Demand vs Div

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Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-UtilizationFactor-Load Factor

OCTOBER 31, 2011 48 COMMENTS (HTTP://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2011/10/31/DEMAND-FACTOR-DIVERSITY-FACTOR-UTILIZATION-FACTOR-LOAD-FACTOR/#COMMENTS)

(1) Demand factor:

Demand Factor = Maximum demand of a system / Total connected load on the system

Demand factor is always less than one.Example: if a residence having 6000W equipment connected has a maximum demand of 3000W,Thandemand factor = 3000W / 6000W = 0.5The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to serve the connected load.Feeder-circuit conductors should have an ampere sufficient to carry the load; the ampere of thefeeder-circuit need not always be equal to the total of all loads on all branch-circuits connected to it.Remember that the demand factor permits a feeder-circuit ampere to be less than 100% of the sum ofall branch-circuit loads connected to the feeder.

Example: One Machine Shop has

Fluorescent fixtures=1 No, 5kw each, Receptacle outlets =1 No, 1500w each.1.Lathe=1No, 10 Hp, Air Compressor=1 No, 20 Hp, Fire Pump=1 No, 15 Hp.2.

After questioning the customer about the various loads, the information is further deciphered asfollows:

The shop lights are on only during the hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.1.The receptacle outlets are in the office only, and will have computers and other small loads pluggedinto them.

2.

The lathe is fully loaded for 5 minutes periods. The rest of the time is setup time. This procedurerepeats every 15 minutes.

3.

The air compressor supplies air to air tools and cycles off and on about half the time.4.

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The fire pump only runs for 30 minutes when tested which is once a month after hours.5.

Calculation:

Lighting Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.= (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 1.0Lighting Demand Load = 5 kW x 1.0 = 5 kWReceptacle Outlet Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor= (15 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 0.1 = 0.1Receptacle Outlet Demand Load = 15 x 1500 wa s x 0.1 = 2.25 kWLathe Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.= (5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 =0 .33Lathe Demand Load = 10 hp x .746 x .33 = 2.46 kWAir Compressor Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.= (7.5 minute run time / 15 minutes) x 1.0 = 0.5Air Compressor Demand Load = 20 hp x .746 x .5 = 7.46 kWFire Pump Demand Factor = Demand Interval Factor x Diversity Factor.= (15 minute run time/ 15 minutes) x 0.0 = 0.0Fire Pump Demand Load = 15 hp x .746 x 0.0 = 0.0 kWSummary of Demand Loads :

Equipment kW D.F. Demand KW

Lighting 5 1 5

Receptacle Outlets 22.5 .1 2.25

Lathe 7.5 .33 2.46

Air Compressor 15 0.5 7.46

Fire Pump 11.25 0.0 0.0

TOTAL 61.25 Kw 17.17 Kw

(2) Diversity factor / simultaneity factor (Ks):

Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Max. Demand. / Max. Demand on Power Station.

Diversity Factor = Installed load. / Running load.

Diversity factor is usually more than one. (Since the sum of individual max. demands >Max. Demand)The load is time dependent as well as being dependent upon equipment characteristics. The diversityfactor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this timeInterdependence (i.e. diverseness).When the maximum demand of a supply is being assessed it is not sufficient to simply add together theratings of all electrical equipment that could be connected to that supply. If this is done, a figuresomewhat higher than the true maximum demand will be produced. This is because it is unlikely thatall the electrical equipment on a supply will be used simultaneously.


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The concept of being able to De-rate a potential maximum load to an actual maximum demand isknown as the application of a diversity factor.70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level 70% ofthe time that it is connected and turned on.If total installed full load ampere is twice your running load ampere then the diversity factor is two.If total installed full load ampere is four times your load a ampere then the diversity factor is four.If everything (all electrical equipment) was running at full load at the same time the diversity factor isequal to OneGreater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power.Diversity factor in a distribution network is the ratio of the sum of the peak demands of the individualcustomers to the peak demand of the network.This will be determined by the type of service, i.e., residential, commercial, industrial and combinationsof such.Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW. Thefeeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8. This results from the timingdifferences between the individual heating/cooling, appliance usages in the individual customers.As supply availability decreases, the diversity factor will tend to increase toward 1.00. This can bedemonstrated when restoring service after outages (called “cold starts”) as the system initial surge canbe much greater than the historical peak loads.Example-II: A sub-station has three outgoing feeders:

feeder 1 has maximum demand 10 MW at 10:00 am,1.feeder 2 has maximum demand 12 MW at 7:00 pm and2.feeder 3 has maximum demand 15 MW at 9:00 pm,3.While the maximum demand of all three feeders is 33 MW at 8:00 pm.4.

