DET.lLOPHENT OF DIURlI.u. ADJU3Tl-lENTS TABL8 FOR THE

FINE FUEL MOISTURE CODE

by S. J. :-uraro and R. No Russell(Appendix by B. D. Lawson)

FORZST aESEARCH LABORATORY

VICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

INFORHATION ~OaT BC-X-J5

DEPARl'l-lENT OF FISllERIES AND FORESTKl

JUNE, 1969

Abstract

Fuel moisture data for various periods of' the da,y were sUbjected

to regrsssional a.nalys1s using 1200 hoU1"9 calculated moisture content and

1600 bours actual moisture content per cent and relative hu:m1d1 ty per cent

at time at ll as independent variablea. Because or the nonlinear relations

between the dependent variable J Me at time -t-, and the independent n.r1.­

ables, stratification of' the data by class8s or moisture content vas se­

lected 8S the beet method of' analysis. The curves developed tor nr1ou8

time periods and the moisture contents converted to FFM Code 'f81ue8 are

included.

•

Development of Diurnal Adjustments Table for the

Fine Fuel Moisture Code

s. J. Muraro and R. N. Russell(~ppendix by B. D. Lawson)

Introduction

One feature of the revised Canadian National Fire Danger rating

system 1s a table for determining the diurnal variation in the moisture

content of the fine surface fuels. This feature supplements the fine fuel

Il'lQistu.re code (FFM Code) and allo..,8 the user to apply the rating system at

time periods other than noon, thus enhancing the f'lexibill ty and general

usefulness of the rating system for specialized. applications such as pre-

scribed burning and wild!'ire suppression. Diurnal adjustment tables are

by no lI1eans now in Canadian fire danger rating history because Beall (1938),

incoIl>Orated an adjustment that adhered to the principle of predicting the

maximum daily FFM Code from weather parameters existing at various times

of day. For the rather limited application of the rating syst6l!ls in use

at that time, knowledge of a daily maximum vas quite adequate. The more

specialized use envisaged for the revised ~stenl requires the capability

of detercdning the code value at a particular time of day while still re-

tain1ng the aMlity to detem.1ne the daily maximum.

To achieve this goal a fine fuel moisture code was proposed to

yield a corrected fine tuel moisture code for various hours ot the da,y

according to the current relat1ve humid1ty. In 1967, Lawson produced a

table of liM Codes for 0600, 0800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600 and 1800 hours

(AppendiX D) utilizing data gethered Oy Ru.eell et al. (1967) during the

course of a fire danger rating study 1n the Prince George area. This

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system \18.9 designed to yield current FFM code using current iW and an in! tial

code value determined at the preceding extreme of the diurnal cycle. For

example, FFM Code at 1600 hours would eoWl entering a table using current

RH and the FFM Code calculated at 0600 hours of the same day. The 1600-

hour code thus detenrlned would serve to detennine moisture codes during

the period of rising humid! ties throughout the night. The next morning 8

new FFH Code was calculated according to the previously calculated. 1600 rPM

Code and the 0600 hour RH; this code was subsequently used to determine

moisture codes during the period of decreasing hwn1d1 ties through the d83'

until 1600 bours.

Al though this approach enhanced. the ability to determine a FF'K

Code throughout the day, the operational difficulties of tvlce-aoodsy ..eather

readings and the rather complicated rainfall cc:cpensat1ons precluded recom­

mendation for operation implementation.

Subsequently, a simpler approach was attempted vhereby the FFM

Code calculated. on a daily basis at noOD, but applicable to the peak burning

period (1300 - 1600 hr), would be used as the operational reference point

for bi-hour1y adjustments. Unlike Beall1s (1938) adjustment, the adjustment

proposed in this paper vould provide the adjusted F'FM Code for the period

of interest rather than the expected daily maximum code value from veather

p8.raIll8ters measured at times other than noon.

Fuel moisture data for this study vere obtained from field work

conducted in the Prince George area in 1966, 67 and 68, by Russell and

Pech from composite destructive samples of the uppermost layer of needles

and litter under a dry lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifo1ia

- 3 -

Engelm.) site, sampled at intervals throughout the 24-hour period as de­

scribed by Russsll (1968). Tsmpsrature-corrscted FI'M Codes, Van Wegner

(1968) were calculated at noon of each day that samples vere obtained,

from on site measurements of RH and temperature. Relative humidity at

the t11T.8 of sample collection ws also obtained from the on 81te weather

station.

For operational use, the lPM Code adjustment table required 8­

daily FFM Code calculated according to standard practice at noon (1200 hr)

and current RH at the required time of adjustment 8S independent parameters.

To accomplish this, stepwise regressions vere calculated tor each time

period using the general equation of

first when Y =MC% at time "til

~ = 101 - FFM Code

X. = (101 - FI'M Code)3

and secondly \lhen Y = HC% at time II til

Xl = 1lC% et 1600 hr.

