DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL TAPI

CLASS X P0ST MID INTERNALS ASSESSMENT

SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCS KEY

DATE: ___/12/19 TOTAL MARKS:

1

Jharia is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.

Jharia was the fifteenth-largest town in the state of Jharkhand. (More than one town in India shares this name.) Jharia is famous for its rich coal resources, used to make coke. Jharia plays a very important role in the economy and development of Dhanbad City, and can be considered as a part of Dhanbad City.

The coal field lies in the Damodar River Valley, and covers about 110 square miles (280 square km), and produces bituminous coal suitable for coke. Most of India's coal comes from Jharia. Jharia coal mines are India's most important storehouse of prime coke coal used in blast furnaces, it consists of 23 large underground and nine large open cast mines.

The mining activities in these coalfields started in 1894 and had really intensified in 1925. The first Indians to arrive and break monopoly of British in Coal mining were Gujarati.

After the mines were nationalized in 1971, due to easy availability of coal, many steel plants are set up in close proximity to Jharia.

Jharia is famous for a coal field fire that has burned underground for a century. The first fire was detected in 1916. According to records, it was the Khas Jharia mines of Seth Khora Ramji, who was a pioneer of Indian coalmines, whose mines were one of the firsts to collapse in underground fire in 1930. Two of his collieries, Khas Jharia and Golden Jharia, which worked on maximum 260-foot-deep shafts, collapsed due to now infamous underground fires, in which their house and bungalow also collapsed on 8 November 1930, causing 18 feet subsidence and widespread destruction. The fire never stopped despite sincere efforts by mines department and railway authorities and in 1933 flaming crevasses lead to exodus of many residents. The 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake led to further spread of fire and by 1938 the authorities had declared that there is raging fire beneath the town with 42 collieries out of 133 on fire.

In 1972, more than 70 mine fires were reported in this region. As of 2007, more than 400,000 people who reside in Jharia are living on land in danger of subsidence due to the fires, and according to Satya Pratap Singh, "Jharia township is on the brink of an ecological and human disaster". The government has been criticized for a perceived lackadaisical attitude towards the safety of the people of Jharia.Heavy fumes emitted by the fires lead to severe health problems such as breathing disorders and skin diseases among the local population.

Kalinganagar is in the state of Odisha, India. Ever since 1990 the state government began acquiring land from the locals with the aim to put up an industrial complex “Duburi Industrial complex”. It was later on renamed as Kalinga Nagar Integrated Industrial Complex (KNIIC) . The main idea of setting up this complex in the area was to invite industrial houses to establish industries like Iron, Steel and Allied industries. The acquisition was done with the aim to provide job opportunities for the locals and thereby generating employment for them. The government even promised reasonable compensation along with a proper road map for their resettlement.

2

However most of the promises made by the government remained unfulfilled. The locals were often turned away on the pretext of inadequate education and filled the higher posts by recruiting outsiders and the elites in the locality. The compensation provided by the government was also meager. This led to a revolt by the tribals of the area who saw the situation as a threat to their livelihoods and were anguish over their loss of land. Hope this helps. “The promise of employment to the natives remained largely unfulfilled. While most of the higher level posts are occupied by the elites in the locality and outsiders, the diseased community was often denied such jobs citing insufficient education”, said Narendra Mohanty, state convener of Indian Social Action Forum, while speaking to Newsclick. “The compensations offered by the government were very less. Earlier it was just Rs 35,000 per acre of land and the government increased the amount to Rs 1 lakh after continuous demands and protests. Still, the people, who were thrown out of their land, are suffering to make their lives”, Narendra added. 1) A factory produces aluminium saucepans with plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a smelter and a plastic component from another factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent to a warehouse (i)(a) Which raw material is likely to be most expensive to transport and why? (b) Which raw material is likely to be the cheapest to transport and why? (ii) Do you think the cost of transporting the finished products after packaging is likely to be cheaper or more expensive than the cost of transporting aluminium and plastic? Why? Answer: (i)(a) Aluminium, because it is heavier than plastic, and also the saucepan body is bulkier than the handle. (b) Plastic is cheaper for the same reasons given in (ii) Cost of transporting finished products after packaging will be cheaper because they are likely to be enclosed in rectangular packing boxes, which can be easily transported in larger quantities by proper stacking, either by goods train or by truck. Pg: 73 Why is the per capita consumption of steel so low in India?

Per capita consumption of steel in India is low due to the following reasons: ... v.) Lack of development in remote areas, poor infrastructure in remote areas, lack of adequate means of transport makes it difficult to deliver steel in backward areas.

Pg: 75 Where would it be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units? It would be economically viable to set up the cement manufacturing units in Gujarat because this industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. Coal and electric power are needed apart from rail transportation. The names of the major companies in cement industry and locations of their major cement plants in India are given below Name of Company Locations of Cement Manufacturing Plants

3

India Cements 4 plants in Andhra Pradesh at Yeramguntia, Chilcimkur, Vishnupuram and Malkapur. 3 plants in Tamil Nadu at Sank;ir Nagar, Dalavoi and Sankari.

Jaypee Group Century Cement Cluster of plants at Satna, Madhya Pradesh Plants at (i) Baikunth, Dist. Raipur in Chhattisgarh,

(ii) Sarlanagar, Dist. Satna, in Madhya Pradesh (iii) Gadchandur, Dist. Chandrapur, Maharashtra (iv) Sagardighi, Dist. Murshidabad, Paschim Banga

L & T Cement 5 plants at (i) Jafrabad, Gujarat (ii) Hirmi, Chhattisgarh (iii) Chandrapur, Maharashtra (iv) Tadipatri, Andhra Pradesh

(v) Arakonam, Tamil Nadu ACC Cement 17 plants spread over the states of Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh

Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Paschim Banga

Cement Corporation of India 41 plants all over India Ambuja Cement 16 plants spread over the states of Gujarat, Paschim Banga,

Chhattisgarh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala and Maharashtra

JK Cement Gotan, Mangrol and IMiimbahera, all in Rajasthan

Pg; 80 Answer:

(i)Power (ii)Worker (iii) Market (iv) Retailer

(v) Product (vi) Manufacture (vii) Pollution

Chapter: 5 Mineral and Energy Resources Minerals:

(I) Iron ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary, Kudremukh (II) Mica mines: Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya, Hazaribagh (III) Coal mines: Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni, Neyvali (IV) Oil Fields: Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol, Ankaleshwar (V) Bauxite Deposits: The Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, The plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni, Orissa Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district (VI) Mica deposits: The Chota Nagpur plateau, Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand, Ajmer Nellore mica belt 27

Power Plants: (Locating and Labelling only) (a) Thermal: Namrup, Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada, Tuticorin (b) Nuclear: Narora, Rawat, Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga, Kalpakkam Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries Locating and Labelling Only

4

(1) Cotton Textile Industries: Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore, Madurai (2) Iron and Steel Plants: Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Raurkela, Bhilai, Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam, Salem (3) Software Technology Parks: Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram Chapter 7 Lifelines of National Economy Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor, East-West Corridor. National Highways: NH-1, NH-2, NH-7 Locating and Labelling: Major Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore, Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia, Kolkata International Airports: Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International), Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvananthapuram (Nedimbacherry), Chennai (Meenam Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose), Hyderabad (Rajiv Gandhi)

Q2. The process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through free trade, free mobility of capital and labour is called (a) Foreign trade (b) Liberalisation (c) Globalisation (d) Privatisation Answer: c Q3. What was the main channel connecting countries in the past? (a) Labour (b) Religion (c) Technology (d) Trade Answer: d Q4. ‘The impact of Globalisation has not been fair.’ Who among the following people have not benefitted from globalisation? (a) Well off consumers (b) Small producers and workers (c) Skilled and educated producers (d) Large wealthy producers Answer: b Q5. What is the main motive behind the investments of MNCs? (a) The main motive is to increase their assets and earn profits. (b) The main motive is the welfare of the poor people. (c) The main motive of an MNCs is to offer financial support to the government of their country. (d) The main motive is to benefit foreign countries. Answer: a Q6. “MNCs keep in mind certain factors before setting up production”. Identify the incorrect option from the choices given below (a) Availability of cheap skilled and unskilled labour (b) Proximity to markets (c) Presence of a large number of local competitors (d) Favourable government policies

5

Answer: c Q7. Which Indian company was bought over by Cargill Foods—a large American MNC? Pick out the name from the alternatives provided (a) Amul (b) Fun Foods Ltd. (c) Agro Tech Foods Ltd. (d) Parakh Foods Answer: d Q8. Which organisation supports liberalisation of foreign trade and investments in India? (a) International Labour Organisation (ILO) (b) World Bank (c) World Trade Organisation (WTO) (d) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Answer: c Q9. In which year did the government decide to remove barriers on foreign trade and investment in India? (a) 1993 (b) 1992 (c) 1991 (d) 1990 Answer: c Q10. Which of the following industries have been hard hit by foreign competition? (a) Dairy products (b) Leather industry (c) Cloth industry (d) Vehicle industry Answer: a Q1: Define money? Ans: It is defined as medium of exchange. Q2: What does money serve? Ans: Money serves as :a. a unit of accountingb. a store of value or purchasing power c. a standard of deferred payment Q12: How does banks facilitate transfers of money? Ans: Through cheques, demand drafts, credit/debit cards, ATMs and internet banking.

1. Who is known as father of green revolution in India? A. MS Swaminathan B. Vikram Sarabhai C. Somnath Desai D. S. Radhakrishnan Ans: A

2. In which year Indian Council of Agricultural Research institution was established in India? A. 1919 B. 1929 C. 1939 D. 1949 Ans: B

3. What was Tinkathia system during British rule in India? A. To cultivate Indigo on 3/20th of land B. To cultivate Tea on 3/20th of land C. To cultivate Indigo on half of land D. None of the above Ans: A

4. The scientific study of soil is known as?

6

A. Sociology B. Pedology C. Soil Science D. Soil culture Ans: B

5. Which is the largest cotton growing State in India? A. Gujarat B. Bihar C. Tamilnadu D. Karnataka Ans: A

6. Which of the following is a not cash crop in India? A. Sugarcane B. Cashew C. Tobacco D. Wheat Ans: D

7. The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for Food Grains was introduced in the year? A. 1954 B. 1964 C. 1974 D. 1984 Ans: B

Agro-Based Industries in India 8. Under which plan did the Government introduce an agricultural strategy which gave rise to Green Revolution? A. First five year plan B. Second five year plan C. Third five year plan D. Fourth five year plan Ans: C

9. National Horticulture Mission (NHM) promoted by Government of India was launched under which five-year plan? A. 9th five-year plan B. 10th five-year plan C. 5th five-year plan D. 6th five-year plan Ans: B

10. The National Bamboo Mission was launched in 2006-07 is a completely? A. Centrally sponsored scheme B. State sponsored scheme C. Center and state funded scheme D. None of the above Ans: A

Chapter-4 Agriculture TYPES OF FARMING

Very Short Answers:- 1. What proportion of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities? Ans. 60 c, 2.Which millet is rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and roughage? Ans. Raga 3.Which state of India is the leading producer of jute? Ans. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in India. 4.Which position does India rank in terms of rice production in the world?

7

Ans. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. 5.Describe `Humming cultivation’ in one sentence. Ans. Slash and burn agriculture is locally called Humming in the north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. 6.’Slash and burn’ farming comes under which type of farming?

Or Which type of agriculture is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture? Ans. Humming farming. 7.Which describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area? Ans. Plantation agriculture 8.What percentage of world’s coffee production does India produce? Ans. 3.2% Short Answers:- 1. What are millets? Give brief description of the climatic conditions and producing states of the millets grown in India. Ans. (1) The three food grains also used as fodder, is called as millets. The three food grains are mower, bare and raga. These are also known as the coarse grains, because of the presence of high nutritional values and roughage. (2) It is a khaki crop mostly grown in the moist areas without much need of irrigation. Baja grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. (3) In the drier western India mainly; raga is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. 2. Mention any three features each of intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Or Distinguish between intensive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Ans. (1) Intensive subsistence farming: (i) It is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. (ii) It is labour-intensive farming. (iii) High doses of biochemical inputs and Production. (2) Commercial farming: (1) Higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers are used. (ii) The main aim is to obtain higher productivity. (iii) Crops are grown mainly for sale in the market. Long Answers:- 1.With the example of sugarcane, explain the interdependence of all the three sectors of the economy. Ans. (1) Sugarcane is the cash crop produced as a tropical crop in both North India and South India. (2) It is the raw material for the sugar industries and many other beverage cola producing industries. Sugar mill produces the sugar crystals by crushing the sugarcane stems. (3) The left over material after crushing is called biogases, which can be a good ingredient for paper industry (4) The service of transportation of the sugarcanes after harvesting to the factory sites is very important; otherwise the juice can get dried up.

8

(5) That is why, the role of service sector is so vital to make the connection of agricultural and industrial sectors strongly bonded. g. 2. Give any three points of distinction between primitive subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture.

Or Compare primitive subsistence farming and commercial farming. Ans. Primitive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming (1) It is practiced on small patches of land. (1) The size of farm is comparatively large. (2) This type of farming depends upon (2) Higher doses of modern inputs HYV monsoon and natural fertility of soil, seeds, and chemical fertilizers are used to obtain higher productivity. (3) Farmers produce food crops to sustain (3) Crops are grown mainly to sell in the family market. (4) Land is cultivated with the help of (4) Modern tools like tractors, harvesters primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging are used for cultivation sticks. (5) In this type of agriculture land (5) Land productivity is very high productivity is low. 3. Describe any five types of farming practiced in India. Ans. Major farming systems practiced in different parts of India are: (1) Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is mainly practiced by tribal groups. It is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools and also lacks in capital and irrigational facilities. (2) Intensive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming practiced in the areas of high population pressure on land. In this type of farming, high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. (3) Commercial Farming: In commercial farming, higher doses of modern technology are used. It uses High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The main objective of this type of farming is to earn money and foreign exchange. (4) Plantation Agriculture: Plantation farming is a type of commercial farming where crops are grown largely for the purpose of sale or trade. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large scale. It involves large capital investment and application of modem science and technology. (5) Humming: Slash and burn agriculture is locally called `Humming’ in north- eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland. In this type of farming, farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. 4. Describe the main features of Indian agriculture. Ans. (1) nearly two-thirds of our total population is engaged in agricultural activities. (2) It is the main source of employment in India. It provides livelihood to about 50% of the total labor force. (3) Agricultural sector produces various crops such as wheat, rice, millets, pulses, etc. Thus, it ensures food security for the country. (4) Various cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, coffee, jute are grown. In this way, agriculture provides raw materials to Agro-based industries. (5) Various agriculture products like tea, coffee, spices are exported. This helps to earn foreign exchange. 5. What is Intensive Subsistence Farming? Write three features of this type of farming. Ans:-(1) In Intensive Subsistence Farming, land is intensively is consumed mainly by the farmers’ family. There is hardly any surplus left to be sold or traded. (2) The landholdings are small and scattered due to ‘right of inheritance’.

9

(3) The farmers continue to take maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood. (4) It is labour-intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and litigation are used to obtain higher yields. (5) Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land. 6. Write about the features of Commercial Farming in India. Ans. (1) Commercial farming: In this type of farming crops are grown largely for the purpose of sale or trade. Mainly cash crops are grown because they fetch much higher prices in the market. (2) Features of commercial farming: (I) Higher doses of modern inputs are used (ii) It uses High Yielding Variety (HYV) of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pest higher productivity (iii) Modern techniques and scientific methods of cultivation are practiced. Productivity as high. It is a mechanized and commercialized farming. Is (iv) The main objective of this farming is to earn money and foreign exchange. (v) The degree of commercialization of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, while in Odessa, it is a subsistence crop. 7. Distinguish between primitive subsistence farming and intensive subsistence farming. Ans. Primitive Subsistence Farming – (1) This type of farming is practiced in areas of high population pressure on land. (2) It is practiced on small patches of land for obtaining higher production. (3) There is no pressure on agricultural (4) In this type of farming, agricultural productivity is high. (5) Farmers shift and clear a fresh patch output from limited land. Intensive Subsistence Farming – (1) This type of farming is practiced few pockets of India. (2) In this type of farming, high doses of with the help of primitive tools and also bio-chemical inputs and irrigation are used lacks in capital and irrigational facilities. (3) There is enormous pressure on land agricultural land. (4) In this type of farming, agricultural productivity is low. (5) The farmers continue to take maximum of land for cultivation. 8. Why is subsistence agriculture still practiced in certain parts of the country? Give four reasons. Ans. Subsistence agriculture is still practiced in certain parts of the country for the following reasons : (1) There is small piece of land. (2) Farmers are poor and don’t have fertilizers and High Yielding Variety of seeds. (3) Storage facilities are inadequate. (4) Agriculture mainly depends on monsoon rains. (5) Means of transport are inadequate. (6) Facilities like electricity and irrigation are generally not available to them. (7) Most of the food production is for their own consumption. Very Short Answers:- 1. Which two areas of India produce orange mainly?

10

Ans. Nagpur and Cherrapunjee 2. Which crop is used both as food and fodder? Ans. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. 3. Name any one leguminous crop. Ans. Ural, mooing and maser 4. Which state is the leading producer of mower? Ans. Maharashtra is the leading producer of mower in India. 5. Which country does produce 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables? Ans. India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables. 6. What is the agricultural term used for cultivation of Recoil?

Or By which name is specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables known?

Or What is the term used for specialized cultivation of fruits and vegetables? Ans. Horticulture is the term used for cultivation of fruits and vegetables. 7. Which is the leading coffee producer state in India? Ans. Karnataka is the leading coffee producer state in India. 8. What is the rank of India among the natural rubber producing countries of the world? Ans. India ranks fourth among the world’s natural rubber production. 9. Which crop is commercial crop in one state while subsistence crop in another state? Ans. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but subsistence crop in Odessa. 10. Which type of soil is ideal for growing cotton? Ans. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton. 11. Mention two rabbi crops.

Or Name any one rabbi crop. Ans. Two rabbi crops are: wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard. Short Answers:- 1. Differentiate between the two major cropping seasons of India.

Or Distinguish between rabbi and khaki cropping seasons of India with regard to sowing,

Or Which are the two main cropping seasons in India? Mention their growing and harvesting periods. Ans. Rabi Cropping Season (1) Rabi crops are sown from October to December.

11

(2) They are harvested in summer from April to June. (3) Important rabbi crops are: wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. (4) These crops are grown in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J & K, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. (5) Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones helps in success of these crops. Kharif Cropping Season- (1) Sharif crops are grown with the onset o1 monsoon. (2) These crops are harvested in September’ October. (3) Important khaki crops are: paddy, maize’ mower, Baja, etc. (4) These crops are grown mainly in Assam’ West Bengal, Odessa, Andhra Pradesh, Tao’ Nadu, Kerala, Bihar. (5) These crops are irrigated mainly through monsoon rains. 2. Give any three features of Said Season.

Or Explain `ZAID’ cropping season of India with examples. Ans. (1) said Season: In between the rabbi and the khaki seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Said Season. (2) They require dry weather for major growth period and longer day length for flowering. (3) In the Indian sub-continent, the crops are grown on irrigated lands which do not wait for monsoon. (4) Some of the crops produced during `Said’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. (5) Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow. Long Answers:- 1. Mention two geographical conditions required for the growth of Maize crop in India. Describe three factors which have contributed to increase maize production. Ans. Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize are as under: (i)It needs an average temperature between 21°C and 27°C. (ii) An annual rainfall of around 75 cm is required. (iii) It grows well in old alluvial soil. Factors which have contributed to increase maize production: (i) HYV seeds — It means High Yielding Variety of seeds. These seeds make it possible to produce much greater amount of grain on a single plant. They help in increasing the total production. (ii) Fertilizers and pesticides—use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in increasing production and producing best results. (iii) Irrigation—Due to well-developed irrigation facilities, the production of maize is also increased. 2. Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain the geographical conditions needed for its cultivation. Write any two important states where it is grown. Ans. Tea is the important beverage crop introduced by British in India. Geographical conditions needed for the cultivation of tea are as under: (i) Tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates. (ii) Deep, fertile and well-drained soil is needed. (iii) Soil rich in humus and organic matter is required. (iv) It requires warm and moist frost-free climate throughout the year. (v) Frequent showers, evenly distributed over the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

12

(vi) Tea is labour intensive industry. So, it requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour. (3) Important states where it is grown are Assam and West Bengal. 3. Which is the staple food crop of India? Explain the growing conditions required for the same.