Here, the sum of the maximum demand of the individual sub-systems (feeders) is 10 + 12 + 15 = 37MW, while the system maximum demand is 33 MW. The diversity factor is 37/33 = 1.12. The diversityfactor is usually greater than 1; its value also can be 1 which indicates the maximum demand of theindividual sub-system occurs simultaneously.Diversity is the relationship between the rated full loads of the equipment downstream of a connectionpoint, and the rated load of the connection point. To illustrate:

The building at these co-ordinates is fi ed with a 100A main supply fuse.1.The distribution board has 2no. 6A breakers, 1no. 20A breaker and 5no. 32A breakers, a total,potentially, of 192A.

2.

Not all these rated loads are turned on at once. If they were, then the 100A supply fuse would rupture,as it cannot pass 192A. So the diversity factor of the distribution board can be said to be 192A/100A, or1.92, or 52%.Many designers prefer to use unity as the diversity factor in calculations for planning conservatismbecause of plant load growth uncertainties. Local experience can justify using a diversity factor largerthan unity, and smaller service entrance conductors and transformer requirements chosen accordingly.The diversity factor for all other installations will be different, and would be based upon a localevaluation of the loads to be applied at different moments in time. Assuming it to be 1.0 may, on someoccasions, result in a supply feeder and equipment rating that is rather larger than the local installationwarrants, and an over-investment in cable and equipment to handle the rated load current. It is be erto evaluate the pa ern of usage of the loads and calculate an acceptable diversity factor for eachparticular case.


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In the case of the example given above, achieving a diversity of 1.0 or 100% would require well overtwice the cross-sectional area of copper cable to be installed in a deep trench underneath a field, therebuild of a feeder cabinet to larger dimensions, more substantial overhead supply cables for a distanceexceeding 2km northwards and a different tariff, where one pays rather more for a kWh than atpresent. The investment required to achieve 1.0 simply isn’t justifiable in this particular case.Diversity factor is mostly used for distribution feeder size and transformer as well as to determine themaximum peak load and diversity factor is always based on knowing the process. You have tounderstand what will be on or off at a given time for different buildings and this will size the feeder.Note for typical buildings diversity factor is always one. You have to estimate or have a data records tocreate 24 hours load graph and you can determine the maximum demand load for node then you caneasily determine the feeder and transformer size.The diversity factor of a feeder would be the sum of the maximum demands of the individualconsumers divided by the maximum demand of the feeder. In the same manner, it is possible tocompute the diversity factor on a substation, a transmission line or a whole utility system.The residential load has the highest diversity factor. Industrial loads have low diversity factors usuallyof 1.4, street light practically unity and other loads vary between these limits.

Diversity Factor in distribution Network:

Elements of System

Diversity Factors

Residential Commercial GeneralPower

LargeIndustrial

Between individual users 2.00 1.46 1.45

Between transformers 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05

Between feeders 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05

Between substations 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10

From users to transformers 2.00 1.46 1.44

From users to feeder 2.60 1.90 1.95 1.15

From users to substation 3.00 2.18 2.24 1.32

From users to generating station 3.29 2.40 2.46 1.45Diversity Factor for distribution switchboards:

Number of circuits Diversity Factor (ks)

Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 3 0.9

4 and 5 0.8

6 to 9 0.7

10 and more 0.6

Assemblies partially tested in every case choose 1Diversity Factor for according to circuit function (IEC 60439):

Circuits Function Diversity Factor (ks)


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Lighting 0.9

Heating and air conditioning 0.8

Socket-outlets 0.7

Lifts and catering hoist

For the most powerful motor 1

For the second most powerful motor 0.75

For all motors 0.8Diversity Factor for an apartment block:

Apartment Diversity Factor (ks)

2 To 4 1

5To 19 0.78

10To 14 0.63

15To 19 0.53

20To 24 0.49

25To 29 0.46

30 To 34 0.44

35 To 39 0.42

40To 40 0.41

50 To Above 0.40Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVAThe apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVAIt is a ma er of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a giveninstallation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this fact is takeninto account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor / Diversity Factor (ks).The Diversity factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution orsub-distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer, since itrequires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the individual circuits areto be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for general application.

