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The Delhi Sultans
Delhi as The Capital
Tomara Rajputs
Chahmanas of Ajmer (1150 AD)
Delhi a commercial centre
Many rich Jains started living near Delhi
Dehliwal
Before Sultans
RajputDynas,es
12thCentury
Tomaras-1165
Anangapala1130–1145
Chauhanas1165-1192
PrithvirajChauhanas
1175to1192
DelhiSultans SlaveDynasty
KhiljiDynasty
TughluqDynasty
SayyidDynasty
LodiDynasty
Muhammad bin Qasim
First muslim ruler to attack on India in 712 AD
Finding out about the Delhi Sultans
Miss. Anushka…. What are the sources of History???
Tarikh/Tawarikh
Written in Persian Language
Mr. Aatif Why they would have written it in Persian Language?
Tawarikh
Written by learned men
Secretaries
Administrators
Poets
Courtiers
Authors
They mainly lived in cities
Miss. Kavya what would be the problem with Tawarikh?
Authors
Wrote history about sultans
Mr. Mann Why they would have written history only about Sultans?
Authors
Advised rulers on the need to preserve an ideal social order based on birthright and gender distinctions
The Circle of Justice
A king can not survive without soldiers
Soldiers cannot live without salaries
Salaries come from the revenues
Revenues are collected from peasants
Peasants can pay revenue only when they are prosperous and happy
It happens when the king promote justice and honest governance
Fakhr-i-Mudabbir
Minhaj-i Siraj He thought the queen went against the social order created by the God
In the register of God’s creation she does not fall under the column of Men, How did she gain excellent quality
Miss. Charu why that gentlemen would have said that?
Rudramadevi(1262-1289)
Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal - AP
She changed her name on inscription and pretended to be a man.
Queen Didda (980-1003)
She ruled in Kashmir
Title came from didi
Affectionate term given to a loved ruler by her subjects
Slave Dynasty Slave
Dynasty1206-1290
QutbuddinAybak
1206-1210
ShamsuddinIltutmish
1210-1236
RaziyyaSultan
1236-1240
GhiyasuddinBalban
1266-1287
Qutbuddin Aybek
Shamsuddin Iltutmish
Raziyya Sultan
Bahram Shah
Masud Shah
Nasiruddin Mahmud
Ghiyasuddin Balban
Qutbuddin Aybak
Mr. Rakshit What happened in the second battle of Terrain (1192)?
Tajuddin Yalduz, Nasiruddin Qubacha
and Qutbuddin Aybek
Slave Rulers/Mameluk
Slave under Mohammad of Ghori
After the death of Ghori Aybek became the master and founded the slave dynasty in 1206
Continue
He was kind hearted - titled Lakh Bakhsh
He constructed two mosques
Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi
Adai din ka Jhonpra at Ajmer
He began the construction of Qutub Minar in honor of Sufi saint Khwaja Qutubuddin Bakhityar Kaki
Continue
Died while playing polo
His son Aram Shah was not efficient
His son -in-law of Aybek - Shamsuddin Iltutmish 1210
Iltutmish Real founder of Delhi Sultanate
Shifted capital from Lahor to Delhi
Saved Delhi from Chengiz Khan
He introduced the silver coins (tanka)
Made strong army and administration
Completed the construction of Qutb Minar
During his time Chengiz khan invaded
Raziyya Sultan 1236 to 1242
Iltutmish nominated her
Popular among people but opposed by brothers and nobles
She was the first and only Muslim lady who ever ruled India
Ghiyasuddin Balban 1266-87
One of the most powerful ruler of this dynasty
Appointed spies
Introduced Sijda
Constructed garrison towns
From garrison town to empire
In 13th century it was difficult to manage far places
Concentrated mainly on controlling hinterland
Rebellion war, Mongol invasions and governors
Internal frontier
Considered consolidating the hinterlands of the garrison towns
Forests were clear in the Ganga- Yamuna doab
New lands were given o peasants and agriculture was encouraged and established regional trade
External Frontier Military expeditions into southern India during Alauddin Khalji
Captured elephants, horses and slaves and carried away precious metals
Muhammad Tuhlauq’s reign, marched across the country
The first Sultan to win against Mongol invader
Administration
Vast kingdom - No early support
Sultans needed reliable governors and administrators rather than Aristocrats and Chieftains
ContinueDelhi Sultans favored their Slaves
Slaves were purchased for their military service - Bandagan in Persian
They were trained - to look after some political offices in the kingdoms
Since they were totally depended upon sultans they could trust them
Slaves rather than Sons
A slave, whom one has brought up and promoted, must be looked after for it needs a whole lifetime and good luck to find a worthy and experienced slave.
