DefenceReporter_Winter2009

7/28/2019 DefenceReporter_Winter2009

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Issue 2 | Autumn/Winter 2009Produced by Dstl on behalf of the Defence Technology and Innovation Centre

Defence Reporter

Defence Reporter is a free e-mail

service providing citations of recently

published defence science and

technology literature. Defence

Reporter is produced by the

MOD (UK) Defence Science and

Technology Laboratory (Dstl) on

behalf of the Defence Technology and

Innovation Centre (DTIC). Defence

Reporter is one part of a series of

services and products produced

by Dstl on behalf of DTIC to help

readers obtain recent information on

developments in defence science

and technology.

Published quarterly, Defence

Reporter provides an update ofreports, with unclassied citations,

which have been added to the MODs

ATHENA Collection.

Defence Reporter is available by subscription.

To sign up for this free service, please send an

e-mail with your full name and address details

to: [email protected].

Crown Copyright Dstl, 2009

The components for a typical citation, as they

appear in Defence Reporter, are illustrated

below:

Collection system identier

Title

Publisher, year of publication

Abstract

Samplecitation

R0001C6D0

Airframe Structural Integrity Research and

Technology Strategy - Phase 2

Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2009)

Within this report, Phase 2 of the task raised

by CASD-ASI to develop a Structural Integrity

Research and Technology Strategy is described.

Additionally, development of fatigue data

management systems to support several in-

service aircraft eets and expansion of low-cost

Operational Loads Measurement capability

development tasks are detailed.


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R0001EA35

Adobe Materials Testing and Assessment

Dstl Farnborough (GB) (2009)

This report was produced to provide advice to troops

on Adobe structures in Afghanistan. It addresses their

ability to provide protection against small arms threats

and provides preliminary advice on mouse-holing. The

study has involved triaxial testing of a range of Adobe

materials and has considered the use of London Clay

as a surrogate material for Adobe bricks and compound

walls.

R0001EC82

DABINETTs ISTAR Information Integration &

Management (I3M) Project - CoA for the Assessment

Phase

Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2009)

This paper represents a Concept of Analysis (CoA) for

the Assessment Phase (AP) Combined Operational

Effectiveness & Investment Appraisal (COEIA) for the

ISTAR Information Integration and Management (I3M)

Project. I3M is the rst equipment based project within

DEC(ISTAR)s DABINETT Programme that aims to

improve the end-to-end intelligence process through the

delivery of a series of projects.

R0001F015

Deconvoluted invariant sub-pixel detection :

experimental design document

QinetiQ, Farnborough (GB) (2008)

This document describes the experiments and tests

to be carried out the for new hyperspectral unmixing

alogrithms developed for the EMRS DTC project

Deconvoluted invariant sub-pixel detection.

R000203BF

Dosimetry Statistics 2008

Dstl Alverstoke (GB) (2009)

This report contains an analysis of the results from

radiation dosemeters worn during 2008 and assessed

by the Dstl Approved Dosimetry Service. In addition,

radiation doses assessed by the use of local electronic

approved dosimetry in the dockyard at Devonport, and

radiation doses assessed by the use of local dosimetry in

the dockyards at Clyde and Rosyth have been includedwhere appropriate. The data is presented in the format

used in the Twelfth Report of the House of Commons

Defence Committee.

R0001EC03

Draft Geospatial And Temporal Requirements Part 0

(Introduction)


This document is a draft introduction (Part 0) to

DEFSTAN 09-100. DEFSTAN 09-100 records the

Geospatial and Temporal Reference measurement

accuracy requirements across all MoD domains (Part 1

Maritime, Part 2 Land, Part 3 Air, Part 4 Interoperability,and Part 5 Interfaces). This document introduces

the DEFSTAN, captures cross domain accuracy

requirements and species the error denitions to be

used.

R0001EF81

FINAL SUMMARY REPORT - Platelet Mitochondrial

function as an early marker of a systemic inammatory

response


Systemic inammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

and consequent multi-organ dysfunction syndrome

(MODS) are a potential problem for injured militarypersonnel where, with aggressive resuscitation soon after

wounding, many patients may survive an initial traumatic

injury and thus be at risk of systemic inammatory

complications. Measurement of mitochondrial function

may indicate those at risk of SIRS and MODS enabling

more accurate triage and more appropriate treatment.