Or What are the growing conditions required for the main staple food crop of India? Mention the main growing regions.

Or Which is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India? Mention any two regions where this crop is mainly grown. Ans. (1) The two most important staple food crops of India are rice and wheat. (2) Rice: (i) India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. (ii) It is a khaki crop. (iii) It requires high temperature (above 25°C) and humidity with annual rainfall -L_ ‘wove 100 cm. (iv) Major areas where rice is grown are: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odessa, and Andra Pradesh. Wheat: (i) It is the main food crop in north and north-western parts of the country. It is a rabbi crop. (ii) It requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It also requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall. (iii) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil. (iv) Major areas where wheat is grown are: Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 4. Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane and tea, Mention two important states of each.

Or Describe any four geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane. Name any two major sugarcane producing states of north India. Ans. Geographical conditions required for the growth of sugarcane are as follows: (i) It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop. (ii) It requires hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to 27°C. (iii) It requires an annual rainfall between 17 to 100 cm. (iv) It can be grown on a variety of soil. Major sugarcane producing states are : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, etc. Major tea producing states are : Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. 5. Explain any two geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses. Name any two important pulses producing states. Ans. (1) Geographical conditions required for the cultivation of pulses: (i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. (ii) Temperature is required from 25°C to 30°C. (iii) Pulses grow well in the areas of 50-75 cm rainfall. (iv) These can be grown on all types of soil but dry light soil is the best suited. (v) Pulses are leguminous crops which help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Thus, pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. (2) Major pulses producing states are: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

13

6. Write any four climatic conditions required for the cultivation of rubber. Mention any two states which are the leading producers of rubber in India. Ans. (1) Climatic conditions required for the cultivation of rubber are as follows: (i) Rubber is grown in equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical climatic regions. (ii) It requires moist and humid climate. (iii) Temperature is required above 25° C. (iv) More than 200 cm rainfall is needed. (2) Kerala, Tamil Nadu are the leading producers of rubber in India. 7. What are Rabi crops’? In which period of the year are they sown and harvested in India? Mention any four states where these crops are grown mainly.

Or Explain `rabi’ cropping season of India with examples. Ans. Rabi crops: (1) Crops grown in winter months are called rabbi crops. (2) Some of the important rabbi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. (3) Rabi crops are sown in the winter from October to December. (4) These crops are harvested in the summer from April to June. (5) These crops are grown in large parts of India. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir are the main rabbi crops producing states of India. 8. Which crop is known as the ‘golden fibre’? Explain two geographical conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Mention any four uses.

Or What is known as ‘golden fibre’? Where is it grown in India and why? Describe various uses of this fibre. Ans. (1) Jute is called golden fibre. (2) Geographical conditions for its cultivation are as follows: (i) Jute grow well in well-drained fertile soil of the floodplains where the soil is renewed every year. (ii) High temperature is required during the time of growth. (3) It grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the floodplains. (4) Therefore, it is grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Desha and Meghalaya. (5) Uses: It can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts. 9. Mention four geographical conditions required for the growth of tea in India. Name any two tea growing states of South India.

Or What are the soil type, climatic conditions and rainfall conditions required for the cultivation of tea? Write two states of India where tea grows.

Or Mention geographical conditions required for tea cultivation. Ans. (1) Some of the geographical conditions for the growth of tea are as follow: (a) Temperature: It requires hot and wet climate. The ideal temperature for the growth of tea bushes and leaf varies between 20°C to 30°C. If temperature either rises above 35°C or goes below 10°C, it would be harmful for the growth of tea bushes and leaves. b)Rainfall: As mentioned above tea requires a good amount of rainfall ranging between 150-300 cm and the annual rainfall should be well distributed throughout the year. Long dry spell is harmful for tea.

14

(c) Soil: Tea bush grows well in well drained, deep, friable loamy soil. However, virgin forest soils rich in humus and iron content are considered to be the best soils for the tea plantation. Tea is a shade loving plant and grows better when planted along with shady trees. (2) Major tea producing states of South India are: (1) Tamil Nadu (ii) Kerala (iii) Andhra Pradesh. 10. Name any four oil seeds produced in India. Explain the importance of oil seeds in our day-to- day life.

Or Describe the importance of oil seeds. Describe the significance of oil seeds. Ans. (1) (i) Groundnut, (ii) Mustard, (iii) Coconut, (iv) Sesame (v) Soybean (vi) sunflower. (2) Importance of oil seeds: (i) Most of these are edible in the form of oil and are used for cooking foods. (ii) These are also used as raw materials for manufacturing paints, varnishes, ‘yak, perfumes, cosmetics, etc. (iii) Oil cake is used as excellent cattle feed. Oil cake is also used as fertilizer. 11. Compare the geographical conditions required for the two major cereal crops inning rice and wheat. Give one major area where they are grown.

Or Which is the second most important cereal crop cultivated in India? In which regions is it grown? Explain the growing conditions for the same.

Or Describe the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of wheat in India

Or “Wheat and rice farming in India is fairly different from each other.” Support the statement with five suitable examples.

Or Describe four geographical conditions required for the growth of wheat. Mention the two major wheat producing zones of India. Or Describe the suitable environmental conditions required for the growth of rice in India.

Or Explain the geographical conditions required for the production of rice. Also mention the major rice-producing states of India.

Or Mention any three geographical conditions required for the rice cultivation. Ans. (1) The two staple food crops of India are rice and wheat. (2) Geographical conditions for rice and wheat: Rice –(i) It requires high temperature, (above 25°C). (ii) It requires high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. (iii) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. (iv) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil. (v) It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern parts of India. Wheat –(i) Wheat requires a cool growing season. (ii) It requires a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. (iii) It also requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season. (iv) It is grown in alluvial and loamy soil: (v) It is grown in the Ganga-Satluj plants of north-western and black soil region (3) (i) Major areas where rice Andhra Pradesh. (ii) Major areas where wheat is grown are: Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.

15

12. Name two important bevel rage crops grown in India. Who introduced these crops t the country? What type of agriculture is followed for their cultivation? Ans. (1) Tea and coffee are the two important beverage crops grown in India. (2) Iva was initially introduced by the British in India. The Arabica variety of coffee initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. (3) Plantation agriculture is followed for their cultivation. 13. Study the given diagram and answer the questions given below: Dipped goods, 4.1% others, 4.7% Latex foam, 4% Belts and Hoses, 4.6% Auto tires and tubes, 62.2% Footwear’s, 6.6% Camel back, 4.6% Cycle tires and tubes, 9.2% (1) Which crop is used for making the goods listed in the diagram? (2) Which types of goods occupy the highest percentage? (3) Mention any one climatic condition required for the growth of this crop. (4) Name any two major producing states of this crop. Ans. (1) Rubber (2) Auto tires and tubes (62.2%). (3) (i) It is grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. (ii) It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. (iii) Temperature should be above 25°C. (4) Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 14. Explain any three geographical conditions required for the growth of rice in India. How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfalls?. Explain with examples. Rice is the staple crop of India. It is grown well in hot and moist climate. The geographical conditions for Rice Cultivation are: 1.Temperature: 16°C – 27°C and rainfall 100 cm to 200 cm is ideal for rice growing. But rainfall during harvest times is harmful. Annual coverage temperature around 24°C is ideal. 2.Soil: rice is grown well on the alluvial soil or on the fertile river basins. It is also grown in mixed soil or loamy and clayey soil. 3.Land: Plain lands or gentle slopes are suitable for the production of rice. Because stagnancy of water is a must for the cultivation of rice. (2) In areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of artificial irrigation such as in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh etc. 15. With reference to oil seeds, answer the following questions: (a) Which is the main oil seed produced in India? (b) Which state is the leading producer of that oil seed? (c) Name two oil seeds which are grown as rabbi as well as khaki crop. Ans. (a) Groundnut (b) Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. (c) (i) Sesame is a khaki crop in north and rabbi crop in south India. (ii) Castor seed is also grown both as rabbi and khaki crop. 16. How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall? Explain with examples.

16

Ans. (1) In areas of low rainfall, it is grown with the help of irrigation. (2) Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells has made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall. (3) In Punjab. Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan rice produced with canal irrigation and tube wells.

TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS Very Short Answers:- 1.Which state is known as the harbinger of ‘Green? Revolution’ India joy Ans. Punjab is known as the harbinger of ‘Green Revolution’ in India. 2.Write another name for ‘White Revolution’. Ans. Another name of White Revolution is Operation Flood. 3.Who initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement? Ans. Viola Behave initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement. 4.Write the full form of ICAR. Ans. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Long Answers:- 1.What is the main contribution of agriculture to the national economy? Explain any five steps taken by the government of India to modernize agriculture.

Or “Agriculture is the mainstay of Indian economy.” Explain the statement. Ans. (1) (i) Agriculture is the backbone or the mainstay of the Indian economy. It has been contributing significantly in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). From 1951 onwards I the share of agriculture sector in GDP has registered a declining trend. In 2010-11 about 52 per cent of the total work force was employed by the form sector which makes more than half of the Indian population dependent on agriculture for sustenance. (ii) Besides providing livelihood and employment it also provides raw materials to agro- based industries and fodder to country’s vast livestock. (2) Considering the importance of agriculture in Indian economy, the Government of India made serious efforts to modernize agriculture in the following ways : (i) Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established. (ii) Agricultural universities, veterinary colleges and universities have been setup. (iii) Animal breeding centers, horticulture development, research and development in the field of meteorology have been established. (iv) Weather forecast are also given priority. (v) Steps are taken for improvement of rural infrastructure. 2.Describe the technical and institutional reforms occurred in Indian agriculture.

Or Describe any five technological and institutional reforms initiated to improve the standard of agriculture in India. Or Describe the institutional and technical changes introduced in the field of agriculture in India in the recent years. Ans. (1) The government provides HYV seeds and fertilizers.

17

(2) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmed for farmers are introduced on radio and television. (3) Government provides technical assistance and training for farmers. (4) Soil testing facilities, cold storage and transportation facilities are provided by government for farmers. (5) Veterinary services, animal breeding centers, horticulture development like facilities are provided by the government for farmers. 3.Describe any five steps taken by the government of India to increase the productivity of agriculture in India. Or Explain any three institutional reforms introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Or Explain any four institutional reforms programmed introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Or Describe any five reforms brought in the Indian agriculture after independence through the efforts of the Indian Government.

Or Suggest two technological and three institutional reforms taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production. Ans. (1) The right of inheritance has led to fragmentation of land holdings. Therefore, collectivization, consolidation of land holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari system, etc. are given priority to bring about institutional reforms. (2) The Green Revolution based on the use of package technology was initiated to improve Indian agriculture. (3) Land development programmed was initiated, which included provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and diseases, establishment of Graeme Banks, Cooperative Societies, etc. (4) Kiss an Credit Card (KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PATS) were also introduced for the benefit of farmers. (5) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmed for farmers are run on the radio and television. (6) To check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen, the government announces Minimum Support Price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 1.Two boys from your school visited two different villages and presented the reports mentioning the features of agriculture practiced there. These features are listed below : (1) Small land piece (2) Poor farmers (3) Rich farmers (4) Availability of fertilizers and pesticides (5) Use of traditional equipment’s of agriculture (6) Use of combine and thresher machines (7) Low production (8) Developed irrigation system (9) Adequate means of transport (10) Monsoon-based irrigation. One of the students reported that there was subsistence agriculture practiced in the village he visited. What do you think which are the features in the above list which he is talking about ? Ans. (1) Small land piece (2) Poor farmers

18

(3) Use of traditional equipment’s of agriculture (4) Low production (5) Monsoon-based irrigation. 2.”In India, agriculture production is under pressure.” In the light of the above statement, mention a few challenges before Indian agriculture. Ans. (1) Lack of irrigation facilities (2) Dependence on monsoon (3) Inadequate marketing and storage facilities (4) Competition with global market prices of agriculture products (5) High cost of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. (6) Lack of modern agricultural equipments and technology.

Geography Chapter-5 Mineral and Energy Resources

Short Answers:- 1.How do geologists define minerals? Give one example each of the hardest and the softest minerals. [1] Ans. (1) Geologists define minerals as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure”. (2) Minerals are found in varied forms in nature. (3) The hardest form of mineral is diamond and softest is talc. 2.Distinguish between rocks and minerals. Give one example of each. Ans. Rocks–(1) Rocks are combinations of homogeneous occurring substance with a definable internal structure. (2) Majority of rocks consist of several in nature, ranging from the hardest diamond to the softest talc. (3) For example, granite, sandstone. Minerals – (1) Minerals are homogeneous naturally substances called minerals. (2) Minerals are found in varied forms minerals in varying proportions. (3) For example, iron, manganese. 3.Describe any three points of importance of minerals in our daily life. [3] Ans. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. For example; (1) The railway lines and the tarmac of the roads, our implements and machinery are made from minerals. (2) Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals. (3) From a tiny pin to a towering building or a ship, all are made from minerals (4) In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites, etc. 4.What is the difference in approach of Geographers and Geologists in the study of mineral resources? [3] Ans. (1) (i) Geographers study minerals as part of the earth’s crust for a better understanding of land forms. (ii) The distribution of mineral resources and associated economic activities are of great interest to Geographers. (2) (i) A Geologist is interested in the formation of minerals, their age and physical and chemical composition. (ii) They define minerals as a homogeneous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.

19

(iii) The formation of minerals depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. This results in a wide range of colors, hardness, crystal forms, lustier and density that a particular mineral possesses. Geologists use their properties to classify the minerals.

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS

Short Answers:- 1.Classify minerals into the three groups. Give one example of each. Ans. Classification of minerals: Metallic minerals: These can be classified into: (i) Ferrous (containing iron): For example, iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc. (ii) Non-ferrous minerals: For example, copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc. (iii) Precious: For example, gold, silver, platinum, etc. (2) Non-metallic minerals: For example, mica, salt, potash, granite, limestone, etc. (3) Energy minerals: For example, coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc.

MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS Very Short Answers:- 1.Why has aluminum metal great importance? [1] Ans. Aluminum metal has great importance because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. 2.Name the minerals formed as ‘placer deposits’. Ans. Gold, silver, tin and platinum. 3.How are minerals formed in sedimentary rocks? Ans. They formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. 4.Name the two types of iron-ore found in India. Ans. (i) Magnetite, (ii) Hematite. 5.Name any two minerals obtained from veins and lodes. Ans. Two minerals obtained from veins and lodes are : copper and zinc. 6.Name the mineral for which the Blight mines of Madhya Pradesh are famous. Ans. Blight mines of Madhya Pradesh are famous for copper. 7.What is at-Hole Mining’? Ans. Coal mining in Jokai and Cherapunjee is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as tat-Hole Mining’. 8.Where are Bilabial hills located and why are they called so? [1] Ans. Bilabial hills are located in the Bestir district of Chhattisgarh. They are called so because the range looks like the hump of an ox. 9.Which factors affect the economic viability of a reserve? Ans. (1) The concentration of mineral in the ore. (2) The ease of extraction.

20

(3) Closeness to the market. 10.What is Hematite? Ans. Hematite is a type of iron ore. 11.In which places of Odessa-Jharkhand belt is iron-ore found? Ans. (1) In Odessa, iron ore is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kandahar districts. (2) In Jharkhand, iron ore is mined in Guam and Normandy. 12.In which form do minerals occur in the sedimentary rocks? Ans. Beds or layers 13.Which is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development in India? Ans. Iron ore 14.How is gypsum formed? Ans. It is formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions. 15.Which type of iron ore has the content of iron up to 70%? Ans. Magnetite 16.Which iron ore deposits is known to be one of the largest in the world? Ans. The Kudermukh iron ore deposits it. 17.Which is the largest manganese producing state of India? Ans. Odessa 18.Which minerals provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries? Ans. Ferrous minerals 19.Which mine in Karnataka is a 100% export unit of iron ore? Ans. Kudermukh 20.India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of which mineral? Ans. Copper 21.Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Bihar-Jharkhand is the leading producer of which mineral? Ans. Mica Short Answers:- [3] 1.Explain veins and lodes. Which minerals are found in them? Ans. (1) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. (2) In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. (3) Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead, etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.

21

2.What type of mineral is limestone? Describe its uses and distribution Ans. (1) Limestone is a non-metallic mineral. It is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates Uses of limestone: (i) It is the basic raw material for cement industry. (ii) It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. (3) Distribution: It is produced in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, etc. 3.Why is mica considered the most important mineral in electric and electronics industries? Give reasons.

Or “Mica is an indispensable mineral in the electronic industry.” Evaluate. Ans. (1) Mica is a non-metallic mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. (2) It can split easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters high. (3) Due to its excellent did-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, it is used in electric and electronic industries. 4.Name the rock mineral which is the basic raw material for a cement industry. State its composition and use. Ans. (1) Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry. (2) It is found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and magnesium carbonates. (3) It is used for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. 5. State the facts about iron-ore found in India with reference to following: (i) Two types of iron-ore (ii) Two exporting ports (iii) Two major destinations of the exports. Ans. (1) Two types of iron-ore: (a) Magnetite, (b) Hematite. (ii) Two exporting ports: (a) Vishakhapatnam. (b) Mangalore. (iii) Two major destinations of the exports :Japan, (b) South Korea. 6.What is an ore? Name any two ores of iron. Ans. (1) The term, ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. Two ores of iron: (i) Magnetite, (ii) Hematite. 7.Describe the position of India regarding the non-ferrous minerals with their importance. Ans. (1) India’s reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals are not very satisfactory. (2) These minerals include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold. (3) They play a vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and electrical industries. 8.Explain the formation of Bauxite and name the metal obtained from it. [1] Ans. (1) Formation of bauxite involves the decomposition of surface locks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. (2) Aluminum is extracted from bauxite.

22

9.Mention any three properties of copper. Name three mines from which copper is extracted. Ans. Copper is: (1) malleable, (2) ductile and (3) good conductor of heat and electricity. Copper is extracted from: (1) Blight mines in Madhya Pradesh. (2) Sing hum district in Jharkhand. (3) Cheri mines in Rajasthan. 10.State any two uses of limestone and name any two states which are the major producers of limestone.

Or State two uses of limestone and also the states where it is produced. Ans. (1) Two uses of limestone: (i) It is the basic raw material for cement industry. (ii) It is essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace. (2) It is produced in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat’ Tamil Nadu, etc. Long Answers:- 1.Define mineral. How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks? Explain any three types of formations in which minerals occur.

Or Name any three forms in which minerals are found.

Or Explain the mode of occurrence of minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks with examples. Ans. (1) Mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. Minerals occur in different types of formations: (i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and larger are called lodes. Tin, copper, zinc, lead are obtained from veins and lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. (ii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. (iii) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. (iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals. (v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals. Common salt, magnesium and bromine are derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds are also rich in manganese nodules. 2.Highlight any three factors which play an important role in turning a mineral resource into a mine. Ans. The factors which play important role in turning a mineral reserve into a mine are: (1) Concentration of mineral in the ore: If concentration of minerals is more, then only it is economical to extract them. (2) The ease of extraction: Some mineral resources occur on the earth’s surface while others may occur deep under the earth’s surface. It is difficult to mine beyond a depth of about 2,000 m. (3) Closeness to the market: If the mine is close to the market then, transportation cost also reduces. If the market is far off then cost of mineral increases. It also leads to wastage in loading and unloading of mineral resources.

