Defining the Future - Kerala Infrastructure Investment

Our ChairmanShri. Pinarayi VijayanHon. Chief Minister

Our Vice ChairmanDr. T M Thomas Isaac

Hon. Minister for Finance

Defining the Future

KIIFB Approved ProjectsInfrastructure

Industrial Infra Total Outlay

Fifth Fund Trustee Advisory Commission meeting in progress

Infrastructure

I d t i l I f T t l O tl

KERALA INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT FUND BOARD - DEFINING THE FUTURE2

More in the next edition. Happy reading….

The highlight of this fortnight is that the Fifth Fund Trustee Advisory Commission was conducted on November 30th at KIIFB in Thiruvananthapuram. The Hon. Chairman of FTAC Sri. Vinod Rai, Former C&AG of India and Member Sri. G. Padmanabhan, non-Executive Chairman of Bank of India attended the meeting. Smt. Usha Thorat, former Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India joined in on videoconferencing from Kolhapur.

The meeting began with a detailed presentation on the activities and current status of work in KIIFB. The Heads of the Divisions made the presentations to the Commission. The following were the areas of focus: (a) Project approval, implementation and status (b) Inspections – both Administrative and Technical – the extent of interventions and the status of compliance (c) the measures, both technical support and investment in other SPVs and within KIIFB to enhance quality (d) the financial arrangements within KIIFB, the status of fund mobilisation, interest and operational expenditure, status of payments for projects (d) the updated debt sustainability figures.

The Commission in its 3rd meeting had recommended that KIIFB should develop an ALM model. The Finance and Administration Wing of KIIFB made a detailed demo on the Asset Liability Management Model. The ALM Model will after its full development help to predict the cash requirements including suggested borrowing dates, the recommended borrowing options in terms of the financial instruments to be used for raising funds and the range of interest rates. The Commission recommended that more predictive power should be built into the system and to include an audit trace of decisions taken based on the parameters set in the ALM engine while proceeding to transfer funds from existing investments in KIIFB or borrow from the market.

The subject of audit of KIIFB by C&AG has been in the news for the last three months. KIIFB had explained the legal position in the matter and disseminated the same for public information. This has brought a great deal of clarity on the subject. Given the topical relevance of the matter, the stand of Government of Kerala in the matter of C&AG audit of KIIFB was explained to the Commission. What was emphasized by KIIFB was that an audit under Section 14(1) read with 14(2) and (3) in the CAG (Duties and Powers) Act, 1971 does endow the C&AG full and unrestricted powers to undertake a comprehensive audit of KIIFB. The proposed criteria for the selection of the Statutory Auditor and Peer Review Auditor were also placed before the Commission for information.

After detailed discussions, the Commission approved the Fidelity Certificate for the last half year. As mentioned in this column in an earlier edition, the Fidelity Certificate issued by the Commission will be placed before the KIIF Board chaired by the Chief Minister and the Legislative Assembly in the next session that follows.

From the CEO’s desk…

KERALA INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT FUND BOARD - DEFINING THE FUTURE 3

Asset Liability Management Model

The 5th meeting of the FTAC was successfully conducted today (30/11/2019) at the KIIFB HQ.

The meeting was graced by the presence of the Chairman of the Commission, Shri. Vinod Rai, and Member Shri. Padmanabhan. Smt. Usha Thoratt, member, joined the meeting through Video Conference.

The CEO, KIIFB and HODs made an exhaustive and elaborate presentation covering the varied activities carried out by the different divisions of KIIFB. The committee scrutinized the data presented in detail with specific focus on the fund

raising and fund utilisation process at KIIFB. During the meeting a protype of the Asset Liability Management model of KIIFB was presented which was very much appreciated by the Commission. The Members also provided their suggestions for further enhancing the model. A dedicated ALM framework would enable KIIFB to manage and optimize funds mobilization in sync with the draw down requirements of approved projects and for ensuring that

future inflows are adequate to meet interest and repayment obligations.

The Commission after the study unanimously declared that the activities at KIIFB for the last 6 months were in tune with the rules and regulations stipulated in the Act and issued the Fidelity Certificate for the period May 2019 to September 2019. This is a huge accomplishment for the team at KIIFB to be recognised for their diligent hardwork during the testing times.

Fund Trustee Advisory Commission of KIIFB is a statutory oversight mechanism which act as trustee of the fund and help to ensure that all investments of the fund serve the purpose and intent of the Act and there is no diversion of funds of the Board.


