Department of Botany I SEMESTER PAPER I DIVERSITY OF

Department of Botany

B.Sc. Revised Syllabus

I SEMESTER PAPER I

DIVERSITY OF VASCULAR PLANTS

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY, VIRUSES, BACTERIA AND PHYCOLOGY

56 hrs

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY. 09 hrs

Scope of Microbiology, Contribution of scientists to the field of Microbiology (Anton Van

Leuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur. Robert Koch, Alexander Fleming) Branches of Microbiology,

Isolation of microbes from soil, Brief account of Culture media, Serial dilution Pour plate

method and colony characteristics of Bacteria and Fungi.

UNIT 2: STUDY OF VIRUSES. 08 hrs

Brief history of Virology (Adolf Meyer, Iwanowsky, Beijerinck, W.M.Stanley, F.W.Twort)

Characteristics of Viruses, General structure – Shape, size, protein coat, envelope, nucleic acids

and carbohydrates. Outline classification of Viruses, Viral disease – Yellow Mosaic of Beans

and Papaya leaf Curl. Structure, Replication and Significance of TMV and Hepatitis B Virus,

Brief account of Prions and Viriods

UNIT 3: STUDY OF BACTERIA. 14

Introduction, Size and shape, Classification based on shape arrangement of cells and flagella,

Ultra structure of Bacterial cell, Cell wall – Structure, Chemical composition, Cytoplasm

Mesosomes, Ribosomes, Flagella, Pili, capsules, nuclear material and Endospores.

A brief account of Plasmids – Definition, Properties, and Types, Structure and Importance of

Ti plasmid. Bacterial nutrition – Phototrophs and chemotrophs, reproduction – Binary fission

and genetic recombination, Economic Importance of Bacteria – Role of Bacteria in Agriculture,

Medicine and Industry, Bacterial Disease – Citrus canker.

General account of Mycoplasma, Sandal Spike Disease. Immunology – Brief account of

Immune system, Application of Immune Techniques in Agriculture and Industry, Monoclonal

antibodies (ELISA, Hybridoma technique)

UNIT 4: PHYCOLOGY 25 hrs

CYANOBACTERIA – Introduction, general characters. Outlines of classification (Fritsch –

1947), Thallus structure, Ultastructure of cell, Photosynthesis, Reproduction, Economic

Importance, SCP, Biofertilizer, Role in Water pollution, Type Study – Gleocapsa, Anabaena,

Scytonema

ALGAE: Introduction, general characters.Outline of classification (Fritsch – 1947), Thallus

structure, Pigmentation, and Economic Importance of Algae in Agriculture, Industry and

Medicine. Occurrence, Structure, Reproduction and Life cycle of Chlamydomonas, Volvox,

Spirogyra, Chara, Sargassum and Polysiphonia

Theory Question Paper Max marks70

I. Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20

II. Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10

III. Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20

IV. Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20

Theory Question Paper Grid

UNITS MCQ 2 Marks 4 Marks 10 marks

20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3

Unit 1 4 1 2 --

Unit 2 4 1 1 1

Unit 3 6 1 2 1

Unit 4 6 4 2 1

• Study of Instruments – Autoclave, Hot air Oven, Incubator and Laminar Air Flow

Chamber.

• Sterilization of Glassware and media preparation ( Nutrient Agar, Martin Rose and

Bengal Agar )

• Isolation of Bacteria and Fungi from soil – Serial dilution Method

• Colony Characteristics of Bacteria and Fungi ( Bacillus, Staphylococcus, E. coli,

Penicillium, Aspergillus and Cladosporium

• Study of Papaya leaf curl ,Bean mosaic, Sandal spike disease and Citrus Canker disease

• Gram staining – Lactobacillus from curds

• Measure of Cell concentration – Yeast cells OR Fungal spores by Haemocytometer

• Type study of Cyanobacteria - Gleocapsa, Anabaena and Scytonema

• Type study of Algae – Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra,Chara, Sargassum and