23

(4) The place where it occurs: The minerals available in regions of harsh climate or rugged topography are difficult to extract. (5) The cost of processing it: The cost of processing the minerals also determines its total cost. Thus, it plays an important role in determining whether reserve should be converted into a mine or not. 3.Name any three major iron ore belts found in India. Write main features of each.

Or Explain the distribution of iron-ore in India. Ans. The major iron ore belts in India are: (1) Odessa-Jharkhand belt: In this belt, high grade hematite ore is found. The major mines of this belt are Mayurbhanj, Kandahar, and Sing hum. (2) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt: It lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematites are found in the famous Bilabial range of hills. This range comprises 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore. (3) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt: It lies in Karnataka. It has large reserves of iron ore. Kudermukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world. (4) Maharashtra-Goa belt: This belt is located in the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Ores found here are not of very high quality. Here, iron ore is exported through Maragos port. 4.Which type of minerals has provided a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries in India? Explain with the help of examples. Ans. (1) Ferrous minerals like iron ore, manganese has provided a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries in India. (2) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. (3) Magnetite (a type of iron ore) has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. (4) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and Ferro-manganese alloy. (5) It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. 5.Explain any three reasons for variation in the distribution of minerals in India. Or How minerals are unevenly distributed in India? Explain with examples. Ans. (1) Variation in the distribution of minerals in India is because of (i) the differences in the geological structure (ii) Processes (iii) time involved in the formation of minerals. (2) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal, metallic minerals and mica. (3) Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern flanks of peninsula have petroleum deposits. (4) Alluvial plains of north India are devoid of economic minerals. 6. “Minerals found in the ocean waters mostly are not of economic significance.” Give one reason. Name any two minerals derived from ocean water. Ans. Minerals found in the ocean waters mostly are not of economic significance because: (i) These are too widely diffused. (ii) The higher cost and environmental constraints of marine mining. (iii) Mining is hampered by technological constraints (depth of ocean). Two minerals derived from ocean water: (i) Common salt (ii) Magnesium (iii) Bromine (iv) Manganese nodules.

24

7.Name a clay like substance from which alumina and later aluminum is obtained. Give its formation, uses and distribution. Ans. (1) Bauxite. (i) Formation-Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminum silicates. (ii) Uses-It combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. (iii) Distribution—Bauxite deposits are found in the Amarkantak plateau, Magical hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. 8.Mention any four mineral resources in which India is fairly rich. By which mineral resource does India earn foreign exchange? Explain.

Or “India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources.” Elaborate the statement. Ans. (1) Four mineral resources in which India is fairly rich are: (i) Iron ore, (ii) Manganese, (iii) Bauxite, (iv) Mica. (2) India earns foreign exchange by iron ore. Very high grade hematite’s (a type of iron ore) are found in the famous Bilabial range of hills in the Bestir district of Chhattisgarh. The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron ore. It has the best physical properties needed for steel-making. Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port. 9.Explain the mode of occurrence of minerals in sedimentary rocks, with examples. Ans. (1) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. (2) They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. (3) Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. (4) Another group of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt, These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions. 10.Name the mineral formed by decomposition of surface rocks. Which metal is extracted out of it? Which two properties of this metal make it very important? Ans. (1) Bauxite is formed by the decomposition of surface rocks. (2) Aluminum is extracted out of it. (3) (i) Aluminum is important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness. (ii) It has good conductivity and great malleability. 11.Name the iron-ore mines of Karnataka located in Western Ghats. List any two features of these mines.

Or Name the largest iron-ore mines of Karnataka located in Western Ghats. Write any two features of these mines. Ans. (1) Kudermukh iron ore mines of Karnataka are located in Western Ghats. (2) (i) These mines are a 100 per cent export unit. (ii) These are known to be one of the largest in the world. (iii) The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore. 12.Name the finest quality of iron-ore with a high content of iron and state any two characteristics of it.

25

Or Which is the finest quality of iron-ore? Write any two characteristics of it.

Or Name the most important industrial iron-ore in terms of quantity. Write any two characteristics of it. Ans. (1) Magnetite is the finest quality of iron ore. (2) (i) It has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent. (ii) It has excellent magnetic qualities. (iii) It is valuable in the electrical industry. 13.Diatribe the two main qualities of iron ore deposits of India. State the two types of iron ore mainly found in the country. Identify the major areas known for the production of iron ore.

Or Describe the qualities of two types of iron ore found in India. Mention the major areas known for the production of iron ore. Ans. (1) (i) India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. (ii) India is rich in good quality iron ores. (2) Two types of iron ore mainly found in the country are: (i) Magnetite (ii) Hematite. (3)The major areas known for the production of iron ore: (i) Odessa (ii) Jharkhand (iii) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. (iv) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur in Karnataka. 14.Which state is the largest producer of manganese in India? Mention any four uses of manganese.

Or Write any three uses of manganese. Ans. (1) Odessa is the largest producer of manganese in India. (2) Uses of manganese: (i) It is used in the manufacturing of steel. (ii) It is used in the manufacturing of Ferro-manganese alloy. (iii) It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder. (iv) It has its uses in insecticide and paint industries. 15.Which is the basic mineral and is the backbone of industrial development? Give its main features. Ans. (1) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. (2) (i) It provides a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries. (ii) Hematite has the best physical properties needed to steel-making. (iii) Iron has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry (iv) Various other industries are dependent for their tools and equipment on this mineral. 16.Explain the importance of iron, manganese, mica, bauxite, copper. Ans. (1) Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development Magnetite iron ore has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. (2) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and Ferro-manganese alloy. It is also used in manufacturing of bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. (3) Mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries It has excellent did-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance. to high voltage.

26

(4) From bauxite aluminum is obtained. It combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability. (5) Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor to heat and electricity. It is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries. 17.What is a mineral? Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.

Or Distinguish between ferrous minerals and non-ferrous minerals. Give two examples of each. Ans. (1) Mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure. (2) Difference between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals: Ferrous Minerals – (i) The minerals which do not contain iron are known as ferrous minerals. (ii) They have their own utility and are used it They also provide strong base for electrical, electronic, chemical, engineering metallurgical industries. (iii) Ferrous minerals account for about of the total value of the satisfactory production of metallic minerals. (iv) Iron, manganese, cobalt are the examples. Non-Ferrous Minerals – (i) The minerals containing iron-content content are known as non-ferrous minerals (ii) They are used in iron and steel industry industries. (iii) India’s reserves and prccluction of non-fern: three-fourths minerals are not veil (iv) Copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, gold are the examples. 18.Name a non-metallic mineral made up of a series plates or leaves. Give its characteristics, use, and distribution.

Or Name the non-metallic mineral which can split easily into thin sheets. Mention its uses Ans. (1) Mica is the non-metallic mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. (2) Mica can split easily into thin sheets. These sheets can be so thin that a thousand c be layered into a mica sheet of a few centimeters. (3) Characteristics : It has excellent did-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties, resistance to high voltage. (4) Uses : It is used in electric and electronic industries. (5) Distribution : (i) Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chita Nagpur plateau. (ii) Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer. (iii) Ajmer in Rajasthan. (iv) Nellore in Andhra Pradesh. 19.Explain the impact of mining on the health of miners and the environment? Suggest any one solution.

Or How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and environment? Explain. Ans. (1) Mining activity is often called a ‘Killer Industry’ due to high risks involved. (2) The dust and poisonous fumes inhaled by the miners make them vulnerable pulmonary diseases. (3) The extraction of minerals from nature often creates imbalances, which adversely affect the environment. (4) The key environmental impacts of mining are on wildlife and fishery habitats, the water balance, local climates and the pattern of rainfall, sedimentation, the depletion of forests and the disruption of the ecology. (5) Effects of mining on environment in India : (i) The operations of Kudermukh Iron ore company in the Western Ghats in Karnataka state have caused large scale destruction of the hills, pollution of groundwater and affected Kudermukh National Park. (ii) The miners face health hazards arising out of on-site pollution due to dust gases, noise and polluted water.

27

(iii) In Hair and Ranging coal fields in Jharkhand, there are more than 500 abandoned mines covering about 1800 hectares. 20.Differentiate between metallic and non-metallic minerals with examples. Ans. Metallic minerals–(1) Metallic minerals are those from which metals are obtained. (2) These minerals are, malleable and ductile. (3) These minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks. (4) Metallic minerals show luster. (5) For example, iron ore, manganese, copper, tin etc. Non-metallic minerals –(1) These minerals do not contain metals. (2) Non-metallic minerals are non-malleable and non-ductile. (3) These minerals occur in sedimentary rocks. (4) Non-metallic minerals do not show luster. (5) For example, gypsum, potash, salt, etc.

CONSERVATION OF MINERALS

Long Answers: 1.Explain the objectives of conservation of minerals. Why is it essential for future economic growth? Explain. Or Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three measures to conserve them. Ans. (1) We need to conserve mineral resources because: (i) Minerals are finite and non-renewable. (ii) They are extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. (iii) Continuous extraction of ores leads to increasing cost of minerals. Mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality. (2) We can conserve minerals in the following ways: (i) We should use resource in planned and sustainable manner. (ii) Recycling of metals by using scrap. (iii) Improved technology to allow use of low grade ores. (iv) Using other substitutes. 2.What efforts are required to use mineral resources in a planned and sustainable Meitner? Explain in three points.

Or Suggest some measures to conserve the minerals. Ans. (1) Recycling of metals: Ferrous metals like steel is one of the most recycled materials. The most recycled items are containers, coins, automobiles appliances and construction materials. It is cheaper to recycle steel than to mine iron ore. Steel does not lose any of its inherent physical properties during recycling process. (2) Use of substitutes or alternative resources: Since metals and fossil fuels are available in a fixed quantity therefore, using substitutes or alternative resources is the need of the hour. (3) Resource planning: Resource planning is another important aspect. Resource should be used in such a way that future generations may not face problems. Priorities need to be fixed in advance so that resources can be used accordingly. (4) Important technology needs to be improved to avoid wastage during different processes of extracting minerals from the ores.

28

CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY Very Short Answers:- 1.Why is natural gas considered as environment friendly? Ans. Natural gas is considered as environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. 2.Which type of coal has the highest content of moisture? Ans. Lignite 3.Which is the oldest oil producing state in India? Ans. Assam 4.Which type of coal is used for generation of electricity? Ans. Lignite 5.Which oilfield produces more than 50% of India’s petroleum? Ans. Mumbai High 6.Identify the popular liquid fuel used for vehicles which is environmental friendly. Ans. CNG Short Answers:- 1.Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India. Or Mention any three uses of the petroleum. Ans. Importance of Petroleum: 1.Petroleum is the major energy source in India. 2. Provides fuel for heat and lighting. 3. Provides lubricant for machinery. 4. Provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries. 5. Petroleum refineries act as nodal industry for synthetic, textile, fertilizer and chemical industries. Its occurrence: (a).Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps. (b).In regions of folding, anticline or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. (c).Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. 2.Describe the distribution of natural gas reserves in India. Ans. (1) Natural gas is considered an environment-friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. (2) Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin. (3) Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied field are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay. (4) Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas. (5) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. 3 Why is coal the most important energy source in India even today? Give three reasons. Ans. (1) Coal is the main source of energy as it provides about 67% of energy needs in our country. (2) Coal is used as a fuel in households, thermal power plants and in industry.

29

(3) Coal is used in manufacture of fuel gases like coal gas. 4 “Coal is an exhaustible resource. There is a great need to conserve it.” Suggest and explain five measures to reduce dependence on coal. Ans. We can reduce the dependence on coal in the following ways: (1) The mining techniques should be improved so that the wastages are cut down and optimum production is got. (2) As a fuel for industries, we should try to generate more power from renewable sources like hydroelectricity and atomic energy. (3) Coal is extensively used as domestic fuel. This can be substituted by natural gas, biogas and to some extent, solar energy, etc. Smokeless Cholas are also useful. (4) Till the recent past, Indian Railways were mainly using coal to run their steam engines. The electrification of railway and use of diesel engines has cut down the consumption of coal. (5) We should take a serious account of the coal situation and try to use it judiciously so that we may enjoy its benefits for a longer time. 5. “Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel.” Explain the statement in two points. Ans. (1) Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. (2) It does not cause air pollution or environmental degradation. Thus, it is the fuel for the present century (3) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. 6.What are the two main ways of generating electricity? How are they different from each other? Explain.

Or Name three methods of generation of electricity? Explain how electricity is generated using these method? Ans. Electricity is generated mainly in two ways: 1.(i) By running water which drives hydro turbines to generate hydro-electricity (ii) Hydro-electricity is generated by fast flowing water, which is a renewable resource (2) (i) Thermal power is generated by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive turbines to produce electricity. (ii) Thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity, 7.’The conventional sources of energy are fast getting depleted, if we are not careful, there will be an acute shortage.’ Support the statement with examples. Ans. (1) India is becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil for energy production. (2) It has led to the depletion of conventional energy resources. (3) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future. (4) To fulfill the energy demands the energy resources are over exploited. (5) Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. 8.Why is energy required for all activities? How can energy be generated? Exp

Or “Energy is required for all activities.” Support the statement with examples. Ans. (1) (i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. (ii) Every sector of the national economy — agriculture, industry, services — needs inputs of energy

30

(iii) The economic development plans require increasing amount of energy to remain operational. (2) (i) Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from electricity. (ii) In the recent years, energy has also been started generating from non-conventional sources like solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas, etc. 9.In which two main geological ages does coal occur in rock series in India? Mention any two features of coal of each age.

Or Describe about Godwin and Tertiary coals in India.

Or Describe the rock series of two main geological ages of occurrence of coal in India. Ans. (1) Godwin coal is a little over 200 million years in age. The major resources of Godwin coal which are metallurgical coal are located in Deodar Valley, Hair, Flanagan; and Bokhara. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wareham valleys also contain coal deposits. (2) Tertiary coal deposits are only about 55 million years old. Tertiary coals occur in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. 10.Classify the energy resources and write any three characteristics of each.

Or Classify the energy resources into two categories. Mention any two features of each. Ans. (1) Energy resource can be classified into two types — conventional and non-conventional. Conventional energy resources: (i) The sources of power like coal, petroleum, natural gas are called conventional energy resources. (ii) They have been in use for a long time. (iii) They have limited reserves and are likely to get exhausted. Non-conventional energy resources: (i) Solar, wind, geo-thermal, tidal and biogas are called non-conventional energy resources. (ii) This energy is abundant, renewable, pollution free and eco-friendly. (iii) It can be more easily supplied to rural, urban and remote areas. Thus, it is called the ‘energy of the future’. 11.Identify the second most important energy resource in India after coal. Mention its two uses along with its deposits in India.

Or Which is the second most important energy resource in India after coal? Mention its importance as a source of energy and as a source of raw material. Ans. (1) Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. Two uses of petroleum: (i) It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. (ii) Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries. (3)Deposits of petroleum: (i) Ankeleshwar in Gujarat. (ii) Igbo, Naharkatiya and Moran-Ugrian in Assam.

31

12.What are the major sources of energy in rural household of India? Identify the major problems faced due to these sources. Give suggestions to solve these problems. Ans. (1) Firewood and cattle dung cake are the major sources of energy in rural household of India. (2) Major problems faced due to these sources are: (i) using cow dung is discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture. (ii) Continuation of these sources of energy is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest area. (3) Suggestions to solve these problems: (i) Awareness must be developed in the rural areas regarding the non-conventional sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy etc. It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn, will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. (ii) Government should take initiatives in setting up the biogas plants in rural areas. 13.Where does petroleum occur under the earth? Mention the major producing centers of petroleum in India.

Or Describe the occurrence of petroleum in India. Ans. (1) (i) The occurrence of petroleum in India is associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. (ii) In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the unfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. (iii) Petroleeum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. (2) (i) Major petroleum producing centers in India : Mumbai High (63%), Gujarat (18%), Assam (16%). (ii) Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. (iii) Igbo, Naharkatiya and Moran-Ugrian in Assam are important oil fields in the state. 14.How is energy a basic requirement for the economic development of the country? Explain with examples. Ans. Energy is the basic requirement for economic development. (1) Every sector of the national economy—agriculture, industry, service needs inputs of energy. Energy is required to run machines in industries, agricultural equipments, transport, communications, etc. (2) The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. (3) To run our international trade or to export, import various goods, efficient transport system is required which again requires energy resources. 15.Explain the distribution and importance of petroleum. Or Explain the role of petroleum in the economy of our country. Highlight its distribution. Ans. (1) Petroleum is important because: (i) It provides fuel for heat and lighting. (ii) It provides lubricants for machinery. (iii) It provides raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. (iv) Petroleum refineries act as a nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.

32

(2) Four oil fields of India are : (i) Ankeleshwar (Gujarat), (ii) Mumbai High, (iii) Igbo and Naharkatiya (Assam) and (iv) Moran-Ugrian (Assam). 16.Give three differences between hydro and thermal electricity. Which one of the two is better and why? Ans. (1) Difference between hydro and thermal electricity: Hydro-electricity-(1) Hydro electricity is generated by fast flowing water. (2) Hydro power station uses water to generate electricity which is a renewable resource. (3) It is pollution free. (4) Dams are helpful not only in generating electricity but also serve various other purposes like irrigation, etc. Thermal electricity- (1) Thermal electricity is generated using coal, petroleum and natural gas. (2) The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for generating electricity. (3) It pollutes the atmosphere. (4) In thermal power plants only electricity is generated. (2) Hydro-electricity is better because it is generated by fast flowing water which is a renewable resource. The multi-purpose projects which are constructed to generate electricity are also useful for various other purposes like irrigation, controlling floods, fisheries, etc. 17.Describe the features of different types of coal found in India.

Or Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Assess the importance of its different forms. Ans. Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India. (1) Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity. (2) Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Naively in Tamil Nadu and are used far generation of electricity. (3) Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. (4) Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal. (5) In India, coal occurs in rocks series of two main geological ages, namely Godwin, a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits which are about 55 million years old. Godwin coal is located in Deodar Valley. Tertiary coals occur is Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Very Short Answers:- 1.How are to bar gas plants’ beneficial to the farmers? Ans. Goober gas plants provide twin benefits to the farmers in the form of energy and improved quality of manure. 2.Why should the use of cattle cake as fuel be discouraged? Ans. The use of cattle cake as fuel should be discouraged because it consumes most ‘equable manure which could be used in agriculture. 3.What is contained in the monazite sand?

33

Ans. Thorium is contained in the monazite sand. 4.Name two places where geo-thermal projects are located in India. Ans. Parfait Valley in Himachal Pradesh and Pug Valley in Latah. 5.Which nuclear power plant is located in Tamil Nadu? Ans. Kalpak am 6.India is referred to as a ‘Super Power’ in the world in which non-conventional sources of energy? Ans. Wind Power 7.What does the decomposition of organic matter yield? Ans. Gas 8.Which nuclear power plant is located in Rajasthan? Ans. Rabat Bhatia 9.Where does the largest wind farm cluster is located? Ans. Tamil Nadu 10.Which nuclear power plant is located in Uttar Pradesh? Ans. Nar aura 11.In which state is Kaila nuclear power plant located? Ans. Karnataka 12.What are the raw materials used for manufacturing of biogas? Ans. Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas. Short Answers:- 1.Which is the most efficient source of energy for rural India? Describe any two benefits of it. Ans. (1) Firewood and cattle dung cake are the most efficient sources of energy for rural India. (2) According to one estimate, more than 70 per cent energy requirement in rural households is met by these two sources of energy. Benefits of this energy: (i) It is used as a source of energy. (ii) It improves the quality of manure. 2.Distinguish between Biogas and Natural gas. Ans. (1) Biogas is the man-made energy resource. (2) It is prepared by using shrubs, farm above the oil (petroleum). (3) It is used as an industrial raw material in rural areas in the petrochemical industry. (4) Natural gas reserves are found in rural areas. (5) Use of compressed natural gas for It improves the quality of manure popularity in the country Long Answers:- 1.Mention any six non-conventional sources of energy. Ans. Non-conventional sources of energy are as follows: (1) Nuclear or Atomic Energy: (i) It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms.

