Made By:-Pranati TripathiXI-A38

Under Guidance Of:-Mr. Rajendra PrasadP.G.T.(Maths)

A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product AxB. The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and second element of the ordered pairs in AxB. The second element is called image of the first element.

A relation may be represented algebraically either by Roster method or by Set-builder method.

An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.

1234

abcd

The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to set B is called the domain of relation R.

The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to set B is called the range of relation R.

The whole set B is called codomain of relation R.

If a relation has the additional characteristic that each element of the domain is mapped to one and only one element of the range then we call the relation a Function.

The relation is the year and the cost of a first class stamp.

The relation is the weight of an animal and the beats per minute of it’s heart.

The relation is the time of the day and the intensity of the sun light.

The relation is a number and it’s square. The relation is time since you left your

house for work and your distance from home.

x

DOMAIN

y1

y2

RANGE

R

NOT A FUNCTION

A function f is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) where each x-value corresponds to exactly one y-value.

y

RANGE

f

FUNCTION

x1

DOMAIN

x2

SymboliSymbolicc

x,y y 2x or

y 2x

A truly excellent notation. It is concise and useful.

y f x

Graphical representation of functions have the advantage of conveying lots of information in a compact form. There are many types and styles of graphs but in algebra we concentrate on graphs in the rectangular (Cartesian) coordinate system.

Domain

Range

Identity Function:Let R be the set of real numbers. Define

the real valued function f :R R by y=f (x)=x for each x belongs to

RSuch a function is called the identity

function. Here the domain and range of f are R.

Constant Function:Define the function f : R R by y=f (x)=c,

x belongs to R where c is a constant and each x belongs to R. Here domain of f is R and its range is {c}.

Polynomial Function:A function f: R R is said to be

polynomial function if for each x in R, y=f(x)=a0+a1x+a2x2+…+anxn, where n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1 ,a2, …, an belong to R.

Rational Function:They are the functions of the type

f(x)/g(x), where f(x) and g(x) are polynomial functions of x defined in a domain, where g(x) ≠ 0.

Modulus Function:The function f: R R defined by f(x) = |x| for

each x belongs to R is called modulus function. For each non-negative value of x, f(x) is equal to x. But for negative values of x, the value of f(x) is the negative of the value of x, i.e.,

f(x)= x, x ≥ 0 -x, x < 0

Signum Function:The function f: R R defined by 1, if x > 0f(x)= 0, if x = 0 -1, if x < 0is called the signum function. The

domain of the signum function is R and the range is the set {-1, 0, 1}.

Greatest Integer Function:The function f: R R defined by f(x) = [x], x

belongs to R assumes the value of the greatest integer, less than or equal to x. Such a function is called the greatest integer function. From the definition of [x], we can see that

[x] = -1 for -1 ≤ x < 0[x] = 0 for 0 ≤ x < 1[x] = 1 for 1 ≤ x < 2[x] = 2 for 2 ≤ x < 3

Addition:(f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), for all x belongs to X.

Subtraction:(f-g) (x) = f(x) – g(x), for all x belongs to X.

Multiplication by a scalar:(α f) = α f(x), x belongs to X.

Multiplication by two real functions:(fg) (x) = f(x) + g(x), for all x belongs to X.

Quotient of two real functions:(f/g)(x) = f(x)/g(x), provided g(x) ≠ 0, x belongs to X.