Delhi Global Warming Projects

Research ReportRotterdam School of Management

Delhi Global Warming Projects

Impact of Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Groupon the National Capital Territory of Delhi Global Warming Projects

( Source : globalgreen.org, August 28, 2007 )

August 30, 2007Researcher Robin Naresh

Supervisor Dr. Bettina WittnebenVersion 0.5

UpdatesDate Updates By Version

July 14, 2007 Created the format of this document. Robin Naresh 0.1

July 16, 2007 Updated SWOT Analysis of Delhi NCT. Robin Naresh 0.2

August 8, 2007 Changed the title; completed chapters Methodology, Data Gathering

Robin Naresh 0.3

August 20, 2007 1. Added interview transcripts and summary.2. Added content in chapters: preface, abstract, glossary, introduction, analysis, and recommendations.3. Updated chapter interview questions.4. Inserted chapter the list of tables and figures.

Robin Naresh 0.4

August 28, 2007 1. Added new conclusions and made spell check. Robin Naresh 0.5

ReseaRch RepoRt on clinton climate initiative, C40 & Delhi nct Global WaRminG pRojectsII

PrefaceClimate change topic is very personal to me. As a young child, I have grown up in the eastern part of the India, which generally gets flooded during Monsoon. I am a victim of the 1980 great flooding of Indian northern planes myself. This year 1200 people have died and some 14 million have been displaced in the same region because of Monsoon flooding ( time.com, August 19, 2007 ). It will happen again. I live with a risk that those places where I have spent my childhood will become a strange land.

The high concentration of the greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere has already moved the wheel of nature, and the climate change is already happening. Our fight against global warming is a race against time. In recent years, many official and non-official initiatives have mushroomed to decrease the greenhouse gas concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere. The pressure is mainly on the developed countries because they are traditionally the biggest polluters. However, recent years have seen that some developing countries such as In-dia or China are accelerating economic growth and hence increasing their share of greenhouse gases year over year. China is going to take over United Stated in late 2007 and will become the most polluter country in the world ( environment.newscientist.com, August 1, 2007 ).

Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group are unofficial initiatives. They are working directly with forty mega cities around the world to curb the carbon emission level. This research pa-per accesses how Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group are benefiting the global warming projects in the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

This report is my own work, and all references and quotations have been properly identified. I would like to take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Bettina Wittneben, Assistant Profes-sor at the Business-Society Management Department, RSM Erasmus University.

Robin Naresh, Participant International MBA Programme, RSM Erasmus University.August 30, 2007

ReseaRch RepoRt on clinton climate initiative, C40 & Delhi nct Global WaRminG pRojectsIII

AbstractC40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group and Clinton Climate Initiative are unofficial international initia-tives made of the group of forty cities from both developed and developing countries, which are interested in curbing the greenhouse gas emission levels. Their objective is to help or execute the projects in these forty cit-ies, which are designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (c40cities.org, August 8, 2007 ).

On the other hand, the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi has already led out and executes its own pollution control programs in five areas : air pollution, water pollution, sound pollution, waste manage-ment, and greening. They see this initiative as a channel through which they can get technology or technologi-cal products in these areas but they would not sign an agreement with CCI and C40 because they do not want to be bounded with this initiative directions or objectives (Interview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo, August 14, 2007 ).

This research paper tries to find a common ground in which this initiative can work effectively with the Delhi Government pollution control programs so that Delhi emission level can be reduced.

ReseaRch RepoRt on clinton climate initiative, C40 & Delhi nct Global WaRminG pRojectsIV

Glossary( Ordered by appearence )C40 C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership GroupCCI Clinton Climate InitiativeCO2 Carbon Di OxideGDP Gross Domestic ProductNCT The National Capital Territory of DelhiUN United NationsIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeUS United States ( of America )SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats PEST Political, Economic, Social, and TechnologicalNGO Non-governmental organizationCNG Compressed Natural GasTERI Tata Energy Research InstituteCDM Clean Development MechanismCFL Compact Fluorescent LightUNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeCLF Conservation Law FoundationMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingGHG Greenhouse GasesESCOs Energy Service CompaniesICLEI International Council for Local Environmental InitiativesJNURM Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

ReseaRch RepoRt on clinton climate initiative, C40 & Delhi nct Global WaRminG pRojectsV

IntroductionThe question that this research will attempt to answer is following :Are the Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group benefiting National Capital Territory of Delhi, India in its fight against global warming ?

Global warming is the one of the most pressing danger which world is facing right now. It is now scientifically proven that global warming is currently happening because of increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. If no urgent action is taken to reduce the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere, the resulting climate change will affect every aspects of human life such as water shortage, food supply, health or environment and will cost a significant percentage of world GDP year over year ( hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 1, 2007 ).

Although some official efforts are ongoing under UN such as Kyoto Protocol, unofficial efforts such as Clinton Climate Initiative ( CCI ) along with C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group ( C40 ) are focussing on the new approaches to fight against global warming. They develop and implement range of activities in forty mega cities in both developed and developing world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change ( clintonfoundation.org, August 1, 2007a ). Cities play a significant role in combating global warming because they contribute 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and occupy only 2% ( clintonfoundation.org, August 1, 2007b ) of the Earth’s land mass and hence the fight against climate change can be most effectively fought in these mega cities.

In today world, both developed and emerging economies such as China or India are the biggest polluters but in short time emerging economies emission level will surpass most of developed countries emission level. It is vital to check how this initiative is benefiting the emerging economies cities, and hence this research paper is dedicated to investigate the benefits that National Capital Territory of Delhi ( Delhi NCT ) is receiving through this initiative.

This research report is divided into three logical sections : first section is about what this paper is looking for and how it can be found; second part is about what is found; and third part is about what are the interpretation of this found data and recommendations.

First section starts with a preface, abstract, glossary and this introduction and is followed by the table of con-tents. It is further followed by the details of the problem that this research is trying to solve, the framework or literature that this research has been using and the methodology that details how the answers of the questions are being researched.