34

(ii) When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat and this is used to generate electric power. (2) Solar Energy: (i) Photovoltaic technology convert sunlight directly into electricity. (ii) Solar energy it fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. (3) Wind Power: (i) India have great potential of wind power. (ii) The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. (4) Biogas: (1) Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas. (ii) Biogas plants provide twin benefits to the farmers in the form of energy and improved quality of manure. (5) Tidal Energy: (i) Oceanic tides are used to generate electricity. (ii) In India the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat and Genetic delta in Sunder ban regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy (6) Geo-thermal Energy: (i) Goo-thermal energy refer to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the Earth. (ii) Geo-thermal energy exists because; the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. 2.What is meant by geothermal energy and how is it produced? Explain.

Or Define geothermal energy. How does this energy exist? Ans. (1) Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth. (2) (i) Geothermal energy exists because, the Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depth. (a) Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow depths. (iii) Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot. (iv) It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity. There are several hundred hot springs in India, which could be used to generate electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India to harness geothermal energy—(i) Parfait Valley in Himachal Pradesh; and (ii) Pug Valley, Latah. 3.Mention the two most widely used sources of energy in rural India. Why is their usage being discouraged? Give any two reasons. Ans. (1) Firewood and cattle dung cake are the most widely used sources of energy in rural India. According to one estimate, more than 70% energy requirement in rural households is met by these two sources of energy. (2) Their usage is being discouraged for the following reasons: (i) The continuation of these two sources of energy is increasingly becoming difficult due to decreasing forest areas. (ii) Moreover, using dung cake too is being discouraged because it consumes most valuable manure which could be used in agriculture. 4.In which state of India, the largest wind farm cluster is located? Explain any two benefits of this energy. Ans. (1) The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. (2) Two benefits of this energy: (i) It is a renewable source of energy. (ii) It is pollution-free and eco-friendly. 5.How is tidal energy produced? Mention the area which provides ideal conditions for producing tidal energy.

Or

35

How is tidal energy produced? State the major area of its availability. Ans. (1) (i) Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. (ii) Floodgate dams are built across inlets. (iii) During high tide, water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. (iv) After the tide falls outside the gate, the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power-generating turbine. (2) In India, the Gulf of Kutch, provides ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy. 6.How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India? Give your suggestion.

Or “Solar energy has a bright future in India.” Support the statement with suitable Ans. (1) Being a tropical country there are enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy in India. (2) Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. (3) The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Buhl, where solar energy is used to sterilize milk cans. (4) Increasing use of fuels have caused serious environmental problems. (5) It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood’s and dung cakes. (6) It will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. 7.Explain any five reasons for the importance of non-conventional sources.

Or Why do non-conventional sources of energy have a bright future? Explain any five reasons. Ans. The use of non-conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary because: (1) The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. (2) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn, has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy. (3) Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. (4) India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass. (5) Non-conventional sources of energy are less expensive and renewable. 8.How is nuclear or atomic energy obtained? Write any one use of it. Which minerals are used to obtain this energy and mention any two states where these minerals are found? Ans. (1) Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat. (2) It is used to generate electric power. (3) Uranium and Thorium are used to obtain nuclear energy. (4) Uranium and Thorium are found in Jharkhand and Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan. (5) The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium. 9.Explain the importance of biogas for the rural people in India. Ans. (1) Biogas plants can be easily set up in rural India because the raw material required for these plants like shrubs, farm wastes, animal and human wastes are available in rural areas. (2) Biogas plants are set up at municipal, co-operative and individual levels. (3) Biogas plants provide twin benefits to the farmer in the form of energy and improved quality of manure. (4) Biogas is by far the most efficient use of cattle dung.

36

(5) It improves the quality of manure and also prevents the loss of trees and manure due to burning of firewood and cow dung cake.

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES Long Answers:- 1.Define non-conventional sources of energy. How these energy sources are helpful in environmental conservation? Explain. Ans. (1) Non-conventional sources of energy: solar, wind, geo-thermal, tidal and biogas are called non-conventional sources of energy. (2) These energy sources are helpful in environmental conservation in the following ways: (i) Non-conventional sources of energy are less expensive and renewable. (ii) Natural gas is considered an environmental friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions. It does not cause air pollution or environmental degradation. Thus, it is the fuel for the present century. (iii) Renewable energy technologies provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and reducing global warming through substituting conventional energy sources. (iv)They are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these resources minimize environmental impact and produce minimum secondary waste. 2.Why should we conserve natural resources? Explain any three reasons. Ans. (1) Natural resources like minerals require million of years to be created and concentrated. The geological process of mineral formation is very slow in comparison to the present rate of consumption. (2) Natural resources are basic requirement for economic development. Every sector needs one or the other natural resource for its running. (3) Resources are mostly finite and non-renewable. (4) Continued extraction of resource leads to increasing cost as mineral extraction comes from greater depth along with decrease in quality. (5) India is one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of limited resources. 3.’Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.’ Analyze two reasons and any one way for the sustainable energy development. Ans. (1) Reasons for the sustainable energy development: (i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. (ii) Every sector of national economy — agriculture, industry and service, needs inputs of energy. (iii) Economic development plans require increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. (iv) Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. (v) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortage have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future. (2) We should promote greater use of non-conventional sources of energy. 4.What measures can be adopted for conservation of energy in India?

Or Suggest five measures for the conservation of Energy Resources.

Or In the present day energy crisis what steps will you like to take for saving energy?

Or

37

‘Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving.’ Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this burning problem. Ans. (1) We should adopt a cautious approach for the judicious uses of our limited energy resources. (2) We should use public transport system. (3) We must switch off electricity when not in use. (4) Use of power saving devices may reduce energy consumption. (5) We should check power equipments. (6) Greater use of non-conventional sources of energy may be an effective measure for conservation of energy in India. 5.Differentiate between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. Ans.

6.Why do you think the development of sustainable path of energy is essential? Justify the statement, “The earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” Ans. (1) The development of sustainable path of energy is the development of energy sources not only at present but it should be continued and maintained for future generations. That is, energy resources should be used judiciously. (2) In this machine-age, the consumption of energy is steadily increasing all over the country. If this trend continues, the existing power resources will not last for long time. (3) Our earth has enough non-renewable resources to meet our present and future needs for development if we use them in an economic manner. 7.Assam with its extensive tea gardens and high production of crude oil has a lot of potential for growth of tourism. What values are associated with promotion of tourism? Ans. (1) Prosperity: Tourism brings on a large amount of income into local economy 18 the form of payment for goods and services needed by tourists. Thus, it improves the standard of life of local people. (2) Cultural Exchange: It promotes cultural exchange because tourists bring with themselves their cultures. (3) Promotion of National Integration: Tourism promotes national integration and also supports local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Minerals and Energy Resources

1. Name the mineral which is used to reduce cavity.

38

(a) Silicon (b) Fluorite (c) Aluminium oxide (d) Limestone

2. Which out of the following metallic minerals is obtained from veins and lodes? (a) Zinc (b) Limestone (c) Rutile (d) Mica

3. In which kind of rocks are the minerals deposited and accumulated in the strata’s? (a) Igneous rocks (b) Metamorphic rocks (c) Sedimentary rocks (d) None of these

4. Which out of the following minerals is formed as a result of evaporation in the arid regions? (a) Gypsum (b) Zinc (c) Coal (d) Copper

5. Which out of the following minerals is formed by the decomposition of surface rocks, and leaves a residual mass of weathered material? (a) Gold (b) Bauxite (c) Zinc (d) Coal

6. Which out of the following minerals occurs in the sands of valley floors and the base of hills? (a) Gold (b) Copper (c) Sulphur (d) Marble

7. What is ‘Rat hole’ mining? (a) Mining in places where there are lots of rats (b) Mining done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel (c) Mining that kills rats (d) None of these

8. Name the mines in Karnataka which is a 100 per cent export unit? (a) Balaghat mines (b) Khetri mines (c) Kudermukh mines (d) None of these

9. Which state in India is the largest producer of manganese ores? (a) Jharkhand (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) Maharashtra (d) Odisha

10. India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of: (a) copper (b) bauxite (c) zinc (d) platinum

11. Which state in India is the largest producer of bauxite? (a) Odisha (b) Karnataka (c) Maharashtra (d) Kerala

12. The Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is a leading producer of: (a) copper (b) manganese (c) iron ore (d) mica

13. Which out of the following is a non-conventional source of energy? (a) Atomic energy (b) Firewood (c) Coal (d) Natural gas

14. What is low grade brown coal called? (a) Bituminous (b) Anthracite (c) Lignite (d) None of these

39

15. About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from: (a) Assam (b) Mumbai High (c) Gujarat (d) None of these

16. Which is India’s oldest oil producing state? (a) Jharkhand (b) Arunachal Pradesh (c) Karnataka (d) Assam

17. What has raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in the future? (a) Rising prices of oil and gas (b) Lack of water resources (c) Limited use of non-renewable fossil fuels (d) Increasing use of renewable energy resources

18. Which mineral is used for generating atomic or nuclear power? (a) Coal (b) Bauxite (c) Uranium (d) Copper

19. The Monazite sands of Kerala are rich in: (a) coal (b) uranium (c) thorium (d) platinum

20. Where is the largest solar plant of India located? (a) Gujarat (b) Rajasthan (c) Maharashtra (d) Odisha

21. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well-known for the effective use of (a) tidal energy (b) geothermal energy (c) wind energy (d) biogas

22. Biogas plants using cattle dung are called: (a) hydel plants (b) gobar gas plants (c) thermal power station (d) gas station

23. Which place in India is ideal for utilising tidal energy? (a) Gulf of Kachchh (b) Gulf of Khambhat (c) Gulf of Mannar (d) None of these

24. What are the Khetri mines famous for? (a) Coal (b) Cooper (c) Iron (d) Gold

25. Which out of the following is derived from the ocean waters? (a) Limestone (b) Sandstone (c) Cobalt (d) Bromine

Multiple Choice Questions of Minerals and Energy Resources

Q.1 How many percent minerals intake represents our total intake of nutrients – (a) 0.3 (b) 3.0 (c) 0.5 (d) 5.0 Q.2 Magnetite is the finest iron or with a new higher content iron- up to – (a) 60% (b) 70% (c) 80% (d) 90% Q.3 State which is the largest producer of manganese is – (a) Karnataka (b) Jharkhand (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Orissa

40

Q.4 Which is the oldest oil producing state in India: (a) Gujarat (b) Maharashtra (c) Assam (d) None of these Q.5 India now ranks as a super power in the world, that is: (a) Wind Super Power (b) Solar Super Power (c) Hydel superpower (d) Tidal Super Power Check Your Answer: 1.(a) 2.(b) 3.(d) 4.(c) 5.(a) Question - Answers of Minerals and Energy Resource Q.1 “Discovery and use of iron brought a radical change in human life” prove it with three examples. Ans: Discovery and use of iron really brought a radical change in human life. The examples are as follows: a) Revolution in agriculture-different type of tools were invented like axe, hook, plough etc. b) Revolution in industry-different tools and machines like spinning. c) Revolution in transportation- bullock-cart, ships, boats etc were invented. Q.2 Describe the various forms in which minerals occur. Ans: Minerals occur in the following forms: a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks (cracks, crevice, faults or joints) b) In beds or layers of sedimentary rocks due to deposition, accumulation and concentration. c) Decomposition of surface rocks. d) Alluvial deposits in sands of valleys and the base of hills as “ Placer Deposits” Q.3 Why is mining activity often called a “Killer Industry”. Give three reasons. Ans: The three reasons are as follows: a) High risk is involved. b) Due to poisonous fumes, mines are vulnerable to workers for pulmonary diseases. c) Risk of collapsing mines roofs, and fires in coal mines. d) Water sources get contaminated Q.4 Give three reasons in the favour of use of ‘Atomic energy’. Ans: The three reasons in the favour of use of 'Atomic energy' are as follows: a) Coal and natural oil are exhaustible. b) Nuclear power plants are easy to handle. c) Most developed countries are utilising this energy successfully. d) It can be useful in fields of medicines and agriculture. e) Hydel energy is not satisfactory due to environmental issues. Q.5 Why does solar energy in Rajasthan have greater potential as non–conventional source of energy? Ans: The solar energy in Rajasthan have greater potential as non-conventional source of energy because it has: a) Hot and dry region b) Clear sky almost whole year c) Cheaper installation

41

d) Renewable and pollution free energy source. e) Government motivation LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS Q.1 What are the Petroleum producing areas in India. Explain. Ans. Most of the petroleum producing areas in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In the region folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the uphold. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous rocks. Major petroleum producing area of India are … 1) ASSAM- Digboi, Naharkatia, Moran-Hugrijan, Namdang region 2) GUJARAT- Ankeleshwar, Lunez, Navgan 3) MUMBAI HIGH 4) Godavari – Mahanadi basin Q2: Distinguish between Natural Gas and Bio Gas? Ans: NATURAL GAS • It is a mixture of combustible gaseous hydrocarbons occurring in the rocks of earth crust. • This is commercial energy. • It is used as raw material in the petrochemicals. • It is transported from one place to another through pipeline. • Mostly used in urban areas. BIO GAS • It is derived by decomposition of waste of animals and plants with the help of microorganism in presence of water. • Non commercial energy • It is produced in tanks • It is found in rural areas Q.3 What are Non - Conventional sources of energy? Discuss two sources of such types of energy. Ans: Sources of energy which are renewable, eco-friendly and newer one are called non conventional sources of energy i.e. wind energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy etc. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: Geothermal energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperature is found at shallow depth . There are several hot springs in India which could be used to generate electricity. Two projects, one is MANIKARAN in Himachal and second in PUGA VALLEY in Ladakh have been set up in India to harness Geothermal energy. TIDAL ENERGY: Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. During high tides water flows into the inlet and get trapped when it is closed. After the fall of tide the water flows back to the sea via pipe lines that carry it through power generating turbines. In India gulf of Kutch provides ideal conditions for tidal energy. Q.4 India now ranks as a “WIND SUPER POWER" in the world. Why? Ans: The reasons are: • India gets advantage of trade winds, westerlies and monsoon winds. • Wind energy is completely pollution free and non exhaustible that’s why it becomes popular. • India has an ambitious program to install 250 wind driven turbines with total capacity of 45 mega watts spread over 12 suitable locations.

42

• India’s potential wind power generation is of 50000 megawatts of which ¼ can be easily harnessed. • Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have favourable conditions for wind energy. Wind power plant at LAMBA in Gujarat, is the largest in Asia. Q.5 How can we conserve energy resources in India? Explain. Ans : Following efforts can be made to conserve energy resources in India: i) Using public transport instead of individual vehicles. ii) Switching off electricity when not in use. iii) Using power saving devices. iv) More and more use of non conventional source of energy as they are renewable and eco-friendly. v) In automobiles electrical motors should be introduced. vi) Intensified exploration and research of new sources of energy. Q.6 What are minerals? How are they classified? Ans. Minerals are natural resources which are obtained from rocks. Geologists define a mineral as a “homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure”. They are normally found in solid, liquid and gaseous states. They have a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. A particular mineral that will be formed from a single or certain combination of elements depends upon the physical and chemical conditions under which the material forms. Minerals are classified into metallic and non-metallic minerals and energy resources. Q.7 How are minerals formed in ingeous and metamorphic rocks? Ans. In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller occurances are called veins and the larger are called the lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth's surface. they cool and solidify as they rise. Q.8 Why do we need to conserve mineral resources? Ans. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one percent of the earth's crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources that required million of years to be created and concentrated. The geological processes of mineral formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates of consumption. Mineral resources are therefore, finite and non-renewable. Rich mineral deposits are our country's extremely valuable but short lived possessions. Continued extraction of ores leads to increasing costs as mineral extraction comes from greater depths along with decrease in quality. Q.9 Describe the distribution of coal in India. Ans. The major resources of metallurgical coal belong to the Gondwana age and are located mainly in the north eastern part of the peninsula. Rich reserves of coal are found in the Damodar Valley region in the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand are important coalfields. One third of the total production comes from here. Coal is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. Korba in Chhattisgarh, Singrauli and Penah-kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh, Talcher in Orissa, Kamptee and Chandrapur in Maharashtra and Singareni of Andhra Pradesh are important coal mines. Tertiary coal occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Principal lignite reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.

43

Q.10 Why do you think that Solar energy has a bright future in India? Ans: The western parts of India, especially the Thar desert's region, receive undisturbed sunshine for most parts of the year. This area has great potential for development of energy and can be utilised as the largest solar power house of India. Solar energy is becoming fast popular in different parts of the country, especially in rural and remote areas. It can be used for cooking, heating of water, pumping, refrigeration, street lighting and room heating in cold areas. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in Gujarat. The solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans.

Geography Chapter-6 Manufacturing Industries

Short Answers:- 1.What is manufacturing? How does manufacturing lead to value addition of the raw material? Explain with the help of examples.

Or What is manufacturing industry? Ans. (1) Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. (2) (i) People employed in the secondary activities manufacture the primary materials into finished goods. (ii) For example, paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, aluminum from bauxite, etc. Thus, raw materials are transformed into a wide variety of finished goods of higher value.

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING

Very Short Answers:- 1.How do manufacturing industries help agriculture? Ans. Manufacturing industries provide irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. 2.How do manufacturing industries help in earning foreign exchange? Ans. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings much needed foreign exchange. 3.Which people are engaged in the secondary activities? Ans. Factory worker Long Answers:- 1.What is manufacturing? Describe the importance of manufacturing.

Or Describe the importance of manufacturing industries in five points. Ans. (1) Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. (2) Importance of manufacturing: (i) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture. (ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them Jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. (iii) It eradicates unemployment and poverty from our country. (iv) It also brings down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. (v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

44

(vi) In manufacturing, raw materials are transformed into a wide variety of finished “do which are of higher value. 2.Agriculture’ and ‘industry’ are complimentary to each other.” Explain hotel fishier

Or “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other.” Support your answer by ovine any three arguments. Ans. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand, (1) The agro-based industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. (2) The agro-based industries depend on agriculture for raw materials. Manufacturing industries sell their products such as fertilizers, insecticides, irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. (3) Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made production process very efficient. 3.Why do our industries need to be more efficient and competitive in the present day of globalization? Ans. Our industries need to be more efficient and competitive in the present day globalization because: (1) Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market. (2) Only then we will be able to compete in the international market. (3) India will have to develop its industries if it wants to be internationally developed. 4.The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.’ Give three arguments to support this statement. [3] Ans. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries. (1) Industries provide jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors thus, reducing dependence of people on agricultural sector. (2) Industrialization helps to eradicate poverty and unemployment. (3) Export of manufactured goods brings in much needed foreign exchange. (4) Industries transform the raw material into a variety of goods of higher value. (5) Most of the developed nations such as Japan, USA are industrialized.

CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO NATIONAL ECONOMY

Long Answers:- 1.What is the contribution of industry to national economy of India? Compare it with the East-Asian countries. What is the desired growth and present position of industry in GDP? Ans. (1) The contribution of manufacturing sector to national economy ha satisfactory for the last two decades. It has stagnated at 17 per cent of GDP out of a total of 27 (I) 2iC per cent for the industry which includes 10 per cent of mining, quarrying, electricity and gas: (2) In comparison to India’s 17 per cent share in the GDP, the East-Asian countries have contributed to 25 to 35 per cent of GDR (3) (i) The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12 per cent. (ii) At present, growth rate is about 9 to 10 per cent and it is expected that we cap achieve the growth rate of 12 per cent by some efforts like setting up of the National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC). INDUSTRIAL LOCATION Very Short Answers:- 1.Which two factors do affect the location of industries? Ans. (1) Availability of raw materials. (2) Power, market and cheap labor.

45

2.What are agglomeration economies? Ans. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers known as agglomeration economies. 3.Which factor is considered as the most prominent one for the location of an industry in a region? Ans. Availability of raw materials. Long Answers:- 1. Describe five human factors responsible for the location of industries.