Designing Size of Electrical Switchgear by use of Demand Factor and Diversity Factor:

Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing and load predictions.Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing.Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design.For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is multiplied by the demand factortodetermine the load for which the feeder must be sized. This load is termed the maximum demand ofthe feeder. The sum of the maximum demand loads for a number of sub feeders divided by thediversity factor for the sub feeders will give the maximum demand load to be supplied by the feederfrom which the sub feeders are derived.


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Example-1: Suppose We have four individual feeder-circuits with connected loads of 250 kVA, 200kVA, 150 kVA and 400 kVA and demand factors of 90%, 80%, 75% and 85% respectively.Use a diversityfactor of 1.5.Calculating demand for feeder-circuits

250 kVA x 90% = 225 kVA200 kVA x 80% = 160 kVA150 kVA x 75% = 112.5 kVA400 kVA x 85% = 340 kVA837.5 kVAThe sum of the individual demands is equal to 837.5 kVA.If the main feeder-circuit were sized at unity diversity: kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.00 = 837.5 kVA.The main feeder-circuit would have to be supplied by an 850 kVA transformer.However, using the diversity factor of 1.5, the kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.5 = 558 kVA for the main feeder.For diversity factor of 1.5, a 600 kVA transformer could be used.Example-2: A conveyor belt made up of six sections, each driven by a 2 kW motor. As material istransported along this belt, it is first carried by section 1, and then each section in succession untilthe final section is reached. In this simple example only one section of conveyor is carrying materialat any point in time. Therefore five motors are only handling no-load mechanical losses (say .1 kW)keeping the belts moving whilst one motor is handling the load (say 1 kW). The demand presentedby each motor when it is carrying its load is 1 kW, the sum of the demand loads is 6 kW but themaximum load presented by the system at any time is only 1.5 kW.Diversity factor =Sum of Individual Max. Demand / Max. Demand = 6 Kw / 1.5 Kw =4.Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load = 1.5 Kw / 12 Kw = 0.125.

(3) Load factor:

Load Factor = Average load. /Maximum load during a given period.

It can be calculated for a single day, for a month or for a year.Its value is always less than one. Because maximum demand is always more than avg. demand.It is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated. Higher the load factor, lesser will be thecost per unit.Load Factor = Load that a piece of equipment actually draws / Load it could draw (full load).Example: Motor of 20 hp drives a constant 15 hp load whenever it is on. The motor load factor is then 15/20 = 75%.Load factor is term that does not appear on your utility bill, but does affect electricity costs. Loadfactorindicates how efficiently the customer is using peak demand.Load Factor = ( energy (kWh per month) ) / ( peak demand (kW) x hours/month )A high load factor means power usage is relatively constant. Low load factor shows that occasionally ahigh demand is set. To service that peak, capacity is si ing idle for long periods, thereby imposinghigher costs on the system. Electrical rates are designed so that customers with high load factor arecharged less overall per kWh.For ExampleCustomer A – High Load Factor82% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 5 kW x 730 hours/month.


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Customer B – Low Load Factor41% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 10kW x 730 hours/month.To encourage the efficient use of installed capacity, electricity rates are structured so the price perkWhabove a certain load factor is lower. The actual structure of the price blocks varies by rate.

(4) Utilization factor (Ku):

In normal operating conditions the power consumption of a load is sometimes less than that indicatedas its nominal power rating, a fairly common occurrence that justifies the application of an utilizationfactor (ku) in the estimation of realistic values.Utilization Factor = The time that a equipment is in use./ The total time that it could be in use.Example: The motor may only be used for eight hours a day, 50 weeks a year. The hours of operationwould then be 2000 hours, and the motor Utilization factor for a base of 8760 hours per year would be2000/8760 = 22.83%. With a base of 2000 hours per year, the motor Utilization factor would be 100%.The bo om line is that the use factor is applied to get the correct number of hours that the motor is inuse.