X. = (1lC% et 1600 hr)3

13 = RH$ at time IIt" X.3 = RH~ at time IItll

Only those variables that e1thar increased the value or It- by at

least 1 percent and reduced the residual mean sum of squares vere included

in tte final regression equation for each time period. The regression and

the value of r?- so developed are shown in AppendiX B. The equations using

1000 M(;1. vere then used to develop the table shown as Appendix C after

converting from Me" to FFM Code aDd making the assumption later discussed

that noon celculeted FFIl Code = 101 - 1600 1lC%. In AppendiX C the

code values for the 1400 hr time period vere adjusted by subtracting 1 from

all values greater than 90. This vas required because from the equation

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Me% at 1400 hours 'Was lower than Me,; at 1600 houre when Me 1600 hours 1s

le8s than 8%. In addi tiOD the 1400 hr FJ1ll Codes yere adjusted dowYard

to conform with the 1200 and 1600 hr values. For other time periods and

within the range of data the 1600 bour equations provide acceptable values

of MC:£, hovever in general 11ttle confidence should be placed 1n values

for noon codes below 25. A graphical approach with the e.1d aC computer

stratification of the data vas then employed 8.S a means of f1 tUng the

regression for each time period. Because the regressions indicated a better

correlation with 1600 Me rather than the DOon calculated FFM Code, MC%

and RH for each tiltS period vere stratified by the classes of 1600 hr MC%

shown in Table I.

For the time periods of 1200, 1400, 1800 and 2000 hr MCS end RII

vere stratified by the 1600 hr MC% ot the 88ltB dB¥, 'Whereas MC% and RH

for the time periods ot 0600, 0600 and. 1000 hr vere stratified by the

preceding days 1600 hr Me:'.

The population of MC% at time lit- within each 1600 MCJ; strati­

fication was further stratified into three classes of RH to establish the

effect, if any, of variations in He,; due to deviations trom the normal

diurnal HH regime. This stratification yielded the sample population mean

RH and M~ plus the mean RH and MC% for the samples obtained during times

of the upper, middle and lower thirds of the RH regime at the particular

time period.

To reduce the effect ot skewness, means vere obtained by calcu­

lating the arithmetic means of the logarithm of the numbers. Standard

deviations and 95% confidence intervals for each stratified population

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were also calculated.

Table I - P. 10-11

The mean moisture content and 95% confidence limits for each time

period were plotted on log-log scale as a dependent of the 1600 hr MC% and a

line of best fit drawn t),rcugh tte points (Fig. 1). Upon exarination of

the hourly rroisture contents turtl er stratified by the three RH classes,

it was apperent that a rele.tiva huInid1 ty adjustl::ent (in addi tiOD to U.e RH

effect already introduced by association ...1. th time of day and the in!tiel

1600 hr Me%) was valid only for the 0600, 0800, and 1000 hr time periods.

For each of tt.ese three periods, the meeD MCSc occurring during periods of

Figure 1 - P. 13

the highest and lowest 1/3 of the total range of RH ws plotted against the

1600 hr Me," as in figure 1. Humidity classes for tlle three curves for each

of tl.ese titre periods were then assigned on an exclusive besis. The three

pairs of curves sho\ling tl'e relative humid! ty adjustment are sho'Wn in

Figure 2.

Figure 2 - P. 14

The FFM Code was designed to increase vi th decreasing fuel moisture

content, and in the revised danger rating system the code value calculated

from veatter parameters Iteasured at noon is theoretically equal to the daily

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minilllUJll Me subtracted from 101. These analyses shwed the min1Jnum dail,.

moisture contents occurred during the 1600 br time period; theretore J

theoretice.lly 101 - FFM Code = 1600 actual MC%. Because the code value

vas to be used as the train independent variable to determine the adjusted

rPM Code at time t, and since all previous stratifications were by 1600

M~, a calibration curve \lBS required to relate the 1600 hr actual Me,;

to the iFH Code calculated at the standard time of observation. To ac­

complish this the 1600 hr MC% were stratified. by noon FPM Codes. This

resul ted In the slightly sinuBoidal curve eho\ltl In Figure :3. From the

data shown on Figure :3 there is obviously sorce doubt as to the beat £1t

of the upper portion of this curve.

Figure 3 - P. 15

The curve In Figure :3 shoved beyond doubt that 101 - FilM Code

did not equal 1600 M($ and tilat the disagreement \las not uniform t1'l.rough­

out the range of the population of 144 ~,p1es. A choice between these

alternatives had to be made:

(a) Accept, ad hoc, the theoretical relation of 101 - FFM Code =

l&lO hr MC% and constroct a table from tte curves shovn in

Figure. 1 end 2 by subeUtuUng 101 - FFl! Code for the 1600

br M~, reading the appropriate MC% and converting to code

value for each t1~e period.

(b) Use the calibration curve to relate code value and 1600 MC%

entering Figure. 1 .nd 2 with the c.librated 1600 llC% to

determine MC for each time period.

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(e> Beeonstruet the FFM Code teble so that 101 - FFM Code =

1600 hr MCl'.

There was insufficient basis to accept alternative " C ll and reconstruct a

table developed from years of data on U.s basis of 88Jr.pllng from ODe locality;

however, if data to substantiate the relation are available or becomes a­

vailable from otter locales then alternate "ell should receive further con­

sideration. Acceptance of alternate Ilbal \lOuld obviate the generally accepted

meaning of the FfM Code because the calculated MC~ ....ould be slgn1f'icantly

different from the actual minimum MC%.

In rlew of the pressures to 1m tie.te the revised syaten: and to

allow time to give further conBideration to alternate IIb" and "e" alternate,

lIa ll was considered to be the most expeditious course. After deciding upon

this course of action, Table II, tl'MC \18.8 produced by entering Figures 1 aDd

2 vi. th the 1600 hr M~ and RH values sho\J1l and converting to liM Codes by

subtracting MCl' from 101.