Polysiphonia

PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER

TIME : 3 hrs MAX MARKS: 35

1. Identify the given specimen A,B and C with labeled diagrams and reasons 3X3 = 9

2. Describe the colony characteristics of the given colony D 2X1 = 2

3. Prepare the temporary Slide E- sketch, label and identify with reasons. Leave

the preparation for observation 4x1 =4

4. Stain the given material F by Gram’s staining. Write the procedure and identify with reasons

OR

Calculate the population of fungal spores/yeast cells using Haemocytometer 5X1=5

5. Identify the slides G and H with labeled diagrams and reasons 2X2½ = 5

6. Record, Submission and Viva Voce 5+3+2 = 10

SCHEME OF VALUATION

1. Three Specimen A, B and C – 1from Algae, 1 from Cyanobacteria and 1 from Herbaria of

diseased plant (Identification – 1 mark, labeled diagrams with reasons – 2 mark)

2. Colony character of D. (Description – 2 marks)

3. Algal Material E (Mounting – 2marks, Identification, diagram and reasons – 2 marks)

4. Specimen F – Gram staining

( Staining – 2marks,Procedure – 2marks, Identification – 1 mark)

OR

Calculation of Fungal spores / yeast cells by Haemocytometer

(Procedure – 2marks, Principle – 1 mark, Calculation – 2 marks

5. Two permanent Slides from Algae ( Identification - ½ mark, Daigram and reasons –2 marks)

6. Record – 5 marks, Submission of 3 herbaria of Plant diseases

( Bacterial and Viral ) – 3 marks and Viva Voce – 2 marks

II SEMESTER

PAPER II

DIVERSITY OF NON VASCULAR PLANTS

MYCOLOGY, LICHENS, MYCORRHIZA, PLANT PATHOLOGY, BRYOPHYTES

AND PLANT ANATOMY

56 hrs

UNIT I: MYCOLOGY 21 hrs

Introduction: General characters, Occurrence, thallus organization, Reproduction, Classification

and Economic Importance.

Structure, Reproduction and Life cycle of Albugo, Peziza, Puccinia and Cercospora.

Role of Fungi in Medicine, Agriculture and Industry

Lichens: General account, Structure, Reproduction, Ecological and Economic Importance

Mycorrhiza: General account.

UNIT 2: PLANT PATHOLOGY: 08 hrs

General account of symptoms, pathogen, etiology, mode of infection and management of Fungal

diseases - Koleroga, Coffee Rust, Grain smut of Sorghum, Blast disease of Rice, Red rot of

Sugar cane and Tikka disease of Ground nut.

A brief account of Biopesticide - Azadirachta, Trichoderma and Bacillus thuringiensis

UNIT 3: BRYOPHYTA 12 hrs

General characters,distribution, Structure, Reproduction, Classification (Rothmaler) and

Alternation of generations in Bryophytes.

Type study – Marchantia Anthoceros and Funaria.

UNIT 4: PLANT ANATOMY 15 hrs

Meristamatic Tissues: Structure, Function and Classification, Organization of Apical meristem –

Tunica Corpus theory and Histogen theory

Secretory Cells and Tissues – Structure, Classification and Significance

Secondary Growth – Origin and Activity of Vascular cambium in Dicot stem

Wood Anatomy – General account, Characters and types of wood

Anomalous Secondary Growth – General account (Dracaena, Boerhaavia)

II SEMESTER

PAPER II



AND PLANT ANATOMY


I Answer all the Question selecting suitable choice 1 X 20 =20

II Answer any Five of the following 2 X 5 = 10

III Describe any Five of the following 4 X 5 = 20

IV Explain any Two of the following 10 X 2 = 20



20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3

Unit 1 5 2 2 1

Unit 2 5 1 2 --

Unit 3 5 2 1 1

Unit 4 5 2 2 1

II SEMESTER

PAPER II



AND PLANT ANATOMY

PRACTICALS

• Identification and classification of Fungal members included in theory

• Study of Lichens

• Study of Mycorrhiza

• Study of Plant disease included in theory

• Study of forms of Bryophytes included in the theory

• Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot Stem (Tridax and Grass), Root (Cicer and Canna)

• Anomalous Secondary growth - Dracaena and Boerhaavia

II SEMESTER - PAPER II

End Semester Practical Examination


AND PLANT ANATOMY

TIME : 3 hrs MAX

MARKS: 35

1 Identify the given specimen A, B and C with labeled diagrams and reasons

2½X3 = 7½

2 Prepare the temporary Slide D - sketch, label and identify with reasons. Leave the

preparation for observation

5x1 = 5

3 Write Critical notes on E & F

2½X2 = 5

4 Identify the slides G, H and I with labeled diagrams and reasons

2½X3 = 7

5. Record, Submission and Viva Voce

5+3+2 = 10

III SEMESTER PAPER III

PTERIDOPHYTES, PALEOBOTANY, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY &

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

56 HOURS

UNIT I: PTERIDOPHYTES AND PALEOBOTANY 24 hrs

Pteridophytes: General Characteristics, Classification ( Sporne ), Distribution and life cycle .