Sl. No

Project Name/DescriptionProject Outlay approved by

KIIFB in Rs. Cr.

Sector/ Department

1 Upgradation of Taluk Hospital Nedukandam-Phase I 70.03 Health & Family welfare

2 Improvements to the Hill Highway between Ch 0/000 to 19/000, Kuttikanam- Chappathu in 73.91 PWD

3 Improvements to Peerumede Devikulam road km 19/000 to 40/050 and Thodupuzha Puliyanmala road km 85/500 to 92/167 84.53 PWD

4 Improvements To Thodupuzha Karikkodu-Thekkumbhagom-Anakkayam Road 10.44 PWD

5 Improvements to Udumbanchola - Rajakkadu - Anachal - Randammayil - Chithirapuram Road 145.67 PWD

6 Construction of Nedumkandam Grama Panchayath Stadium 9.40 Sports & Youth Affairs

7 K P Thomas Indoor Stadium at Nedumkandom 33.78 Sports & Youth Affairs

8 Augmentation of Urban Water Supply Scheme to Thodupuzha Municipality 34.00 Water Resources

9 WSS to Ayyappankovil panchayath in Idukki District 46.42 Water Resources

Total

Focus District : Idukki

List of Infrastructure Projects in Idukki District approved by KIIFB are as below:

Idukki is the second largest district of Kerala. The district is geographically located in the central part of Kerala and is bordered by districts of Thrissur in North, Ernakulam on west, Kottayam on south west and Pathanamthitta on south. On the east, the state is bordered by Tamilnadu. The district is known for its ancient temples, churches and mosques. The district was formed on 26 January 1972 with the headquarters at Painavu. Idukki has a vast forest reserve area and more than a half of the district is covered by forests. Wildlife Sanctuaries and Forest Reserves of Idukki, Eravikulam, Periyar Tiger, Pampadumshola and Chinnar are in the district. According to 2011 census, the district has a

population of about 11.09 Lakhs. For administrative purposes, the district is divided to five taluks of Thodupuzha, Devikulam, Idukki, Udumbanchola and Peerumedu. Thodupuzha, Devikulam, Idukki, Udumbanchola and Peerumedu are the five Legislative Assembly Constituencies in the District. Along with several initiatives and projects being undertaken by Government of Kerala in the district, projects funded by KIIFB will significantly contribute in improving the physical and economic infrastructure of the district. The projects funded by KIIFB include development of Hill Highway, Water Supply Scheme, Stadiums. upgradation of school infrastructure etc.


Under the state-wide programmes supporting SC/ST Development Department, the following projects are also funded by KIIFB:

Sl. No

Description

KIIFB Approved amount in Rs. crore

1 Sub-Registrar Office, Thopramkudi 1.45

2 Sub-Registrar Office, Udumbanchola 1.50

3 Sub-Registrar Office, Thodupuzha 1.54

Total

Sl. No

Description


1 New academic block building for boys for VTC at Nadukani 4.03

2Pre-matric hostel for girls at Aruvilamchal at Udumbanchola in Nedumkandam

3.63

3 Post matric hostel for boys at Kodalippara 3.91

4 Hostel building for boy for VTC at Nadukani 3.42

Total

Under Protection of Public Education (PPE) Mission, and the state-wide Project “Upgradation of One school in each constituency” the infrastructure in following five (5) schools in the district are upgraded to higher standards with KIIFB funding of Rs. 5 crore each:

Under state-wide Registration Department project for “Setting up of new office complex”, the following new office complex is constructed in the district with KIIFB funding:

Under the state-wide Labour and Skills Department project for “Upgradation of Industrial Training Institutes on International standards, Government ITI at Kattapana is upgraded at a cost of Rs. 5.58 crore.

Sl. No.

Name of SchoolLegislative Assembly

Constituency

1 Thodupuzha Govt. H.S.S Thodupuzha

2 Vandipperiyar Govt. H.S.S Peerumade

3 Murikkattukudi Govt. H.S.S Idukki

4 GHSS Kunchithanny Devikulam

5 GHSS Kallar Udumban-chola

Under the state-wide project “Betterment of Infrastructure in 229 schools, physical infrastructure in the following 16 (sixteen) schools in the district are improved with a KIIFB funding of Rs. 3 crore each:

Under state-wide higher education project “Augmentation of Infrastructure facilities in Government Colleges”, the following college in the district is upgraded:

Sl. No.

