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Dengue fever in Singapore & Pakistan
Introduction
The most common mosquito-borne viral disease in the world
Caused by a virus transmitted by the Aedes mosquito (DENV-1 to 4)
Could escalate into Dengue Hemorrhagic fever (Dengue Shock Syndrome - Potentially fatal)
Dengue fever is not contagiousDoes not spread by contact with an infected personSpreads by blood
Dengue statistics in Singapore & Pakistan
Year Suspected cases
Cases laborator
y-confirme
d
Deaths
2006 4961 1931 41
2007 2304 1226 18
2008 2792 2469 17
2009 1940 1085 13
2010 15 901 11 024 40
2011 252 935 17 057 219
Table 1. Denge fever cases reported from Pakistan, 2009–2011
The Aedes Mosquito
Characteristic black and white stripesOnly female mosquito bitesViral incubation period of 7 daysPeak biting period is at dawn and duskLife span of approximately 14 daysLays egg 3 times per lifetimeEggs can remain dormant for a period of up to 9 month
Dengue Fever Virus (DENV)
A type of RNA virus from the Flaviviridae familyTransmitted by anthropods i.e. arboviruses11,000 nucleotide bases in genome Code for C, prM & E protein molecules5 strains of virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4)Difference is based on their antigenicity
Dengue Virus (TEM microscopy)
Dengue fever diagnosis
In laboratory, detection of specific antibodies in patients’ serum
Repeated 2-3 weeks later if necessary Commercial rapid test kits are availableMolecular detection (Polymerase Chain Reaction)Dengue antigen testing Blood of patient should be taken as soon as possible after the
onset of related symptoms
Transmission
The virus are transmitted through the bites of infected female mosquitos
Symptoms
Dengue fever is like a severe flu-like illness that affects infants, young children, but seldom causes death
High fever Severe headachePain behind the eyesMuscle and joint painsNausea and vomittingSwollen glands or rash
Symptoms
Usually last 2-7 days, after an incubation period of 4-10 days once bitten by an infected mosquito
Treatment
Treatment is purely concerned with the relief of the symptoms
RestFluid intake for adequate hydrationAspirinNSAIDAcetoaminophenCodeine
Treatment
Chemeri Vax Dengue
A tetravalent vaccineUses Yellow Fever Vaccine as a base20% conversionStill under research
Prevention
Vector control
Use mosquito nets, sprays and repellant oilDrain stagnant water sitesWear full clothes at dusk and dawnFumigationPublic awareness/education
Sources
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/rise-in-dengue-type-2/1334776.html
http://www.moh.gov.sg/content/moh_web/home/diseases_and_conditions/d/dengue.html
http://www.dengue.gov.sg/subject.asp?id=12http://www.dengue.gov.sg/subject.asp?id=100http://
www.cgh.com.sg/Lists/Health%20Library/Attachments/79/CGH%20AllAbout%20Dengue.pdf
http://www.emro.who.int/surveillance-forecasting-response/outbreaks/dengue-fever-in-pakistan.html