Type study of Psilotum, Lycopodium, Sellaginella and Marselia ( Developmental stages not

required )

A Brief account of Stelar Evolution, Heterospory and Seed habit

Paleobotany: Introduction, Contribution of Eminent Indian Paleobotanist – Birbal

Sahani,Geological Time Scale, Continental Drift, Fossilization and its types. A brief account of

Rhynia and Glossopteris

UNIT 2: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 15 hrs

Environmental Factors (Climatic ,Edaphic and Biotic), Soil erosion,methods of soil

conservation, Ecosystems and its outline Classification, Study of Marine , Grassland, Tropical

evergreen forest and Estuaries.

Ecological Succession – Hydrosere and Xerosere

Ecological Adaptations – Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Epiphytes, Halophytes and Parasitic

Angiosperms

UNIT 3: ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 10 hrs

Rain water Harvesting, Water shed Management and Remote Sensing. General account of

Pollution (Air, Water, Noise, Nuclear and Thermal)

UNIT 4: PLANT BIODIVERSITY 07 hrs

Introduction, Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Ecosystem diversity, Keystone species (only

definitions), Hotspots of India, Bioethics.

Methods of Conservation – Ex situ and In situ

Phytogeography – Phytogeographical regions of India, Vegetational types of Karnataka state.



PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

Theory

Question Paper pattern Max marks70







20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3

Unit 1 6 2 2 1/nil

Unit 2 5 2 2 1/nil

Unit 3 6 2 1 1

Unit 4 3 1 2 1



PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

PRACTICALS

• Type study of forms of Pteridophytes studied in Theory

• Paleobotany – study of specimen/ Slides

• Study of one example for each adaptations ( Specimen / slides)

• Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen and Chloride in the given sample of Water

• Marking of Vegetational types on Karnataka Map

• Study of Density of Plant species by Square Quadrat method



PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

Practical Examination

TIME : 3 hrs MAX

MARKS: 35

1 Identify and Classify specimen A and B with labeled diagrams and reasons 3X 2 = 6

2 Identify the slides C and D with labeled diagrams and reasons 3 x 2 = 6

3 Comment on Slide / Specimen / Photocopy/ Photography of E 3 X1 = 3

4 Identify and Comment on Ecological adaptations of F and G 2X 2 = 4

5. Estimate the Oxygen / Chloride content of the given water sample H 6 X 1 = 6

6. Record, Submission and Viva Voce 5+3+2 =

SCHEME OF VALUATION

1 Two Pteridophytes Specimen A and B (Identification and classification – 1 mark, labeled

diagrams with reasons – 2 mark)

2. Two Pteridophytes Slides C and D (Identification 1 mark, labeled diagrams with reasons – 2

mark)

3. Fossil Material (Identification 1 mark, comments - 2 marks)

4 Specimen / Slides -(Identification – 1 mark, Comment - 1 mark)

5. Estimation of Oxygen / Chloride (conducting the experiment – 2 marks, Principle. and

Procedure – 2 marks, Result and Discussion – 2 marks )

6. Record – 5 marks, Submission of 3 Permanent slides (free hand sections ) of Pteridophytes

and Ecological specimens -3 marks and Viva Voce – 2 marks

IV SEMESTER

PAPER IV

GYMNOSPERMS AND EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

56 hrs

UNIT I: GYMNOSPERMS 12 hrs

Gymnosperms: General account ( Salient features and Economic Importance) and Classification

( Sporne ), Distribution, Structure and Reproduction of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum

(Developmental stages not required )

UNIT 2: EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS 24 hrs

Floral morphology – Transition of vegetative apex to reproductive apex, Microsporangium and