This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular a ention to electric motors, whichare very rarely operated at full load. In an industrial installation this factor may be estimated on anaverage at 0.75 for motors.For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances being supplied fromthesockets concerned.

Maximum demand:

Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally carried by circuits,switches and protective devices. It does not include the levels of current flowing under overload orshort circuit conditions. Assessment of maximum demand is sometimes straightforward. For example, the maximum demandof a 240 V single-phase 8 kW shower heater can be calculated by dividing the power (8 kW) by thevoltage (240 V) to give a current of 33.3 A. This calculation assumes a power factor of unity, which is areasonable assumption for such a purely resistive load.There are times, however, when assessment of maximum demand is less obvious. For example, if a ringcircuit feeds fifteen 13 A sockets, the maximum demand clearly should not be 15 x 13 = 195 A, if onlybecause the circuit protection will not be rated at more than 32 A. Some 13 A sockets may feed tablelamps with 60 W lamps fi ed, whilst others may feed 3 kW washing machines; others again may not beloaded at all.Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Each lamp-holder must be assumed tocarry the current required by the connected load, subject to a minimum loading of 100 W per lampholder (a demand of 0.42 A per lamp holder at 240 V). Discharge lamps are particularly difficult to


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assess, and current cannot be calculated simply by dividing lamp power by supply voltage. The reasonsfor this are:

Control gear losses result in additional current,1.the power factor is usually less than unity so current is greater, and2.Chokes and other control gear usually distort the waveform of the current so that it containsharmonicswhich are additional to the fundamental supply current.

3.

So long as the power factor of a discharge lighting circuit is not less than 0.85, the current demand forthe circuit can be calculated from:current (A) = (lamp power (W) x 1.8) / supply voltage (V)For example, the steady state current demand of a 240 V circuit supplying ten 65 W fluorescent lampswould be: I = 10X65X1.8A / 240 = 4.88ASwitches for circuits feeding discharge lamps must be rated at twice the current they are required tocarry, unless they have been specially constructed to withstand the severe arcing resulting from theswitching of such inductive and capacitive loads.

(5) Coincidence factor:

The coincidence factor =Max. demand of a system / sum of the individual maximum demandsThe coincidence factor is the reciprocal of the diversity factor

Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Industries:

Type of Industry DemandFactor

LoadFactor

Utilization Factor(DF x LF)

Arc Furnace 0.55 0.80 0.44

Induction Furnace 0.90 0.80 0.72

Steel Rolling mills 0.80 0.25 0.20

Mechanical/ Electrical

a) Single Shift 0.45 0.25 0.11

b) Double Shift 0.45 0.50 0.22

Cycle Industry 0.40 0.40 0.16

Wire products 0.35 0.40 0.14

Auto Parts 0.40 0.50 0.20

Forgings 0.50 0.35 0.17

Cold Storage


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a) Working Season 0.60 0.65 0.39

b) Non-Working Season 0.25 0.15 0.04

Rice Sheller’s


b) Non-WorkingSeason 0.05 0.30 0.01

Ice Candy Units



Ice Factories



Co on Ginning



Spinning Mills 0.60 0.80 0.48

Textile Industry 0.50 0.80 0.40

Dyeing and Printing 0.40 0.50 0.20

Ghee Mills 0.50 0.50 0.25

Oil Mills 0.70 0.50 0.35

Solvent Extraction Mills 0.45 0.50 0.22

Plastic 0.60 0.25 0.11

Soap 0.50 0.25 0.12

Rubber (Foot Wear) 0.45 0.35 0.16

Distilleries 0.35 0.50 0.17

Chemical Industry 0.40 0.50 0.20

Gas Plant Industry 0.70 0.50 0.35

Pain and ColourFactory 0.50 0.40 0.20

Sugar 0.30 0.45 0.13

Paper 0.50 0.80 0.40

Flour Mills(Single Shift) 0.80 0.25 0.20

A a Chakies 0.50 0.25 0.12

Milk Plants 0.40 0.80 0.32

Printing Presses 0.35 0.30 0.10


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Repair Workshops 0.40 0.25 0.10