Table II - P. 12

Observations

It straight lines are balanced t1':rough the moisture contents shovn

in Table I (Appendix A), tte diurnal variations of Jl:Oisture content and Ue

influence of the 1600 hr Me n.ay be visualized as parallel lines on the sur­

face of a cylindrical tube. It the tube is slit longitudiDAl1,y and each end

t\dsted in opposite directions allO\d.ng the ends to nare, tt.e visual pattern

when viewed fror the side vou] d correspond to that shown in AppendiX A.

- e -

The straight line rela.tions show on Appendix A are valid

representations of the diumal I!!oisture change throughout the sample popt;­

Ie.tiOD for all time periods except 1200 hr where a defin! te sinusoidal

relation 1s apparent (Fig. 1). In all ott.er eases the balanced portion

of the straight line was maintained veIl within the 95% confidence I1Jn1 ts

shovn in Table I. The curvatures shown in Figure 1 are largely logical

extrapolations beyond the range of the data.

The diurnal drying cycles shown in Figure 4 illustrate the shape

Figure 4 - P. 16

of the diurnal ruel moisture cycle from Table 111mtiated at various FFM

Codes. Interpolation of the location of points for missing tiltS periods

along a loy, moderate and high initial code value curve and transference

of these points to Figure 1 would alloW' adjus~ent for the missing time

periods. An effort to provide the additional data in this manner only

showed the obvious, since the daily extren,ss were already indicated, ad­

ditional curves 'Would tend to duplicate already existing CUrTes, e.g., the

2400-hr time period 'Would for the most part duplicate the 0800 curve except

at the wet extremity. The deviation of the 1600 hr MC from the expected

trend is due to tlJe choice of alternate "a", that of using a straight line

relation between the 1600 hr KC'$ determined by the code and actual 1600 hr

HC';. The effect of this assumption is also reflected in the 10\1 code values

for especially the 1400 hr adjustzr.ents in Appendix C.

eonclusiops

Computer analysis of the data verified tr.e representation that

- 9 -

moisture contents for any tir..e period were better reJated to the actual 1600­

hr Ir.olsture content than to the predicted l~hr moisture content calculated

by the FFM Code. More accurate forecasts of Me for the time periods tested

'Jere obtained using the 1600 actual Me than from using actual 1200 Me as

independent varlab) es, verifying tile former approach of using a tvice daily

IFH Code calculation.

The diurnal adjustn:.ent of FFM Code shown in Table II viII a110\l

the user to detennine the FFM Code with at least the same sensitivity as

the Fine Fuel Moisture Code table, that is, !. 1 drying code number at codes

aoove 76 or !. 5 drying code numbers bela'" code 76 at least ~ of the time.

The non-agreement of lOl-Fli'M Codes and the daily m1.n1mUJII actual

fuel moisture content should receive turther consideration along the lines

of the three alternatives on page 6.

References

Beall, H. W. 1939. llTable for Diurnal Hazard Variat1.on ll• Canada Dept. of

Mines and Resources. Suppleu,ent to Forest Fire Research Note 115,

Ottawa.

La:wson, E. L. 1967. Fine Fuel Moisture Tables for 0600 and 1600 hours with

supplementsry tables for 1000, 1200, 1400, 1800, 2000 and 2400

bourse Unpublished.

Russell, R. N. and G. Pech. 1968. IlDevelof'Dcnt of Burning Index Tables for

White Spruce-.A.lp1ne Fir and Lodgepole Pine Forest Covertypes in

the Prince George Forest District." (An Establistm:ent and Progress

Report.) B.C. Forest Research Lab. Victoria Int. Rapt. B.C. 8.

35 pp.

Van Wagner, C. E. 1968. Memo to Fire Danger Working Group, May 14, 1%9.

TAaLZ I. Mean moisture Content (~) \lith 95 Coai'Uence limits anJ mean

current RH en stratifie,l accordinf; to ~1a9se3 of 1600 hr

Hean ~ moisture content and relative hUI:liUty ~ by time periods

1600 ".C.% 1200 1400 1600 1800 200U 0600 0800 1000..:lasses 0-22 n=9i 0=144 0-140 o-13i n=121 0-122 0-101

<8 9.9 :!:.9 8.11:..3 7.5 =.2 8.41:..5 10.8:!: 1.0 21.7:!: 2.6 l7.1 1:. 2.2 12.8:!: 1.4

RII 29 25 23 26 33 67 48 34

8.1 - 10.0 11.7:!:.6 9.81:..3 9.2:!:.2 10.1:!:.3 12.2:!: .6 24.01:.1.8 19.7:!: 1.7 15.01:.1.4

RII 33 29 28 29 3R 77 55 40

10.1 - 13.0 13.1:!: 1.3 11.7 ~.8 11.3:!:.3 13.21:..9 15.81:.1.1 29.7:!: ~.7 23.11:.1.6 14.6:!: 1.5

R11 )1, 3' 30 33 43 84 61 43

13.1 - 17.0 17.9 :!: 3.016.3 :!: 2.5 16.9 1:..5 17.1 :!:l.D 19.9 :!: 1.2 35.5:!: 5.0 29.1:!: 3.5 19.3:!: 3.5

17.1 - 23.0 33.4 ~ o.~ 2~.S : 2.7 10.3 :!:.3 21.5 :!:1.5 24.0:!: 1.9 40.0 ~ 6.8 36.~ 1:. 5.8 25.2:!: 8.0