Second part starts with chapter ´data gathering , which contains all internet research covering data related to Delhi NCT strengths, weaknesses, opportunities or threats as well as data about CCI, C40, Delhi global warm-ing projects, interviewee selection and interview questions. The last part of this section is the transcripts or the summary of interviews conducted, which can be found at Appendix II.

ReseaRch RepoRt on clinton climate initiative, C40 & Delhi nct Global WaRminG pRojects6 / 41

Third part starts with the analysis of data. This research uses both interview and internet research to collect data in an attempt to answer following questions :

Whether the objectives of the projects, developed and implemented as part of this initiative, are clearly ›defined ?How these objectives are measured in terms of CO2 emission or adaptation in short and long run ? ›Whether these projects are designed in such a way that they ›

use effectively the internal strength of Delhi NCT. »take full advantage of external forces, which are favourable in reaching project objective in Delhi »NCT.mitigate risks caused by internal attributes of Delhi NCT or by external forces, which are unfa- »vourable in reaching project objective.

Are Delhi NCT projects taking benefits from the experiences of other projects executed in different ›cities ?

The research ends with the list of recommendations to both CCI & C40 and Delhi NCT suggesting that what ( and how ) should be improved in order to make Delhi NCT fight against global warming and adaptation more effective.

Appendix I contains the reference list, and Appendix III contains the list of tables and figures. The timeline of this research project is from 20 June 2007 to 28 August 2007.

ReseaRch RepoRt on clinton climate initiative, C40 & Delhi nct Global WaRminG pRojects 7 / 41

ContentsUpdates II

Preface III

Abstract IV

Glossary V

Introduction 6

Definition of the problem 10

Literature review and relevant theory 12

Methodology 13STEP 1 : ANALySING DELHI NCT 13

STEP 2 : IDENTIFyING DELHI NCT PROJECTS, CCI AND C40 13

STEP 3 : PUTTING ALL TOGETHER AND PREPARE RECOMMENDATIONS 14

Data Gathering 15SWOT ANALySIS OF DELHI NCT 15

Strengths 15

Weaknesses 16

Opportunities 17

Threats 20

CLINTON CLIMATE INITIATIVE AND C40 LARGE CITIES CLIMATE LEADERSHIP GROUP 23

DELHI NCT GLOBAL WARMING PROJECTS 24

INTERVIEWEE SELECTION 25

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 26

Data Analysis and Conclusions 27THE CLINTON CLIMATE INITIATIVE AND C40 LARGE CITIES LEADERSHIP GROUP 27

DELHI NCT GLOBAL WARMING PROJECTS 28

THE CLINTON CLIMATE INITIATIVE AND C40 LARGE CITIES LEADERSHIP GROUP IN DELHI NCT 30

Recommendations 33


TO THE GOVERNMENT OF DELHI NCT 33

TO CCI AND C40 34

Appendix I :References 35

Appendix II : Interviews 37TRANSCRIPTS 37

Interview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo 37

Interview with Ms. Leena Pishe Thomas 38

Interview with Mr. Wiert-Jan De Raaf 39

SUMMARy 40

Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy 40

Appendix III : List of Figures and Tables 41


Definition of the problemThe question which this research paper is attempting to answer is that Are the Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group benefiting National Capital Territory of Delhi, India in its fight against global warming ?´

There are undisputed evidences that global warming is currently happening. Sea water level is rising; polar ice is rapidly melting; the global average temperature is increasing; hurricanes are getting more intensifying; floods and droughts are becoming more common as ever. Climate change is affecting every aspect of human life – health, environment, water shortage, food supply. The economic, social or ecological impact of global warming is huge ( hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 6, 2007 ).

IPCC Assessment Reports and Stern Review clearly make a connection that the concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth atmosphere is directly responsible for this unusual climate change ( hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 7, 2007; ipcc.ch, August 7, 2007 ). The concentration of these gases has increased significantly from pre industrial period 1750s ( ipcc.ch, August 10, 2007 ). If these gases are keep on emitted in the atmosphere at current phase then world will lose 5% of global GDP per year and if the wider impacts and risks are taken into consideration then loss may even reach to 20% of global GDP per year ( hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 10, 2007 ). The higher percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere is mainly because of the use of fossil fuel and land use change and the higher percentage of methane and Nitrogen Oxide are mainly the result of agriculture ( ipcc.ch, August 13, 2007 ).

The problem is global, present and real. Any reasonable solution to this problem must be global and now. Stern Review argues that the cost of taking steps to lower the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to avoid the worst impact of climate change will only be approximately 1% of world GDP each year, which is significantly lower than the cost of not taking any action ( hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 11, 2007 ).

Although IPCC and Stern report argue that it is possible to grow economically and also lower the emission level, the use of fossil fuel is still common in various sectors of industries world over. Some progress are being made under UN convention such as Kyoto protocol ( cap and trade ) which has been signed by 169 countries with notable exceptions of US and Australia although some of the US states have taken initiatives to cut emis-sion levels. Some European countries and Japan have introduced laws to significantly cut emission levels by 2050.

Non-official efforts such as CCI along with C40 are focusing on new approaches in this fight. They are devel-oping and implementing a range of actions in forty mega cities in both developed & developing world, such as New york, London, New Delhi, Mexico City, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. Cities play a significant role in combating global warming because they contribute 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions and occupy only 2% of the Earth’s land mass. Hence, these are the most effective places to run projects to fight against global warming ( clintonfoundation.org, August 1, 2007b ).

CCI stresses the economical side of the solution such as recently a deal is being signed among banks, building owners and building renovation companies. In simplest term, bank will fund building renovation company to


renovate building in such a way that its annual consumption of energy will decrease and hence building owner will save money to pay loan back to Bank (clintonfoundation.org, August 7, 2007 ).

The real threat to fight against global warming lies in emerging countries such as China or India which are running to become economic super power and on the way accelerating greenhouse gases emissions in the at-mosphere. These countries are not bound to put cap under Kyoto Protocol. So far USA is the biggest polluter in the world but China is expected to take it over by late 2007 ( environment.newscientist.com, August 1, 2007 ).