Microsporogenesis – Anther wall, sporogenous tissue, pollen sacs, male gametophyte –

development and pollen morphology – aperture, shapes, size and pollen wall architecture,

Megasporangium – Types of Ovules( Orthotropous, Anatropous, Hemianatropous,

Campylotropous, Amphitropous and Circinotropous), Integuments, Nucellus, Endothelium,

Obturator, Hypostase and Epistase, Megasporogenesis and Female gametophyte, Types of

Embryosacs( Polygonum, Allium and Fritillaria) Fertilisation – pollen germination and pollen

tube growth, pollen – pistil interaction, double fertilization : Syngamy and Triple fusion

UNIT 3: ENDOSPERM 08 hrs

Development of Endosperm (Nuclear, Cellular and Helobial), Ruminate endosperm, Functions

of endosperm, Embryo – Classification of embryogeny (Schnarfs – 1929) Development of Dicot

embryo (Capsella bursa – pastoris) and Monocot embryo ( Luzula forsteria)

UNIT 4: APOMIXIS 12 hrs

Apomixis –a brief account, Polyembryony – Causes, Experimental induction and significance,

Parthenocarpy.

Experimental Embryology – Tissue culture techniques, Anther culture and production of

Androphytes, Somatic hybridization and its practical application in Horticulture

( Micropropogation of Banana), Agriculture ( Haploid production) and Pharmaceuticals

( Secondary metabolites)

IV SEMESTER

PAPER IV


Theory Question Paper Max

marks70







20/20 5/7 5/7 2/3

Unit 1 5 2 2 1

Unit 2 7 3 2 1

Unit 3 4 1 1 1/nil

Unit 4 4 1 2 1/nil

IV SEMESTER


PAPER IV

PRACTICALS

• Study of Gymnosperm material included in the Theory

• Study of Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte

• Pollen morphology – Grass, Acacia, Mimosa, Hibiscus and pollinia of Calotropis

• Germination of Pollen grains by Hanging Drop method – Eg: Vinca

• Estimation of Pollen viability

• Types of Ovules

• Types of Placentation

• Development of Female gametophyte (2 nucleate, 4 nucleate and 8 nucleate)

• Mounting of Endosperm of Cucumis/ Grevillea

• Mounting of Embryo of Tridax/ Cyamopsis

• Demonstration of Preparation of Explant and Inoculation

IV SEMESTER

End Semester Examination


PAPER IV

TIME: 3 hrs MAX

MARKS: 35

1 Identify and Classify specimen A and B with reasons 3X 2 = 6

2 Identify the slides C, D and E with labeled diagrams and reasons 3 x 3 = 9

3 Mount the Endosperm/ Embryo of material F and Comment 4 X 1 = 4

4Conduct Pollen germination Experiment/ Estimate pollen viability of G 4X 1 = 4

Comment and leave the slide for evaluation

5. Comment on H 2 X 1 = 2

6. Record, Submission and Viva Voce 5+3+2 = 10

SCHEME OF VALUATION

1 Two Gymnosperms - Specimen A and B (Identification and classification – 1 mark,

reasons – 2 mark)

2. 1 Gymnosperm, 2 Embryology (Anther and Ovary section, types of Ovules, placentation)

(Identification 1 mark, labeled diagram – 1mark, reasons – 1 mark)

3. Endosperm / embryo mounting (Mounting - 2 marks, Comments - 2 marks)

4. Pollen germination / Pollen viability (Conducting – 2 marks, Comments - 2 marks)

5. Types of Pollen grains/ Pollinia (Diagram – 1mark. and comment– 1 mark )

6. Record – 5 marks, Submission of 6 Permanent slides of different types of pollen

grains – 3marks and Viva Voce – 2 marks

V SEMESTER PAPER V

TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY 42 HOURS

UNIT 1 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY 16 HRS

Principles of Taxonomy-A brief account of classical and modern taxonomy, Systems of

classification and species concept;

Broad outlines of classification proposed by Benthem and Hooker & Engler and Prantl ,

Plant Nomenclature –Binomial system & ICBN principles and aims, a brief account of recent

trends in taxonomy-Chemotaxonomy,Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy and Computer

application in Systematics.