Or Name the factor which plays the most dominant role in the ideal location of an industry. Explain any four reasons in support of this factor. Ans. (1) Availability of raw material: The factory needs to be close to the location of raw materials if they are heavy and bulky to transport. For example, iron and steel and cement industries are located near the source of raw materials. It cuts down the cost of transportation. ‘ (2) Labor: A large and cheap labor force is required for labor-intensive manufacturing industries. High-tech industries have to locate where suitable skilled workers are available. (3) Power: Power supply is needed for working of the machines in a factory. Earlier industries were near to coalfields. Today, electricity allows more freedom. (4) Capital: This is the money that is invested to start the business. The amount of capital will determine the size and location of the factory (5) Transport: A good transport network helps to reduce costs and made the movement of raw materials and finished goods easier. (6) Market: An accessible place to sell the products is essential. (7) Government policies: Industrial development is encouraged in some areas and restricted in others. Industries that are located in deprived areas may receive financial incentives and assistance from the government in the form of low rent and tax rebates. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES Very Short Answers:- 1.Classify industries on the basis of ownership. Ans.(1) Public sector, (2) Private sector, (3) Joint sector; and (4) Cooperative sector. 2.Name an industry that is run jointly by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Ans. Oil India Limited 3.Mention the name of an industry which is owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Ans. Private Sector Companies e.g. Dabber India Limited. 4.Name the industry if the capital investment in it is more than one core. Ans. Large scale industry 5.Which industry expanded to several parts of the country after the Green Revolution?

46

Ans. Fertilizer Industry 6.What are basic industries? Ans. Industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other gads e.g., iron and steel. Short Answers:- 1.Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other? Ans. (1) Agro Based Industries: Cotton, jute, silk, woolen textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc. industries are based on agricultural raw materials. (2) Mineral Based Industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral based industries. Iron and steel, cement, aluminum, machine tools and petrochemicals are the examples of mineral-based industries. 2.Distinguish between joint and co-operative industries with examples. Ans. Joint Industries _ (1) Joint industries are jointly run by the owned and group of operated by the producers or suppliers of individuals. (2) Raw material providers do not get any profits or losses proportionately. (3) For example, Oil India Ltd. (OIL). Cooperative Industries— (1) Cooperative sector industries state and individuals or raw materials, workers or both. (2) They pool in the resources and share the share in the profit made by the industry. (3) For example, sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala. 3.Classify industries into two categories on the basis of capital investment. Give two examples of each category. Ans. On the basis of capital investment, the industries are classified into two categories: (1) Small scale industries: If the investment is up to one core rupees. Examples: Manufacturing of electric bulbs, watches, etc. (2) Large scale industries: If the capital investment is more than one core rupees. Examples: Cotton textiles, iron and steel industries, etc.

AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES

Very Short Answers:- 1.Name the city of Karnataka which has woolen textile industries. Ans. Bangalore 2.Name the leading centre of woolen textile industry in Punjab. Ans. Ludhiana 3.Name the industry which acts as a nodal industry for synthetic textiles. Ans. Petroleum refineries Long Answers:- 1.Differentiate between agro based industry and mineral based industry.

47

Ans. Agro based industries (1) Industries which are dependent on agriculture to obtain their raw materials are called agro based industries. (2) For example, cotton textiles, jute textiles, sugar industry, etc. Mineral based industries (1) Industries which are dependent on mineral resources to obtain their raw materials are called mineral based industries. (2) For example, iron and steel industry, cement industry, aluminum industry, etc. 2.Why is textile industry second largest after agriculture in India? Explain the reasons

Or textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy.” Support the statement with appropriate arguments. Ans. Textile industry is the second largest after agriculture due to the following reasons: (1) Textile industry contributes significantly to industrial production (about 14 per cent). (2) It generates more employment (35 million persons directly). (3) Its foreign exchange earnings are about 24.6 per cent. (4) It contributes 4 per cent to our GDP. (5) It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant. 3.”Many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel manufactures have to import fabric.” Explain this statement with appropriate reasons. Ans. Many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel manufactures have to import fabric due to the following reasons: (1) In India only spinning sector has received a lot of attention. (2) The weaving, knitting and processing units have not been able to use high quality yarn that is produced in the country (3) Our modern factories have to be upgraded to use this high quality yarn. (4) We have to improve our weaving sector for manufacturing high quality fabrics. 4.Describe any five problems faced by cotton textile industries in India. Ans. (1) A major loophole is its huge fragmentation in industry structure, which is led by small-scale companies. (2) The industry veterans portray the present productivity of factories at half to as low as one-third of levels, which might be attained. (3) Machinery is obsolete. It needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in particular. (4) There is stiff competition with the synthetic fiber industry which is available comparatively in a cheaper rate. (5) Power supply is erratic. 5.Why have the demands of jute products increased internally as well as globally? Explain any two reasons. Ans. (1) The demands of jute products increased internally due to the Government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging. (2) The demand of jute products has also increased globally due to environment friendliness. (3) The global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has opened the opportunity for jute products.

48

6.Describe any three problems which are being faced by the jute industry in India.

Or Highlight any three challenges faced by jute industry Ans. The three major challenges before jute industry of India are as follows: (1) Stiff competition with Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand in the International market. (2) There is competition with synthetic fiber that is cheaper. (3) To stimulate demand, the products of jute have to be diversified. (4) There is also a concern about increasing productivity and improving the quality of jute products. 7.Why is jute textile industry mainly concentrated in Hugh basin? Explain three reasons for the same.

Or Why is jute industry concentrated in West Bengal? Explain any three reasons. Ans. Jute textile industry is mainly concentrated in Hugh basin because: (1) Jute producing areas are nearer to Hugli basin. (2) There is good network of rivers which provide inexpensive water transport and abundant water supply for jute processing. (3) Good network of railways and roadways facilitate the supply of raw materials to the mills and finished goods to the market. (4) Cheap labor is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odessa and Uttar Pradesh. (5) Kolkata is a large urban centre which provides banking, insurance and port facilities for the export of jute goods. 8.How has the great importance of the cotton textile industry for the Indian economy? Explain with examples.

Or How does the cotton textile industry occupy a unique position in the Indian economy? Explain with any three examples. Ans. (1) Cotton textile industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to farmers and cotton boll puckers. (2) It also supports workers engaged in ginning, spinning, and weaving, dyeing, designing packaging, tailoring and sewing. (3) The industry by creating demands support many other industries, such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores, packing materials and engineering works. 9.Why is cotton textile industry concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat? Give any three reasons. Ans. (1) Maharashtra and Gujarat states have the maximum extent of cotton textile growth. (2) Reasons for the concentration of cotton textile industry in these states are: (i) Availability of raw materials: Due to the favorable soil type and other climatic conditions, cotton is grown in a vast area in these states. So, raw materials are available in plenty (ii) Transport: These states are well-connected to the rest part of the country by rail and mad. Also, they have many large ports from where the textile products can be easily exported. (iii) Market: Though, they have locally available big markets, they also enjoy good transport facilities that enable their reach to the national and international markets. (iv) Labor: Although, they have locally available cheap labor force, they are supported by migrant laborers from the northern states. (v) Moist climate: For cotton textile, moist climate is a must. These states have favorable climatic conditions.

49

10.What challenges are faced by the jute textile industry in India? Mention the mien objectives of National Jute Policy, 2005.

Or Mention the various measures taken by the government to boost the production of jute goods. Ans. (1) Challenges faced by the jute industry in India: (i)There is stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes. (ii) Competition from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. (2) Steps taken by the government to stimulate the demand of jute: (i ) The government’s policy of mandatory use of jute in packaging increased the internal demand. (ii) National Jute Policy 2005, was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing yield per hectare. 11.Write all the characteristics of sugar industry of India. [5] Ans. (1) India stands second in the world as producer of sugar but occupies the first place in the production of guru and khan sari. (2) In 2010-11, there were over 662 sugar mills in the country (3) These mills were located in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. (4) This industry is seasonal in nature. (5) In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to shift to southern and western states. (6) The sucrose content is higher in the sugarcane of south India. (7) The cooler climate of southern India also ensures a longer crushing season. (8) Most of the mills of south India are in cooperative sector. 12.Highlight any three challenges faced by sugar industry. Ans. Three major challenges faced by sugar industry in India are : (1) The seasonal nature of the industry (2) Old and inefficient method of production. (3) Transport delay in reaching cane to the factories. (4) Need to maximize the use of biggest. 13.’Give reasons as to why the ideal location of sugar mills is near sugarcane producing areas.’ Support the statement with reasons. Ans. (1) The raw material used in sugar industry i.e., sugarcane is bulky, weight losing and perishable. (2) If there is a delay in transportation, its sucrose content reduces. (3) To minimize the transportation cost. 14.Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states in India? Explain any three reasons.

Or “In recent years, there has been a tendency to establish sugar industry in Southern states instead of Northern states.” Give any three reasons. Ans. There is a tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states of India due to the following reasons : (1) The sugarcane produced in the southern and western states has a higher sucrose content.

50

(2) The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season. (3) Most of the sugar mills of the area are under the cooperative sector. Regular supply of raw material is available here. Moreover, cooperatives are more successful in these areas. (4) More government attention for sugarcane production. (5) Better port facility in southern and western states.

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES Very Short Answers:- 1.Which mineral is used to harden steel during its manufacturing? Ans. Manganese 2.What is the rank of India in the production of crude steel in the world? Ans. 9th 3.In what ratio are iron ore, coking coal and lime-stone required to make steel. Ans. 4: 2: 1 4.Name the core raw materials of cement industry. Ans. Limestone and gypsum 5.Where was the first cement plant established in 1904? Ans. Chennai Long Answers:- 1.Name the electronic capital of India. Write any four characteristics of IT and electronic industry of India. Ans. (1) Bangalore is the electronic capital of India. (2) Characteristics of IT and electronics industry are as under: (i) A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women. (ii) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. (iii) The continuing growth in the hardware and software manufacturing is the key to the success of IT industry in India. (iv) The electronic industry covers a wide range of products from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, radars, computers, etc. and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. (v) Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pane, Chennai, Kolkata, Luck now and Coimbatore are important centers for electronic goods. 2.’Development of iron and steel industry is very important for India’s development.’ Support this statement with three arguments.

Or “Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.” Examine the statement. Ans. Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of Fineries development due to the following reasons: (1) Development of various industries depends on iron and steel industry.

51

(2) If the production and consumption of steel is more in the country, it becomes clear that our industrial development is taking place. (3) Since, it is a basic industry; all other industries depend on it. (4) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods. (5) The goods needed for construction industry, medical, telephone etc. is also made from steel. 3.Why has the ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Analyze the reasons. Ans. iron and steel tell plants are concentrated in the Chhotanagpur plateau reduce the transportation cost of iron ore to the industries. (2) High grade raw materials in proximity: Other bulky raw materials like, coking coal, limestones are also available in proximity. (3) Availability of cheap labor: From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and Odessa cheap labor is available in abundance. (4) Dense transport network: Being an industrial region, there is a dense network of roads and railways. (5) Port facility: Kolkata port provides facilities for export of goods. (6) Vast growth potential in the home market. 4.Iron and steel industry is called ‘basic and heavy industry’. Explain the reasons with arguments. Ans. (1) The iron and steel industry is the basic industry since all other industries depend on it for their machinery. (2) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods. (3) Construction material, defense, medical, telephone, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods also depend upon iron and steel industry. 5.Distinguish between integrated steel plant and mini steel plants stating three points of distinction. Ans. Integrated steel plants––(1) Integrated steel plants need large. investments (2) These steel plants handle everything from putting iron and sometimes, steel ingots supplied by together raw materials to steel-making, integrated steel plants. (3) These plants manufacture all types of steel of given specification. Mini steel plants- (1) Mini steel plants need less investment. (2) These steel plants use steel scrap, sponge in one single complex —rolling and shaping. (3) These plants produce only mild alloy steel. 6.Where should the steel plants be ideally located and why? Ans. Steel plants should ideally be located in the following conditions: (1) There is low cost of iron ore, since huge amount of raw material is required to run the industry. (2) High grade raw materials should be in proximity so that transportation cost will not be very high. (3) Cheap labor is available since huge manpower is required to run the machines. (4) There should be vast growth potential in the home market. (5) The place should have good transport facilities i.e. well-developed rail and road transport. 7. “India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential.” Explain the reasons.

Or Evaluate the factors responsible for poor performance of our iron and steel industry.

52

Ans. (1) High cost and limited availability of coking coal: As the amount of coal is limited, its cost in India is high and so iron and steel industry face difficulty in buying it. (2) Low productivity of labour: The labours are less productive. (3) Irregular supply of energy: There is an irregular supply of electricity in India, so the work becomes more difficult. (4) Poor infrastructure: The technological developments in India are comparatively loss compared to other countries. (5) Research and development: There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more competitively to raise their standards to meet international levels. 8. Interpret the main characteristics of aluminum. Name the products in which aluminium is used as raw material. Describe the role of bauxite in aluminum smelting. Ans. (1) Characteristics of aluminum: (i) Aluminum is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat and malleable. (ii) It becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals. (iii) It is used as a substitute of steel. (2) Products in which aluminum is used as a raw material: (i) It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires. (ii) It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. (3) Role of bauxite in aluminum smelting: (i) Bauxite is a very bulky, dark reddish colored rock. (ii) Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of bauxite at minimum cost are the two prime factors for the location of this industry 9.Why is aluminum smelting industry close to power sector? Describe other important factors for location of aluminum smelting. Why is this industry gaining importance? Give reasons. Ans. (1) (i) Aluminum smelting industries is generally located at the place where there is regular supply of electricity. (ii) Aluminum industry needs a lot of electricity. It needs 18,600 kWh electricity per ton of ore. (2) Since, bauxite is a very bulky, dark reddish colored rock; the industry is located near the source of raw material. (3) (i) Aluminum is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat. It is used for manufacturing aircrafts, utensils and wires. (ii) It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries. 10.Give a brief description of the present scenario and necessity of cement Industry. Ans. (1) It is essential for construction activities — buildings, bridges, etc. (2) It requires bulky and heavy raw materials like — limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. (3) Coal and electric power are also required apart from cheap rail transportation. (4) At present 128 large plants and 332 mini plants are there in India. (5) This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as export. 11.Mention any two factors that have contributed to a healthy growth of the automobile Ans. (1) (i) Liberalization brought in many new and contemporary models, industry in India. Name two centers where this industry is located demand for vehicles in the market. (ii) Entry of Foreign Direct Investment. (iii) Introduction of new technology.

53

(iv) The alignment of the industry with global developments. (2) Centers where automobile industry is located : (i) Delhi (ii) Gorgon (iii) Mumbai (iv) Pane (vi) Kolkata (vii) Luck now (v) Chennai (viii) Indore (ix) Hyderabad (x) Jamshedpur (xi) Bangalore 12.Explain the importance of automobile industry in India.

Or Examine the impact of liberalization on automobile industry in India. Ans. (1) With the development of automobile industry in India, trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are being manufactured at various centers. (2) They provide quick transport of goods and passengers. (3) After the liberalization, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the market which led to the healthy growth of industry including passengers cars, two and three-wheelers. (4) This industry had experienced a quantum leap in less than 15 years. (5) Foreign Direct Investment brought in new technology and aligned the industry with global developments. 13.What are software technology parks? State any two points of significance of Information Technology industry in India?

Or How is IT industry contributing in the field of employment and foreign exchange in India? Explain. Ans. (1) Software technology parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to software experts. (2) Significance of Information Technology industry in India: (i) A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. (ii) It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women. (iii) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. (iv) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India. 14.Describe any three main features of chemical industry.

Or Explain the significance of chemical industry in the development of Indian economy. Ans. The main features of chemical industry are as follows: (1) The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. (2) It contributes approximately 3 per cent of the GDP. (3) It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the twelfth place in the world in term of its size. (4) It comprises both large and small-scale manufacturing units. (5) Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors. 15.Why is fertilizer industry is almost widespread throughout the country? Give three refit-sons. Ans. Fertilizer industry is almost widespread throughout the country because : (1) Chemicals required in fertilizer industry are available throughout India. (2) Introduction of Green Revolution has helped to increase production which increases demand of fertilizers. (3) Government has taken initiatives for the expansion of this industry.

54

(4) There is high demand of chemical fertilizer in national and international market. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Long Answers:- 1.Explain any three effects of ‘Noise Pollution’.

Or How are industries leading to noise pollution? What are its effects on human beings Explain. Ans. (1) Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipments, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills make noise pollution. (2) (i) Noise pollution results in irritation and anger. (ii) It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. 2.How are industries responsible for polluting underground water? Explain. Ans. (1) Industries are responsible for polluting underground water. (2) Water pollution is caused by industrial wastes and effluents discharged into water bodies. (3) This contaminated water percolates into the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water gets contaminated. (4) There are industries which discharge their untreated water into drains which further percolates into the soil. (5) Pumping out of this contaminated water causes various diseases. 3.Explain how industries are responsible in causing air pollution? Mention its consequences. Ans. (1) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sculpture dioxide and carbon monoxide. (2) Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke. (3) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories. (4) They ignore pollution norms. (5) Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long term effects. Bhopal gas tragedy is an example. (6) Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. 4.Explain any three types of pollution caused by industries.

Or Explain any three main causes of environmental pollution created by industries. Ans. Various types of pollution caused by industries are: (1) Air pollution: It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sculpture dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke. (2) Water pollution: It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, salts, acids, into the water bodies. (3) Thermal pollution: Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained out into rivers and ponds before cooling. (4) Nuclear pollution: Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production factories cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. It also renders soil useless, pollutes and contaminates water bodies.

55

(5) Noise pollution: It is created by industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipments, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills. It causes hearing impairment, increased heart beat, blood pressure, etc.

CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Very Short Answers- 1.What is needed to face the challenge of sustainable development? Ans. Economic development with environmental development. Long Answers:- 1.State any five measures to control environmental degradation caused by industries.

Or Suggest any three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by the industrial development in India. Ans. (1) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. (2) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. (3) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. (4) Pollution check certificates should be made compulsory (5) Eco-friendly fuel like CNG should be used in automobiles instead of diesel or petrol. 2.How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Suggest any three measures. Ans. (1) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. (2) Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements. (3)11-eating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and ponds. (4) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to groundwater resources need to be regulated legally.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 1.”Although, industries are considered to be the backbone of the economy but they cause degradation of the environment also.” Justify the statement. Suggest some ways to minimize environmental degradation. Ans. (1) (i) Industries not only help in modernizing agriculture but reduce the heavy dependence people on agriculture sector by providing those jobs in other sectors. (ii) Industrial development eradicates unemployment and poverty and expands trade and commerce. (2) (i) The smoke emitted from the industries pollute the air. , GO Industrial effluents discharged into the rivers and (glair water bodies pollute water heavily, (3) (1) Industrial wastes should be properly treated prior to its discharge into the rivers and other water bodies. (ii) Industrial smoke can be minimized by using oil or gas in place of coal. (iii) Advanced machinery should be used to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. 2.Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on spinning yarn and weaving Khaki. What do you think which values he wanted to promote? Ans. (1) Self-reliance: Gandhi laid emphasis on yarn and weaving Khaki so that more and more people of the country could be employed. In this way, they could be economically self-reliant. (2) Patriotism: Gandhi wanted to raise the feeling of nationalism among the people of India in the struggle of freedom movement.

56

(3) Women empowerment: The majority of people engaged in spinning yarn and weaving Khaki were women. So, he wanted economic and social upliftment of the women by creating opportunities to earn money by them. He also wanted to bring women in the mainstream of the nation.

Geography

Chapter-7 Lifelines of National Economy Long Answers:- 1. “Efficient and fast means of transport and communication converted the world into a large village.” Justify the statement with examples.

Or Explain any four reasons why a dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for trade of today.

Or Transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other’. Explain with four examples.

Or “Transport and trade are complementary to each other.” Justify the statement. Ans. (1) Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport. (2) Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system. (3) Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other. (4) Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. (5) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. (6) The trade from local to international level have added to the vitality of its economy. (7) It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life. 2.How does transport play an important role in the economic development of a country? Explain with examples.