This paper researches whether CCI and C40 initiative are benefiting Delhi NCT and whether they are tak-ing full advantage of Delhi NCT strength, using opportunities and mitigating risks due to its weakness or threats.


Literature review and relevant theoryUsed the following two chapters from the book ´Handbook of Qualitative Research´ by Norman K. ›Denzin and Yuonna S. Kincoln :

Chapter 24 The Interview – From Structured Questions to Negotiated Text »Chapter 26 The Interpretation of Documents and Material Culture »

Used SWOT framework studied in courses Economic Environment of Business, Strategic Manage- ›ment, and Advanced Strategy.

This framework is used to evaluate the internal strength a company or city has that can be exploit- »ed to reach the objective, the external forces that are favourable in reaching objective, and risks due to negative external forces and weaknesses of the system that should be mitigated.

Interviewed the Secretary (Environment & Forests) in the Government of NCT of Delhi, the repre- ›sentative of Clinton Climate Initiative covering Delhi NCT, the city director of Rotterdam from the Clinton Climate Initiative and the Secretariat of C40 Group of Managers.


MethodologyFollowing three-step methodology is being used for data gathering, data analysis and conclusions.

Step 1 : Analysing Delhi NCTWhat

Analyse internal and external factors in Delhi NCT that are favourable or unfavourable to develop ›and implement a range of actions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate changes.

How Internet research using SWOT ( Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ) analysis and ›PEST ( Political, Economic, Social, and Technological ) analysis, which will be used to identify the threads and opportunities in SWOT analysis.Design the research paper format and document the current findings. ›

Step 2 : Identifying Delhi NCT Projects, CCI and C40What

To identify the range of actions or projects which CCI and C40 have developed & implemented OR are ›planning to develop and implement in Delhi NCT.To identify whether these projects are taking full advantage of Delhi NCT internal strength, fully ›capitalising on available external opportunities or successfully mitigating risks caused by internal weakness or external threats.To identify how project progress is tracked. ›

HowRead following two chapters of ´Handbook of Qualitative Research´ book by Norman K. Denzin and ›Yuonna S. Kincoln.

Chapter 24 The Interview – From Structured Questions to Negotiated Text »Chapter 26 The Interpretation of Documents and Material Culture »

Internet research at following web sites : ›Clinton Climate Initiative » http://www.clintonfoundation.org/cf-pgm-cci-home.htmC40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group » http://www.c40cities.org/Delhi Pollution Control Committee » http://dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/

Identify CCI & C40 representatives and Delhi NCT representatives for interview. ›Identify one interviewee from the CCI & C40 group who represents Delhi NCT. »

Identify the name and the contact information of CCI & C40 group representative who cov-•ers Delhi NCT, and communicate him/her through phone or email to schedule a telephonic interview.

Identify one interviewee from the Government of NCT of Delhi. »Identify the name and the email address of the head of the department of Environment and •Forests in the Government of NCT of Delhi, and communicate him/her through email to schedule a telephonic interview.


Identify one interviewee from the C40 Group of Managers. »Identify the name and the contact information of the Secretariat of C40 Group of Managers, •and communicate him/her through phone or email to schedule a telephonic interview.

Identify one interviewee from the CCI, Rotterdam. »Identify the name and the contact information of the city director of Rotterdam from the •Clinton Climate Initiative, and communicate him/her through phone or email to schedule a personal interview.

Identify the email address of the chief minister Ms Shiela Dikshit, and send email to her to schedule »a telephonic interview. She has represented Delhi, India in the New York climate summit 2007.

Identify and prepare interview questions for CCI & C40 representatives and Delhi NCT representa- ›tives.Interview CCI & C40 representatives and Delhi NCT representatives. ›

Step 3 : Putting all together and prepare recommendationsWhat

Analyse available data and state recommendation to CCI, C40 and Delhi NCT about what and how ›they should improve to initiate and implement projects designed to combat greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate changes.

HowUse step 1 and step 2 findings to answer following questions. ›

Whether the objectives of these projects are clearly defined? »How these objectives are measured in short and long run? »Whether these projects are designed in such a way that they »

use effectively the internal strength of Delhi NCT.•take full advantage of external forces, which are favourable for reaching project objective.•mitigate risks caused by internal attributes of Delhi NCT or by external forces, which may •undermine these projects for reaching their objectives.

Whether CCI and C40 initiative have played a significant role in development and implementation »of these projects?Are Delhi NCT projects taking benefits from the experiences of other projects executed in differ- »ent cities?

State recommendation to CCI, C40 and Delhi NCT about what and how they should improve to initiate ›and implement projects designed to combat greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate changes.


Data GatheringSWOT Analysis of Delhi NCT

FiGURe 1 : Delhi nct sWot

Strengths1. The city is located at the great Ganges and yamuna river basin, which is a flat and vast land. Unlike

Mumbai, Delhi NCT is not a locked city in a sense that it is neither surrounded by sea nor situated at the hilltop. Delhi NCT has competitive advantage that it can be expanded in all four directions. Hence, in order to improve the traffic congestion, existing roads can be expanded or new rings roads ( roads which are designed to surround the city and to connect its various points ) can be built easily. Also new parks can be built within the city, and residential colonies can be shifted out from the city centre.

2. India is a democratic state. Although the citizens of India do not have high literacy rate, they are ex-ceptionally well aware of their democratic rights. This keeps central and Delhi NCT state governments at their toes. It is a common sight that people make demonstrations at the street if government tries to push a new law, which is generally considered not benefiting the society. Also free press evaluates the performance of the government actions on regular basis.

3. Lots of NGOs are active in Delhi region. They cover the range of areas from pollution control projects to child marriages or dowry system.

4. Delhi NCT is the home of some of the world best universities, which conduct research programmes on the pollution control in Delhi NCT.