Ethnobotamy-A brief account and its importance

Field and Herbarium techniques, Botanical gardens- Lalbagh - Bangalore; Ooty -Tamil Nadu &

Howrah - Kokatta; International-Kew Botanical Garden)

Floras- (Flora of Madras Presidency by Gamble; Flora of Karnataka by Fr. Saldhana; Floraof

Bangalore by Razi) and their imiportance, Botanical Survey of India and its functions.

UNIT 2 TAXONOMY 18 HRS

Study of the following families according to Engler & Prantle

Monocots: Liliaceae, Poaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae.

Dicots: Magnoliaceae, Moraceae; Annonaceae; Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae,

Euphorbiaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Apocynaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Rubiaceae,

Cucurbitaceae and Asteraceae.

UNIT 3 ECONOMIC BOTANY 08 HRS

Cereals and Millets – Wheat, Rice, Jower and Ragi.

Pulses- Pigeon Pea, Black Gram and Bengal Gram.

Oils and Fats- Groundnut, coconut, Sunflower.

Fiber- Cotton, Jute and Coir.

Beverages – Coffee, Tea and Cocoa.

Spices – Cardamom, Clove and Cinnamon.

Sugar and starch –Sugarcane, Beetroot, Potato and Tapioca.

Timber – Teak and Rose wood.

Paper and Pulp – Bamboo and Eucaluptus.

Narcotic plants – Ganja and Opium.

Medicinal Plants – Azadirachta, Catharanthus, Sarpagandha

(Mention botanical names, family, parts used and uses)







Mains MCQ 02 Marks 04 Marks 10 Marks

Choice 20/20 05/07 05/07 02/03

Unit – 1 6 2 3 1

Unit – 2 8 3 2 1

Unit – 3 6 2 2 1

• Study of taxonomic characters of families included in theory.

• Modification of stem, root, leaf, inflorescence and fruits

• Study of economically important plants covered in theory and to identify with

Botanical names, facilities, parts used and uses.

• Submission of 05 herbarium specimens (locally available weeds).

• Study of local flora by arranging local collection trips.

V SEMESTER

PAPER V

TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks: 35

1. Assign the specimens A, B, C, & D to their respective families giving diagnostic Features.

3 x 4 =12

2. Describe E in technical terms. Draw the floral diagram and the floral formula for the

same. 3+1+1=05

3. Identify the specimens F, G, H, & I and highlight their morphological//biological/

Economic importance. 2x4=08

4. Class Records- 03 Marks, Field Trip + Herbaria- 04 Marks &ViaVoce – 03 Marks

SCHEME OF VALUATION

1. Monocot, Archichlamydae, Metachlamydae (01 monocot and 03 dicots)

(Identification – ½ mark, Classification – ½ mark, Important characters – 2 marks.

2. One plant for technical description and Floral diagram with Floral formula (Technical

details – 03 Marks; Floral diagram – 01; Floral Formula – 01)

3. Root / Stem / Leaf modification – 2 examples; 1 from inflorescence, 1from fruit,

2 examples from Economic. Botany.(Identification – ½ mark, Comment - 1½ marks)

4. Class Records, Field Trip + Herbaria & Viva voce 10 marks

V SEMESTER

PAPER VI

CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING

42 HOURS

UNIT-1 MICROSCOPY AND CELL BIOLOGY 16 hrs

Principles, Types and uses of Microscope and Electron microscope.( SEM & TEM)

Chromosome structure and number, Karyotype & Idiogram, nucleosome concept,

Chromosomal basis of heredity, Chromosomal aberrations (Numerical & Structural)

and their significance.

Mitosis -Phases, mitotic apparatus, cytokinesis, mitotic inhibitors, significance of Mitosis,

Meiosis-Phases of meiotic cycle cytological proof of crossing over, synaptonemal complex.

UNIT-2 GENETICS 16 hrs

Introduction, Mendel’s work and deviation from Mendelian laws-Incomplete dominance,

Supplementary, Complementary, Epistasis, Multiple factor inheritance (plant examples),

Linkage and Crossing over. Genetic problems in relation to the above topics.

Extra chromosomal inheritance-Plastid DNA, Cytoplasmic male sterility & its role in hybrid

seed production.