Name of SchoolLegislative Assembly

Constituency

1 Kumali Govt. V.H.S.S.T.T.I Peerumedu

2 Rajakkad Govt.H.S.S Udumban-chola

3 Adimali Govt. H.S Devikulam

Sl. No

Name of College


1 Government College, Kattappana 6.34

2 Govt Engineering College Idukki 14.35

Total


Project Showcase : IdukkiThe Taluk hospital, Nedumkadom started functioning on November 1982 as a health centre and it was

upgraded as a taluk hospital on 1990. The existing hospital with a bed strength of 106 have the departments of General Medicine, General surgery, Anaesthesia, Gynaecology, Paediatrics, Orthopaedics, Ophtalmology, Dental and Casualty. Currently, the hospital is functioning in several independent and scattered buildings. Some of which are very old and some are recently constructed. The present average OP is 700/day and IP is 100/day. There is an increase in the flow of patients from year to year. The present OP system is also inadequate to accommodate the flow of patients. To meet the serving population of the hospital, the existing bed strength need to be increased to 300. The development of the hospital is planned in three phases without impacting its current functioning. In Phase 1, a casualty block with an area of 8549.00 sqm and an OP block with an area of 4077 sqm. The casualty block having B+G+5 floors will be housing Emergency Department, Diagnostics, Operation Theatre Complex, Critical care and Services. The OP block is a six storied building (G+5) and will house OPDs, Pharmacy, Laboratories, Administration and some private rooms.

The Phase 1 development plan also envisages construction of a Sewage Treatment plant of capacity 260 KLD, RO plant of 2000 litre capacity. In phase 2, some of the existing old buildings will be demolished and a new 230 bedded inpatient ward block will be constructed. In Phase 3 another 100 beds will be added.

Phase 1 development currently funded by KIIFB at an estimated cost of Rs.70.03 crore is implemented by the SPV, HLL Infratech Services Limited (HITES). The Construction work in the project have already been commenced with completion of tendering and award of works

Thodupuzha Municipality formed in 1978, has an area of 35.43 Sq. km. and a population

of 52045 as per census 2011. The existing water supply scheme commissioned in 1992 with 12.0 MLD capacity was for a design year of 2013. The intake well is situated at Moopilkadavu and treatment plant is at Pattanikunnu. The existing pump sets are very old and not sufficient to meet even the present demand. Installation of new pumps are very essential for the uninterrupted supply of the water.

Under the current project, it is proposed to enhance the drinking water supply rate to 150 lpcd. The computed water demand of the new water supply project for the design year 2049 is 19.25 MLD

For the proposed augmentation, the existing well is considered with a separate switch room near to it. 600 mm dia 1400 m long DI K9 pipe (for Raw water pumping main) will be laid. A new 15 MLD water treatment plant will be constructed adjacent to the existing WTP. Four new service reservoirs will be built. One Ground level reservoir with a capacity of 11.50 LL capacity will be constructed at old treatment plant site. One over Head Service reservoir each at Banglamkunnu and Konnakkamala will be constructed. Beside additional clear water pumping mains and clear water gravity main will be laid.

The project with an estimated cost of Rs. 34.00 crore is being implemented by the SPV, Kerala Water Authority. The Construction works in the major packages of the project are currently in progress.

Figure 1: Taluk Hospital Nedumkadom


The construction industry is a multifaceted industry, characterized by a broad range of high-risk activities and complex work arrangements. The inherent risks in the building and construction industry make it one of the priority areas for providing safe environment for contractors, subcontractors and their workers to face risks from hazards that must be managed to prevent deaths, injuries and illness.

Shuttering & scaffolding is an important activity which needs to be given major attention when it comes to safety during construction. Shuttering is the mould into which concrete, and steel reinforcement are placed and allowed to harden and cure. Once the concrete has gained enough strength to support its own weight and other loads, the shuttering may be removed. Type of concrete shuttering depends on material and type of structural element. New materials such as steel, plastics and fiber glass are used in formwork. Earlier, timber considered as a common material. However, due to the depleting forest reserves and increasing cost of timber the use of alternate materials such as plywood and steel has become prominent. The type of material to be used depends on the nature of construction as well as availability and cost of material. The constraints on the project such as overall cost, time of completion also play a major role in the selection of a material for formwork.