5. River yamuna flows through the city that can help the city improve its water distribution system and leak management.


Weaknesses1 The huge migration into Delhi NCT from other states especially from neighbouring states has caused

the population explosion in Delhi NCT. Its population has increased from 1.45 million in 1951, to 9.42 million in 1991 and to 13.78 million in 2001. Also the density of the population has increased from 6352 persons per square kilometres in 1991 to 9294 persons per square kilometres in 2001 ( dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 15, 2007 ). It is expected that the population will reach 22.42 million mark by 2021 ( c40cities.org, August 11, 2007 ). Following figure illustrates the alarming trend of population increase in Delhi NCT over the past years.

FiGURe 2 : Population Growth

( Source : c40cities.org, August 13, 2007 )

Because of this rapid population growth, there is a rapid increase of transp ort vehicles in the city. Ve-Because of this rapid population growth, there is a rapid increase of transport vehicles in the city. Ve-hicles have been and still are the biggest source of pollution in Delhi NCT.

2. In Delhi NCT, both winter and summer are not pleasant. Summer is very hot; winter is very cold; the monsoon season brings moderate rain. The temperature fluctuates from 3 degree centigrade in Janu-ary ( monthly average of 14.3 degree centigrade ) to 47 degree centigrade in June (monthly average of 34.5 degree centigrade ). The summer winds from the Thar Desert of Rajasthan bring dust particles in Delhi. Because unlike Mumbai, Chennai, or Kolkutta, Delhi NCT does not have full natural sea breeze, there is virtually no dilution of these dust particles, and hence these particles remain in the atmosphere ( a major source of pollution ) until monsoon washes them away ( dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 19, 2007 ).

3. Because of the population explosion, there is a rapid increase of urbanization, transport vehicles, large and small scale industries and thermal power plats in Delhi NCT area. There are three major sources of air pollution in Delhi NCT: Vehicular, Domestic, and Industrial. Following diagram illustrates that vehicular sector has been and still is the biggest contributor of the pollution because ( c40cities.org, August 15, 2007 ):


FiGURe 3 : Delhi nct Pollution Sources


There is a lack of efficient mass rapid transport system in the city hence every fourth person on »average owns a vehicle. The numbers of vehicle population in Delhi NCT are far greater than that of any other mega cities in India. Currently the total numbers of vehicles are over 4.4 million ( out of which only 0.1 million is running on eco friendly fuel called CNG ), and approximately 500 ve-hicles are being registered every day. The annual growth rate of vehicle in Delhi is 8 to 10%, which is even higher than population growth rate.Most of these vehicles are old and of poor design. »There are inefficient traffic management and inadequate road conditions. »

4. Delhi NCT suffers from some notable pollutions such as noise pollution from traffic or other sources, underground water sources pollution because of inefficient waste management, the unsatisfactory level of cleanliness at public places, or yamuna water pollution.

Opportunities1. Delhi NCT government has taken following steps to mitigate pollution caused by vehicle sector (c40ci-

ties.org, August 18, 2007; delhimetrorail.com, August 20, 2007 ) :Defined the emission norms for the vehicles, and enacted laws to push vehicle owners to comply »with these norms.From 2002, all public transports including city buses and taxis within Delhi NCT are using eco »friendly fuel.Vehicle fuel quality is improved such as lead is removed completely from petrol and sulphur is re- »duced in both diesel and petrol to 0.035% and 0.015% respectively.All commercial vehicles that are older than 15 years are banned form 1998, and all city busses that »are older than 8 years are banned from 2000.


Every vehicle needs to obtain pollution-under-control certificate every third month. »Flyovers are built at key traffic junctions in the city for better traffic management. »Mass rapid transport system ( Delhi Metro ) is being introduced in the city. Delhi Metro is planned »to cover the complete city in two phases. Phase one covers three lines, 59 city stations, and approxi-mately 65 kilo meters of track length. Phase one all three lines are operational from November 11, 2006 ( first line commercial service was partially started from December 25, 2002 ). Phase two is currently under construction. It is planned to cover 10 lines, 79 stations and approximately 120 kilo meters of track length. It is only completed 9% so far and is scheduled to be operational by 2010.

2. Under the plantation programme, the forest cover of Delhi NCT has increased from 26 square kilome-tres in 1997 to 268 square kilometres in 2003. In this programme, residents welfare associations, mar-ket traders associations, non-government associations and schools have joined hands with government agencies ( environment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 15, 2007 ).

About 90 lakhs seedings have been planted and 12 lakhs seedings have been distributed by the »greening agencies and forest department in last four years.In 2005 and 2006, forest department has planted 1.8 lakhs saplings and the greening agencies have »planted 3.32 lakhs saplings.

3. Delhi NCT government has introduced various environment awareness campaigns under Bhagidari ( partnership ) programme, which involves residents welfare associations, market traders associations, schools, NGOs etc ( environment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 17, 2007 ).

Approximately 1600 eco clubs have been established in Delhi schools or colleges, which represent »more than 50% of Delhi NCT government schools. These clubs are active throughout the year with environment related activities and present eco friendly products at the annually organized eco meet and environment exhibition.Anti fire cracker campaign at Diwali ( the festival of light ) and natural colour use campaign at »Holi ( the festival of colour ) have been very successful in last years. Diwali and Holi are the two biggest festivals in Delhi, which are comparable to Christmas in western countries.Clean Yamuna campaign is an yearly event, which is organized in May-June month. In this cam- »paign, plastic bags or other garbage are lifted from the river and sent to sanitary landfill sites.

4. A law has been enacted that prohibits the throwing of garbage at public places and ensures that garbage is properly segregated and disposed ( environment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 19, 2007 ).

5. A law has been enacted in Delhi NCT area that prohibits the manufacturing, selling or usage of recy-cled plastic bags for storing, caring or packing of food ( environment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 19, 2007 ).