UNIT-3 EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING 10 hrs

Origin of life, brief account of theories of evolution- Lamarkism, Darwinism & Neo Darwinism.

Brief historical account, Methods and objectives of plant breeding, Hybridisation techniques-

Mass selection, Pure line selection and Hybridisation (intergeneric & interspecific)-Hybrid

vigour and Heterosis, Conservation of Germplasm, Pollen banks and Quarantine methods.

PAPER VI

CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING








Choice 20/20 05/07 05/07 02/03

Unit – 1 8 3 3 1

Unit – 2 8 3 2 1

Unit – 3 4 1 2 1

PRACTICALS

• Preparation of cytological stains (Acetocarmine and Acetoorcein)

• Study of Mitosis in Allium cepa/Aloe vera root tip

• Study of Meiosis in Allium cepa/Rheo discolor flower bud

• Study of permanent slides of Mitosis and Meiosis

• Karyotype of Allium cepa

• Salivary gland chromosome

• Solving genetic problems related to theory portion

• Vegetative propagation methods (underground plant parts and isolated plant parts

– cutting, grafting-bud and approach, layering-air layering/gootee, simple layering)

• Submission – Records & Permanent slides (1 Mitosis & 1 Meiosis)

PAPER VI - CYTOLOGY, GENETICS, EVOLUTION AND PLANT BREEDING

Practicals

Time : 3 Hours Max Marks: 35

1. Prepare a temporary mitotic squash of material A 5

2. Prepare a temporary meiotic squash of material B 5

3. Identify and comment on C & D 3 + 3= 6

4. Comment on E. 3

5. Solve the Genetic Problem F 6

6. Submission of Record, Slides and Viva-voce 5+2+3=10

Scheme of Valuation

1. A – Preparation – 3 marks, Identification of stages – 1 mark; Diagram – 1 mark

2. B – Preparation – 3 marks; Identification of stages – 1 mark; Diagram – 1 mark

3. C – Karyotype – slide or sketch / Salivary gland – slide or sketch

D – Abnormality of chromosomes

(Identification - ½ mark, Diagram - ½ Mark, Description - 2 marks)

4. E – Vegetative Propagation

( Identification – 1 marks, Comment – 2 marks)

5. F – Problems from (i) Dihybrid cross and Test cross

(ii) Incomplete Dominance

(iii) Complementary factor

(iv) Supplementary factor

(v) Epistasis

6. Submission: 2 permanent slides (01 mitotic and 01 meiotic) + class records

(Marks: 2+5) Viva-voce – 03 marks

PAPER VII

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING,

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

42 HOURS UNIT-1 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY 19 hrs

Introduction, Identification, and Experimental Evidences to show that DNA as

genetic material (Hershey and Chase expt). Chemical nature and replication of

genetic material, genetic code, non genetic RNA, Biosynthesis of proteins,

regulation of gene action in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (Ex: Lac Operon in E. coli)

A concise account of methods used in “Recombinant DNA” technology, gene

libraries, application of genetic engineering in agriculture (BT cotton), Horticulture

(Tomato), Floriculture (genetically modified Petunia with colour gene from maize).

A brief account on hazards and safe guards of genetic engineering technology.

MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY- Fermentation; production of ethanol, Production

of single cell protein – Spirulina

UNIT-2 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY-I 11 hrs

Water and plant cells: Structure and properties of water, water transport processes

(diffusion, pressure driven bulk flow, osmosis, chemical potential of water) Water

absorption by roots and movement of water (Apoplast and Symplast pathways).

Mechanism of Ascent of sap-Vital theories (not pressure theory), Physical force

theories (Dixon and Jolly hypothesis), Loss of water – Transpiration, Kinds,

structure involved, stomatal mechanism, role of transpiration in plants, significance

of transpiration. Factors affecting transpiration anti-transpirations, Guttation.

UNIT-3 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY-II 12 hrs

Mineral Nutrition in plants, absorption of minerals, apparent free space concept

Donnan equilibrium, carrier concept, cytochrome as carrier (Lundegradh’s

hypothesis) lecithin an carrier. Major and minor elements, their deficiency

symptoms, role of nitrogen, phosphorus potassium, magnesium, Zinc, in plant

nutrition.Ion antagonism (Sodium & Potassium).