The safety in construction is the prime responsibility of the builder or contractor, it is necessary that formwork designs and drawings are reviewed and approved. In these cases, the contract document shall clearly specify that the designs and drawing of formwork will be reviewed and approved by Engineer In-Charge. It is better to write down the work procedures for shuttering and de-shuttering operations with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, specifications, scheme drawings

SHUTTERING WORKS - PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

etc. It is also better to provide a mock-up display of formwork with inbuilt safety features for better understanding for the workers and engineers at site.

The failures are listed into two types. They are failure within the formwork systems and failure of form work systems due to external events. Formwork failure leads to accidents in sites causes loss of human life, injuries and overrun of construction cost and time so it is mandatory to do failure analysis of formwork system. Generally, some unexpected event causes one member to fail, then others become over loaded or misaligned and the entire formwork structure collapses. The main causes of formwork failure are improper stripping and shore removal, inadequate bracing, vibration, unstable soil under mudsills (A plank, frame, or small footing on the ground used as a base for a shore or post in formwork), and shoring not plumb, inadequate control of concrete placement and lack of attention to formwork details.

Design codes are stipulated to ensure safety for structures. Major design faults are enlisted here.

– All anticipated actual service loads had not been used for design

– Higher than appropriate material properties had been used in the design

Fig.1 : Prop failure of slab shuttering


– Support conditions and connection details had been assumed unrealistically

– Certain factors such as dynamic action, fatigue, or earthquake had been ignored.

Insulating concrete formwork (ICF)

Insulating concrete formwork (ICF) is a building system that uses lightweight formwork (made from an insulating material) to support concrete walls while they are being cast in-situ and which is then left in place as insulation. ICF has proved to be robust, cost effective method of constructing of variety of building types – from houses to multi-storey theatre and commercial buildings.

Insulated concrete formwork consists of twin-walled expanded polystyrene panels that are stacked together to create the permanent formwork used to contain the ready-mixed concrete for the walls.

The insulated formwork remains in place to provide complete thermal insulation to the walls of the finished building. It also provides a uniform surface for direct application of most finishers and cladding systems.

The insulating formwork are manufactured in a variety of shapes and component types, creating

limitless design opportunities. For example, features such as bay windows and arches can be generated. In addition, floors can be constructed using ICF components. Any type of foundation, flooring, partition, stair or roofing system is compatible with ICF construction. ICF provides an easy means of achieving high standards of structural, energy, fire and acoustic performance.

The exterior of the building can be clad in any finishers that architect requires, such as masonry, render tiles, curtain walling. Internally, plaster or dry lining is applied directly to the face of the expanded polystyrene formwork.

Insulating concrete formwork is quick and easy to use without the need of skilled tradesman. In fact, any builder can quickly erect an ICF structure since the lightweight units are easier to handle than traditional materials. Typically, an experienced team of four can erect and concrete the walls of a three-bedroomed residential building in a day, significantly reducing the contract period.

Need for Code of Practice in Shuttering

The shuttering code of practice is to give hands-on guidance about ways to manage the shuttering in terms selection of materials, design, assembly, and dismantling

procedures and mitigating / informing the risk associated with that and to minimize failures. Because failures or unsafe shuttering practice will cause financial losses, accidents some time which involves fatal, time loss etc. Certainly, the losses in time and money that go along with construction mishaps are strong motivators for safe activity.

Safety:Designers must place the first priority on safety.

OSHA codes, as well as other codes in the industry, provide stringent performance specifications regarding temporary structures.

Fig. 2: Typical Section of Insulating Concrete Formwork


Cost:Temporary structures can be the most expensive

part of some construction projects. Designing cost-effective solutions for temporary structures. The designer must have a thorough knowledge of all the options which will sufficiently solve the temporary structures problems.

Unique Design Challenges: The form design should be in way that it can be

erected and one which helps to achieve maximum productivity. The disassembly or stripping of forms depends on factors such as the bond between concrete and the form, rigidity and shrinkage of concrete. Whenever possible the forms should be left in place for the entire curing period. Since early form removal is desirable for their reuse, a reliable basis for determining the earliest possible stripping time is necessary. In any event, forms must not be stripped until the concrete has hardened enough to hold its own weight and any other weight it may be carrying. The surface must be hard enough to remain undamaged and unmarked when reasonable care is used in stripping the forms.