6. Second to vehicles, small and large scale industries are the biggest source of air pollution in Delhi NCT. Among the large scale industries, three coal power thermal plants, which are actually located inside the city, are the major source of air pollution. Following efforts have been taken in order to mitigate pollu-tion from these coal based thermal power plants ( environment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 19, 2007 ):

Electrostatic precipitators are installed at these plants to control particulate matter emissions. »Beneficiated coal, which contains less than 34% ash, is being used in these plants. »New power plants are gas based which have very low particulate emission level. »


These mitigation efforts have resulted in the decrease of average emission levels from coal based thermal plants. It is detailed in following table.

table 1 : Particulate Matter Emissions in coal based Thermal Power Plants

( Source : dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 16, 2007 )


Threats1. Currently, approximately 0.5 million people every year or over 1000 people per day are migrating into

Delhi NCT ( dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 17, 2007 ). A very big percentage of this migration comes from Delhi’s neighbouring states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana or Madya Pradesh because unemployment rates in these states are one of the highest in India. Hence, Delhi NCT stands out as the magnet of opportunities for north Indians. India’s major industrial zones are located in southern or western part ( Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad or Mumbai ) of India.

2. It is difficult to locate the data at official web sites. Central pollution control board web site offers the possibility to check the real time greenhouse gas concentrations and suspended particulate matter at four locations in Delhi NCT but does not provide 2006 or half of 2007 data.

3. There is a lack of political will in the current or previous administrations of government. Part of this problem is that global warming is not one of the major issues in Indian voters mind as of today. Because of the democracy, ministers tend to push only those laws which will make them popular among voters and which will help them secure seats in next elections.

4. Although Indian economy is booming, India is still a large and poor country with very limited finan-cial resources which make it even harder to locate large fund for global warming related projects.

5. Even though many mitigation measures are taken by the government to combat global warming, the emission level of greenhouse gases and the concentration of respirable suspended particulate matter and suspended particulate matter in Delhi NCT atmosphere are still very high. Following figures il-lustrate this data for the period from 1997 to 2004/5.

FiGURe 4 . Annual Variation of so2 and Nox Levels in Delhi



FiGURe 5 . Annual Variation of co Levels in Delhi



FiGURe 6 . Annual Variation of spm & Rspm Levels in Delhi



Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership GroupThe web sites of Clinton climate initiative and C40 large cities climate leadership group do not list the global warming projects which they are helping or even plan to help in Delhi NCT. The web sites do detail in very general terms the types of help they provide to forty selected cities. First help of such kind is that they pool the combined buying power of these forty cities to reduce the price of energy saving products by decreasing the cost of the development and market deployment of energy saving technologies in following product categories: building material, systems and controls; traffic and street lighting; clean buses and garbage trucks; and waste to energy systems.

Second area in which they help is that they gather together international experts groups to provide technical help to these forty cities for the development and implementation of the programs which will result in the re-duction of the energy consumption and green house gas emissions in following areas : building efficiency, clean transportation systems, renewable energy production, waste management, and water and sanitation systems.

Third area where they help is that they make partnership with IT companies to develop and deploy common measurement and information flow tools. On May 17, 2007 Clinton Foundation and Microsoft have announced a long term partnership to develop such tool suite. These tools will help cities measure and compare carbon emissions. Cities could measure the effectiveness of their mitigation efforts and could tell to each other about what are working and what are not working.


Delhi NCT Global Warming ProjectsThe web site of Delhi NCT department of pollution or environment lists the mitigation efforts and achieve-ments but does not make any connection between Clinton climate initiative and C40 large cities climate lead-ership group and Delhi NCT s global warming projects. Therefore, it may possible that some of the Delhi NCT s mitigation efforts are directly benefited from Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Climate Leadership Group but unfortunately, there is no documentation available on the web that supports this con-nection.


Interviewee SelectionThe Secretary (Environment & Forests) in the Government of NCT of Delhi : Mr. J.K. Dadoo, based ›in Delhi NCT.The representative of Clinton Climate Initiative covering Delhi NCT : Ms. Leena Pishe Thomas, based ›in Bangalore.The city director of Rotterdam from the Clinton Climate Initiative : Mr. Wiert-Jan De Raaf, based in ›Rotterdam.The Secretariat of C40 Group of Managers : Mr. Simon Reddy, based in London. ›


Interview Questions1. Please state the Delhi NCT global warming projects, which the CCI and C40 are presently helping.

What is the nature of the help?2. Please state the Delhi NCT global warming projects which the CCI and C40 plan to help in future.

What is the nature of the help?3. In terms of the reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions, what are the targets of these projects in next

five years and in next twenty years?4. Who will track the reduction of greenhouse gas emission levels as the result of these projects? Where

and how frequently will those results be published?5. How are these projects effectively using the internal strengths of Delhi NCT ?6. How are these projects taking full advantage of positive external forces such as India has ratified Kyoto

and could sell carbon credits to developed world?7. How are these projects mitigating the risks caused by the lack of political will in the current or previous

administrations of the government?8. How are these projects mitigating the risks caused by the availability of very limited financial resourc-

es?9. How are these projects getting benefits from the experiences of other projects executed in different

world cities?10. Which of these projects are designed for the city adaptation to tackle the already changing climate?11. What pressing (environmental) concerns the city has that the city government hopes to address with

the initiative?12. What was your motivation as the city government was to join this initiative?13. What cities has the city government cooperated with ( or will cooperate with in future ), when, for how

long, and in what way as the part of this initiative?14. What is a difference between C40 and CCI work ?15. The combined web site of C40 and CCI only details three types of work which only CCI is doing, so

what is the value add of C40 in it ?16. Which countries are parts of the C40 Steering Committee ?17. How do CCI and C40 deal with the developing countries such as the Government of Delhi that already

have pollution control projects but st ill do not track the emission levels as the result of all these pro-but still do not track the emission levels as the result of all these pro-grams ?

18. My interviewee in the Government of Delhi NCT has told me that they were asked to sign some sort of agreement in New york, and only sixteen countries did that. Why does your web site not list those agreement details ?

19. Although Delhi NCT biggest problem is vehicles but still the initiative is currently working on building retrofit project because the initiative is developing its programs at the global level. Should it be localized for each specific city ?

20. Government of Delhi NCT needs technology or technological products that are cost efficient and adapted to Indian condition and does not need financial help from CCI and C40 initiative. How do you tackle the differences of both parties objectives ?


