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Demand Response in California- From Hot Summer to Any Time DR
Mary Ann Piette
Director, Demand Response Research Center
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Presentation Outline
• The Past – Demand Response for Extreme Events• The Present –Any Time Dispatchable Resource• Automate Once – Use Many Times• Future – Quantifying Resource Availability on Multiple Time Scales
• Summary and Next Steps
The Past – DR for Extreme Events
Development of automated DR started in 2002 – Cost - Develop low-cost, automation infrastructure– Technology – Evaluate reliability & readiness– Capability – Evaluate strategies to modify loads
OpenADR - open standard for price & reliability signalsOpenADR - used for utility and ISO Automated DR programs
Linking Energy Efficiency and DR
1/9/2015 5
Demand Response Simplified
Schedule
Price
Signaling Congestion
Reliability
Economics
Intermittent Resources
Objectives Data Model Automation
Standards
Control Strategies
D
Manual
Automated
Centralized
Gateway
Embedded
Monthly reports on DR programs are available by each utility
OpenADR Fundamentals
Provides non‐proprietary, open standardized DR interface
Allows electricity providers to communicate DR signals directly to existing customers
Uses common XML language and existing communications such as the Internet
$/kWhPrice Signal OpenADR
Data Model InternetComm
Pricing Data Models
Physical Communications
Client ServerClient ServerAuto‐DR
Building ActionBuilding Action
End‐Use Controls
Control Strategies
Historic focus on Seasonal Grid StressOpenADR PG&E Demand Bid Test Day
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OpenADR Cumulative Shed in July 2008
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Seattle Municipal Tower Mckinstry Target - T1284 3/10 BL OAT Reg BL
Test Period
OpenADR Northwest Test on Cold Morning
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Control Strategies Evaluated in Previous Demos
HVAC Lighting Other
Building use Glo
bal t
emp.
adj
ustm
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res.
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ocko
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ow re
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on a
rea
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mab
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alla
stBi
-leve
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itchi
ngN
on-c
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ACWD Office, lab X X X X X X XB of A Office, data center X X X X XChabot Museum X X2530 Arnold Office X X50 Douglas Office X XMDF Detention facility XEchelon Hi-tech office X X X X X X X XCenterville Junior Highschool X XIrvington Highschool X XGilead 300 Office XGilead 342 Office, Lab X XGilead 357 Office, Lab X XIKEA EPaloAlto Furniture retail XIKEA Emeryville Furniture retail XIKEA WSacto Furniture retailOracle Rocklin Office X XSafeway Stockton Supermarket XSolectron Office, Manufacture X XSvenhard's Bakery XSybase Hi-tech office XTarget Antioch Retail X XTarget Bakersfield Retail X XTarget Hayward Retail X X X XWalmart Fresno Retail X X
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CPPAve. temp. increase (mod): 2.75 FAve. temp. increase (high): 1.88 FDBPAve. temp. increase: 2.3 F
DBP CPP one-level GTACPP two-level GTA
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DR Data from 22 Commercial Buildings
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CPP Sites
Dem
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Average Shed Estimated Shed
Demand Response Strategies Guide for Commercial Buildings
HVAC Systems3 . 1 . 1 . G l o b a l t em p er a t u r e a d j u s t m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 03 .1 .2 . Pass ive therma l mass storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 .1 .3 . Duct s ta t ic pressure decrease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 . 1 . 4 . F an var i ab l e f r eq ue nc y dr i ve l i m i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 73 . 1 . 5 . S u p p l y a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 83 .1 .6 . Fan q uant i ty reduc t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 .1 .7 . Coo l ing va lve l imi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 . 1 . 8 . Ch i l l e d w a t e r t em p e r a t u r e i n c r e a se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 .1 .9 . Ch i l l e r demand l imi t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 .1 .10 . Ch i l le r quant i t y reduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 .1 .11 . Rebound avo idance st ra teg ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lighting Systems3.2 .1 . Zone sw i tch ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 . 2 . 2 . L u m i n a i r e / l am p sw i t c h i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 83 .2 .3 . Stepped d imming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 .2 .4 . C o n t i n u o us d i mmi n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2
M i s c e l l a n e o u s E q u i p m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3