Or Why the means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of national economy? Give any four reasons to support your answer.

Or “Transport routes are called the basic arteries of our economy.” Support this statement with four examples.

Or How do modern means of transport serve as lifelines of our nation? Explain. Ans. Means of transport and communication are called lifelines of national economy because (1) They bring far-flung areas of a country quite closer to each other. (2) They carry the greatest number of passengers to longest journey in lesser time with more comforts-, (3) They carry thousands tones of different commodities from one part of the country to the other and thus, avoid many hardships of the people. (4) In war times, they bring the whole country at the back of the armed forces and facilitate the movement of arms, ammunition and other supplies. 13Dinlij (5) Means of transport and communication are also used by the government to maintain law and order.

57

3.Elaborate the need of efficient means of transport for fast development for the country. Ans. (1) Efficient means of transport enhance the fast development for the country. (2) All means of transport contribute to socio-economic progress of the country. (3) It supports national integration. (4) Means of transport carry people, goods, and raw materials from one place to another throughout the country (5) They are very helpful in providing immediate relief during the disaster and war. 4.Why are efficient means of transport pre-requisites for the fast development of the country? Explain.

Or “Efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for the fast development.” Express your views in favor of this statement. Ans. (1) Efficient and good transport for speedy movement of goods and services to different parts of the India and to fulfill the needs of the people is needed. (2) Goods and services do not move from supply location to demand locations on their own. This necessitates the need for transport. (3) Some people are engaged in facilitating these movements. They go to traders who make the products and take them to the consumers by transportation. (4) Thus, the pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movements over space. (5) Means of transport and communication are used by the government to maintain law and order. 5.Give the importance of means of transport in modern times. Ans. (1) Movement of goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transport. (2) Daily laths of people move from their homes to their working place with the help of means of transport. (3) Transport helps in assembling of raw materials and distribution of goods, thus contributing in the development of industries. (4) It promotes internal as well as international trade. (5) It helps to maintain the defense of the country.

ROADWAYS Very Short Answers:- 1.Describe any two features of National Highway 7. Ans. (1) National Highway No. 7 is the longest highway of India. (2) It connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. 2.Describe any one feature of National Highway No.15. Ans. National Highway No.15 covers most part of Rajasthan. 3.Describe any one feature of Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway. Ans. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway is a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane super highways. 4.Which organization looks after the National Highways of India? Ans. Central Public Works Department (CPWD) looks after the National Highways of India.

58

5.What is the most important mode of transportation in India? Ans. Railways are the most important mode of transportation in India. 6.Which organization looks after the State Highways of India? Ans. State Public Works Department (PWD) looks after the State Highways of India. 7.Describe any two features of District Roads. Ans. (1) District roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. (2) These roads are maintained by the Zola Paris had. 8.What is the extent of North-South Corridor of India? Ans. Srinagar and Kanyakumari 9.Which cities are connected by the National Highway No.1? Ans. Delhi – Amritsar 10.Which type of roads are being constructed and maintained by National Highway Authority of India? Ans. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways 11.Which cities are connected by the NH-8? Ans. Delhi-Mumbai Short Answers:- 1.Mention any three differences between metal led and unhealed roads. Metal led Roads –(1) Metal led roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal. (2) These roads are stronger and better for traffic. (3) These are all weather roads. Unhealed Roads– (1) Unhealed roads may be made of soil, mud, bricks, etc. (2) Traffic cannot move smoothly or fast on these roads. (3) These roads go out of use in the rainy season. 2.Classify the roads in India on the basis of the type of material used for their construction. Ans. Roads can be classified on the basis of the type of material used for their construction such a metal led and unhealed roads: (1) Metal led roads may be made of cement, concrete and coal. These are all weather roads. (2) Unhealed roads may be made of soil, mud, bricks, etc. Such roads are difficult to use in the rainy season. 3.Describe the rural roads in India.

Or What are rural roads? Mention any two features of these roads. Ans. (1) Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads. (2) (i) These roads receive special impetus under the Prada Mantra Graeme Sadat Yolanda. (ii) Special provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motor able road. 4.What are Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways? Mention any two objectives of this project. The North-South and East-West Corridors join which terminal cities?

59

Or Explain any three main objectives of Super Highways in India. Delhi-Kolkata, Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six lane super highways. Ans. (1) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways is a major road development (2) Two Objectives: (i) To meet the requirements of fast movement of traffic. (ii) To reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India. (3) North-South Corridor connects Srinagar (J&K) to Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) and East-West Corridor connects Slicer (Assam) to Porbandar (Gujarat). Long Answers:- 1.Describe any three types of roads in India which are constructed and maintained by the different organizations of state and national levels. Ans. Three types of roads in India are as follows: (1) District Roads : These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zola Paris had. (2) Other Roads : Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified under this category. These roads received special impetus under the Prada Mantra Graeme Sadat Yolanda. These roads are maintained by state level agencies. (3) Border Roads : These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas. These roads improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas. Border Roads Organization, a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country: 2.What is the importance of road transportation in India? How are National Highways different from the State Highways? Explain three points of distinction.

Or Distinguish between ‘National Highways’ and ‘State Highways’ of India. Ans. (1) Importance of road transportation in India is as follows: (i)Road transport is economical in transportation of a few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. (ii) It provides door-to-door accessibility. The cost of loading and unloading is much cheaper than the railways. (iii) Road transport can be used as feeder to other modes of transport as they provide link between the railway stations, air and sea ports. (2) Difference between National Highways and State Highways are as under: (i) National Highways link extreme parts of the country whereas State Highways link a state capital with different district headquarters. (ii) The National Highways are maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) while the State Highways are constructed and maintained by the state Public Works Department (PWD) in state and Union Territories. (iii) National Highways connect various regions of one state to the other, like capital of one state to other state capital whereas State Highways connect various regions within the state. (iv) National highways serve as main roads to the country whereas State Highways serve as feeders to the National Highways. 3.Describe about the National Highways in India in three points.

60

Ans. (1) National Highways are constructed and maintained by the Central Public Work Department (CPWD). (2) The total length of the National Highways is 70,548 km. (3) The historical Sheer Shah Sure Margi (G.T. Road) is called National Highway no. 1 which connects between Delhi and Amritsar. (4) National Highways are connecting National Capital with other state capitals. (5) National Highway no. 7 is the longest which connects Varanasi to Kanyakumari. 4.Why is the distribution of roads not uniform in India? Explain with examples.

Or Why is the pattern of road distribution uneven in India? Explain any three reasons. Ans. For the following reasons, pattern of road distribution is uneven in India: (1) Density of all roads varies from 10.04 km in Jammu and Kashmir to 532.27 km in Uttar Pradesh (2007-08), with the national average of 125.02 km (2007-08). (2) About half of the roads are unhealed and cannot be used during the rainy season (3) The national highways are also inadequate. (4) Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. (5) Nature of terrain and the level of economic development are the main determinants of density of roads. (6) Construction of roads is easy and cheaper in the plain areas while it is difficult and costly in hilly and plateau areas. 5.Analyze any five problems of Indian road transportation.

Or Describe any five major problems faced by the road transportation in India.

Or State any three problems faced by the road transport system in India. Ans. Problems faced by the road transportation in India are as follows : (1) Road network is inadequate. (2) About half of the roads are unhealed and this limits their usage during the rainy season. (3) The National Highways are inadequate too. (4) The highways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. (5) The maintenance of roads are poor. (6) Road side amenities like emergency help services, police protection and communication are not sufficient and approachable. (7) Roads are generally associated with traffic jams. (8) Journey by roads is not comfortable and prone to various accidents. 6.Describe the features of Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways of India in five points.

Or Describe any three features of the Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways of India length of Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways of India is 5,846 km Ans. (1) The total with 6 lanes. (2) These Highways reduce the time and distance between metropolitan cities of India. (3) These Highways are being maintained by National Highway Authority of India. (4) These Highways are very useful to improve internal trade of India. (5) The quality of these roads are very good. (6) Construction of these roads involves huge investments.

61

7.Describe the significant role played by different kinds of roads in India.

Or Classify the roads according to their capacity and describe the role of each.

Or Classify the roads of India, according to their capacity. Ans. According to their capacity roads are classified into six classes: (1) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six lane super highways. The North-South Corridors linking Srinagar and Kanyakumari, and East-West corridor connecting Slicer and Coriander are part of this project. The major objective of these Super highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India. (2) National Highways : These highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the e Primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works “apartment (CPWD). (3) State Highways : Roads linking a state capital with different district head quarters are known as State Highways. (4) District roads : These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. (5) Other roads : Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified under this category. (6) Border roads : These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and north. eastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas. 8.Describe the significance of the ‘Border Roads’.

Or What are Border Roads? Describe their significance. Ans. (1) The Border Roads organization, a Government of India undertaking, constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. (2) These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and north-eastern border areas. (3) These roads improve accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and high altitude such as Manila to Lehn. (4) It helps in the economic development of these areas. (5) These roads are strengthening our defense system in the border areas. 9.What is meant by road density? Describe any four advantages roadways have over railways.

Or Explain four reasons to justify as to why roadways are a better mode of transportation railways.

Or How do roadways have an edge over the railways? Explain with five facts.

Or Analyze the advantages of roadways over the railways. Ans. (1) The length of road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of the road. Advantages of roadways over railways : (i) Construction cost of roadways is lower than that of railway lines. (ii) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. (iii) It can negotiate higher gradients of slopes.

62

(iv) It is economical in transportation of a few persons and relatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. (v) It provides door-to-door accessibility. (vi) Here, the cost of loading and unloading is much cheaper than the railways. (vii) Road transport can be used as feeder to other modes of transport as they provide link between the railway stations, air and sea ports.

ROAD DENSITY Very Short Answers:- 1.Which extreme locations are connected by the East-West Corridor ? Ans. Slicer and Porbandar Long Answers:- 1.The density and the quality of roads are better in the northern plains than in other parts of India.’ Elaborate. Ans. The density and quality of roads are better in the northern plains than other parts of India because : (1) Due to level land and soft rocks construction is cheaper and easier. (2) It is the most densely populated region and agriculturally and industrially developed where development of transport is necessary. (3) The extreme north, north-eastern and north-western parts and the interior part of Deccan have rugged, sandy and uneven terrain. (4) In the north-eastern India construction of roads is comparatively difficult and costly. (5) The regions having rugged topography are sparsely populated and agriculturally less developed therefore, the network of roads is less.

RAILWAYS Very Short Answers:- 1.Which mode of transport is the most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods? Ans. Railways 2.Which is the most important modes of transportation in India ? Ans. Railways Long Answers:- 1.Explain any five unfavorable areas of India where lying of railway tracks has been influenced by physiographic and economic factors. Ans. The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic and economic factors in the following ways: (1) The northern plains with their vast level lands, high population density and rich agricultural resources provide the most favorable condition for their expansion. (2) A large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed mime obstacles. (3) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills, gape or tunnels, etc. (4) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavorable for the construction of railway lines. (5) Sandy plains of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat are also unfavorable to lay railway line. (6) Development of the industry and agriculture bind the economic life of the people. 2.Highlight any three advantages of computer reservation in railways. Ans. (1) Computerized Railway Reservation System has become convenient and easy for the passengers. (2) It minimizes the time and money.

63

(3) It controls on corruptions and tousle. (4) Railway reservation system has improved. 3.Suggest any three ways to reduce the burden on Indian Railways. Ans. (1) There should develop more and more other means of transport like road, waterways, etc. (2)’ We should reduce the cost of road transport for carrying passengers and goods. (3) We should promote pipeline transportation for petroleum and natural gas transportation. 4.Elaborate any three advantages of railways in India.

Or Explain in three points the growing importance of railways over roadways. Ans. Railways are the most important mode of transport in India. (1) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India, as they link different parts of the country. (2) They carry huge loads and bulky goods to long distances. (3) Railways make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sight-seeing, pilgrimage along with goods transportation over longer distances. (4) Railways have been a great integrating force for the nation, for more than 150 years now. (5) They have been helpful in binding the economic life of the country and cultural fusion. (6) They have accelerated the development of the industry and agriculture. 5.”Indian Railways binds the economic life of the country as well as accelerates the development of industry and agriculture.” Justify the statement. Ans. (1) Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture. (2) The Indian railways have a network of 7,133 stations spread over a route length of 64,460 km. (3) Indian railways transport more than 5,000 laky tones every year i.e., about 80% of the total goods transportation. (4) It is the best means for transporting raw materials and carry the product in different parts of the country. (5) The Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. 6.Explain any four major problems faced by Indian Railways. Ans. Railway is the principal mode of transportation for passengers, goods, etc. problems faced by Indian railways are as follows: (1) Many passengers travel without tickets. (2) There is damaging of railway property by miscreants. (3) People stop the trains and pull chains unnecessarily. (4) It is deficient to cope up with over population.

PIPELINES Very Short Answers:- 1.Mention any one use of pipelines as a means of transport. Ans. It is used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas. 2.Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays in the supply of petroleum and gases? Ans. Pipelines

64

Short Answers:- 1.Which is the longest gas pipeline in India? Write any two features of it.

Or Highlight any five features of Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur gas pipeline. Ans. (1) Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur is the longest gas pipeline in India. (2) This pipeline from Hahira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. (3) It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Barbara and other places in Uttar Pradesh. (4) The far inland locations of refineries and gas based fertilizer plants are brought together through this pipeline. (5) It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays. Long Answers:- 1.Explain the role of pipelines in the economic development of India. Ans. (1) Pipelines transportation are the most convenient and efficient mode of transporting liquids and gases in large quantities over long distances. (2) It is used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas. (3) Solids can also be transported through pipelines when converted into slurry. (4) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running cost are minimal. (5) The far inland location of refineries like Bahraini, Mathura and Pan pat and gas based fertilizer plants could be set-up due to pipeline transportation. (6) Hahira — Vijaipur — Jagdishpur is the longest pipeline transportation of India. (7) They can be laid through difficult terrain as well as under water. (8) They are free from environmental pollution. 2.Describe the three important networks of pipeline transport in India.

Or Elaborate any two important networks of pipeline transportation in India along with their branches. Ans. Three important network of pipeline transportation in India are. (1)From oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur, via Guwahati, Bahraini and Allahabad. It has branches from Bahraini to Halide via Armband, Armband to Microgram and Guwahati to Siliguri. (2)From Malaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab, via Virago, Mathura, Delhi and Sonia. It has branches to connect Koala (in Gujarat) Charkha and other places. (3) From Hahira in. Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Barbara and other places in Uttar Pradesh. 3.”Pipeline transport network is on the increase these days.” Give five arguments in favor of this statement. Ans. (1) There is increase in automobile sector rapidly. (2) There is increasing use of cooking gas in the houses. (3) The use of CNG in large quantity in the vehicles is running in metropolitan cities. (4) It is most convenient and efficient mode of transport for liquids and gas over long distances. (5) It reduces environmental hazards. (6) The cost of pipeline transportation is cheaper than rail/road transportation. (7) They can be laid through difficult terrain as well as under water involving very low energy consumption.

65

4.Name the gas pipeline which is known as the artery of Indian gas transportation. Mention the two key users of natural gas. Ans. (1) Hazira-Vijapur-Jagdishpur gas pipeline is known as the artery of Indian gas transportation. (2) The 1700 km long Hazira-Vijapur-Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassinet with fertilizer, power and industrial Complexes in western and northern India. (3) This artery has provided an impetus to India’s gas production. (4) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas.

WATERWAYS Very Short Answers:- 1.National Waterway No.1 is navigable between which places? Ans. Between Allahabad and Halide 2.Why was Halide sea-port set up? Ans. Halide port was developed as a subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port. Long Answers:- 1.Describe the importance of water transport in India.

Or Explain any five reasons suitable for the use of waterways in preference to airways.

Or Describe any three features of waterways in India. Ans. Importance of water transport in India: (1) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. (2) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. (3) It is a fuel efficient. (4) It is environment-friendly mode of transport. (5) India has a vast inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. (6) They are natural routes, hence do not involve cost of construction. 2.Name any three waterways which have been declared as National Waterways by the government. State any two advantages of waterways as a means of transport. Ans. (1) Three waterways which have been declared as National Waterways by the government are as under : (i)The Gang river between Allahabad and Halide (1620 km) N.W. No. 1. (ii) The Brahmaputra river between Sadly and Dhobi (891 km) N.W. No. 2. (iii) The West-Coast Canal in Kerala ( Kottapurma-Kollam, Udyogamandal and charripakkara canals 205 km) N.W. No. 3. (2) Two advantages of waterways are as follows : (i) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. (ii) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.

MAJOR SEAPORTS

Very Short Answers:- 1.Which is the deepest, land-locked and well-protected port of India? Ans. Vishakhapatnam 2.Which port is the biggest with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbor?

66

Ans. Mumbai 3.Which port is an inland reverie port? Ans. Kolkata 4.Which is tidal port in India? Ans. Kendal 5.Which is subsidiary port in order to relieve the growing pressure on the Kolkata port? Ans. Halide 6.Which is the subsidiary port of Mumbai? Ans. Jawaharlal Nehru Port 7.Which port is located in the state of Tamil Nadu? Ans. Tuticorin 8.Which sea port is the first port developed soon after Indian Independence? Ans. Kendal Short Answers:- 1.Name the six major seaports located on the west coast of India. Ans. Major seaports located on the west coast of India are: (1) Kendal port (2) Mumbai port (3) Jawaharlal Nehru port (4) Maragos port (5) New Mangalore port (6) Koch chi port 2.Name any six major seaports located on the east coast of India. Ans. Major Seaports on the east coast of India are: (1) Kolkata (2) Halide (3) Paradwip (4) Vishakhapatnam (5) Chennai (6) Tuticorin AIRWAYS Very Short Answers:- 1.Which air services provides services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off-shore operations? Ans. Piranhas Helicopters LTD. 2.Name an international airport of West Bengal. Ans. Neeta Sub hash Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata. 3.Name a major seaport which is also an international airport in the Southern part of India. Ans. Chennai Long Answers:- 1.Explain why is air transport preferred in north-eastern states of India?

Or

67

Why is air transport an important means of transport in the north-eastern part of our country? Explain any four reasons. Ans. Air transport is considered an important means of transport in the north-eastern part of our country because : (1) Big rivers : Because of the presence of big rivers like Brahmaputra, it is difficult to construct roads and railway lines. Moreover, rivers are often flooded. Therefore, airways are suitable. (2) Dissected relief : Uneven surface is not suitable for the construction of roadways. Laying down railway lines is a costly affair. Such areas can be easily travelled by airways. (3) Dense forests : Dense forests hamper the construction of roadways and railways. (4) International frontiers : International borders of Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, etc. can be easily travelled by airways without much hustle. 2.Why is the air transport more useful now-a-days? Write five reasons.

Or Highlight any five reasons suitable for the use of airways in preference to waterways. Ans. The air transport is more useful now-a-days because: (1) The air travel today, is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. (2) It can cover very difficult terrain like high mountains, deserts, dense forests and long oceanic stretches with great ease. (3) The air travel has made access easier. (4) It helps oil and natural gas companies in their offshore operations. (5) It is also very useful for the rescue operations during natural and human-made calamities like floods, earthquakes, famines, epidemics and war. COMMUNICATION Very Short Answers:- 1.Which facility allow us to share information through e-mails and voice-mails? Ans. Internet 2.Which is considered as the First Class Mail by the Indian postal network? Ans. Cards and envelopes 3.Which mode is used to send immediate electronic post? Ans. Internet Long Answers:- 1.What is mass communication? What are the different means of mass communication? What is the significance of mass communication in a country like India? Ans. (1) Mass communication: These are the means of communication like electron media which can communicate large number of people at the same time. (2) Different means of communication: Radio, television, films, internet, newspapers’ magazines. (3) Significance of mass communication: (i) It covers more than 95% of India’s total population. (ii) It is a source of education and entertainment. (iii) It is most instant source of mass information. vet’ (iv) It brings all classes of people together. ;r

68

2.Describe the measures taken for the quick delivery of mails in cities and large towns. Ans. ‘lb facilitate quick delivery of mails in cities and large towns, six mail channels have been introduced recently. They are as under: (1) Rajdhani Channel (2) Metro Channel (3) Green Channel (4) Business Channel (5) Bulk Mail Channel (6) Periodical Channel 3.How is Doordarshan one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world? Explain.