Data Analysis and ConclusionsThe Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Leadership Group

The Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Leadership Group are very new and non-official ›organization. C40 Large Cities Leadership Group has been started in 2005 by the Mayor of London Mr. Ken Livingstone and has collaborated with Clinton Climate Initiative in 2006. The structure of this partnership is that C40 Large Cities Leadership Group’s Steering Committee that is made of nine cities defines the future direction and the overall strategy. Clinton Climate Initiative sets up the proj-ects in order to implement those directions or strategy. Hence, Clinton Climate Initiative is a service organization for C40 Large Cities Leadership Group ( Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy, August 17, 2007a ).

Out of nine cities, only two cities from the C40 Large Cities Leadership Group’s Steering Committee ›are from the developing world : Johannesburg and Sao Paulo. Neither Indian nor Chinese cities have representative in this committee even though China is already emerging as the biggest polluter in the world and India will soon follow ( Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy, August 17, 2007b ).

Even though two climate summits ( in London, and in New York ) have been held and next summit is ›scheduled within two years at Seoul, however the Steering Committee has not yet led down the overall strategy under which this initiative will take future actions. In order to make progress, however, Clin-ton Climate Initiative has already started to work on three main areas in forty cities : Building Retrofit Program, Transportation Sector and Waste Management ( Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy, August 17, 2007c ).

On the global level, building retrofit program is the first program that has been started and programs ›related to transportation sector and waste management will follow ( Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy, August 17, 2007c ).

Clinton Climate Initiative has partnered with Microsoft and InfoSYS to develop an online software ›tool which cities can use to track and monitor their greenhouse gas emission levels and also can share this information with other cities so that every one can learn which mitigation programs are working and which mitigation programs are not working ( Interview with Ms. Leena Pishe Thomas, August 14, 2007 ).

The direct benefit that this Initiative enjoys for directly working with the city government is that it ›could overcome from the national politics of big countries. As an example, New York or San Francisco had already initiated programs to curb greenhouse gas emissions when Bush Administration was ne-gating the connection between the climate change and greenhouse gas concentration ( Interview with Mr. Wiert-Jan De Raaf, August 17, 2007 ).

The other major objective of this initiative is to share the success stories among various cities in the ›world. These stories are presented and shared in the climate summit and also are posted on the web-site.


Delhi NCT Global Warming ProjectsThe Government of Delhi NCT, on the other hand, is not waiting for any official or non-official inter- ›national initiative to start project in Delhi. They have taken in their own hand the pollution control projects in five areas : air pollution, water pollution, sound pollution, waste management and green-ing. The Government of Delhi NCT claims that they have enough financial resources to fund their projects (Interview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo, August 14, 2007 ).

The public pollution projects take advantage of NGOs such as energy resources institute, TERI ›and Universities that are present in the Delhi region. The professors of these universities take part in the committees meeting and give advices (Interview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo, August 14, 2007 ).

Five initiatives which the Government of Delhi NCT has taken are listed below (Interview with Mr. ›J.K. Dadoo, August 14, 2007 ) :

They have converted the entire public transport operating within Delhi NCT in the compressed »natural gas. Compressed natural gas is an eco friendly fuel and lead to a lesser emission of green-house gases. It has significantly improved the ambient air quality in Delhi NCT.Delhi NCT is planting more than one million saplings every year from last five years. It has re- »sulted in the increase of green cover in Delhi NCT from 3% 10 years ago to 19% in 2007. In other terms, it has increased the green cover from 30 square kilometres 10 years ago to 300 square kilo-metres in 2007.The Government of Delhi NCT is pushing more and more conservation law foundation in all its »public buildings so that they become more energy efficient.The Government of Delhi NCT is currently executing projects to use solar energy for heating and »lightning.They are currently installing energy efficient equipments at all possible energy consuming places »such as pumping stations at Delhi Jal Board or various electrical equipments used by Delhi Met-ro.

The problem is the availability of information on the Government of Delhi NCT websites. Their web ›sites do not list all the projects that they are executing or plan to execute, associated objectives and progress status. One web site, the central pollution control committee, details the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the Delhi atmosphere only till year 2004.

The projects that are currently running by the Government of Delhi NCT are taking advantage ›from other cities projects but not under the framework of CCI and C40 initiative. As an example, Tokyo Metro was the helping hand in establishing and implementing the Delhi Metro project.

The Government of Delhi NCT is also running adaptation programmes such as plantation of trees, ›paper recycling, water recycling, water harvesting ( Interview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo, August 14, 2007 ).


Like Beijing, Delhi also faces people influx problem. Every day many people come in Delhi NCT from ›neighbouring states in search of employment etc. However, as India is a democratic state and every citizen has a constitution right of free movement, unlike Chinese Government, Indian Government cannot put any restrictions on the influx of people in Delhi. However, they try to improve the city in-frastructure to accommodate new people. In addition, Indian Government cannot put any restriction on people such as one person can register only one vehicle.


The Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Leadership Group in Delhi NCT

FiGURe 7 : cci, C40 and Delhi nct

Currently Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Leadership Group are not currently execut- ›ing or helping any project in the Delhi NCT.

CCI and C40 are currently in the planning phase of the building retrofit program and it is planned ›that this project will be kicked off in the starting of next year. The objective of this project is to make building energy efficient so that they consume lesser energy produced from the Thermal Power Plants, which are the source of pollution in Delhi. Other projects in the area of transportation and waste man-agement are in very early stage, and no starting dates are set for these projects. It did not emerge that these projects objectives are also to trap and sell carbon in the western world.

The building retrofit program is designed in such a way that financial problems will not hinder this ›project. The value chain of this project is that bank will finance the building retrofit project and the building owner will pay the money back to bank from the savings, which will be realized because of the low consumption of energy.

Other main areas, where CCI and C40 would be focusing in Delhi NCT after building retrofit pro- ›


gram, are transportation, waste management, water supply and distribution. Hence, CCI and C40 are intending to cut down significantly the city carbon footprint by embarking in these four ar-eas. Apart from it, they will also be helping city get the energy efficient products at the lowest pos-sible price, technical assistance, and financing covering CDM opportunities. Nevertheless, of course it is up to the Delhi City Government as how much they will take advantage of this opportunity.

