Defining the Enabling Environment for HWTS

using the IAD FrameworkEdema Ojomo

The Water Institute at UNCOctober 31, 2012

Water and Health Conference 2012

Background Objectives Methodology Analysis using IAD Framework Levels of capacity Conclusion

Outline

Approximately 800 million people lack accessto improved drinking water sources1

An even greater number lack access to “safe”water2,3

Ideal solution? Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS)

an interim solution Relevant to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) HWT practiced for centuries Some research has shown HWT to be efficacious in

reducing microbial contamination and diarrhea Not yet achieved scale

Background

Picture from Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate

Better understand how to scale up and sustain HWTS practices Map enabling and obstructing factors to

scaling up and sustaining HWTS practices Define the enabling environment for HWTS

Better understand what countries are “ready” for HWTS Develop an assessment tool to determine the

amenability of countries to HWTS

Objectives

Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework

Interviews, Focus group discussions and E-surveys

Literature Review World Bank Doing Business methodology

Methodology

Frameworks Help to identify different elements and the relationships

among these elements relevant to understanding a problem

Help generate questions that can be easily ignored Help reduce bias toward disproportional weighting of more

readily available data Help reduce bias associated with preconceptions of

researchers

Used the IAD framework to identify actors relevant to scaling up and sustaining HWTS practices

Analysis using IAD Framework

Analysis using IAD Framework

StartFigure 1: Pictorial representation of IAD framework

Actor Identification

Users

Retailers/Wholesalers

Manufacturers

Government

Implementers (e.g. NGOs, PS etc.)

Donors

Figure 2: Actors identified by 300in6 as being needed for making water safe in a scenario of HWTS

How many types of people does it take to make a glass of water safe to drink, in a scenarioof household water treatment, storage and proximity provision?

Actor Identification (cont’d)

Product Purchase

Investment in HWTS

intervention

Policies regarding HWTS practices and products/technologies, including import regulations, standards, etc.

HWTS practice

advocacy

Product developmen

t

Product advocacy/promotion

Product sales

Cost recovery

Figure 3: Actions identified as vital to bringing effective HWTS products to users

The framework sheds some light into the complexity inherent in scaling up HWTS

Numerous actors Significance of each of these actors varies Several factors influence the decisions of

these actors Interaction among actors is complex

Levels of Capacity

Enabling Environment◦ describes the broader system within which

individuals and organizations function and one that facilitates or hampers their existence and performance (UNDP, 2008).

Organizational/Intervention◦ describes the characteristics of the organization

carrying out the intervention and/or the features of the intervention

Individual/Household◦ describes the target population and can either be

an individual, household, or community

Levels of Capacity

Levels of Capacity

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT

(A)

ORGANIZATIONAL/INTERVENTION

(B)

INDIVIDUAL/HOUSEHOLD

(C)

SUPPORT

PROVISION USE

(C) Are affected by

technology price and type provided by (B)

 

(B) Are affected by demand and behaviors of

(C)

  

(B) A

re affecte

d by

policies a

nd

regulatio

ns set b

y (A)

  

(C) Are affected by

policies and subsidies set

by (A)  

(A) Are affected by

demand for safe water

by (C)  

(A) A

re a

ffected b

y

lobbyin

g don

e by (

B)

  

Figure 4: Relationship between the three levels relevant to scaling up and sustaining HWTS

Government advocacy for HWTS Presence of policies and/or strategies A “home” for HWTS Partnerships and networks that define certain

stakeholder relationships (e.g. PPP, networks for collaboration)

Certification of HWTS products and technologies Import regulations concerning HWTS

products/technologies

Enabling Environment

Partnerships with other organizations and communities

An effective supply chain and distribution network

Capacity building activities Cost recovery options Awareness raising activities Choice of product/technology Available resources Integration of HWTS into other programs

Organizational/Intervention

Financial ability to adopt HWTS practice Preferences about technology type Cultural belief about water/water treatment Leaders advocating HWTS Understanding of the relevance of HWTS Perception of diarrhea Aspirational products

Individual/Household

Can the technology being promoted by your organization be produced locally?

Do you plan on producing technology locally?

Yes

No

Can the technology be imported into the country? (Take import barriers and regulations into

consideration)

No

Conditions are not amenable for

an HWTS intervention with

the proposed technology

No

Yes

Is there an effective and sustainable supply chain for technology and

consumables after your organization leaves country/community?

Conditions are not amenable for a sustainable

HWTS intervention with

the proposed technology

No

Conditions are amenable for a sustainable

HWTS intervention with

the proposed technology

Yes

Is there skilled labor available for manufacture

(or will this capacity be developed)?

Yes

Yes

Conditions are not amenable for the development of effective/quality

HWTS technology

in country

NoIs there a clear supply chain

for technology and spare parts?

Conditions are not amenable for a sustainable

HWTS intervention

Conditions are amenable for a

sustainable HWTS

intervention

Yes No

Assessment tool that takes all three levels into consideration

Achieving successful scale-up and sustainability is a highly complex process

There is no silver bullet - the answer is intervention specific

However, this study highlighted the following important questions to consider when designing an intervention◦ What actors are relevant to your intervention?◦ What are their roles?◦ How do these actors interact?◦ What are the enabling environment features relevant to your

intervention?◦ What intervention characteristics need to be modified to account

for country/community context?◦ Who is the target population? What characteristics does this

population have and how can these be managed?

Conclusion

THANK YOU

Photo from WHO HWTS Following emergencies and disasters

1 WHO & UNICEF. (2012). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. USA: World Health Organization and UNICEF.2 Bain, R. E., Gundry, S. W., Wright, J. A., Yang, H., Pedley, S., & Bartram, J. K. (2012). Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 228-235.3 Onda, K., LoBuglio, J., & Bartram, J. (2012). Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 880-894.4 UNDP (2008).”UNDP Practice Note: Capacity Development” New York, New York, USA

References