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Christian Smith English 202C De3inition Neutron Logging to generate Porosity Graphs Basic Overview The Neutron Logging tool is an essential tool sent down wellbores to generate logs that determine if a well will be pro3itable. This tool is a long rod, about the length of a car, that is sent down a hole to take porosity measurements (see Figure 1 below). Porosity refers to the tiny spaces in rocks that are capable of holding oil, or gas. If a formation has no porosity than there is no chance of 3inding oil or gas within said formation and would be a waste of money to drill. It varies between companies but generally each company has a porosity cutoff. This is a porosity percentage that a formation must have in order for a company to turn a pro3it on the well. For example a coal bed might have a porosity cutoff of 50% but a gas formation would probably have a lower cutoff around 10%. Figure 1. Neutron Logging tool taken from my class with Dr. Morgan Starting the Process To start taking measurements the logging tool is 3irst lowered to the desire depth in the hole. Once in position generally 13 prongs (a 3 prong logger is depicted below) will open up to keep the Neutron Logger in the same place throughout the entire process. This is where the 3irst problem of borehole washouts occurs. A washout refers to the sections of the well which are not uniform in diameter which can be seen below. Figure 2 Shows the 3 prongs used to Figure 3 depicts a washout Stabilize the tool during the process is the uneven wellbore radius Image taken from Dr. Morgan’s class Image taken from Dr. Morgan

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Christian  Smith  English  202C  De3inition    

Neutron  Logging  to  generate  Porosity  Graphs  

Basic  Overview     The  Neutron  Logging  tool  is  an  essential  tool  sent  down  wellbores  to  generate  logs  that  determine  if  a  well  will  be  pro3itable.  This  tool  is  a  long  rod,  about  the  length  of  a  car,  that  is  sent  down  a  hole  to  take  porosity  measurements  (see  Figure  1  below).  Porosity  refers  to  the  tiny  spaces  in  rocks  that  are  capable  of  holding  oil,  or  gas.  If  a  formation  has  no  porosity  than  there  is  no  chance  of  3inding  oil  or  gas  within  said  formation  and  would  be  a  waste  of  money  to  drill.  It  varies  between  companies  but  generally  each  company  has  a  porosity  cutoff.  This  is  a  porosity  percentage  that  a  formation  must  have  in  order  for  a  company  to  turn  a  pro3it  on  the  well.  For  example  a  coal  bed  might  have  a  porosity  cutoff  of  50%  but  a  gas  formation  would  probably  have  a  lower  cutoff  around  10%.  

Figure  1.  Neutron  Logging  tool  taken  from  my  class  with  Dr.  Morgan  

Starting  the  Process     To  start  taking  measurements  the  logging  tool  is  3irst  lowered  to  the  desire  depth  in  the  hole.  Once  in  position  generally  1-­‐3  prongs  (a  3  prong  logger  is  depicted  below)  will  open  up  to  keep  the  Neutron  Logger  in  the  same  place  throughout  the  entire  process.  This  is  where  the  3irst  problem  of  borehole  washouts  occurs.  A  washout  refers  to  the  sections  of  the  well  which  are  not  uniform  in  diameter  which  can  be  seen  below.    

             

                     Figure  2  Shows  the  3  prongs  used  to         Figure  3  depicts  a  washout                                                                Stabilize  the  tool  during  the  process         is  the  uneven  wellbore  radius                      Image  taken  from  Dr.  Morgan’s  class         Image  taken  from  Dr.  Morgan  

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While  the  prongs  do  a  good  job  of  keeping  the  tool  in  place  for  accurate  results,  if  the  hole  gets  too  large  the  tool  has  the  potential  to  move  around.  There  is  no  way  to  avoid  this  however  later  on  when  the  graphs  are  generated  it  is  easily  to  recognize  where  a  washout  has  occurred.    

Detection/Measurement       The  next  step  in  the  process  is  to  slowly  pull  the  logging  tool  back  up  the  hole.  While  the  tool  is  being  pulled  out  of  the  hole  it  is  emitting  neutrons  which  allow  engineers  to  evaluate  the  hydrocarbons  in  the  formations.  Typically  Americium  Beryllium  (Am-­‐Be)  or  Plutonium  Beryllium  (Pu-­‐Be)  are  the  radioactive  elements  used  to  launch  neutrons  into  the  formations.  The  diagram  below  is  taken  from  Dr.  Wang’s  Formation  Evaluation  class  and  shows  how  the  Neutron  Logger  takes  measurements.    