R11

RH

38

39

36

J3

35

36

37

39

50

56

84

84

66

67

45

53.5

....o

23.1 - 30.0 44.7 1:.11.J 30.5 ! 5.5 26.0 :!:1.0 26.0 :!:2.6 28.8:!: 3.5 45.6:!: 8.1 41.3:!: 7.5 29.1:!: 9.4

RH 40 33 36 43 53 87 67 44

30.1 - 40.0 60.3 :!:41.3 ~2.9 :!:14.8 3~.1 12.4 32.8 :!:3.2 37.3 1:. 6.4 48.9 1:.14.1 41.3 :18.3 26.6 :36.5

RII 45 37 36 40 51 87 59 40

~0.1 - 52.0 53.5 :24.9 47.5 1:. 7.1 44.2 ±2.6 42.9 :!:7.8 42.9 :!:12.6 71.5:!: 5.8 61.6 1:. 9.8 47.0 t13.4

RH 47 49 49 54 70 94 70 52

TABLE I. (Continued)

1600 H. C.% 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 0600 0800 1000classes n ;;: 22 n ;;: 97 n ;;: 144 n ;;: 140 n - 137 n ;;: 121 n ;;: ]:22 n - 101

52.1 - 70.0 74.4 ~ 20.4 65.4 ~ 6.5 57.4 ~ 3.3 46.5 ~ 6.6 45.1 ~ 7.7 65.4 ~ 33.7 50.4 ~ 24.8 35.9 ~ 15.2

RH 52 34 48 53 63 92 70 50

70.1 - 90.0 91.8 ~ 23.2 73.0 ~48.1 78.3 ~ 9.4 67.3 ~3.6 75.9 ~ 3.8 91.S ~ 14.4 81.4 ~ 15.0 64.7 ~ 30.8

RH

90.1 - 120.0

RH

>120.1

RH

47 40 43 50 65 8? 70 45

>-'>-'

- 12 -

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~;lj;;'~F:

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IS So ~ ~ t :"~~

Gi ~ ~ ~ ~ I::t!$

!:; :J g g $ ;::tS'..::J

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~~S~:cl

f:;; t:; ::::: e::; ~

orj :} ~ ~ ::::

os ll! It III :i' ~~!;;

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:;: ;s 50 CS :;: ~$-"iJ

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I=!~:;J

F:! ~ I<l i f::: :;"S'l~

$ J:: lil it ~

~ it 'Ie J:: ~

o•­•

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 ~~~ 5~~ :J~~

g 0 tQ g ~ t:; ~~~ ~~:l :;;o~:::s

~ 0 ~ ;Q :) '!; l:\";:~ !:;~~ !;1~!)

o ~ ~ ~ S ~~~ ~~ ... 2t:;~

o 0 0 '" ~ '" N "Ib>"" '1l-tt"1o

o •

~ s :::s h~~ ~~~ !;1~~

~ ~ ~ ~~~ '!;~ ... ~~~

100 r- ,,12001600

·1400

060008001800'000

50 - - - - - 1000

25,•,OJ::;

1060~ ~ ~ff//f-'i='"t- 10

< 1°800•

411000::;

f.5 '200-'''0

""2.5 H400

I I I J , I I !

1 2.5 5 10 25 50 100

1600 HR ACTUAL % M.C. ASSUMED EQUAL TO 101 - FFM CODE

FIGURE 1 - PERCENT MOISTURE CONTENT AT TIMES "t" AS A OEPENOENT OF ACTUAL1500 MC %. ASSUMEO TO BE EQUAL TO 101-FFM COOE.

100

50

f-'~• '000 HR RH ADJUSTMENT

o 0800 HR RH ADJUSTMENT

)( DeOO HR RH ADJUSTMENT

,.. 58 RH LlMrrs

.11

06001~~J- I.",10 ;>oSl0100

."1000 ;>0]1

'#. 25-'«::lI-U«

u:l;

5 I I ! I I I I

\ 2.5 5 10 25 50 100

1600 HR ACTUAL % M.C. ASSUMED EQUAL TO 101 - FFM CODE

FIGURE 2 - ADJUSTMENT OF 0600, 0800 AND '000 HR Me % AS A DEPENDENTOF CALCULATED '600 Me % ASSUMED TO BE EQUAL TO ,O,·FFM CODE

- 15 -

200

x

xMEANUPPER & LOWER 95% C.I.

LINE OF AGREEMENT (USED)

LINE INDICATED BV DATA

xx

/7

/- ~,7

/X /-//

/

30()

~ 20...J<l::Jf-

~ 10

11:100Ioof!)~

f- 50<l:

5 S~----:10=----;!20;:--3;!0;:---!SO;:-----:1=0::0---::2oo

CALCULATED M.C. % = 101 FFM Code

FIGURE 3 - 1600 HR Me % STRATIFIED BY CLASSES OF

101-FFMC SHOWING 95% CONFIDENCE INTER­

VALS AND LINE OF PERFECT AGREEMENT

100 ,... 0

0

80 t 00

70 0

60 f- 00

50~

~401 \wC 300 I '--- ~ \0u:l;Il.Il. 20,~

I /'\"'.""0 >-'

~ 0-

10

••7

6

o TIME OF DAY ADJUSTMENT

.. RELATIVE HUMIDITY ADJUSTMENT

s [ I ! I ! I ! ! I I ! ! I

1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 0200 0400 0600 0800 1000

TIME OF DAY (HOUR)

FIGURE 4 . DIURNAL FUEL. MOISTURE REGIMES INITIATED AT CAL.CUL.ATED 1600 HR

MCC1Q1·fFM CODE) Of 6, 26 AND B1,", MC WITH EARL. Y MORNING R.H.ADJUSTMENTS

I­ZwI­Zouw[(

:::>l­I/)

o::;

- 17 -

100

50

100600

0'00

1000

5

2000

2.51100

120014001600

t51.5 2.5 5 10 25 50 100

ACTUAL 1600 HR M.C. %

APPENDIX A

STRAIGHT LINE OF BEST FIT THROUGH POINTS SHOWN IN TABLE I

SHOWING RELATION OF Me '" AT TIME "t" TO 1600 HR Me %

- 18 -

Appendix B

OF R2

'1(; , "1"0' 14 (lOl-CODE) -.OC0099 (lOl-CODE)) 146 .78, ':'1200:;:: -.~....... ,,'" '.