Bo ling Plants 0.40 0.35 0.14

Radio Stations 0.55 .0.45 0.25

Telephone exchange 0.50 0.90 0.45

Public Water Works 0.75 0.40 0.30

Medical Colleges 0.60 0.25 0.15

Hospitals 0.25 0.90 0.22

Nursing Homes 0.50 0.50 0.25

Colleges and Schools 0.50 0.20 0.10

Hotels and Restaurants 0.75 0.40 0.30

Marriage Palaces 1.00 0.25 0.25

Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Buildings:

Individual Facilities DemandFactor

Load Factor

Communications – buildings 60-65 70-75

Telephone exchange building 55-70 20-25

Air passenger terminal building 65-80 28-32

Aircraft fire and rescue station 25-35 13-17

Aircraft line operations building 65-80 24-28

Academic instruction building 40-60 22-26

Applied instruction building 35-65 24-28

Chemistry and ToxicologyLaboratory

70-80 22-28

Materials Laboratory 30-35 27-32

Physics Laboratory 70-80 22-28

Electrical and electronics systemslaboratory

20-30 3-7

Cold storage warehouse 70-75 20-25

General warehouse 75-80 23-28

Controlled humidity warehouse 60-65 33-38

Hazardous/flammable storehouse 75-80 20-25

Disposal, salvage, scrap building 35-40 25-20


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Hospital 38-42 45-50

Laboratory 32-37 20-25

Dental Clinic 35-40 18-23

Medical Clinic 45-50 20-23

Administrative Office 50-65 20-35

Single-family residential housing 60-70 10-15

Detached garages 40-50 2-4

Apartments 35-40 38-42

Fire station 25-35 13-17

Police station 48-53 20-25

Bakery 30-35 45-60

Laundry/dry cleaning plant 30-35 20-25

K-6 schools 75-80 10-15

7-12 schools 65-70 12-17

Churches 65-70 5-25

Post Office 75-80 20-25

Retail store 65-70 25-32

Bank 75-80 20-25

Supermarket 55-60 25-30

Restaurant 45-75 15-25

Auto repair shop 40-60 15-20

Hobby shop, art/crafts 30-40 25-30

Bowling alley 70-75 10-15

Gymnasium 70-75 20-45

Skating rink 70-75 10-15

Indoor swimming pool 55-60 25-50

Theater 45-55 8-13

Library 75-80 30-35

Golf clubhouse 75-80 15-20

Museum 75-80 30-35


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About Jignesh.ParmarJignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He has more than 11 yearsexperience in Power Transmission-Power Distribution-Electrical energy theft detection-ElectricalMaintenance-Electrical Projects(Planning-Designing-coordination-Execution). He is Presently associatewith one of the leading business group as a Assistant Manager at Ahmedabad,India. He is FreelancerProgrammer of Advance Excel and design useful Excel Sheets of Electrical Engineering as perIS,NEC,IEC,IEEE codes. He is technical Author for ʺElectrical Mirror ̋and ʺElectrical Indiaʺ Magazines.He is Technical Blogger and Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. He wants to Sharehis experience & knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updatingthemselves on various Engineering Topics.

48 Responses to Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-UtilizationFactor-Load Factor

Manish says:October 31, 2011 at 4:14 pmThank you very much for such a good and detailed article.Your blog posts are always quite good !

ReplyDieter says:November 9, 2011 at 10:55 amAs a junior E&I Engineer, I herewith thank you for your kindness of sharing your knowledge.

I look foreward to more of your work.

ReplyS.SAMBATH says:November 29, 2011 at 1:36 pmSir,The informations are very useful like me as Electricity Board Engineer. Thank u and I expect more.