It seems that the information is not easily passing through among various Government of Del- ›hi NCT departments. As an example, CCI and C40 are already engaged with the Delhi-Transco for building retrofit program, and the Department of Environment & Forests is not even aware of it. CCI and C40 are also facing similar problem because for the same question, I got different an-swers from CCI and C40 representatives. As an example, one has said that there are only two de-veloping countries cities in the Steering Committee and another said that there are more than two.

CCI and C40 are partnering with Delhi based NGOs such as Energy Resources Institute and The Con- ›federation of Indian Industries Green Business Center as well as with Delhi based technical institutes to capitalize their technical capabilities for the projects.

The software tool detailed earlier will be used to track the reduction of the greenhouse gases as the ›result of this initiative, and those results will be published at the CCI and C40 combined website. How-ever, the objectives of these programs in terms of the reduction of the greenhouse gases in next five years or ten years are yet not defined.

As per the Department of Environment & Forests, the Government of Delhi NCT has not received any ›help from CCI and C40 so far. In fact, the Government of Delhi NCT has asked CCI and C40 whether they can provide cheap solar water heating panels or cheap CSL but they neither have come back nor have given any timeline in which they plan to come back.

New York summit has asked cities to sign an agreement. Out of forty cities, only sixteen have signed it. ›The agreement is not available on the web site. It is not clear why less then half number of cities have signed the agreement. Also, it is not clear whether the agreement has any clauses, which have stopped other cities to sign it.

The problem that this initiative is or will face in the Delhi NCT has many dimensions : ›The Government of Delhi NCT believes that their priority is to meet the objectives that they have »set for their own initiated global warming projects such as increasing the green cover of Delhi or converting the entire public transport to environmental friendly fuel. They are not interested in setting the target for the reduction of the greenhouse gases. One of their arguments is that because India is part of Non Annex I country under Kyoto protocol, they are not bound to reduce the greenhouse gas emission. Hence, although they acknowledge that their pollution control projects do indeed reduce the greenhouse gas emission but they do not track the reduced amount of green-house gas emissions as the result of their non CDM projects. Nevertheless, as stated before they do measure the concentration of the harmful gases in the Delhi NCT to test the effectiveness of their projects.


Although under the Kyoto Protocol, India has competitive advantage that it can capture carbon »and sell it in the Western Market, the Government of Delhi NCT does not list it in its priori-ty list. Mostly private companies are active in this area. Very small number of public pollution projects are linked with the carbon market such as waste management landfills program, which captures the Methane generated at landfills, reuses it, and hence sells it at the carbon market. However, whenever the Government of Delhi NCT works on big projects, they also check that whether it is possible to make CDM project out of it so that they can earn some carbon credit. Nevertheless, in practical terms, only very limited public projects are covered under CDM so far.

The biggest source of the pollution in the Delhi NCT is Transportation sector. Vehicles contribute »approximately 70% of greenhouse gas emissions yet the first project that Clinton Climate Initia-tive and C40 Large Cities Leadership Group are going to execute in Delhi NCT is building retrofit program. Buildings actually contribute a smaller percentage of Delhi pollution. Because Clinton Climate Initiative and C40 Large Cities Leadership Group have started building retrofit programs at the global level, it is automatically started in Delhi NCT though the city’s needs are different.

The Government of Delhi NCT believes that they are self sufficient in identifying or executing »pollution control projects, and the only connection that they see with this initiative is that initia-tive may provide them the technology or technological products that are cost efficient and adapted to Indian conditions. In fact, the motivation that the Government of Delhi NCT felt for attending the summit conference in New York or London is that they were invited in those summits to share their experiences. In the New York conference, India was one of countries that did not sign the agreement with CCI and C40 because they feel that their projects should not be bound to CCI and C40 objectives or directions.


Recommendations

FiGURe 8 : Recommendations : Strategy, Implementation and Benefits

To the Government of Delhi NCTConnect all pollution control projects with the clean development mechanism ( CDM ). It has follow- ›ing benefits :

The reduced emission levels as the result of each program can be tracked. »It will be known which projects are effective and which are not. »It will take advantage of carbon market. »

Make data available on the web site related to each project which are either planned or presently under ›execution as well as their progress in terms of the reduction of carbon emission.Sign CCI & C40 agreement because neither does it bind them to follow CCI & C40 conditions or direc- ›tions nor does it put a cap on their emission level.Share information among various departments. ›


To CCI and C40Give priority to transport rather than building ratification in Delhi. ›Apart from creating their own programs, also create a partnership with the City Government pollu- ›tion control programs so that appropriate technology or technological products could be easily avail-able to public pollution control programs.Customize your projects based on the City or City government needs by aligning City government ›objectives with their objectives.Share more information between CCI and C40 representatives. ›


Appendix I :References( sorted by access date )