HC;~1.400 :;:: -9.Eto + 2.33 (lOI-CO~E) -.000)8 (lOl-':ODE)) 98 ,,51

~~~1600 :;:: -~.3? ... 1./~ (lOI-CODE) ....coon (lOl-CO~E)) 14e .E5

1-IC'~1800 ." 1.4~"l'" 1.;:C (lOl-eODE) + .COO24 (lOl-CO~E)) 145 .eJ,:;:: -3~ ...... ....S'1 (lOl-eODE) + .C0026 (lOl-':ODE)) + ·<l·(~?oo) ll.4 .E5

MC~2000 :;:: 3.02 ... 1.]C (lOl-COIlE) + .0001E (lOl-eOilE)) 140 .eo:;:: -3.95 ....99 (101-CC9E) + .00021 (lOl-SODE)) + .::::3 (Rll

2oo0) 1)9 .e2

HC~:0600 :;:: 1l.eS ... 1.70 (lOl-CODE) + .Coo)) (lOl-CODE)) 122 .e6= -5.48 + 1.52 (lOl-CODE) + .000)6 (lOl-~OOE)) + 24 (RH0600 ) 121 .87

;.IC';0800 :;:: 10.. 47 ... 1.41 (lOl-CODE) + .G002) (lOl-COD£)) 124 .82= ~.;;;'8 ... 1.21 (lOl-CGDE) + .COO25 (lOl-CODE)) + .34 (RHoeoo ) 12) .e5

HC~lO()O :;:: -8.~ + 1.40 (lC1-CODE) + .28 (~OOO).000089 (101-CODE))

102 .~)

:;;: -6.;;7 + 1.C6 (lOl-COOE) + .32 (p 000) + 101 .14

;1[r.;;:1:00 :;:: -~.CJ ... 1.33 (J.C%1600)

J.lC;1400 = -3.55 + 1.4) (1l0%1600) - .000075 (I!OS600))

HC.;:leoa = ).44 + .eJ, (;1C"16oo)

aC':2000 = 6.14 + .81 (HO~l(,OO)

!!O;'06DO = -1.f.0 + .":9 (:4C%16oo) + .24 (RlI0600 ) + .0000046 (HC~16oo))

110;;0800 = .59 + .90 (f!O%1600) + .21 (RE0800)

HC;lOOO = -.E5 + .74 (;lC%1600) - .COoo049 (HO%1600)) + .21 (~OOO)

1::.6 .e5

94 .94

145 .95

140 .95

120 .9)

122 .91

leO .E)

- 19 -

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&.PFUDD D- FDiI FU&L MOISTURB: Cali rQl 0600 IIOURS

STAR'ttYG VALaI - !i:S'lZRDU'S nNE I'\lKL MOIS'nlRE COOl - 1600 HOOR.5

0 5101520 25 )0 35 40 45 SO 55 60 65 70 7578 aJlll.828J1t4 85 lJ6 ff1 88 89 90 91 92 93 9lo 95 96 97 98 99

0600 Hfta.H.': fOOAI'S P'INE I'UXL MOIS'NkI ccm: - 0600 HOORS

UNDAR16 91316202./0. 28 31 J6 40 44 .lo8 52 57 61 66 7072 74 75 77 79 79 80 82 9J It4 85 86 87 89 90 91 93 94 96 99 99lh-21 711141822 26 JO )4 )8 42 46 SO 55 59 64 69 71 7) 74 76 77 78 ~1IOB:29J1t4 85 96 88 99 90 91 92 94 96 9722-27 59131620 24 28 )2 )5 40 44 48 53 57 62 6769 71 72 74 75 76 77 79 81 B:2 9J 84 85 87 98 99 90 91 92 94 95

28 - 37 ) 7111418 22 26 30 )4 )9 42 4.6 51 55 60 65 67 69 70 72 74 75 69 78 79 110 B:2 8J 84 85 87 88 8'9 90 91 92 9338 - 47 1591216 20 24 28 31 )6 40 44 lo9 53 58 6365 67 68 70 72 73 74 76 77 79 80 81 a:2 84 85 87 88 89 90 91 9248 - 57 0) 7111S 18 22 26 29 )4 )8 10.2 47 51 56 6163 65 67 68 70 71 72 74 76 T7 78 80 81 82 84 85 8788999091

58 - 67 004812 16 20 2) Z7 )1 3S 40 44 49 SJ. 5961 6) 64 65 68 69 70 7) 74 7S 76 78 79 81 S2 84 8687888'99068 - 77 o 0 1 4 9 13 17 21 2S 29 )) )7 42 47 52 5759 61 62 64 66 67 68 71 72 7J 75 76 78 79 81 8J 843687888978 - 87 00025 1014182226 )0 35 )9 44 49 55 57 59 60 62 64 65 666970717) 74 76 78 79 81 8J 85 96 B7 88OVER 87 0000,. 51116202.10. 28 )) 37 42 47 53 5S 57 58 60 61 6) 65 67 68 70 71 7J 7S 76 78 80 82 94 65 86 ff1

WH 1600-0600 HIt,01 - .03 IN. 0161116 212631)6U 46 51 56 61 66 7174 76 T7 78 'ri 79 lK)81828J8J 84 85 86 rr 87 sa 89 90 9Q 91.04 - .09 0041014 19 23 26 )) 38 42 47 52 56 61 .. " 71 71 72 7) 71to 75 75 76 77 77 78 79 80 81 81 82 8) 8) 810 85.10> 001711 1418222629 )) 37 40 .IoJ 46 49 51 52 53 53 54 55 55 56 56 57 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 62 62 63 6)

,~

cO/nIt/UED

!PPEl'lIJII ~ YDlE nw. MOISTURJ!i ca. Pal 1600 IfOORS

STARmG ViUII - T<llAI'S rDI! fUEL MOISTURE COllE - 0600 IiOlIR:S

o ~101~20 25 30 )5 40 45 SO 55 60 65 70 75 78 110 8182 It,.l 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

1hOO HRR.H•• TCiaT'S YIKE rv&L MOISTURE caz - 1600 HOOB5

""'Ell 16 71 73 75 76 78 80 81 83 85 86 88 89 91 92 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 9696979797 97 rn 98 98 9916 _ 21 67 70 72 74 76 78 79 81 8) 85 86 88 89 91 92 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 9822-27 65 6a 70 72 74 76 78 80 8:2 54 85 87 88 90 91 9291 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 97 97 97

