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Systems and Heaps
A System• Interconnecting parts
function as a whole• Changed or damaged if
you add or remove pieces• Arrangement is crucial• Parts are connected and
only work together• Behavior depends on total
structure. Change the structure and behavior changes.
A Heap• A collection of parts
• Essential properties unchanged if you add or remove pieces
• Arrangement is irrelevant
• Parts are not connected and can function separately
• Behavior (if any) depends on size, or number of pieces
Adapted from CDC
What is a Program Logic Model?
A co nceptual m ap o f yo ur pro gram
A picture o f the linkages between a pro gram 's key co m po nents
P laces the pro cess o f co nducting a pro gram and the expected results f ro m that pro cess into a linked m o del
Purpose of a Logic Model
• Describes the elements of a program
• Describes the chain of plausible linkages between those elements
• Show the sequence between program activities and expected outcomes
Logic ModelA graphic representation that shows logical relationships between inputs, outputs and outcomes relative to a situation
SITUATION
INPUTS OUTCOMESOUTPUTS
Adapted from UW ExtensionAdapted from UW Extension
Logic Model
INPUTS
Programmatic investments
What we invest
OUTPUTS
Activities Participation
What we do
Who we reach
OUTCOMES
Short Medium Long
term
What results
Adapted from UW Extension
Participation
OUTPUTS
Activities
OUTCOMES
Short Medium Long
term
INPUTS
Programmatic investments
EVALUATION
PLANNING
Adapted from UW Extension
STAFFMONEY
TIMEVOLUNTEERS
PARTNERSEQUIPMENT
INPUTS
Adapted from UW Extension
PARTICIPATION Participants Clients Customers UsersConsumers
ACTIVITIES Service DeliveryWorkshops Counseling Facilitation Curriculum design TrainingsConferences
OUTPUTS What we do Who we reach
Adapted from UW Extension
LONG-TERMConditions
Human Economic Civic Environment
MEDIUMAction
Behavior Practice Decisions Policies Social action
SHORTLearning
Awareness Knowledge Attitudes Skills Opinion Aspirations Motivation
OUTCOMESWhat results for individuals, businesses, communities..…
Adapted from UW Extension
M O DEL LINKAG ES
G o al O b je ctiv e s In te rv e n tio n O u tco me s
Sh o rt Te rm
Lo n g Te rm(imp acts)
Ev alu atio n Stag e s
Pro ce ss O u tco meProblem/IssueProblem/Issue
Definitions
• Problem /Issue A condition that requires action (e.g., social or health).
• Goal A statement of an ideal or hoped for state or
condition. It is usually general and abstract.
• Objectives Statements of specific, achievable, and measurable desired accomplishments of a program that are derived from the goal.
Definitions: Objectives
• Outcome Objectives Statements that specify the desirable results of an intervention.
• Process Objectives Statements that identify the steps to be taken (activities/interventions) toward accomplishing a desired end (outcome). Examples are service delivery, recruitment, instruction, referral.
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Related to the goal
Time Limited
Definitions: Process• Inputs are resources a program uses to achieve
program objectives.
• Activities are what a program does with its inputs-the services it provides-to fulfill its mission.
• Outputs are the products of program activities
and are measured in terms of what was done, how it was done, and who received it.
Definitions: Outcomes• Outcomes Benefits or changes for individual or
populations during or after participation in program activities. They are influenced by a program’s outputs.
• Short-term Example: an increase in intention to use condoms due to a sex education intervention.
• Intermediate Outcomes Example: an increase in condom use due to a sex education intervention.
• Long-term Outcomes Example: a decrease in
STD rates due to a sex education intervention.
OUTCOME LINKAGE EXAMPLE
Teen Parenting Program1
CoordinatedCase
Management
Increased Services
(Output)
Decrease in
Repeat
Pregnancies(Intermediate)
Increased Financial
Independence
(LongTerm)
OUTCOME LINKAGE EXAMPLEPregnancy/STD Prevention Program2
Small group sessions /advocacy /referral
(Process)
Increase knowledge/ decrease sexual activity intent, increase intent to use contraceptives(Short Term Outcome)
Decrease in Sexual
Activity and/or Increase
in Effective
Contraceptive Use
Decrease in Pregnancy
Rates/STDs
(Long Term Outcome)(Intermediate Outcome)
Developing a Logic Model
• Identify the problem or issue that the program will address• Identify the ultimate goal of the program in addressing the
problem• The objectives lead to the conduct of a variety of activities
(intervention, training, service delivery)• Each activity is assumed to result in short-term outcomes• The short-term outcomes lead to intermediate outcomes• The intermediate outcomes lead to long-term outcomes• Long-term outcomes should have an impact on the ultimate
program goal
Problem/Issue
The adolescent pregnancy rate and STI/STD rate in Washington State is increasing. A needs assessment points to pockets of “high risk” youth 13-16 years of age that are especially vulnerable and are accounting for a disproportionate share of these rates. The Department of Health wants to address this issue by funding “client focused” prevention interventions targeting these populations in the state. A RFP is sent out and your team will respond. Develop a simple logic model that “maps” your response.
Goal Outcome Objectives
Intervention(Process)
Short-term Outcomes
Intermediate Outcomes
Long-term Outcomes
A statement of an ideal or hoped for state or condition. It is usually general and abstract.
Statements that specify the desirable results of an intervention that are derived from the goal.
Statements that identify the steps to be taken toward accomplishing a desired end (outcome).
•Inputs•Activities•Interventions
Outputs
Outputs are the products of program activities and are measured in terms of what was done, how it was done, and who received it.
Short term benefits or changes for participants that are influenced by a program’s outputs. (e.g., Knowledge, Attitudes, Intention)
Intermediate benefits or changes for participants that are influenced by a program’s outputs and follow short term outcomes.(e.g., Behavior).
Long term benefits or changes for participants that are influenced by a program’s outputs, follow intermediate outcomes and impact the target population.
Logic Model: Client Centered Program
Exercise
Identify:
1. Goal2. Outcome Objectives 3. Inputs/Activities/Intervention 4. Outputs5. Short Term Outcomes6. Intermediate Term Outcomes7. Long term Term Outcomes
Goal
To improve the social and health well being of teens by delaying sexual intercourse and/or reducing risks for early pregnancy/STDs