Or How has India one of the largest terrestrial networks of Doordarshan in the world? Explain. Ans. (1) Doordarshan broadcasts a variety of programmed from entertainment to agricultural, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age groups. (2) It is the most effective audio-visual medium for the mass communication. (3) It began in 1959 in India. (4) It extended to the backward and remote rural areas. (5) It creates a lot of awareness among the people during the disasters and about movements, and current affairs. 4.How do means of transport and communication play an important role in the economic development of the country? Explain.

Or Why the means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?

Or Why the means of transport and communication are called the lifeline of a country? Give five points. Ans. (1) India has one of the largest transport and communication systems. (2) All the means of transport and communication play a vital role in the economic development for a country (3) Efficient means of transport and communication are a pre-requisite for the fast development. (4) Modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and modern economy. (5) Transport and communication bring all parts of country closer. (6) All the means of transport and communications are helpful in agriculture and industrial Production. (7) They support to balance the regional development of the country. (8) They also provide employment to large number of persons. 5.Describe the nature and role of feature-films in India. Ans. (1) India is the largest producer of feature-films in the world. (2) It produces short films, video feature-films and video short films. (3) The Central Board of Film Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films. (4) It is one of the mass communications that provides entertainment, education and creates awareness among the people. (5)The feature-film influences the life effectively. (6) Most of the feature-films have been made on the topics of our nationality, culture and Patriotism to bind and bring the people together. 6.Explain with examples the significance of ‘communications’.

Or Describe any five points of importance of mass communication.

69

Or Write any three importances of means of mass communication.

Or Explain the importance of mass communication in India with examples. Ans. Significance of communication: (1) India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. In order to strengthen the flow of information from the grassroots to the higher level, the government has made special provision to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to every village in the country. (2) All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmed in national, regional and local languages, for various categories of people spread over different parts of the country. (3) Doordarshan broadcasts a variety of programmed from entertainment, educational sports, etc. for people of different age groups. (4) India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually. (5) India is the largest producer of feature-films in the world. It produces short films, video feature films and video short films. (6) Mass media help in promoting and creating awareness among the masses about the various programmed and policies of the government. 7.What is the difference between personal communication and mass communication? State any two points of importance of mass communication.

Or Distinguish between means of personal communication and mass communication. Ans. (1) (i) Personal communication: Communication between two or more persons at personal level. (ii) Mass communication: Communication through which one can communicate with several people at the same time. (2)Importance of mass communication: (i) Mass communication creates awareness among people about various national programmed and policies. (ii)It provides entertainment to the people. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE Very Short Answers:- 1.Which is considered as the economic barometer of a country? Ans. International trade by the country 2.Which terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries? Ans. International trade Long Answers:- 1.Explain the ways in which the balance of trade affects the economy of a country. Ans. The balance of trade affects the economy of a country in the following ways : (i) When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, it is a favorable balance of trade for a country. (ii) If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is unfavorable balance of trade for a nation. (iii) Export and import are the components of trade. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. 2.Distinguish among trade, local trade and international trade.

70

Or Distinguish between local trade and international trade. Ans. Trade: The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. The market is the place where such exchanges take place. Local Trade: Local trade is carried in cities, towns and villages. It is done mainly through land routes. International Trade: Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through sea, air or land routes. Exports and imports are the two components of this trade. 3.Explain the balance of trade of India with respect to the commodities exported to and imported from India. Ans. (1) Exports and imports are the components of international trade. (2) The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its export and import. (3) When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, it is called a favorable balance of trade. (4) If the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is called unfavorable balance of trade. (5) India has unfavorable balance of foreign trade. India’s imports are higher than that of her exports. 4.”Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its prosperity.” Support the statement with suitable examples.

Or “Advancement of international trade of a country is an index of its economic prosperity.” Justify the statement with five arguments. Ans. (1)As the resources are space bound, no country can survive without international trade. (2)Goods or resources possessed by one country are required by other and vice versa. These differences create conditions for international trade. (3) Foreign trade has helped India to improve its productivity of manufactured goods International trade contributes to India’s economic growth, raising income levels of people. (4) In the recent years, exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. (5) India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology 5.Explain with examples the changing nature of international trade of India in the last fifteen years.

Or What is meant by balance of trade? How has international trade undergone a sea change in the last fifteen years ? Ans. (1) The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its exports and imports. When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, it is called favorable balance of trade. Otherwise, balance of trade is unfavourable. (2)(i) Till 2010-11 the share of agriculture and allied products, ores and minerals, chemical and allied products and engineering goods has been incising. (ii) Exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. (iii) India has emerged as a software giant at the international level. (iv) India is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology. 6.What is meant by international trade? State any three features of India’s international trade

71

Ans. (1) Trade between two countries is called international trade. Features of India’s international trade : (i) It may take place by sea, air and land routes. (ii) Advancement of international trade is an index to economic prosperity. (iii) As the resources are space bound, no country can survive without international trade. (iv) India has trade relations with all the major trading blocks and all geographical regions of the world. (v) India exports agriculture and allied products, ores and minerals, gems and jeweler and chemical and allied products, engineering goods and petroleum products. (vi) The commodities imported to India include petroleum and petroleum products, pearls and precious stones, inorganic chemicals, coal, coke and briquettes, machinery (vii) India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and it is earning large foreign exchange through the export of information technology. (viii) Petroleum and petroleum products are our main imports which are much higher than what we produce. 7 “No country can survive without international trade in the present global world.” Explain the statement an country are required by the other country and vice-versa. Hence, differences in resources, Ans. (1) No country in the world is self-sufficient in all its needs. Goods produced by one rye needs and development among nations create conditions for international trade between them (2) It helps in exchange of surplus goods with those of deficit countries through foreign trade. (3) Foreign trade has helped India to improve its productivity of manufactured goods. (4) International trade has contributed to India’s economic growth, by raising income jive of people, and increasing the foreign exchange reserves. (5) International trade helps India to import advanced technology of other countries W ye its own production. (6) Thus, prosperity of a country depends on the advancement of the international trade and hence, is called the ‘economic barometer’ of a nation.

TOURISM AS A TRADE Short Answers:- 1.Give reasons for which foreign tourists visit India. Ans. Reasons for foreign tourists visit in India: (1) Heritage tourism (2) Eco-tourism (3) Adventure tourism (4) Cultural tourism (5) Medical tourism (6) Business tourism 2.Describe the industries of service sector which are benefitted by tourism. Ans. (1) More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry (2) It promotes national integration. (3) It provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. (4) It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. (5) India earns a big amount of foreign exchange through tourism. (6) It gives employment to about 1.5 cores people in India. 3.As an industry, how has tourism a bright future in India? Explain.

Or Describe the importance of tourism as a trade. Ans. (1) In India, tourism has grown substantially over the last three decades. (2) More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry

72

(3) It promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits. (4) It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage. (5) Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 1.”The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space. So, the modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. Justify the statement. Ans. (1) Today, the world is said to be a global village. This is because; it has come closer with the help of efficient and fast moving transport and equally developed communication system. (2) The means of transportation and communication bring far-flung areas of a country Suite closer to each other and carry the greatest number of passengers to longest journey in lesser time with more comforts. (3) Goods and services do not move from supply locations to demand location on their ’57 The means of transportation carry thousands of tones of different commodities from Ile Part of the country to the other and thus avoid much hardships of the people. (4) Hidey India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and thaguisti and social cultural plurality due to advanced transport and communication system. (5) In war times, they facilitate the movements of arms, ammunition and other supplies are also used by the government to maintain law and order in daily life. 2.Why do we need rules? What are rail and road safety rules and their importance in our life? Ans. (1) Rules are a set of conditions or standards which have been agreed upon or followed by a number of people for developing his society, nation and humanity. Most social interactions are directed and co-ordinate by rules that the participants know and follow. If rules do not exist or breakdown, disorder follows. (2) Road and Rail Safety Rules: (i) Walk on footpaths. (ii) Use Zebra crossing, foot over bridge and subways to cross the roads. (iii) Cross the road when the vehicles are at a safe distance. (iv) Do not cross the road from blind corners, turnings where you are not visible to vehicle drivers. (v) Always wear helmet and seatbelt while driving or travelling as a co-passenger. (vi) Give proper indication before you turn. (vii) Slow down while approaching an intersection. (viii) We should always follow traffic light signals and other rules. (ix) We should cross carefully especially unmanned railway crossings. (3) There are many advantages to follow rules. They are as under : (i) It develops our personalities. (ii) It co-ordinates individual actions in a social setting. (iii) It protects ourselves from any mishappening. (iv) It is useful in establishing a fair society.

CHAPTER-4 Globalization and the Indian Economy

INTRODUCTION VERY SHORT ANSWERS:- 1. What is the meaning of the market?

73

Ans. The market is the place where there is a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of goods and services. 2. Who are consumers? Ans. A consumer is a person who purchases goods and services for personal use. LONG ANSWERS:- 1. How have markets been transformed in recent years? Explain with examples. Ans. In recent years, markets have been transformed in many ways : (1) As consumers, we have now a wide choice of goods and services before us. (2) The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and television sets made by the leading manufacturers of the world are within our reach. (3) Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads. (4) Earlier Ambassador and Fiat were the only cars on Indian roads. Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. (5) A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods from agricultural equipment to heavy vehicles, from processed fruit juices to shirts and various electronic goods. This is a relatively recent phenomenon.

PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES Very Short Answers:- 1. State the main motive of MNC. Ans. The main motive of the MNC is to earn greater profits. 2. Why are MNCs setting their customer care centres in India? Ans. This is because India has highly skilled engineers who can understand the technical aspects of production and also has educated English speaking youths who can provide customer care services. 3. Define a multinational company. Ans. A multinational company is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. 4. Name the major items imported by India. Ans. The major items imported by India are Petroleum, machinery, fertilizers, gold and silver, electronic goods, pearls and precious stones, etc.

INTERLINKING PRODUCTION ACROSS COUNTRIES

VERY SHORT ANSWERS:- 1. Differentiate between investment and foreign investment. Ans. The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment. Whereas an investment made by MNCs is called foreign Investment. 2. What is meant by ‘foreign investment’? Ans. The investment made by MNCs is called foreign investment. 3. What attracts the foreign investment? Ans. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) attract foreign investment. 4. Cargill foods, an MNC has bought over which Indian company?

74

Ans. Cargill Foods has bought over Parikh Foods. 5. What is the most common step taken by the producers to cut production cost? Ans. The most common step taken by the producers to cut production cost is to reduce labour costs. 6. What is meant by ‘investment’? Ans. The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment. 7. Which institution has tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for distant producers? Ans. MNCs. LONG ANSWERS:- 1. Explain the meaning of an MNC. How is it so successful in the current world scenario? Ans. (1) An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. (2) It is successful in the current world scenario for the following reasons : (i) MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. This is done so that the cost of production is low and the MNC can earn greater profits and become successful. (ii) In the current world of globalization, the MNC is not only selling its finished products globally, but also the goods and services are produced globally. As a result, production is organized in increasingly complex ways. (iii) The production process is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe. All these results in 50-60% cost savings for the MNCs. (iv) They not only invest a huge amount but bring with them the latest technology for production. 2. How is the MNC able to cope up with large demands all over the world and control prices? Ans. (1) An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. (2) They set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. (3) The MNC not only sells its finished products globally but more importantly, the goods and services are produced globally. (4)At times, MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries. But, the most common route ‘or MNC investments is to buy up local companies and then to expand production. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so. (5) These large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for these distant producers. In this way, MNCs are able to cope up with large demands all over the world and control Prices. 3. Why did ‘Ford Motor Company’ want to develop Ford India as a component supplying base for its other plants across the globe? Explain. Ans. This has the following reasons : (1) Cost of labour and other resources is cheap in India. There are a large number of skilled and unskilled labourers available at low wages. (2) A number of local manufacturers in India supply auto-parts to Ford Motors which has tremendous power to determine price, quality delivery and labour conditions.

75

(3) The company wants to develop India as a base for manufacturing car components because India and its neighbour, China have a large number of prospective buyers. They have great purchasing power. 4. How did ‘Cargill Foods’ become the largest producer of edible oils in India? Explain. Ans. (1) Cargill Foods is a very large American MNC. It has bought over smaller Indian companies such as Parakh Foods. (2) Parakh Foods had built a large marketing network in various parts of India, where its brand was well-reputed. (3) Parakh Foods had four oil refineries, whose control has now shifted to Cargill. (4) Cargill is now the largest producer of edible oil in India with a capacity to make 5 million pouches daily. (5) Many of the top MNCs have wealth exceeding the entire budgets of the developing country government. With such enormous wealth, there is huge power and influence of these MNCs. 5. How do the MNCs help in the development of local companies? Explain with examples. Ans. (1) MNCs can provide money for additional investments, like buying new machines for faster production. (2) MNCs might bring with them the latest technology for production. (3) They help to earn greater profits. (4) They provide a large marketing network in various parts of the world. (5) They are helpful in increasing the brand names of the local companies. 6. Explain the various ways in which markets of different countries can be interconnected.

Or Where do the MNCs like to set up their production units? Explain any three points.

Or Explain by giving examples that Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their productions in different ways. Ans. (1) MNCs set up offices and factories in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. (2) They set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries. (3) They buy up local companies and then expand production. (4) They place orders for production with small producers of other countries. (5) They closely compete with local companies. 7. Describe any five ways in which MNCs control their production in other countries.

Or Describe any three features preferred by MNCs for setting up their production units. Ans. (1) An MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. MNCs set up offices and factories in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. (2) MNCs control production in other countries in the following ways : (i) They buy up local companies and then expand production. (ii) They place orders for production with small producers of other countries. (iii) They set up production jointly with some of the local companies. (iv) They closely compete with local companies. (v) Many of the top MNCs have enormous wealth. So these large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for the distant producers. 8. Describe any three factors that are required to set up MNCs.

76

Or What is meant by the term MNCs? Describe any four factors that required to set up MNCs. Ans. (1) A Multinational Corporation (MNC) is a company that owns or controls production in more than ‘one nation. (2) (i) MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. (ii) They set up production where it is close to the markets. (iii) They establish production where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low costs. (iv) They set up production where the availability of other factors of production is assured. (v) They set up production where government policies are favourable to them. 9. What way is an MNC different from the national companies? Highlight any three points of distinction.

Or In what ways is an MNC different from other companies? Explain. Ans. In the following ways, an MNC is different from other companies :

Multinational Company Other (National) Company

(1)It owns or controls production in more the country. (2) It sets up offices and factories for production in regions where it can get cheap labour and other resources.

(3) Since the cost of production for an MNC is low, it can earn greater profits.

(1 ) It owns or controls production within than one nation. (2) It has no such option.

(3) It has no such scope to earn greater profits.

FOREIGN TRADE AND INTEGRATION OF MARKETS

VERY SHORT ANSWERS:- 1. Write two positive effects of foreign trade.

Or State any two advantages of foreign trade. Ans. (i) Foreign Trade creates an opportunity for producers to reach beyond the domestic markets. (ii) Buyers have more choices of goods. Ant The main components of export of India are iron on’ and tea. 2.Define ‘foreign trade’. Ans. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for producers to reach beyond the domestic markets. 3. Why do we trade with the rest of the world? Ans. We trade with the rest of the world because foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets and earn greater profits. 4. What will happen if the tax is imposed on Chinese toys? Ans. Chinese toys will be costly and sell less while Indian toys will sell.

77

LONG ANSWERS:- 1. Explain any five strategies adopted by the MNCs to earn more and more profit. Ans. The following are the strategies adopted by the MNCs to earn more and more profit : (1) The MNC not only sells its finished products globally but more importantly, the goods and services are produced globally. (2) MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources. This is done so that the cost of production is low and the MNCs can earn greater profits. (3) MNCs set up production where it is close to the markets, where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low costs; and where the availability of other factors of production is assured. (4) They look for favourable government policies so that they could earn a greater profit. (5) Many of the top MNCs have wealth exceeding the entire budgets of the governments of developing countries. With such enormous wealth, these large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions. 2. How does foreign trade integrate the markets of different countries? Explain with suitable examples.

Or Mention any five features of foreign trade.

Or “Foreign trade is an important component of globalization.” Explain any three points in this regard. Ans. Foreign trade leads to the integration of markets in the following ways : (1) Foreign trade provides an opportunity for both producers and buyers to reach beyond markets of their own country. (2) There is a flow of goods, services and finance across different countries. (3) There is huge competition among producers of various countries. This brings producers closer to each other. (4) Sometimes, the producer of other countries set up a joint venture with the local producers. (5) Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal.

WHAT IS GLOBALISATION? LONG ANSWERS:- 1. Why is globalisation necessary for an economy?

Or Explain the importance of globalization.

Or How has globalisation enabled development of India? Explain with facts. Ans. Globalisation is necessary for an economy the following reasons : (1)Globalisation brings greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade through the MNCs. (2) The result of greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade has been greater integration of production and markets across countries. All these create income and employment opportunities in the economy. (3) As a result of globalisation, more and more goods and services, investment and technology, are moving between countries. Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a few decades back. (4) Besides, people usually move from one country to another in search of better income. better jobs or better education. As consumers, people have greater choice for products. They now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products and hence, a higher standard of living.

78

(5) Globalisation has created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. 2.”MNCs are playing an important role in the globalisation process.” Justify the statement by giving any five suitable arguments. Ans. MNCs have helped in globalisation in the following ways : (1) MNCs are spreading their production to other countries where labour and other resources are easily available. In this way, they bring foreign investment in these countries. (2) A large part of the foreign trade is also controlled by MNCs. Activities of most MNCs involve substantial trade in goods and services. The result of greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade has been greater integration of production and markets across countries. (3) They buy up local companies and then expand production. (4) They set up production jointly with some of the local companies. (5) They use local companies for supplies. They bring new and advanced technology with themselves. 3. Explain the meaning of globalisation in your own words. Ans. (1) Globalisation is the process by which the whole world becomes a single market. (2) It may be defined as the rapid integration and interconnection between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational corporations. (3) In this process, we become economically interdependent at the international level. (4) Producers from outside the country can produce and sell goods and services in India. We can also produce goods and services and sell them in other countries. The labourers can also move from one country to another country. (5) We need fair globalisation which would create opportunities for all and ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better 4. Globalisation is two-faced. Explain. Ans. Globalisation is two-faced because of the following reasons : (1) Not everyone has benefited from globalisation. People with education, skill and wealth have made the best use of new opportunities. (2) On the other hand, many small producers and workers have suffered as a result of the rising competition. They have not shared the benefits of globalisation. (3) Globalisation is beneficial to MNCs but quite harmful to workers, small industries and traders who can not compete with MNCs. (4) It has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational such as Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, etc. while many small-scale industries had to close down their units. (5) The globalisation and greater competition amongst the producers have been of great advantage to the consumers. They have now a greater choice and improved quality at lower prices.

FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION

VERY SHORT ANSWERS:- 1. What is privatisation? Ans. Privatisation refers to shifting of the ownership or management of a government-owned enterprise to private ownership. 2. What is meant by trade barrier?

79

Ans. Trade barriers refer to the laws, institutions or practices which make trade between countries more difficult or expensive than trade within countries. 3. Mention any two factors which have stimulated the globalisation process.