clintonfoundation.org, August 1, 2007a. URL : http://www.clintonfoundation.org/cf-pgm-cci-home1. ›htmclintonfoundation.org, August 1, 2007b. URL : › http://www.clintonfoundation.org/cf-pgm-cci-home.htmenvironment.newscientist.com, August 1, 2007. China's emissions may surpass the US in 2007. URL ›: http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn11707-chinas-emissions-to-surpass-the-us-within-months.htmlhm-treasury.gov.uk, August 1, 2007. Summary of Conclusions : Stern Review final report : Stern Re- ›view on the economics of climate change. URL : http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_re-views/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 6, 2007. Summary of Conclusions : Stern Review final report : Stern Re- ›view on the economics of climate change. URL : http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_re-views/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 7, 2007. Summary of Conclusions : Stern Review final report : Stern Re- ›view on the economics of climate change. URL : http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_re-views/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm clintonfoundation.org, August 7, 2007. URL : http://www.clintonfoundation.org/051607-nr-cf-pr-cci- ›president-clinton-announces-landmark-program-to-reduce-energy-use-in-buildings-worldwide.htmipcc.ch, August 7, 2007. Working Group I Report "The Physical Science Basis". URL : › http://www.ipcc.ch/c40cities.org, August 8, 2007. C40 Cities Clinton Leadership Group. About. URL : http://www.c40ci- ›ties.orgipcc.ch, August 10, 2007. Working Group I Report "The Physical Science Basis". URL : › http://www.ipcc.ch/hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 10, 2007. Summary of Conclusions : Stern Review final report : Stern ›Review on the economics of climate change. URL : http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_re-views/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm hm-treasury.gov.uk, August 11, 2007. Summary of Conclusions : Stern Review final report : Stern ›Review on the economics of climate change. URL : http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_re-views/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm c40cities.org, August 11, 2007. Presentation on Urban Transport in Delhi. URL : › http://www.c40cities.org/docs/summit2005/session1-turbantransport.pdfipcc.ch, August 13, 2007. Working Group I Report "The Physical Science Basis". URL : › http://www.ipcc.ch/c40cities.org, August 13, 2007. Presentation on Urban Transport in Delhi. URL : › http://www.c40cities.org/docs/summit2005/session1-turbantransport.pdfInterview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo, August 14, 2007. Interview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo. Page 39 ›Interview with Ms. Leena Pishe Thomas, August 14, 2007. Interview with Ms. Leena Pishe Thomas. ›Page 54c40cities.org, August 15, 2007. Presentation on Urban Transport in Delhi. URL : › http://www.c40cities.


org/docs/summit2005/session1-turbantransport.pdfdpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 15, 2007. Towards Cleaner Air : A Case Study of Delhi. URL : › http://dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/down/cleanerair.pdfenvironment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 15, 2007. Achievements : Department of Environment : Govern- ›ment of Delhi NCT. http://environment.delhigovt.nic.in/achif.htmldpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 16, 2007. Towards Cleaner Air : A Case Study of Delhi. URL : › http://dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/down/cleanerair.pdfdpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 17, 2007. Towards Cleaner Air : A Case Study of Delhi. URL : › http://dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/down/cleanerair.pdfInterview with Mr. Simon Reddy, August 17, 2007a. Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy. Questions 1 ›.Page 80Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy, August 17, 2007b. Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy. Questions 3 ›.Page 80Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy, August 17, 2007c. Interview with Mr. Simon Reddy. Questions 8 ›.Page 80Interview with Mr. Wiert-Jan De Raaf, August 17, 2007. Interview with Mr. Wiert-Jan De Raaf. Page ›67c40cities.org, August 17, 2007. Presentation on Urban Transport in Delhi. URL : › http://www.c40cities.org/docs/summit2005/session1-turbantransport.pdfenvironment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 17, 2007. Achievements : Department of Environment : Govern- ›ment of Delhi NCT. http://environment.delhigovt.nic.in/achif.htmlc40cities.org, August 18, 2007. Presentation on Urban Transport in Delhi. URL : › http://www.c40cities.org/docs/summit2005/session1-turbantransport.pdfenvironment.delhigovt.nic.in, August 19, 2007. Achievements : Department of Environment : Govern- ›ment of Delhi NCT. http://environment.delhigovt.nic.in/achif.htmlc40cities.org, August 19, 2007. Presentation on Urban Transport in Delhi. URL : › http://www.c40cities.org/docs/summit2005/session1-turbantransport.pdftime.com, August 19, 2007. Asia s Monsoon: Time. URL : › http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1650392_1422869,00.htmldpcc.delhigovt.nic.in, August 19, 2007. Towards Cleaner Air : A Case Study of Delhi. URL : › http://dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/down/cleanerair.pdfdelhimetrorail.com, August 20, 2007. Project Update. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/pro- ›jectupdate/phase1_network.htmlc40cities.org, August 20, 2007. Presentation on Urban Transport in Delhi. URL : › http://www.c40cities.org/docs/summit2005/session1-turbantransport.pdfglobalgreen.org, August 28, 2007. URL : http://www.globalgreen.org/images/antarcticSOS.jpg, August ›28, 2007


Appendix II : InterviewsTranscriptsInterview with Mr. J.K. Dadoo

Interviewee : Mr J.K. Dadoo, Secretary (Environment & Forests) in the Government of NCT of Delhi. India.Interviewer : Robin Naresh, Participant International MBA Programme at Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University. The Netherlands.Date: August 14, 2007Duration: 35 Minutes

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Interview with Ms. Leena Pishe Thomas

Interviewee : Ms Leena Pishe Thomas, Representative of Clinton Climate Initiative covering Delhi NCT. Phone : +91 98184 15500. Email address : [email protected] : Robin Naresh, Participant International MBA Programme at Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University. The Netherlands. Date : August 14, 2007Duration : 35 Minutes

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Interview with Mr. Wiert-Jan De Raaf

Interviewee : Mr Wiert-Jan De Raaf, City Director, the Netherlands. Phone : +31 6 41849626. Email address : [email protected] : Robin Naresh, Participant International MBA Programme at Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University. The Netherlands Date : August 17, 2007Duration : One hour

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SummaryInterview with Mr. Simon Reddy

Interviewee : Mr. Simon Reddy, Secretariat of C40 Group of Managers, United Kingdom. Phone : +44 (0) 20 7983 4627. Email address : [email protected] : Robin Naresh, Participant International MBA Programme at Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University. The Netherlands Date : August 17, 2007Duration : 35 Minutes( I could not tape the conversation because of technical difficulty; hence, I have put here the summary of the interview. )

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Summary is taken out.


Appendix III : List of Figures and TablesFIGURE 1 : Delhi NCT SWOTFIGURE 2 : Population GrowthFIGURE 3 : Delhi NCT Pollution SourcesFIGURE 4 . Annual Variation of SO2 and Nox Levels in DelhiFIGURE 5 . Annual Variation of CO Levels in DelhiFIGURE 6 . Annual Variation of SPM & RSPM Levels in DelhiFIGURE 7 : CCI, C40 and Delhi NCTFIGURE 8 : Recommendations : Strategy, Implementation and Benefits TABLE 1 : Particulate Matter Emissions in coal based Thermal Power Plants