Phloem transport-Transport of organic solutes (using radioactive tracers

autoradiography), Mass Flow Hypothesis

VI SEMESTER

PAPER VII









UNITS 1 Mark

MCQ 2 Marks 4 Marks 10 Marks

CHOICE

20/20

5/7

5/7

2/3

UNIT – I 6 1 1 1

UNIT-II 7 3 3 1

UNIT-III 7 3 3 1

VI SEMESTER

PAPER VII



PRACTICALS

• Experiment to show rate of transpiration by Potometer (Ganong’s / Farmer’s)

• Extraction of DNA (Demonstration) from Cauliflower.

• Estimation of DNA and RNA

• Streaming of Protoplast to show Cyclosis.

• Determination of osmotic potential of cell sap by plasmolytic method.

• Determination of stomatal index by Epidermal peel method and study of structure of

stomata in Mesophytes Dictos: Eg: Mirabilis.

Monocots: Eg: Gram or Commelina.

• Study of suction force due to transpiration.

• Study of Phloem transport by ringing experiment.

• Study of mass flow hypothesis

VI SEMESTER

End Semester Practical Examination – April 2016

PAPER VII -MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, GENETIC ENGINEERING,


Time: 3 Hours Max.Marks:40

1. Determine the Osmotic Potential of cell sap by plasmolytic method

of material A or Determination of stomatal Index of the given material A. 10

2. B-Estimation of RNA or DNA 10

3. Comment of experiments C & D. 5+5

4. Class Record + Viva Voce 5+5

VI Semester

PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

42HOURS UNIT-1 ENZYMES 11 hrs.

General aspects; nomenclature, properties, classification, enzyme kinetics

mechanism of enzyme action, regulation (competitive and non-competitive

inhibitors, allosteric enzymes and feedback control)

Factors affecting enzyme activity.

Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation, nitrate metabolism, assimilation of

ammonia, transamination.

UNIT-2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION: 19 hrs

Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic apparatus, principles of light absorption, Emerson

enhancement effect, photosystems I and II, mechanism of transport of electrons

from water to NADP, photophosphorylation (cyclic and non-cyclic); Carbondioxide

fixation (Calvin cycle); C4 pathways CAM pathway; Photorespiration – organelles

involved, mechanism and significance of photosynthesis.

Respiration: RQ glycolysis, TCA cycle, ETS and oxidative phosphorylation,

anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation), Pentose Phosphate pathway and its

significance, factors effecting respiration.

UNIT 3 PLANT GROWTH DEVELOPMENT: 12hrs

Growth, definition, kinetic, growth curve growth regulating substances – Auxins,

Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene and ABA, their role and application in

Agriculture.

A brief account of plant movements (Autonomic and Paratonic)

A brief account of dormancy, photoperiodism, phytochrome and its role, the florigen

concept, vernalization, biological clocks and biorhythms.

Stress physiology Water stress, heat stress, salt stress and its significance.

VI Semester

PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY - III








Choice 20/20 05/07 05/07 02/03

Unit – 1 5 2 2 1

Unit – 2 9 3 3 1

Unit – 3 6 2 2 1

VI Semester

PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – III

Practicals

• Separation of Photosynthetic pigments by chromatography and measurement of Rf

values.

• Determination of rate of photosynthesis at different wavelength of light

• Determination of rate of photosynthesis of various concentration of Carbon dioxide

• Role of Respiratory Enzymatic reaction on Seed viability by TTC method.

• Study of Anaerobic respiration using germinating seeds and mercury.

• Determination of Ascorbic acid content in plant material.

• Study of hydrotropism, phototropism and geotropism.

• Calorimetric estimation of reducing sugar by DNS method

VI Semester

End Semester Practical Exam

PAPER VIII – PLANT PHYSIOLOGY – III

Time : 3 hours Max. Marks: 40

1. Separate the photosynthetic pigment from the sample ‘A’ by paper

chromatography and measure their Rf values. 10

2. Estimate the Ascorbic acid content / Reducing sugar I the sample ‘B’ 10

3. Comment on experiments C and D 05+05

4. Class record + Viva 05+05

Documents

Department of Botany I SEMESTER PAPER I DIVERSITY OF