28 - 37 62 64 67 69 71 74 76 78 00 82 8486879990 9192 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 9638 - 47 ~3 :56 59 62 6~ 68 71 74 76 79 8184868889 9191 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 9548-57 47 SO 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 76 78 81 8) 85 87 .. '" 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94

.sa - 67 4.2465053:56 59 63 66 69 71 75 78 00 83 85 8"'8 9989899090 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 93 9368-77 38 103 .t.6 49 53 56 60 6) 66 69 71 75 78 81 83 .... 8788888889 8989909090 90 90 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 9278 - 8? 35 40 44 47 SO 53 ~7 60 63 66 69 73 75 78 81 .... 85 86 86 86 87 8787888888 8888899989 89899090900'IiIl 87 3J J7 41 4J 47 50 5J 56 59 63 666972n78 8182 8383838484 85 85 85 85 86 8686878787 8788888888

!AIM 0600-1.600 tal.01 - .03 Di. 0051015 20 25 JO J5 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 71 72 72 72 7) 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 78 78 78 78.ll4 - .09 000 OlD 15 20 25 JO 35 40 40 45 4~ 50 5~ 55 ~~ 60 60 60 60 60 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 70 70 7070707070.lO<- 00005 10 10 15 15 20 25 25 JO JO 3S 35 35 35 40 40 40 40 40 45 4~ 45 45 SO SO SO SO SO 55 55 55 55 55

~

co:rrn,lIWJPPE.!IDII 0- YINE FUZL KClIS1\IRI COOR Fa!. 1000 HOOR3

STARnHG VALl.IX - TCIlAI'S nNl rtJl.L HOISTIJRE COOl - 0600 HOURS

0510152.0 25 JO 35 ItO 45 SO 55 60 65 70 75 78 80 81 82 83 St. 85 86 !1 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 9S 96 97 98 99

1000 Hia.H.t: TOOAI's TIHB PUXL KOISTURE CODE - lOCiO HOURS

UlffiFJl" 2.0 Z1 33 38 44 SO 54 60 64 69 73 77 III 84 87 9091 91 92 92 93 9) 94 94 94 9S 95 95 9S 96 96 96 96 96 97 98 99

"-21 182531370 49 SJ 59 63 68 72 76 80 83 86 "90 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 9) 94 94 94 94 95 9S 95 95 95 96 97 9822_>7 17 21 29 35 41 47 5.2 57 62 66 71 75 79 82 85 88" 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 9) 9) 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 9S 95 96 97

28 - 37 15 21 27 33 )9 44 49 54 59 6J,. 6873 n80 84 8788 89 89 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 9638 - 47 12 18 24 )0 35 41 46 51 56 61 66 70 76 79 S2 .S eo 8788899090 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 92 9) 93 93 93 94 94 9548-57 11 17 23 29 34 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 7S 78 S2 .S eo 8788898989 9090909090 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 9) 9) 94

58 - 67 91520273) 38 44 49 54 59 64687)n80 8)'" 85 86 87 87 87 8888898989 8989899090 90 90 91 92 9)68 - ." 714192631 37 42 47 52 57 62667174n 8lt12 83 B) 84 84 85 85 85 86 86 86 8686868787 8'78788899078· 87 6 12 17 2) 28 3) 39 41. 49 54 59 6) 68 72 75 79 SO Sl 81 82 82 83 83 8) 8) 83 8) 83 B) 84 84 St. 84 84 85 86 !1OVER 87 5UlS2126 )1 )6 42 47 51 56 61 65 69 73 76 78 7979808:180 8080808080 Sl Sl 81 81 III 81 81 82 8'J 84

U?ENDII 0- rIHJ P'U!L KOISTURB COOl 1Q!. 1200 HOORS

STARTING VlllJK - TOOI.I'S rIHE P'1JEL KOIST\lRS com: - 0600 HOURS

05101520 25 )0 35 40 45 SO 55 60 65 70 7S 78 80818283&4 85 86 !1 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

1200 HiR.H.t: T'OOAI'S fiNE FUEL KOIST\1flX COOl - 1200 HOURS

1ll<llEIl ,. 3S IIJ 47 52 57 61 66 70 74 78 81 84 87 89 91 92 93 93 9J 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 97 91 98 98 99"-21 33 38 44 SO 55 60 64 69 7J 76 8083868890 9192 92 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 9822->7 3O)64248SJ sa 63 67 71 7S 7982838789 9191 92 92 92 92 92 9) 93 93 9) 94 94 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 rn 97

