforms, Optimization methods.

Module 2 Simple harmonic motion, damped and driven oscillator. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos:Nonlinear oscillations, Phase Diagrams for Nonlinear systems. Chaos: Discrete and Continuous sys-tems. Few-Body Problems.

Module 3 Motion of classical electrons in crossed electric and magnetic fields. Partial differentialequations: Laplace’s equation, Poisson;s equation, diffusion equation, Maxwell’s equation. Numericalsolution of Schroedinger equation.

Module 4 Molecular dynamics: Theory, Integration methods, Measurement of static and dynamicproperties. Langevin dynamics simulations for Brownian motion. The Monte Carlo method: Probabi-lity distribution functions, random number generation, Monte Carlo integration, importance sampling,Random walks and the Metropolis Algorithm, Application to model systems.

Text Books :

1. An Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods: Applications to Physical Systems - Gould,Tobochnik & Christian, 3rd Edition, Addison Wesley (2006).

2. Basic Concepts in Computational Physics - Stickler and Schachinger, Springer (2013).

3. Computational Physics: Problem Solving with Computers - Landau and Paez, 2nd Edition, JohnWiley & Sons (2007).

4. Computational Physics - Nicholas J Giordano and Hisao Nakanishi, 2nd Edition, Pearson-PrenticeHall (2006).

5. Computational Physics - P. Scherer, Springer (2010).

Reference Books :

1. Computational Physics : An Introduction - Franz J. Vesely, 2nd Edition, Springer (2001).

2. Numerical Methods for Physics - A.L. Garcia, 2nd Edition, Prentice - Hall (2015).

3. Computational Methods in Physics and Engineering - S.S.M. Wong. World Scientific PublishingCo., Singapore (1997).

4. An Introduction to Numerical Analysis - K.E. Atkinson, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons (1989).

5. Computational Physics - J.M. Thijssen, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press (2007).

6. An Introduction to Computational Physics - Tao Pang, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press(2006).



22 Complex networks

Module 1 Introduction,Examples of networks, Mathematics of networks: Networks and their repre-sentation, The adjacency matrix, Networks: Weighted, Directed, Bipartite and Planar, Trees, Hyper-graphs. Degree, Path, Components. Independent paths, connectivity, cut sets, The graph Laplacian,random walks.

Module 2 Measures and Metrics: Degree centrality, Eigenvector centrality, Katz centrality, Page-rank, Hubs and authorities, Closeness centrality, Betweenness, Signed edges and structural balance,Similarity, Homophily and assortative mixing.

Module 3 Large scale structure of networks: Components, Shortest paths and the small world effect,Degree distributions, Power-laws and scale free networks, Clustering coefficients.

Module 4 Network models, Erdos Renyi random graph: Definition and properties. The configurationmodel: Definition and properties, Models of network formation.

Reference Books :

1. M.E.J. Newman, Networks: An Introduction, Oxford University Press (2010).



23 Phase transition and critical phenomena

Module 1 Review of equilibrium statistical physics, statistical physics of Interacting systems: Clus-ter expansion for a classical gas. Virial expansion of the equation of state. Evaluation of the virialcoefficients. Exact treatment of the second virial coefficient.

Module 2 Spin models on lattices. Yang-Lee theorem. Concepts in phase transitions: Order parame-ter, Peierls-Griffiths argument, Critical exponents. Computer simulation methods.

Module 3 Mean field approach. Solution of d-dimensional Ising model. Solution of d-dimensionalfluid. Exact solution in Infinite dimension. Landau-Ginzberg theory.

Module 4 Percolation phase transition. Exact solution in 1D and Bethe lattice. Cluster structure.Random cluster model. Finite size scaling and the renormalization group approach. Continnum perco-lation.