These studies were conducted to determine if platelet

mitochondrial activities could be used to predict

mitochondrial function in critical organs such as liver

kidney and heart following severe injuries. If so, a simple

blood test could be developed to predict patients at risk

of SIRS and its complications. A relationship between

platelet and tissue mitochondrial complex activities wasnot demonstrated and these studies and the literature

evidence suggest that the measurement of mitochondrial

complex activities in isolated tissue samples is unlikely

to provide a reliable early indication of systemic

inammation. There is literature evidence to suggest that

mitochondrial complex impairment, as a consequence

of systemic inammation, may be predictive of later

complications such as MODS, and that mitochondrially

targeted therapeutics may be of benet in these cases.

R0001EC81

Guidelines for ISTAR System Concept Development

IST_06_07_708_19Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2008)

This working paper proposes guidelines for the conduct

of ISTAR system concept development research within

2

Defence ReportsThis section provides details of scientic and technical

reports added to the MODs Scientic Reports

Collection in the last quarter.

How to request reports

Reports from MODs Scientic Reports Collection can

be requested from Knowledge and Information Services

Tel: 01980 613971

Email: [email protected]

Note: The report citations listed in this publication have been

generated using an automated document scanning process.

As a result, some references may contain formatting and/or

punctuation irregularities.


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the Dstl ISTAR Systems Engineering (ISE) research

programme. The aim of the guidelines is to ensure that a

consistent and suitably rigorous approach is adopted for

concept development research undertaken on the ISEprogramme. The guidelines proposed are consistent with

the TLCM and research management process and are

designed to ensure that concept development research

conducted meets the needs of DEC(ISTAR) to support

the capability planning process.

R00020453

Initial Ageing Aircraft Systems Audits - Lessons

Identied


At the inaugural meeting of the MOD / Industry Systems

Airworthiness Advisory Group it was agreed that lessons

identied during the initial Ageing Aircraft SystemsAudits should be collated to update policy and to

identify best practice. Within this report, initial lessons

identied, primarily from the VC10 Integrated Systems

and Structures Age Exploration programme, are detailed.

The background to each lesson identied is described

and conclusions and recommendations are detailed.

For completeness, recommendations that were initially

identied within the Ageing Aircraft Research and

Development paper are included in this report to help

MAEI to keep track of recommendations captured within

their reporting matrix.

R0001FE63Javelin Anti-Tank Guided Weapon System:

Environmental Impact Appraisal (EIA) For Lulworth

and Castlemartin Ranges


Dstl assessed two additional ranges, Lulworth and

Castlemartin, to determine the impact of Javelin training

on these ranges. Building on a previous assessment, the

environmental information for the ranges was obtained

and an assessment made of the potential impacts.

Alteration from noise, airborne emissions or restricted

materials was deemed to not pose any impact to the

estate. Principal impacts would arise from detonation

away for the designated targets on lands, which areof conservation importance. Construction activities to

facilitate the use of Javelin would also impact the state,

but none are anticipated. Applying the Integrated Land

Management Plans (ILMP) and the recommendations

from the Dstl assessments will ensure that no

detrimental impacts are created.

R0001EFB6

Joint Intelligence Model (J2M) Release 2.0 -

Statement of Requirements


This document is the Statement of Requirements for

support for the continuing development of a simulationmodel, J2M Release 2.0.

R0001EFA5

Joint Intelligence Model (J2M) Release 1.2 -

Statement of Requirements

Dstl Portsdown West (GB) (2009)This document is the Statement of Requirements for

support for the continuing development of a simulation

model, J2M Release 1.2.

R0001F807

Maritime Wide Area Surveillance (MWAS) Progress

Report

Malvern Technology Centre, Malvern (GB) (2007)

This report describes activities carried out under the

Maritime Wide Area Surveillance (MWAS) care and

maintenance programme and provides a plan for

the future research programme aimed at developing

techniques to nd x and track a single vessel of interestand provide situational awareness of vessels within

an area of interest. Two main research strands are

recommended namely the development of techniques to

validate existing data and techniques to analyse this data

to produce indicators and warnings of possible rogue

behaviour.