28 - 37 JO 34 39 44 49 53 59 64 68 72 76 79 82 83 87 "90 91 91 92 92 92 93 9) 93 9) 93 93 9) 93 94 94 95 9S 95 96 96'8 - 47 263231048 5356626670 74n808386 .. " 90 90 91 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 94 'II" 94 95 9548 - 57 2) 29 3S 40 45 SO 55 60 64 68 72 76 79 S2 84 8788 8989909090 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 93 94 94

S8 - 67 222733380 48 SJ 57 61 65 69 73 ." 80 S2 85 85 8787888888 8989898989 8989899090 91 91 91 92 9368-19 20 25 JO 3S 1,0 45 49 54 58 62 667074n8O t128) 85 85 86 86 86 8686868687 8787878888 888888899078 - 87 18 2) 27 33 37 42 46 52 55 59 63 67 71 74 T1 S08l 82828)8)8) 8)8)838383 8)8)848484 84 84 e5 86 87

""" 87 16 21 25 JO 3S 390485256 606468n74 19 7. 7'J 798080 80 8080808080 81 81 81 81 81 81 81 82 8) 84

NN

STARTING VAUIi - TOOll"S fiMi rtliL MOIStuRE CODE - 1600 HOURS

05101520 25 JO )5 40 45 SO 55 6IJ 65 70 75 78 0081828384 85 86 87 sa 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 ':16 97 98 99

2000 HRR.H •.' 'I"OOIJ'S FINE YUEL M0IS1'\IRZ COOS - 2000 HOORS

UND'" 16 21 25 29 32 J6 4,0 4) 47 51 55 58 62 66 70 74 ,,0> 82 8) S4 84 85 8687888989 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9916-2'- 20 24 27 31 J4 )8 42 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 7) 7779 81 82 8) 8) 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 9822-27 19 22 25 29 33 J6 41 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 7678 eo 81 82 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 97

28 -)7 17 19 24 25 )1 35 39 4) 47 11 55 59 63 67 71 7677 79 00 81 82 8) S4 85 86 S7 88 89 90 91 92 9) 94 95 96 96 9738 - 47 15 18 22 24 29 )3 J7 41 45 49 52 57 62 66 70 75 76 78 79 00 81 82 8) 84 85 86 S7 88 89 90 91 92 9) 94 96 96 9648 - 57 12 16 20 24 28 )2 35 )9 44 48 52 56 60 65 69 7476 78 78 79 eo 81 82 8) 84 85 86 S7 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95 95

58 - 67 11 15 19 21 27 JO 34 )S 4J 47 51 5S 59 64 68 73 75 77 78 79 SJ 81 82 83 84 85 86 S7 88 89 90 91 93 94 95 95 9568 - 77 91)172125 29 33 37 41 45 49 54 58 63 67 72 74 76 77 78 79 110 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 S9 90 91 92 93 95 95 9578 - S7 812162024 28 32 36 40 44 48 53 57 62 66 71 73 75 76 77 78 79 00 81 82 810 85 86 88 88 89 90 92 93 94 94 94

OVER "711151923 27 31 35 39 43 47 52 56 61 65 7072 74 75 77 78 79 110 81 82 9) 84 85 86 88 89 90 91 93 94 94 94

CO::Tll:u':'oli'PE....mII 0-

UPEllDIl 0-

I'IMi FUEL MOISTURE COOS Fee 2000 J:l0llRS

FINE rtliL MOISTURB COOl rat 2400 HOORS~

STARTING VAM - TalA! '5 P'DiB rtlEL MOISTUR& CaE - 1600 H0UB3

05101520 25 JO 35 40 45 SO 55 6IJ 65 70 75 78 00 91 82 83 S4 95 86 S7 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

2400 HRR.H.S: TOOAJ'S rnre FUEL MOIST\IR! eros - 2400 HOURS

IJND'" 16 21 24 tJ:7 30 34 37.41444952 55 59 63 67 71 7577 79 110 00 81 82 83 84 85 86 S7 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 9716-2'- 19 22 25 29 )2 )6 39 43 1+6 SO 54 59 61 65 69 74 76 78 78 79 00 81 S2 83 84 85 86 S7 88 89 90 91 92 94 95 95 9622-27 18 21 24 27 31 35 )8 41 45 49 52 56 60 64 68 73 75 77 7? 78 79 80 81 82 8:J 84 85 86 S7 88 90 91 92 en 94 94 95

28 - 37 16 19 22 25 29 33 )6 40 44 47 51 55 59 63 67 72 74 7676777879 l1081S2838Jo 115 ~ as 89 90 91 '1) 94 94 9538 - 47 15 18 21 24 27 31 35 38 42 1+6 49 S3 58 62 66 n72 74 75 76 77 78 79 90 81 8J 84 8S 86 87 sa 90 91 92 94 94 9448-57' 13 16 19 22 26 28 ),3 J6 41 44 48 ,52 56 60 65 69n 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 00 82 83 84 85 86 86 89 90 91 93 93 93