A worthy and Experienced slave is better than a son…
Miss. Chansi can you tell me why a slave would
be better than a son???
Administration
The Khaljis and Tughluqs continued to use bandana and raised people of humble birth
They were their clients, to high political positions
They were appointed as generals and governors
However, later this became one of the causes of political instability
Slaves and clients were loyal to their masters but not to their heirs
New Sultans new slaves
So new sultans would replace old clients and there used to be conflicts
Even in twarikh also it was criticized for appointing low and base - born
Mr. Saumya Why do you think Mr. Barani
criticized the Sultans???
Iqta
Iqtadar or Muqti
Duty of Iqtadar or Muqti
Muqti and IqtadarMaintain law and order in iota
Guide military campaign
Collected revenues
Pay soldiers
Iqtadar or Muqtis were assigned for a short period of time
Mr.Parth Can you tell me why they would assigned
them for a short period of time?
Accountants were placed to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis
Care was taken that the muqti collected only the taxes prescribed by the state and that he kept the required number of soldiers
After annexing the hinterlands and other areas
They forced Chieftains, Samanta aristocrats and rich landlords to accept their authority
Under Aladdin Khalji he brought assessment and collection of land revenue under his own control
The rights of the local chieftains were cancelled and they were also forced to pay taxes
HE MEASURED LANDS
Old chieftains and landlords served the Sultanate as revenue collectors and assessors
Three kinds of Taxes
On cultivation called Kharaj - 50 % of peasants production
On Cattle
On Houses
A Vast Empire - Difficult to manage
Though large part of the subcontinent was under Sultans sometimes it used out of control
It was difficult to control distant provinces like Bengal from Delhi or any southern provinces
Gangetic Plain
Forest areas
Sultanate force could not penetrate
Local chieftains establish their rule in these regions
Only Aladdin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq could force their control in these areas but for short period of time
Ibn Battuta 14th century - traveller from Morocco
chieftains fortify them selves in mountains, rocky, uneven and rugged places like bamboo groves.
The chieftains live in these places
Bamboo Groves
Cattle and crops inside it
Available collected rainwater
hense they can not be subdued except by powerful armies
Who can cut down bamboos
Invention of Mongols
Genghis Khan 1122 - 1227
Genghis Khan
Temujin was only 9 when he was married
His father was poisoned from enemies
Genghis demanded his rights but he was out casted
He lived in poverty
Temujin/ of iron
At the age of 10 he killed his half brother.
He united all tribes and started invading different dynasties
His Massacres In his rule he killed more than 40 Million People
he conquered 12 million square miles of territory
Once he was fighting with Taijut
One of the soldiers of Taijut shot an arrow and his horse was killed
killed 1,748,000 people in an Hour 29,133 per minute
DeathNo one knows
Pneumonia/ fall down from horse/ killed in war
He ordered that no one should know where he is buried
So in his funeral who ever came to way were killed
The slaves who constructed tomb were killed by soldiers
The soldiers who killed slaves were killed by another soldier
Later a river was diverted on his burial site so that no one can ever come to know
Genghis Khan attack over Delhi
Khan was chasing Jalal ud - Din
He attacked Lahor, Multan, Kasmir, etc.
He continuously fought with him
After Khan’s death this did not stop
Alauddin Khalji not only stopped but also pushed them back
He reduced 700 million ton CO2
Timur1336 - 1405
Timur = Iron
When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble
Adolf Hitler attacked Sovet Union after 2 days
When he was buried Germany surrendered
Killed 70 Million people
5 % of global population at that time
Timur attack over DelhiNasir ud din Muhmad shah Tughalq
Had many elephants with poison on tusk
Timur ordered to dig a trench in which camels were there
All camels were loaded with wood and then they were prodded with hot iron rods
Camels ran in the direction of Elephants
Elephants panicked and moved back and crushed sultan’s soldiers
He looted Delhi for 15 days
Muhammad Tughluq1324-1351
Increased tax in Doab areas No rain
Transfer of the Capital Just 700 Miles 40 days
Frustrated people
Military Expenditure to Kashmir, Lahore and Multan
Paid salary in advance for one year
Token currency Copper coins
KhaljiDy
nasty
JalaluddinKhalji
AlauddinKhalji
Shaihabad–DinMubarak
QutbaddinMubarak
Tughluq
GhiyathalDinTughluq
MuhammadbinTughluq
FiruzShahTughluq
Ghiyas-ud-dinTughluq
NasirduddinMahmudTughluq
Sayyid
KhizrKhan
MubarakShah
MahammadShah
AlamShah
Lodi BahlolLodi
SikandarLodi
IbrahimLodi