Formwork takes more than 50 percent of RC construction time. The cost of formwork varies between 15 to 25% of the reinforced concrete

Fig. 3: Safe Working Procedure

structure cost. Proper engineered system formwork should be specified in the tenders to attain good formwork practice, safe working conditions and to get quality and durable concrete structure. Otherwise it will lead to poor quality structures along with wasting of resources like materials, manpower and time which in turn effects construction delay and cost escalation of projects.

First step of compliance is to follow the codal guidelines. Codes are set for minimum standards in order to protect workers and the public, but they can

give no absolute guarantee on safety. There are too many other workplace practices and conditions that affect the balance between safe and unsafe conditions.

However, once a failure has occurred investigators will certainly check whether the codal provisions were followed or violated. So, it’s better to keep in touch with changing requirements in codes and standards, recognizing that they are always necessary but not always sufficient for safety.

Major formwork players publish a lot of information on formwork usage, assembly, work procedures etc, in their websites which a person can access and can practice at site.

So, unavailability of detailed Indian codes or specification for formwork should not be an excuse for inferior/improper formwork practices. In order to bring the standard of constructions in India to International levels, the consultants should specify, systemise and implement the right formwork system for the projects. Standardization body of India should also look to bring in more detailed Code of Formwork practice in India to suit the available materials / system and formwork practices in India.


WHAT MAKES A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT ?Various studies suggest around 60% of all projects in the world run out of budget or time and fail.

It triggers hundreds of studies every day to find out failure as well as success factors of projects. After conducting voluminous surveys on projects that failed as well as facing the threat of failure, dozens of success and failure factors are being listed down. When you analyse available literatures on this, to your amazement, you will see almost all such studies end up in listing out following five factors as core to success:

1. Competent Project Managers2. Enough authority for Project Managers3. Clear Projects Goals4. Competent Project team5. Top management support for the project

All the above factors are found to have more than 80% influence on the success of the projects. It emphasises the fact while you develop a project proposal, along with putting together the technical details in the project document, you should also answer the following questions with equal importance:

1. Why the project?2. What kind of a professional should manage the project? (Competencies of the Project Manager to

carry out the roles and responsibilities demanded by the project)3. Whatever authorities the project manager should have? (Delegation of powers to the Project Manager

by the Top Management for the effective and efficient delivery of roles and responsibilities)4. What kind of a team is required for implementing the project? (Team composition and team

competencies)5. What kind of top management support is required? (What kind of assurances are required from

the Top Management chiefly in maintaining policy level and funding support along with providing proactive mentorship?)

In the above listing, items 2, 3 and 4 are directly related to human resource planning. It underlines the need for developing HR plan along with the project development and making it an integral part of the project documents in the same manner a highly experienced software development team suggests the required specifications of the hardware for the newly developed software to run properly. It is scientific and highly essential for ensuring successful implementation of projects.

When it comes to infrastructure development projects, you must have two kinds of HR plans in your project document. First one to manage the construction phase and the second one to run what is constructed. Suppose you are constructing a highly sophisticated sports complex. Upkeep of the newly constructed facility would become critical immediately after its commissioning. This challenge can be addressed only through a sound post-construction management plan inbuilt into the project development plan. This post-construction management plan should be put into action in the last leg of construction itself so that transition of the project from the construction team to the management team would become trouble free. It will also reflect on its longevity in the same manner a good postnatal care ensures healthy life.

All these indicate systematic approaches are essential to safeguard projects from failures.


Administrative Inspection Wing notes...Administrative Inspection Wing (AIW)

evaluated the progress of implementation of the project “Technology Innovation Zone, Kochi (ITD001-02)” by Kerala State IT Infrastructure Ltd. (KSITIL) as SPV. The project is to construct buildings for the Technology Innovation Zone over an area of 13.2 acres of land, in Kalamassery. KIIFB approved the project vide No.31/KIIFB/2016 dated 08.05.17 for an amount of Rs. 251.13 Cr.

The Technical Sanction for Building-I was issued by the internal TS Committee of SPV for Rs. 84.22 Cr. The contract was awarded to The ULCCS for an amount of Rs. 87,89,74,739/-, 4.36% above estimate rate. Though the Agreement signed on 24.10.2018 with completion date on 31.03.2020, the project is lagging and around 35% of work alone is completed.