Non‐Component‐Specific Strategies3 .4 .1 . Demand l im i t s t ra tegy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 .4 .2 . Pr ice ‐ l eve l response st ra tegy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4. Implementation of DR Strategies 4.1. DR Strategy Development and Commissioning...................................................47
DR Quick Assessment Tool
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er
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Baseline Pre-cooling with linear temp set upPre-cooling with exponential temp set up No pre-cooling with exponential temp set upPre-cooling with step temp set up
High Price Period
`
Simple free EnergyPlus tool for retail and office buildings to provide DR estimates for common HVAC and lighting strategies
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Actual data Simulation Results
Excellent performance predicting DR in southern Calif.Included modeling pre-cooling strategies
OpenADR Interoperability Progress
2002 to 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Research initiated by LBNL/ CEC
Pilots and field trialsDevelopments, tests (Utilities)
OpenADR 1.0 Commercialization(PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E)
Official OpenADR specification (1.0) by LBNL/CEC*
1. OpenADR Standards Development- OASIS (EI TC), UCA, IEC
2. NIST Smart Grid, PAP 09
1. Anytime DR Pilots- Wholesale markets- International demonstrations- Dynamic pricing, renewables2. All end-use sectors
Certification/Testing (v2.0)
Communication Standards Development:1. Research and development2. Pilots and field trials3. Standards development4. Conformance and interoperability
EI 1.0 standards- OpenADR profiles
OpenADR 2.0 specifications- Products, commercialization- International standards (IEC)
Over 250 MWautomated in California
National outreach with USGBC
OpenADR 2.0 Application
14
*Figure Source: OASIS Energy Interop Draft Standards (http://www.oasis‐open.org/committees/energyinterop/)
• As of summer, 2014, 234 MW, 1200 accounts currently enrolled• ~$215/kW statewide average enablement cost• Additional sites in SMUD, Palo Alto, coming to LADWP• Additional sites with WIFI Communicating Thermostats
Current Status OpenADR in California
Demand Response and Baseline Models
Utilities use 10 previous days as baselineMay use a morning adjustmentRegression, built from baseline
o Time-of-week indicator variableso Piecewise linear temperature dependence
ˆ L u(ti,T(ti)) i uT(ti)
[Mathieu, Price, Kiliccote, and Piette, 2011. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid]
Renewables and Managing the “Duck” Curve
Source: Sanders, H., “CEC IEPR Demand Response Workshop”, June 17, 2013, slide 3.
New Markets for Responsive Loads
Product Physical Requirements
Product Type General DescriptionHow fast to respond
Length of response
Time to respond
How often called
Regulation Response to random unscheduled deviations in
scheduled net load
30 sec Energy neutral in 15
min
5 min Continuous w/in specified bid
period
Flexibility Load following reserve for un‐forecasted wind/solar
ramps
5 min 1 hr 20 min Continuous w/in specified bid
period
Contingency Rapid & immediate response to supply loss
1 min ≤ 30 min ≤ 10 min ≤ Once/day
Energy Shed or shift energy consumption over time
5 min ≥ 1 hr 10 min 1‐2 x/day & 4‐8 hr notification
Capacity Ability to serve as an alternative to generation
Top 20 hrs coincident w/balancing authority peak
Ancillary Services
Regulation rectifies small discrepancies between load and 5-minute real time dispatch Receives operating point instruction and
responds within 4 sec Energy neutral, although not in practice
Operating Reserves respond when a contingency event occurs to restore balance. respond within 10 minutes event duration typically 10-30 minutes Includes Synchronous and Non-Synchronous
Fast DR – Evaluating how loads can act like generators – Development of communication, control and telemetry requirements– Understanding markets and market participation rules– Research concepts supported with field tests
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Forecasted - Actual Hourly Forecasted Bids
Advanced Applications- Using Demand-side Resources for Grid Reliability with DR and Microgrids
Architecture
Loads
CommunicationLatency
Evaluating Which Loads are Most Flexible
21
Commercial
Residential
Municipal
Agricultural
Response ParametersFlexibility range (reg up, reg down, both)
Speed of Response Store, Shift or Shed
Size of ResponseControllable
Sizing of ResourceMin and max daily consumption requirements
Cycling Rate Impacts (wear/tear)
Impacts on Overall ResponseRebound/Recovery Issues
Charge/DischargeIndependence
How to PredictPredictable or Variable (daily, seasonal,
geographic)Time or Operational dependence
How it ParticipatesIndividual or Aggregated
LOADS FLEXIBILITY FILTER ANCILLARY SERVICESPRODUCTS
MODELS
*Builds on 10 years of field work by DRRC
5 Field Studies Beyond Hot Summer Days
• Cold mornings for winter peak regions (Seattle)• Non-spin reserve ancillary services (No. Cal)• Regulation ancillary services (No. Cal)• Economic dispatch - integrated price signals (NY NY)• Fast telemetry for small commercial (No. Cal.)