58 - 67 11 1.4 17 20 25 27 )1 35 )9 42 4h 51 55 59 63 6870 72 7) 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 82 8J 84 85 S7 88 90 91 92 92 9268 - 77 91215182) 25 29 33 37 41 45 ..9 53 57 62 6668 70 72 7) 74 75 76 77 78 79 81 8283848687 88 90 92 92 9278 - ~ 7 10 14 17 21 23 27 31 35 39 /oJ 47 51 SS 60 6567 69 70 71 72 73 75 76 77 79 79 81 82 8J 95 86 88 89 91 91 91

OVER "5 9111418 21 25 29 33 37 U4S4953S8 6365 67 68 69 71 72 7J 74 75 76 711 79 lK) 82 83 85 8688909090

_~~I::C-:.!:l

APPENDII: II- JPDQ; YUlL MOISTURE COOl rat. 1400 KOORS

STABTIllO VAllJI _ TCIlU'S lIHB Pl/KL MOISTURE CODS - 0600 HOURS

05101520 25 )0 )5 40 45 SO 55 60 65 70 75 78 eo 81 82 8) S4 a5 S6 W1 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

1400 HRR.K.% rooAI'S PIHB PIJ£L MOIST!JRi COIl& - 1400 BOORS

UIlIlER 16 49 54 S9 6) 67 72 75 78 81 S/o. 86 88 90 92 93 9494 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 9696979797 97 97 9a 98 9916_2l. 47 52 56 61 65 69 72 76 79 81 S4 86 t¥7 90 92 9) 9) 9) 93 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 97 97 9822-27 4h 51 55 59 6) 67 70 7J 76 79 S285~8991 9292 93 93 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96%969797

28 -)7 44 49 5) 57 61 65 68 72 75 78 81 at. 86 88 90 9191 92 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 9) 94 94 94 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 963a .. 47 41 4h SO 55 59 6) 66 69 7J 76 7982848688 9090 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 9) 93 93 94 9.10 9.lo. 94 94 94 95 95.lo.8 - 57 3943485256 606467n7.lo. Tl eo 8) 85 t¥7 "" 9090909090 91 91 91 91 91 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 9) 94 94

58 - 67 )5 )9 4) 47 51 55 S9 62 66 70 7)76798284 8687 W188888889 8989898989 8989909090 91 91 91 92 9368 - Tl 34)74.146.lo.9 53 57 60 64 67 71 74 77 79 82 ...... as a5 86 86 B7 g'f'J7W1W1W1 8888888989 89 89 90 91 9278 - W1 2933)8U45 49 53 56 60 6) 67 70 73 76 79 8182 8)838)8484 84a4S4S484 85 85 85 S6 86 868687S889OVER 87 2529)))7U 44 /olI 51 55 58 62 65 69 72 75 7778 79eo~8081 81 81 81 81 81 82 82 82 8) 83 8)83848585

~!PPENDII D- P'IHE YUIL MOISTURB COlI: PeR 1000 BOORS

STARTING VAWE - TOO4I'5 lIHB PUEL MOISTURE COO£ - 1600 KOORS

05101520 25 )0 )5 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 78 eo 81 82 8) 84 85 96 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

'''''' HRR.Il •.' TOO4I '5 rINi rUiL HOIS1VRE COOK - J.a)O HOORS

UND:c;R16 17 2l 25 29 33 37 41 45 SO 54 58 62 67 71 75 1'181 8) 84 85 85 86 8788899090 91 92 9) 94 95 96 97 97 98 9916-2l. 15 19 23 27 31 36 40 44 48: 5.2 57 61 65 69 74 7880 81 82 83 84 85 8687888889 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 9822-27 1418222.6)0 )5 39 It3 47 51 56 60 64 69 73 771'1 81 82 83 84 85 85S6~8889 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 97 98

28 - 37 lJ 17 21 25 29 34 J8 '+2 46 so 55 59 63 68 72 7778 8081828)84 85 86 g'f 88 89 90 91 92 93 9.lo. 95 96 97 97 9738 .. .lo.7 1216202428 3337U45.lo.9 54 sa 62 67 71 76 78 80 81 81 82 8) 84 85 86 g'f 88 89 90 91 92 93 91, 95 96 96 96... - ~7' 11 15 19 2J 'r1 32364044.lo.8 53 57 61 66 70 7~ 77 79 S) Sl 82 8) 8) 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 96 96

sa - 67 1014182226 )0 34 39 It3 45 52 56 60 65 70 7476 78 79 80 81 82 8) 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 96 96 9668-77 9 1.3 17 21 25 29 33 38 '+2 46 n5S596469 737> Tl 78 79 ao 8l 82 8) 84 85 86 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95 9578 - 87 8 1.2 16 20 24 28 32 36 /oJ. 45 49 54 sa 63 67 7274 76 Tl 78 79 80 81 82 8) 84 85 W1 88 89 90 91 92 94 95 95 95

""" 87 7lD 14 lBa2 26 )0 34 39 43 47 52 56 61 66 n73 75 76 'n 78 79 lJ>8l828)84 8687888990 92 93 94 94 94