R0001FC46

Meeting the Through-Life Capability Challenge -

Aircraft Integrity Programme Guidance - Phase 1 -

Outline Plan

DstI Porton Down (GB) (2009)

This report details the Phase 1 output of the tasksponsored by MAE11, DE&S to assist in meeting the

airframe integrity through-life capability management

challenges. A brief description of the tasks undertaken

since the beginning of the programme (April 2009) is

detailed and a recommended plan for the remainder

of this nancial year has been assembled for MAEIs

review and endorsement. It is recommended that re-

prioritisation of the work programme for Phases 3 and

4 (FY 10/11 and 11/12) should be undertaken in early

2010, once the implications of the Haddon-Cave inquiry

report have been digested and an implementation plan

is in development.

R0001FDBC

Rapid Acquisition of Adaptable Systems


This report assess the relative merits of the three high

tempo acquisition approaches: evolutionary, pre-planned

incremental and short lifecycle as mechanisms for

acquiring, and managing through life, systems that can

be readily adapted to meet future requirements and/or

evolving technology.

R0001FC7B

Standard for the Generic File Format Version

Dstl Famborough (GB) (2009)This document denes a standard for a format used for

the storage and the interchange of digitised underwater

acoustic time-series data between systems. This data

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includes raw acoustic data, complex spectrogram

data, power spectrogram data, DEMON data, bearing-

power data, grey-scale data and directional-colour-

coded data. It also includes non-acoustic data, suchas platform dynamics, recording system condition and

tracker information that is required in the analysis of the

acoustic data. The document denes a standard that is

general in so far that digitised data from various sources

can be represented in the format. However it is also

tightly specic in order to reduce the complexity of the

interfaces of the various systems that interchange data.

R0001EC86

Strategic Balance of Investment Study Data and

Assumptions Paper 5

Dstl Farnborough (GB) (2009)

This paper describes the Mathematical Programmeformulation used in the Strategic Balance of Investment

study to construct optimal cost-effective force mixes.

R0001F093

UDRC internal strand project on Multibeam SAR:

progress report 1


The UDRC signal processing project reported on

here is aimed at providing a useful theory to enable

the development of three beam along track SAR

interferometer systems. The covariance matrix of the

signals received across the antennas in the array is

the fundamental object of interest for moving targetindication and its eigenvalues and eigenvectors can

be used as effective moving target detection metrics.

A method is dened for diagonalising the 3x3 sample

covariance matrix arising from a three-beam SAR ATI

and the corresponding Wishart probability density

function is derived. These full the stated aims of the

UDRC project. In future work it is intended to derive the

marginalisations of the Wishart distribution required for

the prediction of moving target indication performance.

R0001F598

Wide Area Airborne Multi-sensor Data: A summary of

decision level fusion for IED and mine detectionDstl Porton Down (GB) (2009)

This report details work undertaken by Dstl to

investigate the viability of airborne sensors for detecting

landmines and lEDs. The data set contains targets

comparable to those faced by coalition forces in current

operational engagements and comprises of Synthetic

Aperture RADAR and Hyperspectral data. Two fusion

architectures have been investigated. Firstly SAR and

HSI data was fused to reduce the false alarm rate whilst

retaining a high P(D) for surface landmines. Secondly for

buried targets results from different spectral processing

techniques were fused to provide either a reduced false

alarm rate at low probability of detection or alternativelyan improved probability of detection at higher false

alarm rates. Despite a challenging data set, this work

demonstrates the potential of data fusion to enhance the

ability of single sensor systems to detect landmine and

lEDs. It is recommended that the large data volumes

collected be fully exploited to enhance the state-of-the-

art for airborne landmine and lED detection.

R0001FC6E

Acoustic Electric Feedthrough Demonstrator Mk-I

Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)

(AU) (2009)

This report outlines the development and

characterization of the DSTO Acoustic Electric

Feedthrough (AEF) Laboratory Demonstrator Mk-I,

which passes power ultrasonically through a 5 mm thick

aluminium plate. The AEF approach is being explored

as a potential means of wirelessly powering in situ

structural health monitoring systems embedded within

aircraft and other high value assets. The demonstratorsassembly and subsequent characterisation is discussed,

and compared with performance predictions made

using numerical modelling. Improvements are suggested

which will be implemented in the proposed AEF

Demonstrator Mk-H, a system capable of passing both

power and communications ultrasonically through a

metal plate.