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er [M
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Seattle Municipal Tower Mckinstry Target - T1284 3/10 BL OAT Reg BL
Test Period
Site Glo
bal t
emp.
adj
ustm
ent
Duct
stat
ic p
res. d
ecre
ase
SAT
decr
ease
Fan
VFD
limit
RTU Shu
t off
Duty
Cyc
ling RT
Us
Pre‐
heat
ing
Pre‐
cool
ing
Fan‐
coil un
it of
fCy
cle
elec
tric h
eate
rsCy
cle
AHU Fan
sCy
cle
VAVs
Set u
p CO
2 Se
tpoi
nts
Com
mon
are
a lig
ht d
imOffi
ce are
a lig
ht d
imTu
rn o
ff lig
htDi
mm
able
ballast
Bi‐le
vel s
witc
hing
Non
‐crit
ical
pro
cess
shed
Elev
ator
cyc
ling
Slow
Re c
over
y
McKinstry S W S S WTarget ‐ T1284 WS WS WSSeattle Municiple Tower WS W W WSSeattle University WS W W S W W W W W
HVAC Lighting Other
Fast DR in Commercial BuildingsBuildings can provide ramping- Costs will be lower if used in many DR programs- How often can load be called?
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and
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Actual 5 min. Data Hourly Forecast with reduction Forecasted Data
PLP EVENT
SiteAvailable Capacity
(MW)Min. Operating Limit
(MW)Max. Operating Limit
(MW)Ramp Rate (MW/min.)
UC Merced 0.16 0 0.17Reg up: 0.022
Reg down: 0.022West Hill Farms 0.03 0 0.16 Reg up/down:0.03
SMCC 0.2 0 0.2Reg up: 0.05
Reg down_1: 0.066 Reg down_2: 0.134
Integrated Sensing and Communication: Low-Cost Telemetry of Demand Side Ancillary Services
• Low-cost, Internet connected embedded systems enable telemetry and control
• $50/kW site enablement vs traditional at $300/kW• Demonstrated across 12 sites and four load types
Metrics for Response
Title 24 - SECTION 120.2 –CONTROLS FOR SPACE-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
(h) Automatic Demand Shed Controls.DDC to Zone level be programmed to allow centralized demand shed for non-critical zones:
Controls have capability to - remotely setup cooling temp by 4 F or more in non-critical zones with EMCS
Controls require following features:- Manual control. Manual control by authorized facility operators to allow adjustment of heating
and cooling set points globally from a single point in the EMCS; and- Automatic Demand Shed Control. Upon receipt of a DR signal, space-conditioning systems
conduct a centralized demand shed, as specified in Sections 120.2(h)1 and 120.2(h)2.
26
StartTime
EndTime
ACTIVE IDLEPeriod
Pri
ce
Nor.
Mod.
HighL
oad
Lev
el
1
2
3
0
StartTime
EndTime
ACTIVE IDLEPeriod
Pri
ce
Nor.
Mod.
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rice
Nor.
Mod.
HighL
oad
Lev
el
1
2
3
0Loa
d L
evel
1
2
3
0
Occupant Controlled Smart Thermostat in Title 24OCSTs are self-certified by manufacturer to Energy Commission to
meet T24. Spec focuses on 3 interfaces:Communications, User Display and HVAC System Interface
Appendix JA5.2.3.1 Price Signals Price signals allow utility or entity to send a signal or message to occupant’s OCST to provide pricing info to occupant and initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal.
JA5.2.3.2 Demand Response Periods This event class allows utility to initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal. Signal attributes shall be specified within messaging protocol.
Messaging Protocols in CEC List are Apples and Oranges
ZigBee Wireless Mesh BACnet MSTPANSI 709.1OpenADR 2.0Enocean Wireless Protocol
Summary
Key Issues• California has a vibrant set of DR programs• Continued changes in goals and motivations• Growing capabilities of buildings to provide
services to the electric grid• New telemetry and control systems provide
low cost automationAcknowledgements / Sponsors –California Energy Commission, US DOE, Bonneville Power Administration, PG&E, SCE