• Define Imperialism?

• Why are these imperialistic?– U.S. involvement in Japan in 1853?– U.S. involvement in Hawaii?– European actions in Africa in 1800’s?– Spanish-American War making U.S. imperialistic?– U.S. and European actions in China?– U.S. actions in Latin America?

Imperialism• The economic

and political domination of a stronger nation or people over a weaker one

How could United States involvement in Japan in 1853 be considered imperialism?

• 1852, after petitions for Japan to trade with the U.S., the president decides to forcibly open Japan’s ports.

• July 8, 1853, four American warships enter Edo Bay and display firepower

• Leads to treaty (1854) & agreement to trade

United States Opens Japan’s Ports

How could United States involvement in Hawaii be considered imperialism?

Annexation of Hawaii

• 1875, U.S. establishes a naval base in Hawaii

• 1887, the Bayonet Constitution, which restricted voting rights for native Hawaiians

• January 16, 1893 - the peaceful overthrow of the Queen

• 1898, Newlands Resolution, establishing Hawaii becomes a U.S. Territory

How do we see imperialism in the actions of European nations regarding the Africa during the 1880’s?

- Berlin Conference, 1884-85

- Divided up Africa into colonies

- Committed to “free trade”

- Committed to end slavery in Africa

How did the Spanish-American War contribute to the United States becoming an imperialist nation?

Spanish-American War- 1 - U.S. takes possession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and

the Philippines

Puerto Rico Guam

Philippines

Spanish-American War

- 2 - Cuba has pseudo self-rule until 1934 with the Platt Amendment

Philippine-American War, 1899 - 1902

* U.S. sent 126,000 American soldiers sent to the Philippines.

* 4,300 American deaths

* 50,000 to 200,000 Filipino deaths

Annexing the Philippines – President William McKinley telling of how he came to the decision• What are the reasons President William

McKinley decides annex the Philippines, (based upon his prayer of Sept., 1901)?

– “I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight, and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed to God Almighty for light and guidance more than one night. And one night late it came to me this way – I don’t know how it was, but it came. One, that we could not give the Philippines back to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable. Two, that we could not turn them over to France or Germany – our commercial rivals in the Orient – that would be bad business and discreditable. Three, that we could not leave them to themselves – they were unfit for self-government – and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was. And, four, that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift them and civilize and Christianize them …”

How do we see imperialism in the actions of European nations and to a lesser degree the United States regarding China?

“Open Door Policy”- Before U.S. involvement, established leaseholds …

- 1899, Secretary of State John Hay writes a letter …

- “Spheres of Influence …”

How do we see imperialism in the actions of the United States regarding Latin America?

Revolution in Columbia

• 1903, U.S. government offers to buy the canal zone

• A French company agent, named Phillippe Bunau-Varilla, organizes a Panamanian revolutionary force to revolt

• Nov., 3, 1903, with 10 U.S. warships off the coast of Panama, the Panamanians revolt

Mexican Revolution (1910 – 1920)

- Porfirio Diaz ruled as the Mexican dictator - Foreign companies dominate Mexico’s economy, most Mexicans remain landless and poor.

- President Francisco Madero is elected in 1911, deposed in 1913, and then murdered.

- Former general, Victoriano Huerta, becomes dictator.

Emiliano Zapata

Mexican Revolution (1910 – 1920) (continued) …

- Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa lead revolutions in the countryside

- 1917, Mexico has a new constitution (very revolutionary) … ** U.S. Actions during the Revolution- 1913, military coup d'état – U.S. ambassador to Mexico involved in conspiracy

- 1914, bombing Veracruz – President Wilson authorizes U.S. Navy to use artillery shells against Mexican port of Veracruz - 1916, sending forces into Mexico – President Wilson sends American forces into Mexico after Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa handout:

• (1) Why does President Wilson initially support Pancho Villa?

• (2) What changes the perception of Villa in the eyes of the U.S. government, and what is the response towards him?

Movie clip featuring Antonio Banderas as Pancho Villa at the Battle of Torreon

• What do you notice about the depiction of Pancho Villa during the battle and at the end of the clip?