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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ferhat PAKDAMARN Blok 1-17
[email protected]
Department of ArchitectureARCH 261
Structural Analysis
Why do we need to be educated?
Almanyada bir Lise Mdr, her eitim retim yl banda retmenlerine u
mektubu gnderirmi:Bir toplama kampndan sa kurtulanlardan
biriyim.Gzlerim hibir insann grmemesi gereken eyleri grd.yi eitilmi
ve yetitirilmi mhendislerin ina ettii gaz odalar, iyi yetitirilmi
doktorlarn zehirledii ocuklar, iini iyi bilen hemirelerin vurduu
inelerle len bebekler, lise ve niversite mezunlarnn vurup yakt
insanlar.Eitimden bu nedenle kuku duyuyorum.Sizlerden isteim
udur.rencilerinizin insan olmas iin aba harcayn.abalarnz bilgili
canavarlar ve becerikli psikopatlar retmesin.Okuma yazma,
matematik, ocuklarnzn daha fazla insan olmasna yardmc olursa ancak
o zaman nem tar.
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Why Structural Science ?
Aim of the structural science engineering
Classifications of structural systems and Loads
Review of Statically Determinate Structures
Review of Truss Systems
Deflections
Analysis for Indeterminate Structures
Course Overview
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Course Overview
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21.09.2016 Assumptions in structural analysesLoads definitions
and classification of structures
28.09.2016 Assumptions in structural analysesLoads definitions
and classification of structures
05.10.2016Equilibrium equations for frame systemsSupport
conditionsStatically determinate and indeterminate systems
12.10.2016 Shear and moment diagrams for statically determinate
structures19.10.2016 Analysis of statically determinate truss
system26.10.2016 Mid-term exam02.11.2016 Deflections for statically
determinate beams and frames09.11.2016 Deflections for statically
determinate trusses16.11.2016 Analysis methods for statically
indeterminate systems23.11.2016 Moment distribution methods -
130.11.2016 Moment distribution methods - 207.12.2016 Reaction and
member forces coefficients for trusses - 114.12.2016 Reaction and
shear and moment coefficients for frames 221.12.2016 Computer
applications for structural analysis
Final exam
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Grading
Exam (1) : %25
: %25
Final Exam (1) : %50 Make-up Exam : %50
Attendance
(5)Homework (1) Quiz
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Materials
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Barry Onouye with Kevin Kane, Statics and Strength of Materials
for Architecture and Building Construction.
Hibbeler, Structural Analysis.
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Structural Analysis vsStructural Design
Structural Analysis;Structural analysis is the prediction of the
performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or
other effects, such as support movements and temperature
change.
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Structural Design;Structural design is the art of utilizing
principles of statics, dynamics and mechanics of materials to
determine the size and arrangement of structural elements under
prescribed loads and/or other effects.
Buildings may have different functions: Residential: Housing,
which includes low-rise (up to
2-3 floors), mid-rise (up to 6-8 floors) and high rise
buildings.
Commercial: Offices, retail stores, shopping centers, hotels,
restaurants.
Industrial: Warehouses, manufacturing. Institutional: Schools,
hospitals, prisons, church,
government buildings.
Special: Towers, stadium, parking, airport, etc.
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Design of Structures- Safety- Esthetics- Serviceability-
Environment- Economy
Idealization of Structures- Physical Model- Mathematical
Model
Design Considerations;
Design of engineering systems is usually a trade-offbetween
maximizing safety and minimizing cost.
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Structural Analysis;Given an existing structure subjected to a
certain load
determine internal forces (axial, shear, flexural, torsional; or
stresses), deflections and verify that no unstable failure can
occur.
Thus the basic structural requirements are:
Strength: stresses should not exceed critical values: < f
Stiffness: deflections should be controlled: < max Stability:
buckling or cracking should also be prevented
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A building structure safely transmits loads down to Earth
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Acceptances in Structural Analysis
1) The verifying systems are not depend on the loads.
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2) Deflections should be too small.
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3) Materials should behave linear-elastic.
4) The loads are assumed to be static.
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Two requirements must be imposed for the principle of
superposition to apply :
1. The material must behave in a linear-elasticmanner, so that
Hooke.s law is valid, and therefore the load will be proportional
to displacement.
2. The geometry of the structure must notundergo significant
change when the loads areapplied, i.e., small displacement theory
applies.Large displacements will significantly changeand
orientation of the loads. An example wouldbe a cantilevered thin
rod subjected to a force atits end.
= P/A = PL/AE
5) Principle of Superposition
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End of the week 1
LOADSLoads are the external effects that cause stresses,
deformations and displacement in structures.
The main purpose of a structure is to transfer load from one
point to another: bridge deck to pier; slab to beam; beam to
girder; girder to column; column to foundation; foundation to
soil.There can also be secondary loads such as thermal
(in restrained structures), differential settlement of
foundations, P-Delta effects (additional moment caused by the
product of the vertical force and the lateral displacement caused
by lateral load in a high rise building).
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LOADS
STATIC DYNAMIC
DEAD LOADS LIVE LOADSHYDROSTATIC
andSOIL PRESSURE
DEAD LOADS of STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
FURNITURE
PEOPLE
SNOW
CONTINOUS IMPACT
EARTHQUAKE
WIND
Load Translation
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Loads
Roof Load(Snow, Rain, Wind) Slab Load
Wall Load
Beam
ColumnWind,Earthquake
Foundation
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Clasisfications of Structural Elements
For their geometry;
1. 1-d structural elements.
2. 2-d structural elements.
3. 3-d structural elements.
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1. Statically Determinate Systems(isostatic)
2. Statically Indetreminate Systems
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For the Analysis of structures
If support reactions and internal forces can be found only using
equations of equilibrium then thestructural systems, under various
loading are calledIsostatic or statically determinate systems.
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The aim of analyzing a system is to define;
Reaction forces, Internal Forces and Deflections
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Equations of Equilibrium
The equations of equilibrium in Static State are:
0X
0Y
0M
Newton's laws of motionFirst law: When viewed in an inertial
reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues to
move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external
force.
Second law: F=ma The vector sum of the forces F on an object is
equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration
vector a of the object.
Third law: When one body exerts a force on a second body, the
second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction on the first body.
The three laws of motion were first compiled by Isaac Newton in
his Philosophi NaturalisPrincipia Mathematica (Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687
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Supports ConnectionsSupport connections - Structural members can
be supportedin a variety of methods, the most common are pin and
fixed supports
A pin support preventsdeflection; allows rotation
A fixed support prevents deflection androtation
A roller support allowsdeflection and rotation
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Examples forWrong Structural Design
Folder 01
Sources
1. H.Can, zml rneklerle Yap Statii, Birsen Yaynevi,2008.
2. zer E., Yap Statii Ders Notlar
3. Kutani M., Yap Statii Ders Notlar
4. 3. akrolu, A.,etmeli, E., Yap Statii I, Beta Yaym
Datm,stanbul, 11. Bask, 2001.
5. Hibbeler, R. C., Structural Analysis, Prentice Hall, Revised
Printing, 2002.
6. Saouma,V. Structural Concepts and Systems for Architects.
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