Commonwealth of Australia

R0001F7A1

Study on Aerosol Penetration Through Clothing and

Individual Protective Equipment

Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)(AU) (2009)

Aerosol particles can readily penetrate through air

permeable fabrics. Air ow and aerosol deposition

models were used to determine skin deposition rates of

aerosols through up to two fabric layers. These models

were used in conjunction with a plume dispersion

model to examine the risks associated with wearing air

permeable CBR protective clothing, to inform IPE fabric

development programs and allow assessment of aerosol

protection requirements.


R0001F16DAnalysis Methods used in the AIR 7000 Force Mix

Study


(AU) (2009)

The analysis methods used in the AIR 7000 Force Mix

Study are described. The key components of die study

include the stakeholder workshops, the mission analysis

and force mix determination, radar analysis, and the

capability and budget analysis. These components have

been used to good effect to complement each other

and to ensure timely completion of the client request

to provide guidance on the Force Mix required to meet

Australias maritime patrol and response requirements.This report evaluates the effectiveness of the analysis

methods used in the study. The principles employed are

found to be consistent with good military experimental

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design as outlined in the GUlDEx given the time, data

and resource constraints imposed on the study.


R00020099

Application of Black Scholes Complexity Concepts to

Combat Modelling


(AU) (2009)

Lanchesters equations are commonly used as the basis

for force-on-force combat models, even if only as a

metamodel for a more complex combat simulation. This

report examines whether attrition is adequately modelled

by such Markov processes. It shows that the distribution

of battle casualties is consistent with that obtained when

attrition is modelled as an Ito process. The additional

Wiener term can be regarded as representing the impactof the wider environment on attrition rates.


R0001E98B

Australian Defence Force Nutritional Requirements in

the 21st Century (Version 1)


(AU) (2009)

This report addresses the determinants of military

nutritional requirements-that is, the relevant variables

that determine the types and quantities of foods

necessary to support ADF training and operations-

and the current state of knowledge about nutritionalrequirements. It also includes recommendations on

nutritional standards for ADF rationing systems, and

suggests areas of research that will help ll the gaps in

our knowledge. Nutritional standards are recommended

for fresh (i.e. in-barracks or garrison) feeding and for

combat ration packs. These standards are based largely

on the Nutrient Reference Values recommended by

the National Health and Medical Research Council for

Australia and New Zealand, but include specic Military

Nutrient Reference Values for certain key nutrients.


R0001FC70Benchmark Testing of Naval Threat Countermeasure

Simulator (NTCS) Development from Version 2.4c to

3.2


(AU) (2009)

The Naval Threat Countermeasure Simulator (NTCS) is

a commercial code accepted as the NATO standard for

ship Infrared (IR) signature modelling. This code has

undergone extensive development, in conjunction with

measurement trials, since 1997. A set of benchmark test

cases was developed to track the development of NTCS

since 1997 paying particular attention to the effect on

the computed IR signature of a test target. In this report,the results from these benchmark tests are presented

for NTCS versions from 2.4c to 3.2. It will be shown that

improvements to the NTCS code from version to version

result in signicant changes in computed IR signatures.

In addition to code changes, other parameters such as

choice of environmental data generation software (e.g.

LOWTRAN/MODTRAN) and choice of solar scatteringag also inuence the computed IR signature. Timing

information was also assessed as part of this study and

reveals increases in run-time requirements as NTCS

has evolved. In light of these results, caution should

be exercised when comparing results from different

versions of NTCS. It is also recommended that details

of the NTCS version and parameters used are specied

when presenting NTCS results.


R00020377

Body Size Changes of Royal Australian Air Force

Aircrew: 1971 - 2005Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)

(AU) (2009)

The aim of this study was to quantify the secular

changes in body dimensions of Royal Australian

Air Force (RAAF) aircrew between 1971 and 2005.

Small secular increases were observed for most body

dimensions, including height, mass and body mass

indices, although a small decline was observed for

head girth. These secular changes (except for head

girth) were not independent of changes in overall body

size. In addition, secular changes were not always

uniform across the distribution. Secular increases in

body dimensions of RAAF aircrew have implicationsfor health, clothing design and sizing, and human-

equipment t.


R0001E987

A Review of Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Detector

Technologies and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Items


(AU) (2009)

This report provides a review of the open-source

literature (unclassied) and information obtained from

manufacturers regarding the technologies, including

advantages and disadvantages, used in commerciallyavailable equipment currently employed for the detection

of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and toxic industrial

chemicals (TlCs). A brief description of the well-known,

commercial-off-the-shelf instruments that employ these

technologies is also provided.