The following deficiencies/deviation from KIIFB guide lines are observed on inspection:

The TS committee and Tender acceptance committee not constituted by Govt. as envisaged in KIIFB guidelines.

The internal tender committee formed by KSITIL was reconstituted thrice within a period of 2 years.

The estimate not prepared in PRICE software and no LMR comparison done before issuing TS.

TS not issued in the form of proceedings. Tender acceptance proceedings not issued.

Agreement number not assigned. The contract value is 4.36% above the TS, but

revised TS is not issued. The above issues were brought to the notice of the

Administrative Department for urgent rectification.The current status of functioning of Dialysis Centers

at Koothuparamba & Thalassery in Kannur District was also assessed during the last fortnight. In THQH Koothuparamba, the building & Equipment for the 10 bedded unit dialysis center are provided where supply of equipment only for General Hospital Thalassery. Frequent complaints in the functioning of Bicarb Mixer and delay in rectifying the registered complaint by the supplier are noticed on inspection. The trained Medical Officers were transferred and training not seen given to the present Officers as per records.

In GH Thalassery, the 10 bedded Dialysis Centre is functioning well in four shifts. The AC supplied under the project are get rusted and defunct and new AC purchased by the Hospital authorities. The stock of equipment & consumables supplied are not properly maintained and the SPV has not provided a list of equipment/consumables to be supplied under the project to hospitals and therefore a cross checking of items supplied is not possible. The Superintendent of the Hospital is directed then and there to maintain proper stock register for the items supplied under the project. The deficiencies pointed out above are brought to the notice of the MD, KMSCL for early rectification and compliance.

Total Amount Collected (in Crore) 99.54 Cr

Total Leads 124522

KYC Approved Customers 27704

Chit Subscriptions 11915

KIIFB Deposit Bond Subscribed 55 Cr

Total Monthly sala 17.47 Cr

KIIFB Security Bond Subscribed 17.54 Cr

No of Prize Money Deposited 1658

Total Amount of Prize Money Deposited 53.33 Cr

No of Prize Money Disbursed 604

Total Amount of Prize Money Disbursed 19.22 Cr

PRAVASI Chitty Statistics as of

KERALA INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT FUND BOARD - DEFINING THE FUTURE12Printed and Published on / /

Sl. No.

Country RegisteredSubscribed Customers

Subscribed Chittals

1 United Arab Emirates 26026 17559 7614

2 Qatar 4697 2861 1095

3 Saudi Arabia 4320 2619 1111

4 Kuwait 2424 1488 651

5 Oman 2352 1517 648

6 Bahrain 1660 1038 481

7 United Kingdom 402 216 91

8 India 395 66 28

9 Ireland 113 60 32

10 Australia 73 29 14

11United States of America

58 25 15

12 Germany 56 37 16

13 Malta 53 25 20

14 Canada 47 21 5

15 Italy 42 24 11

16 Singapore 36 26 22

17 Maldives 23 11 3

18 Netherlands 22 12 6

19 New Zealand 20 9 18

20 Poland 13 7

21 France 12 6 1

22 Malaysia 12 4 3

23 Israel 11 5 4

24 Austria 10 6 2

25 Norway 8 4 4

26 Thailand 8 2

27 Albania 7 3 1

28 Spain 7 5

29 Belgium 6 3 3

30 Czech Republic 6 3

31 Switzerland 6 3 3

PRAVASI Chitty Progress Report as of

32 China 5 1

33 Japan 5 3 3

34 Portugal 5 2

35 Russia 5 3 2

36 Sweden 5 2 1

37 Brunei Darussalam 4 3 1

38 Jordan 4 1

39 Kenya 4 2

40 South Africa 4 1

41 Finland 3 3

42 Hong Kong 3 1

43 Iraq 3 1

44 Kazakhstan 3 1 1

45 Latvia 3 0

46 Nigeria 3 0

47 Uganda 3 1 1

48 Denmark 2 1

49 Lebanon 2 1 2

50 Luxembourg 2 0

51 Turkey 2 2 1

52 Christmas Island 1 0

53 Costa Rica 1 0

54 Croatia 1 0

55 Egypt 1 0

56 Estonia 1 0

57 Hungary 1 0

58 Indonesia 1 0

59 Korea, South 1 0

60 Mexico 1 0

61 Philippines 1 1 1

62 Romania 1 0

63 Slovenia 1 0

Total

Documents

Defining the Future - Kerala Infrastructure Investment