Reference Books :

1. R. K. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics, 2 nd edition, Elsevier (2005).

2. Principles of equilibrium statistical mechanics, D. Chowdhury and D. Stauffer, Wiley (2000).

3. K. Huang, Statistical Mechanics, 2 nd Edition, Wiley India (2008).

4. Landau and Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, Elsevier (2005).

5. D. Stauffer and A. Aharony, Introduction to percolation theory, Taylor & Francis (2003)



24 2D Materials

Module 1 Schroedinger equation for an electron in a crystal - Concept of quasiparticles: electron, holeand exciton, Low dimensional structures: quantum wells quatum wires and quantum dots. Graphene- Carbon and its allotropes-Dispersion Relation of Graphene - Dirac Points and Dirac Cones - OpeningGaps in Graphene - Electronic Properties of Graphene - Nanoribbons - Relationship Between Dispersi-ons of the 1-D and 2-D Systems.

Metal contacts to graphene - Chemical bonding of metal with graphene-electrochemical equalization- orbital hybridization - characteristics of metal contact to graphene.

Module 2 Synthesis of graphene- Micromechanical exfoliation- exfoliation into colloidal solutions-surface assisted in situ growth- CVD Characterization of graphene - Microscopic observation - Ramanspectroscopy- thermo gravimetric analysis- optical properties of graphene- X-ray diffraction pattern.

Module 3 Two dimensional materials- Bottom-up growth methods for TMDs- Top down growth met-hods of TMDs- growth of 2D TMDs alloys and heterostructures. Physical properties of two-dimensionalmaterials: Traps and defects-mechanical properties-electronic properties.

Module 4 Electronic devices based on atomically thin materials - Atomically thin transistors- atomi-cally thin devices and circuits- optoelectronic devices based on 2D materials Applications of large scalegraphene - Graphene for nanoelectronics - CVD graphene device fabrication CVD graphene for macroe-lectronics: Transparent conductive films - Large scale transfer of graphene Graphene applications inphotovoltaics - Photovoltaic cells: Graphene vs ITO - Flexible photovoltaics: Graphene vs ITO - CVDgraphene photovoltaic cells on rigid substrates.

Reference Books :

1. Munarriz Arrieta, Modelling of Plasmonic and Graphene Nanodevices, Springer 2014.

2. S.V. Gaponenko, Optical properties of Semiconductor Nano crystals, Cambridge university press1998.

3. Vasilios Georgakilas, Functinalization of Graphene, Wiley - VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,2014.

4. Mircea Dragoman and Daniela Dragoman, Nanoelectronics: Physics and Devices of AtomicallyThin Materials, Springer International Publishing AG 2017.

5. Graphene - Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications, Edited by Jian Ru Gong,Published by InTech (2011).



25 Advanced Mathematical Physics

Module1 Non linear dynamics: one-dimensional systems and elementary bifurcations, two- dimen-sional systems; phase plane analysis, limit cycles, Poincare-Bendixson theorem, nonlinear oscillators,qualitative and approximate asymptotic techniques, Hopf bifurcations, Lorenz and Rossler equations,chaos, strange attractors and fractals, iterated mappings, period-doubling, renormalization, universa-lity.

Module2 Defnition of a group- Cyclic groups -Group multiplication table - Isomorphic groups - Groupof permutations and Cayley’s theorem - Subgroups and cosets - Conjugate classes and invariant sub-groups - Group representations - symmetry group D2 and D3 - One-dimensional unitary group U(1)Orthogonal groups SO(2) and SO(3) - SU(n) groups.

Module3 Contravariant and covariant tensors - transformation rules - direct product, con-traction,quotient rule. Metric tensor - lowering and raising of indices - covariant derivatives -Christoffel symbols.Riemann curvature tensor.

Module4 Review of solving first and second order ordinary differential equations. Review of solvingfirst order partial differential equations. Sturm - Liouville theory: eigenvector expansions; Hilbertspaces; self-adjoint operators; eigenfunction expansions; existence of eigenvalues and completeness ofeigenfunc-tions; spectral theory. Classification of second order PDE s hyperbolic, parabolic and ellipti-cequations. Green function methods for PDEs, Laplace transform and fourier transform solutions.