                                                           Figure  4  shows  a  Neutron  Logging  tool  3iring  off  Neutrons  into  a  formation  

When  the  neutrons  enter  the  formation  they  collide  with  other  atoms  causing  the  neutrons  to  change  paths.  Particle  physics  tells  us  that  if  two  atoms  of  the  same  size  collide  they  will  have  an  elastic  collisions.  What  this  means  is  that  when  the  neutrons  collide  with  Hydrogen  because  they  are  the  same  size  the  neutrons  encounter  a  drastic  change  in  path.  The  more  Hydrogen  the  neutrons  hit  the  greater  the  change  they  will  return  to  the  detectors  on  the  Neutron  Logging  tool.  The  logging  tool  generally  has  two  detectors,  a  near  detector  and  a  far  detector  which  average  the  number  of  neutrons  that  return  to  the  tool.  Oil  and  gas  are  both  hydrocarbons  which  mean  they  contain  large  amounts  of  Hydrogen  atoms  which  can  be  seen  by  a  high  count  of  neutrons  by  the  detectors.  If  a  formation  has  no  Hydrogen  atoms  than  very  few  neutrons  will  return  to  the  detectors.  Note  Hydrogen  atoms  are  not  the  only  atoms  that  can  change  the  neutrons  path,  any  atom  can,  Hydrogen  just  has  the  most  profound  effect.    

Interpreting  the  Data     Once  the  tool  has  completed  taking  measurements  of  the  hole  a  computer  uses  this  data  to  make  a  log.  A  Neutron  Porosity  log  is  a  percentage  based  upon  the  number  of  hydrogen  in  the  formations  and  generally  looks  

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something  like  Figure  5.  There  are  usually  several  logs  combined  into  one;  in  this  case  we  are  looking  at  the  PHIN  log  which  stands  for  Neutron  Porosity.    

      Figure  5  Porosity  Log  Image  from  Dr.  Morgan  

The  way  to  read  this  log  is  to  determine  at  what  depth  your  formations  is  at  and  then  3inding  that  related  depth  on  the  porosity  log.  Next  you  determine  where  the  line  on  the  log  is  with  respect  to  the  minimum  (far  right)  and  maximum  (far  left).  Be  careful  to  read  the  log  headings  because  sometimes  the  minimum  and  maximum  are  switch  depending  upon  who  did  the  logs.  Higher  quality  graphs  have  gridlines  which  allow  for  more  accurate  readings  but  for  now  it  is  easier  to  see  the  log  without  a  grid  system.  Once  the  porosity  is  determined  for  a  given  formation  this  is  where  the  cutoffs  are  applied.  Larger  companies  can  sometimes  have  lower  cutoffs  because  they  can  front  the  money  and  survive  from  smaller  pro3its.  Smaller  companies  however  usually  have  higher  cutoffs  in  order  to  make  higher  returns  on  their  investments  to  keep  their  investors.  One  thing  to  keep  in  mind  here  is  that  this  is  not  the  sole  log  used  to  determine  pay  zones,  it  is  merely  one  of  the  core  logs  used  to  predict  pro3itability.  This  is  because  Hydrogen  can  be  found  in  other  compounds  such  as  water  this  is  why  other  graphs  are  needed.  

Conclusion       The  Neutron  Logging  process  is  one  of  the  core  tests  used  to  determine  if  a  well  can  turn  a  pro3it.  The  tool  is  3irst  sent  down  the  well  to  the  desired  depth  where  it  then  emits  neutrons  used  to  take  measurements  as  it  is  pulled  out  of  the  well.  Next  the  measurements  are  uploaded  onto  a  computer  where  a  log  is  generated.  Finally  a  Petroleum  Engineer  evaluates  the  log  to  determine  if  a  well  is  pro3itable  based  on  the  cutoffs  that  the  companies  uses.  

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