Or Write any two key factors that have enabled globalisation. Ans. Technology and liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment policy have stimulated the globalisation process. 4. When was India’s foreign trade liberalised? Ans. India’s foreign trade was liberalised from around 1991. LONG ANSWERS:- 1. Explain the role played by technology in the globalisation. Give three points. Ans. (1) Rapid improvement in technology has been playing a key role in encouraging the globalisation process. (2) Improvements in transportation technology e.g., container manufacturing has made faster delivery of goods across long distances at lower costs. (3) Improvements in IT sector has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries. (4) Telecommunication facilities are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly and to communicate from remote areas. (5) Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. The Internet allows us to send instant e-mail and voice-mail across the world at negligible costs. 2. Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer. Ans. (1) If globalisation continues in the future, the whole world would become a single market after twenty years from now. (2) This has the following reasons : (i) MNCs would produce goods and services in those locations around the world which would be cheap for their production. (ii) Foreign investment by MNCs would increase much more. (iii) Also, foreign trade between countries would sufficiently rise. (iv) In addition, a large part of the foreign trade would be controlled by MNCs. (v) There would be a greater generation of production and markets across countries due to greater foreign investment and foreign trade. (vi) More and more goods and services, investment and technology as well as people would move between countries. 3. What is trade barrier 7 Why trade barriers were imposed by the Indian Government? Explain any four reasons. Ans. (1) (i) Trade barrier is the restriction on import and export imposed by the government to protect the interest of the producers within the country. Tax on import is an example of a trade barrier. (ii) Tax on imports is known as a trade barrier because some restrictions are set up on the trade of the product through the tax. The foreign product will be costly and its demand in the domestic market will automatically reduce.

80

(2) Indian government imposed barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment after independence for the following reasons : (i) The government considered it necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. (ii) The government used trade barriers to increase or decrease i.e., regulate foreign trade. (iii) This is to decide what kinds of goods and how much of each, should come into the country. (iv) Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. 4. What were the reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government after Independence? Why did it wish to remove these barriers later on? Ans. (1) The government uses trade barriers for the following reasons : (i)To protect producers within the country from foreign competition. (ii) To increase or decrease foreign trade i.e., regulate foreign trade. (iii) To decide what kinds of goods and how much of each should come into the county try. (2) Following are the reason’s that foreign trade policy of government changed in 1991 : (i) The time had come for the Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe as competition would improve performance. (ii) Powerful international organizations persuaded and supported the step. (iii) Liberalization was adopted to encourage free movement of goods, services and manpower across countries. (iv) It paved the way for globalisation. 5.’Rapid improvement in technologies has been a major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process.’ Support the statement with suitable examples. Ans. (1) Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries. (2) (i) Rapid improvement in technology has been playing a key role in encouraging the globalisation process. (ii) Improvements in transportation technology, e.g., container manufacturing have made faster delivery of goods across long distances at lower costs. (iii) There have been rapid developments in information and communication technology, e.g., telecommunications, computers, internet, etc. They have made easy access to any person or place around the world. Telecommunication has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. Computers have entered almost every field of activities. From the internet, we can obtain and share information on almost anything that we want to know. It allows us to send instant electronic mail i.e., e-mail and talk (voice-mail) across the world at negligible costs. 6. What led the Indian government to changes in trade and investment policy after 199087? Explain any three points.

Or Why did India change its economic policy in 1991? Explain. Ans. (1) The Government of India decided that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the lobe (2) It felt that competition would improve the performance of producers within the country since they would have to improve their quality. (3) The decision to remove trade barriers. was supported by powerful international organizations like IMF, WTO, etc.

81

(4) With the liberalisation of trade, business is allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export. (5) Goods could now be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices here. 7. In what three ways have liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process? Ans. (1) Removing barriers or restrictions set by the government is known as liberalisation. (2) (i) With the liberalisation of trade, industries are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export. (ii) Goods are now be imported and exported easily. (iii) Companies can set up factories and offices in other countries e.g., Tata Motors, Infosys, etc. (iv) Activities of many MNCs have increased foreign investment and foreign trade which has led to greater integration of production and markets across countries’ and thereby globalisation process. (v) Domestic companies are free to compete with producers around the globe. 8. Explain any three factors that have enabled globalisation possible. Ans. Following are the factors that have enabled the process of globalisation. (1) Improvement in transportation: This has made possible much faster delivery of goods across long distances at a lower cost. (2) Improvement in information and communication technology: It has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries. Telecommunication facilities are used to contact one another around the world to access information instantly and to communicate from remote areas. (3) Liberalisation: Nations have removed many of the barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment and thus, promoted and facilitated globalisation. (4) Multilateral trade agreement: This is to promote foreign trade and the free flow of investment. (5) Multinational Corporations: MNCs have increased foreign investment and foreign trade which has led to greater integration of production and markets across countries and thereby globalisation process.

‘World Trade Organization’

VERY SHORT ANSWERS:- 1. What is meant by ‘World Trade Organization’? Ans. World Trade Organization (WTO) is one such organization whose aim is to liberalize International trade. 2. What was the main aim to form ‘World Trade Organization’? Ans. To liberalize international trade. 3. Which organisation lays stress on liberalisation of foreign trade and foreign investment? Ans. World Trade Organisation (WTO). LONG ANSWERS:- 1. What does WTO stand for? Write its four features.

Or Give three arguments in favour of WTO. Ans. (1) WTO stands for World Trade Organisation. (2) (i) World Trade Organisation (WTO) is a powerful international organisation. (ii) It aims at liberalising international trade.

82

(iii) It establishes rules regarding international trade and ensures that these rules are obeyed. (iv) Nearly 164 countries of the world were the members of the WTO in July 2016. (v) WTO is supposed to allow a free trade for all countries. But in practice, it is found that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers. 2. What is WTO? Describe various functions of WTO. Ans. (1) WTO is an organisation that intends to supervise and liberalise international trade. (2) It deals with regulation of trade between participating countries. (3) It oversees the implementation, administration and operations of the covered agreements. (4) It is supposed to allow a free trade for all. It provides a forum for negotiations and for settling disputes. (5) It is also a centre of economic research and analysis.

IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION IN INDIA VERY SHORT ANSWERS:- 1. What is meant by ‘Special Economic Zones’ (SEZ)? Ans. Special Economic Zones are the industrial zones that are being set up by the central and state governments to attract foreign companies to invest in India. 2. Which sector has been benefited least because of globalisation in India? Ans. Unorganised sector benefitted least because of globalisation in India. 3. Why did India set up SEZs? Ans. India set up SEZs to attract foreign companies to invest in India. 4. How has globalisation raised the competition in the market? Ans. In the process of globalisation, the government removes restrictions on imports that raise competition in the market with the MNCs also. 5. Write the impact of globalisation on the unorganised sector. Ans. The impact of globalisation on the unorganised sector is negative. LONG ANSWERS:- 1. Do you think that more Indian companies should emerge as MNCs? Explain four reasons to support your answer. Ans. (1) Yes, I think that more Indian companies should emerge as MNCs. (2) This has the following reasons : (i) In that particular industries and services, new jobs would be created. (ii) Local companies supplying raw materials, etc. to these MNCs would prosper. Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. (4) Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top. (iv) Also, these companies would certainly gain from successful collaborations with foreign companies. 2. How do the large companies manipulate the market? Explain with examples. Ans. The large companies manipulate the market in the following ways : (1) The large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for the small producers of other countries. (2) So, they have posed major challenges for a large number of small producers.

83

(3) For example batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, dairy products and vegetable oils are some of the main industries where the small manufacturers have been hit hard due to competition. (4) Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless. (5) Ford Motors, an American company came to India in 1995 and spent Z 1700 cores to set up a large plant near Chennai. By the year 2014, Ford Motors was selling 77,000 cars in the Indian markets, while another 77,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa, Mexico and Brazil. 3. Explain the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

Or What is the meaning of globalisation? Explain its any four impacts on Indian agriculture. Ans. (1) Globalisation is the process by which the whole world becomes a single market. (2) (i) The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture has not been positive. The agriculture sector in India has been badly affected by the globalisation. (ii) Indian agriculture has been hit hard due to foreign competition. (iii) The liberalisation of foreign trade and investment in India was supported by some very powerful international organizations. World Trade Organisation (WTO) is one such organisation whose aim is to liberalise international trade. But in practice, it is seen that the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers e.g., on agricultural products. (iv) More than 60% of Indian population is still engaged in the agriculture sector while in the US, the share of this sector in total employment is a tiny 0.5%. Yet, this very small percentage of people in the U.S. receives massive sums of money from the US government for production and for exports to other countries. (v) That is why US farmers can sell the farm products at abnormally low prices that adversely affects farmers in countries like India. 4. “Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been advantageous ESE to consumers.” Support the statement with examples. Ans. (1) Undoubtedly, globalisation and greater competition among producers—both local and foreign producers—has been of advantage to consumers, particularly in the wall-off sections in urban areas. (2) There is the greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products. As a result, these people today, enjoy much higher standard living than was possible earlier. (3) For example, the latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the world, are within our reach. companies in the world. (5) A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices. Such a wide-ranging choice of goods in our markets is a relatively recent phenomenon. 5.”The impact of globalisation has not been visualized uniformly among producers and workers.” Support the statement with facts.

Or Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian economy with examples. Ans. The above statement is absolutely true that can be supported with the following facts : (1)(i) Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as Multinational companies such as Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, etc. (ii) MNCs are able to find the cheapest goods in order to maximize their profits. (iii) Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. While small producers have been hit hard due to competition.

84

(2) On the other hand, globalisation and the pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers. (i) Their jobs are no longer secure. They now work on a temporary basis. (ii) They have to put in very long working hours. (iii) They have to work night shifts on a regular basis during the peak season. (iv) Wages are low. They are denied their fair share of benefits. 6. What problems would be faced by the workers if employers cut down the cost of production to compete in the global market? Ans. As the cost of raw materials cannot be reduced, employers try to cut their labour costs to compete in the global market. As a result, workers have to face the following problems : (1) Where earlier a factory used to employ workers on a permanent basis, now they employ workers only on a temporary basis so that they do not have to pay workers for the whole year. That is, their jobs are no longer secure. (2) Workers also have to put in very long working hours. (3) They have to work night shifts on a regular basis during the peak season. (4) Wages are low and workers are forced to work overtime to make both ends meet. (5) Workers are denied a fair share of benefits brought about by globalisation. 7. “Globalisation has been advantageous to consumers as well as to producers.” Support the statement with suitable examples. Ans. (1) To consumers : (i) Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been of advantage to consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas. (ii) There is the greater choice before these consumers. (iii) They now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products. (iv) lady, these people enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier. (2) To producers : (i) MNCs are able to find the cheapest goods in order to maximize their profits. (ii) Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as Multi-national corporations themselves. For example, Tata Motors, Infosys, etc. (iii) Globalisation has created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. 8. Analyze e Indian the role of globalisation on the economy.

Or What has been? the impact of globalisation on India? Ans. (1) Globalisation has been advantageous to consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas. There is the greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products. (2) MNCs are able to find the cheapest goods in order to maximize their profits. (3) Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational corporations themselves e.g., Tata Motors, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints, etc. (4) Globalisation has created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. Besides, a host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative task, engineering are now being done cheaply in countries such as India. Also, they are exported to the developed countries (5) While for a large number of small producers and workers, globalisation has posed major I challenge. Small manufacturers have been hit hard due to competition. Workers’ jobs are no longer secure. They now work on a temporary basis.

85

9. Give any five arguments against globalisation. Or

`Bigger companies mean more exploitation.’ Give arguments to support the statement. Ans. (1) Entry of MNCs in a domestic market may prove harmful for small-scale producers who are not able to compete with them. (2) MNCs buy local companies. The most common route for MNCs investments is to buy up local companies and then to expand production. MNCs with huge wealth can quite easily do so. (3) The large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for the small producers of other countries. (4) MNCs have posed major challenges for a large number of small producers. They have been hit hard due to competition. (5) The small industries in India employ the largest number of workers in the country next only to agriculture. Several of these units have shut down due to tough competition by MNCs. As a result, many workers became jobless. These days most employers prefer to employ workers flexibly. So, the workers’ jobs are no longer secure. 10. Explain any three steps taken by the Central and State Governments to attract foreign companies to invest in India? Ans. Government attracts foreign investment in the following ways : (1) Special Economic Zones have been set up to have world-class facilities such as cheap electricity, water, roads, transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities, etc. (2) The companies set up their units in SEZs which are exempted to pay tax for the initial period of five years. (3) Labour laws are made flexible. (4) Instead of hiring workers on a regular basis, companies may hire worker’s `flexible’ for short periods when there is the intense pressure of work. This is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company. (5) Governments remove barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment so that goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices here. 11. What are Special Economic Zones? Why have they been set up?

Or What is the meaning of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)? Mention two features of SEZs. Ans. (1) SEZs are Special Economic Zones where world-class facilities like water, electricity, roads and transport, recreation, education are available. They aim to attract foreign Companies to invest in India. (2) (i) They have been set up to attract foreign companies to invest in India. (ii) Companies with production units in the SEZs do not have to pay taxes for the initial period of 5 years. (iii) The government has also allowed flexibility in labour laws to attract foreign investment. 12. How does the rising competition affect the small Indian companies? Explain with three examples.

Or How has globalization affected the small producers and workers? Explain. Ans. (1) Small Producers (Companies) : (i)Small-scale producers had to face competition due to globalization. (ii) Small producers could not keep their cost of production low and hence, lost the market. (iii) They could not sell their commodities at a competitive price and had to lessen production. (iv) Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tires, dairy products, and vegetable oil are some examples of industries where small manufacturers have been hit hard due to competition. (v) Several of the units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.

86

(2) Workers: (i) As a result of the closure of many small-scale industries, many workers lost their jobs. They now work on a temporary basis. Their jobs are no longer secure. (ii) They have to put in very long working hours. (iii) Their wages are low. (iv) They are denied their fair share of benefits. 13. Explain the ways competition has affected workers, Indian exporters and foreign MNCs in the garment industry.

Or In what ways has competition affected the workers and the Indian exporters of the garment industries? Explain. Ans. Competition has affected workers, Indian exporters and foreign MNCs in the following ways : Workers : (i) Their jobs are no longer secured. They now work on a temporary basis. (ii) They have to put in very long working hours. (iii) They are paid insufficient and low wages. (iv)They have to work night shifts on a regular basis during the peak season. (v) They are denied their fair share of benefits. (2) Indian exporters: (i) They get orders from MNCs at cheaper rates. (ii) They try hard to cut their costs. (iii) They employ workers only on a temporary basis. (3)Foreign MNCs : (i) They are able to find the cheapest goods in order to maximize their profits. (ii) Competition among the garment exporters has allowed these MNCs to make large profits.

THE STRUGGLE FOR A FAIR GLOBALISATION

VERY SHORT ANSWERS:- 1.can play an important role in the struggle for fair globalisation? Ans. Governments. LONG ANSWERS:- 1. Why is there a need to make globalisation fair? How can the government make the globalisation a fair deal? Explain. Ans. (1) There is an urgent need to make globalisation fair for the following reasons : (i)Globalisation has benefitted only well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and wealth. (ii) This has failed to eliminate poverty and bring economic equality. The rich have become richer and the population of poor is still on increase. (iii) It also leads to the insecurity of jobs. (2) Our government can make the globalisation a fair deal in the following ways: (i) Government policies must protect the interests of all the people in the country. (ii) The government should ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and workers get their rights. (iii) It should protect small producers until they are able to compete. (iv) It should negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules and join hands with other developing countries with similar interest to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO. 2. How is free and fair trade necessary for the promotion of economic welfare activities? Explain.

87

Ans. (1) Only free and fair trade would create opportunities for all. (2) It would ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better. (3) While globalisation has benefitted well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and wealth, many small producers and workers have suffered as a result of the rising competition. In this way, there are many people who have not shared the benefits of trade. However, the free and fair trade would ensure the benefits for those segments of society also. 3. “Only fair globalisation can give new shape to the world economy”. Explain. Ans. Only fair globalisation can give new shape to the world economy. This has the following reasons : (1) Many pieces of evidence indicate that not everyone has benefited from globalisation. For example, small producers, workers, etc. have not been benefited from this. (2) People with education, skill and wealth have made the best use of new opportunities. On the other hand, there are many people who have not shared the benefits. (3) Only fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better. (4) The government can play a major role in making this possible. Its policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful but also of all the people in the country. (5) People can also play an important role in the struggle for a fair globalisation. In the past few years, massive campaigns and representation by people’s organisations have influenced important decisions relating to trade and investments at the World Trade Organisation. 4.’Information and communication technology has increased the pace of globalisation.” Ans. (1) Undoubtedly, information and communication technology has increased the pace of the statement of globalisation. It has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries. (2) In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers, the internet has been changing rapidly. (3) Telecommunication facilities such as telephone including mobile phones, fax, etc. are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. (4) Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. As a result of internet service; we can obtain and share information on almost anything that we want to know. (5) IT has created various new opportunities. The Indian company producing a magazine for the London based company and various call centres are some significant examples. 5. What is globalisation? Why there is a need to make globalisation fair? Explain any two reasons. Ans. (1) Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries. MNCs are playing a major role in the globalisation process. More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between countries. (2)(i) While globalisation has benefited well-off consumers and also producers with skill, education and wealth, many small producers and workers have suffered as a result of the rising competition. (ii) Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 1. The government can play a major role to ensure fair globalisation for the promotion of which social and economic values? Ans. Social values: Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better. In this way, it promotes equality in society. So, the government should play a

88

major role to ensure fair globalisation for the promotion of social equality. Fair globalisation would boost up social status of the poor with their increased earnings. This could free them from the clutches of the rich and influential people and increase their status in society. Economic values: There are many people who have not shared the benefits of globalisation. Small producers, workers, uneducated and poor have suffered a lot due to competition. Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and thus, would increase the incomes of these downtrodden people. This would make them economically self-dependent. They would be keen to do business and set-up small-scale industries. This would lead to the eradication of poverty from the country. 2. Impact of globalisation is not always beneficial for a country. Explain the values hampered due to this. Ans. (1) We have seen that not everyone has benefited from globalisation. People with education, skill and wealth have made the best use of new opportunities. On the other hand, there are many people who have not shared the benefits. So, the rich have become very rich and the poor have become poorer. In this way, globalisation has hampered social and economic equality in the country. (2) It also hampers economic self-sufficiency of the poor, uneducated and unskilled people of the country. Small producers have been hit hard due to competition. Several such units have been shut down. Many workers became jobless. (3) It hampers the self-respect of the poor and developing countries. Developed countries are dominant in the WTO. WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers while developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers. (4) It promotes economic dependency on the MNCs. The large MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery, and labour conditions in other countries. (5) Globalisation encourages regional disparity. MNCs are not interested to set up production where there is poor infrastructure. 3. In support of what values, the Indian government had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment, after independence? Ans. (1) The Indian government wanted to provide economic security to the domestic producers. The government considered it necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. That was why the government had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment after independence. (2) The government had promoted self-sufficiency to domestic producers in the country. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. (3) To put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment, the government promoted the feeling of nationalism. (4) That was helpful in the eradication of poverty. This was because, the domestic producers were encouraged to set up new business units, earn more and eradicate poverty. (5) This was a source of inspiration for the domestic producers to set up production units and earn more. Inspiration refers to an unconscious burst of creativity in an artistic Endeavour. It is a directing agent for a man to seek some purpose in life. 4. Free and fair trade is necessary for a country for the promotion of which social and economic values? Ans. (1) Social values : (i) Free and fair trade promotes world brotherhood. This is because through free and fair trade goods could be imported and exported easily and also foreign companies could set up factories and offices here. Foreign trade provides an opportunity for both producers and buyers to reach beyond markets of their own country. Also, there is a frequent movement of people across the countries.

89

(ii) It promotes equality among nations or the regions by encouraging business activities in poor regions. (iii) It encourages teamwork. This is because, in the trade process, people of different countries work together. (2) Economic values : (i) It brings economic progress of every country of the world. The poor countries are also benefited and lead to self-sufficiency. (ii) This is helpful in the eradication of poverty. The poor countries with their cheap labour and other resources are benefited the most. By establishing business units and encouraging business activities, it opens new opportunities to earn money. In this way, it eradicates poverty in such countries.