Reference Books :

1. Mathematical Methods for Physicists Paperback (7th Edition), Arfken, Elsevier (2012).

2. Mathematical methods for physics and engineering, K. F. Riley, M. P. Hobson and S. J. Bence,Cambridge Universality Press (2006).

3. Jon Mathews and Robert Walker,Mathematical Methods of Physics, Benjamin/CummingsPublishingCo. ISBN 0805370021.

4. Mathematical Methods for Physicists: A Concise Introduction, Tai L. Chow, Cambridge UniversityPress (2001).



26 Nondestructive Measurement Techniques and Applications

Module 1 Magnetism-Basic Definitions- Principle of MPT - Magnetizing Techniques -Magnetizationusing a magnet - Magnetization using an electromagnet - Contact current flow method. Eddy Current- Principles - Instrumentation for ECT -Techniques - High sensitivity techniques - Inspection of heatexchanger tubings by single frequency EC system - Multifrequency ECT - High frequency ECT - PulsedECT - 3D or phased array ECT - Inspection of ferromagnetic materials - Sensitivity - Applications -Limitations - Standards.

Module 2 Radiography - Basic principle - Electromagnetic Radiation Sources -X-ray source - Pro-duction of X-rays - High energy X-ray source - Gamma ray sources - Properties of X- and gammarays - Radiation Attenuation in the specimen - Effect of Radiation in film - Film ionization -Inherentunsharpness- Radiographic Imaging - Geometric factors - Radiographic film - Intensifying screens -Film density - Radiographic sensitivity - Penetrameter - Determining radiographic exposure -InspectionTechniques -Single wall single image technique - Double wall penetration technique .

Microwave methods-introduction, microwave radiation, microwave instrumentation, microwave me-asurements.

Module 3 Ultrasonic Testing - Basic properties of Sound Beam - Sound waves - Velocity of ultrasonicwaves - Acoustic pressure - Behaviour of ultrasonic waves - Ultrasonic Transducers - Characteristics ofultrasonic beam - Attenuation - Inspection methods - Normal incident pulse-echo inspection - Normal in-cident through transmission testing - Angle beam pulse-echo testing -Criteria for probe selection - Flawsensitivity - Beam divergence - Penetration and resolution - Techniques for Normal beam inspection -Fatigue cracks -Inclusions, slag, porosity, and large grain structure - Thickness measurement-corrosiondetection - Intergranular cracks-hydrogen attack-Techniques for Angle beam inspection- Flow characte-rization techniques - Ultrasonic flaw detection equipment - Modes of display - A-scan - B-scan - C-scan- Immersion testing - Applications of ultrasonic testing -Advantages - Limitations - Standards.

Module 4 Visual Examination Basic Principle - The Eye - Defects which can be detected by unaidedvisual inspection-Optical Aids Used for Visual Inspection-Microscope Borescope - Endoscope - Flexiblefibre-optic Borescope (Flexiscope) - Telescope

The concept of Holographic imaging - The inline hologram- The off axis hologram-Fourier hologram-Nondestructive application of holography- Holographic interferometry-Real time holographic interferometry-Double-Exposure holographic interferometry- Sandwitch holograms- Holographic interferometry in anindustrial environment- Holographic strain analysis

Raman effect (Qualitative only), Raman spectroscopy as nondestructive tool. Instrumentation.

Text books

1. Practical Nondestructive Testing, Baldev Raj, T. Jayakumar, M. Thavasimuthu,Narosa PublishingHouse New Delhi

2. Optical Holography-Principles techniques and applications, P.Hariharan, Cambridge Studies inModern Optics

Reference Books :

1. Electrical and Magnetic Methods of Non -Destructive Testing, Jack Blitz,Champan & Hall,2-6Boundary Row,London SE1 8HN

2. Optical Electronics Ajoy Ghatak and K.Thygarajan,Cambridge University Press India Pvt.Ltd3. Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, G.Aruldhas, PHI Learning Private Limited New Delhi


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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICSphysics.cusat.ac.in/courses/MSc_Physics_Syllabus_2019.pdfsurfaces, calculus of functions of a complex variable, elementary functions of z, complex integration,