12 of 19 12/22/2013 9:52 PM

s.sambath

Replyzaheer kha ak says:May 30, 2012 at 7:15 amdear sir, thanks a lot both of u i am electrical engineer and i m working in consultancy firm inpakistani mostly design high rise official and residential building. i want to share and gain someimportant knowledge about designing for All of u and every one how help me.thanksZaheer kha akshaz consultant Peshawar Pakistan

available on Facebook

chemie says:November 30, 2011 at 6:21 amme from malaysia… u are great sir.. thanks a lot

ReplyMd.Samiuddin says:December 7, 2011 at 8:58 amDear Mr. Jignesh Parmar,

The details provided by are very useful. Excellent!

I need a small help. I am an Indian, native of Andhra Pradesh. I am a mechanical engineer, handling anew project in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.The details in the power summary report are:Connected Power Usage = 1290KWHAfter multiplying by power factors and maximum utilization factors individually to each equipment thesum is = 535 KWH.Example: Crane connected power = 95 kwh; power factor = 0.6; Max. Utlzn. Factor= 0.75 gives 95kwhX 0.6 X 0.75 = 42.75kwh

Now, If I want buy the generators (OR) to ask for electricity dept. what power should I ask? Will it be1290KWH or 535 KWH? Please clarify and explain me to improve my awaeness in this perticular topicbecause always I come across with such incidents.

Please reply to me to my email: (or)

Thanks for your support in advance.

Best Regard

Md.SamiuddinPlant managerMIM Co.,JeddahKSA


13 of 19 12/22/2013 9:52 PM

ReplyMansour A, says:January 15, 2012 at 7:08 pmThank u very much Mr. Parmar, I really get use and understand these factors which were confused tome. I have set this site in favourities looking foreward to read your good activities.

Replyfrancis azumah says:February 18, 2012 at 2:49 pmam very greatful for the explanatory notes, i say well done but needs more of that. thank you

ReplyRahman says:February 27, 2012 at 11:49 amvery useful link thank you

Replyopeyemi says:March 17, 2012 at 6:32 amGreat answer,it really meet my demand

Replyranx says:March 23, 2012 at 6:57 pmThank for your kindness, your explanation very useful and very understadble to us….

Replyranx says:March 23, 2012 at 6:58 pmThanks for the sharing of your knowledge this s very useful to my design…

Replyanam says:April 25, 2012 at 1:03 pmcan i have the definition of growth factor?

Replygoldwincs says:June 18, 2012 at 2:42 pmgreat post! can you explain about peak diversity factor?

Replyahmed nazmi says:July 19, 2012 at 9:05 amwhat the difference between diversity factor and diversity factor (ks) and where i will use :diversityfactor , diversity factor (ks) and demand factor

Replydaniel says:August 8, 2012 at 5:45 pm


14 of 19 12/22/2013 9:52 PM

great, please do more post and detailed explanation

Replymy name is okekhian stanley. says:August 16, 2012 at 2:34 pmThank you for your knowledge. This will be of help in my field work.

Replykwame says:August 16, 2012 at 2:57 pmThanks very much, I am really enlightened alot.

ReplyJose Antonio Martins says:September 28, 2012 at 6:06 pmDear Mr. Jignesh Parmar,

The details provided about this issue are very useful.

Would you mind informing me about the origin of the table: “Diversity Factor for an apartment block”?

Please answer me by email.

Thanks for your support in advance.

ReplyJose Antonio Martins says:December 19, 2012 at 8:21 pmI have already found the referred table in the French Standard “NF C 14-100 (2008): Low-voltagemains installations”.Please consider the corrections:- where is “40To 40″ should be “40 to 49″- where is “50 To Above, ks = 0.40″ should be “50 to Above, ks = 0.38″.

Replydhananjay Prasad says:October 12, 2012 at 2:18 amThank you sir

Replysalman p says:November 7, 2012 at 8:16 amthank u sir

Replytiger says:November 19, 2012 at 11:05 amVery good article , but these calculation derived from which Code or standard ??? specially table(Demand Factor & Load Factor according to Type of Industries) , because these values is varied anddepend on the practice wise


15 of 19 12/22/2013 9:52 PM

ReplyJignesh.Parmar says:November 19, 2012 at 2:35 pmYes. Agree with you. This is just reference Value .This Value vary according to it’s user’s Profile.We can not predict the actual value but this table value helpful us to calculate more realisticassumption.I got this Table from one Book or Manual. If it is more valuable for You than I will defiantly conveyit’s Reference Source.

