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Democracy and Inequality-reduction in Brazil
Marta ArretcheUSP/CEM
FAPESP Week CALIFORNIA
November 17-21, 2014
http://www.fflch.usp.br/centrodametropole/en/
Census Project - 50 years of Data
GIS - TerraView Courses Social PolicyTraining on Geoprocessing for urban analysis
1. The Puzzle
1. Different expected outcomes from the same source
1. In the developed world, democracy led to inequality reduction along the XXth century AND democracy would also keep inequality at low levels
↑ the median voter theory (Meltzer and Richard, 1981)
2. This path would be problematic in the developing world
↑ wrong institutions
↑ historical legacies
↑ quality of democracy
However, facts subverted!
Facts subverted!
Earning Gains by vintile - 1981-2013
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1º Vintile 3º Vintile 10º Vintil 19º Vintil
Inequality-reductionthe richest x the poorest earning ratio 1981-2013
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013
19°vintil/1° vintil 19°vintil/3°vintil
The Gender Wage Ratio: Women’s and Men’s Earnings - Brazil - 1981-2012
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95
Razão
Percentis de Renda
1981 1990 2001 2012
The Race Wage Ratio: White’s and Non-white’s Earnings - Brazil - 1987-2012
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95
Razão
Percentis de Renda
1987 1990 2001 2012
Inequality reduction in the job Market
Earnings ratio : 1981-2013
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
19811982198319841985198619871988198919901992199319951996199719981999200120022003200420052006200720082009201120122013
17°vintil/10°vintil 15°vintil/5°vintil 17°vintil/5°vintil
The Education Returns
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1960 1960 1980 1991 2000 2010
Pop 12-5 years-old and 4 schooling year estudo
Pop 16-8 years-old and 8 schooling years
Pop 19-20 and 11 schooling years
Conclusions
• Policies connect democracy to inequality-reduction
• Inequality-reduction is the result of a combination of policies
• whose trajectory is independent
• and unfold over time
Thanks!
Marta Arretche [email protected]
Center for Metropolitan Studieshttp://www.fflch.usp.br/centrodametropole/en/
Trajetória dos Serviços de acordo com
a renda
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
1º 2º 3º 4º 5º 6º 7º 8º 9º 10º 11º12º 13º14º15º 16º17º 18º19º20º
Água Esgoto Coleta de Lixo Energia
Trajetória Territorial do Acesso a
Esgoto
1970
1980
1991
2000
2010