Replytiger man says:November 20, 2012 at 7:48 amMany thanks for your reply , and i hope to send to me this reference or book it will be a kindfrom you

Samer says:January 2, 2013 at 9:10 amCan you please provide me with the reference source? It is very important to me.Thank you for the great article.Regards.

Ron Cha erji says:December 5, 2012 at 1:26 pmI am from US. My name is Ron. I want to talk with you on something. Please tell me what phone # Ican call and time. I will call you after ge ing your 3

ReplyJignesh.Parmar says:December 5, 2012 at 2:20 pmI am available on Email.My Email Id is [email protected]

ReplyMohammed says:February 24, 2013 at 4:16 pmDear Jignesh, i need the references of your diversity , demand and coincidence factros tables.are they as per any international / national codes. Your kind reply will bne helful in studying aproject.

M.A.Bari

Shakil says:July 6, 2013 at 2:49 amJignesh.Parmar,I need your help.I am fm Bangladesh.Iam also a electrical engineer.I saw thatyou have most experience in power sector.In15th july,a Bangladeshi power generation companycall a interview.I am also a candidate for that interview.Sir please give some materials and tellme how can i got that job.I like to inform you that,I have no experience to work any powerplant.I am a fresher electrical engineer

Ron Cha erji says:


16 of 19 12/22/2013 9:52 PM

December 5, 2012 at 1:27 pmI need your phone # and the time/date

Replyminhaz says:December 23, 2012 at 5:00 amexellent

Replysaad says:December 23, 2012 at 9:31 amthanks dear

ReplyMark Jason Acopio Obordo says:January 17, 2013 at 2:08 pmthanks!!now i know.:)

Replycolin challinger says:February 5, 2013 at 9:59 amHi I have an appartment block with 12 flats to cost and they are all electrily heated toal pot divesityequals 22.4 Kvaref to (ks) will this factor still apply to the incoming main?

ReplyPercy Makhuvha says:February 28, 2013 at 8:28 amThank you very much know I am happy

ReplyAllan Sanjose says:March 18, 2013 at 12:32 amYour first statement regarding demand factor is always less than one.

if your demand factor is 100% that is equal to one.

Philippines

ReplyJignesh.Parmar says:March 18, 2013 at 2:25 pmPlease carefully Read Definition First !!!Demand Factor = Maximum demand of a system / Total connected load on the system.Your max demand never goes beyond connected load so D.F is always less than 1.Hope this clarification may clear your dough.

ReplyRahul says:March 21, 2013 at 5:22 pmDear sir,


17 of 19 12/22/2013 9:52 PM

I came across another formula like

Maximum normal running plant load = 100% sum of all continuously operating loads + 30% sum of allintermi ent loads.

Where 100% and 30% are considered as the diversity factors of continuous and intermi ent loadsrespectively

Sir do you know which industry is this formula commonly used. can you explain this formula..

I hope you will reply to my question

ReplyKhwaja Salim says:April 3, 2013 at 9:36 amThank You Mr. Jignesh Parmar. It is very useful in designing of electrical installtion.

ReplyJohn says:May 11, 2013 at 2:52 pmDear Sir, I would like to learn about the reference for this info.Thank you very much for your kindhelp.

Replyavtar singh says:May 27, 2013 at 10:44 amDear sir, one confusion is that if my conected load is 450 kw and consumption is 307 kwh then whatthe rating of incomming transformer please tell me brief.

ReplyBala says:September 22, 2013 at 5:56 amThank You Mr.Jignesh Parmar.

Replyprit chitroda says:October 3, 2013 at 6:04 pmvery usefull things u have given, thanks,

Replysaad says:November 2, 2013 at 8:04 amthank you very much.

Replya test says:November 12, 2013 at 7:52 amthis is a test

Replyaki says:


18 of 19 12/22/2013 9:52 PM

November 25, 2013 at 8:17 amthank uuu

Replyhaseebullha says:November 25, 2013 at 12:51 pmnice and simple information thanks for your effort

Reply

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Demand vs Div