R000204C2

Comparison of an Agent-based Model of Disease

Propagation with the Generalised SIR Epidemic Model


(AU) (2009)

Social contacts are an important channel for thepropagation of disease through a population and should

be considered in conjunction with traditional epidemic

diffusion. Such channels should always be taken into

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account for a realistic estimation of a long-term impact

of a disease outbreak (natural or malicious) and for the

best response options. This paper describes our recent

experience in developing a simple agent-based model tosimulate disease propagation through a social network

and validating the results of the agent-based simulation

by reconciling it with a well-known mathematical model.


R0001FC6F

Defence Science and Technology Support for National

Security: An International Review


(AU) (2009)

A critical review of open source literature enables

comparison of the US, UK and Canadian approaches

to the development, coordination and harnessing ofscience and technology for national security capability,

the mechanisms by which science and technology

(S&T) support is harnessed, and the relative roles of

Defence and non-Defence S&T providers. The review

was undertaken to inform the S&T Companion Review

to the Defence White Paper, by contextualising Defence

S&T contributions to national security goals outside

strict support of Defence objectives. This document

describes the (mid-2008) status of S&T input to the

national security systems of the US, UK and Canada.

Its purpose is to inform attempts to improve Australian

arrangements, based on lessons learned overseas,

and to help generate a longer-term vision for S&Tsupport to whole-of-nation strategic challenges, such as

national security. The analysis shows that Canada and

the UK and, from a low base, the US, are all moving

to increase the application and integration of niche

Defence S&T capability into national S&T programs for

counter-terrorism and national (or homeland) security.

Defence S&T is seen increasingly as a unique, and

critical component of the national response, and one

that should not be quarantined for Defence needs alone.

Primary insights indicate that there is: increasing effort

to improve the alignment and consistency of policies

and strategies for (a) national (or homeland) security,

(b) national innovation, S&T, and (c) Defence S&T;growing acknowledgement of the critical national role

of niche Defence S&T capabilities; greater strategic

coordination of national security capability management

supported by national security S&T providers, including

Defence; growing recognition of the need to overcome

departmental stovepipes, particularly the military/civilian

divide; growing use of programmatic (or problem-based)

approaches to funding, development, management

and exploitation of S&T in national security; and an

increasing focus on cross-departmental collaboration,

information sharing, and the promotion of enduring S&T

communities of practice.


R000204C0

Design and Evaluation of the MINT ACS SeeTrack

Exchange (MINSTE) Concept Demonstrator


MINSTE is a computer program that automates data

exchange between MINT ACS (MINe Warfare TACtical

Software) used by the RAN for planning and assessment

of naval mine countermeasures (MCM) and SeeTrack, a

generic mission planner and post-mission analysis tool

for unmanned underwater systems - particularly towed

or self-propelled side-scan sonar that images underwater

objects. MINSTE was developed by DSTO with open-

source software in order to reduce operator overheads

by automating data entry for reported mine-like objects,

which can amount to several hundred contacts for some

MCM missions. This document describes the MINSTEconcept design and development within the context

of current and emerging RAN requirements for mine

warfare mission planning and reporting in network-

enabled and joint operations. For a more detailed

discussion on the installation and use of MINSTE, the

reader is referred to DSTO-TN-0887, User Guide for

MINT ACS SeeTrack Exchange (MINSTE).


R0001ED81

Design of a Foliage Penetrating LADAR Simulation

Tool


A simulation tool was developed using MATLAB and

its Graphical User Interface Development Environment

(GUIDE) to simulate aspects of an airborne foliage-

penetrating Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR)

system in scenarios designed to contribute towards the

military operational use of such a system. In particular,

the simulation tool is intended for conducting analysis on

how best to task the aircraft and position the sensor. This

document provides an overview of the graphical user

interface and software including: the design challenges;

dealing with the input scenery data; modelling the

sensor and platform ight path; and planned analysis ofthe simulation results.


R00020376

The Design and Implementation of Persistence in the

Annex System


(AU) (2009)

Orthogonal persistence in operating systems has been

a topic of research for a number of years. Several

commercial, as well as research projects, have

implemented orthogonal persistence as an essential part

of their design. Amongst these we can count the Annexsoftware system developed at DSTO. In this technical

note we consider the design and implementation of

persistence in Annex against the background of two

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7

R0002009A

Fractal Effects in Lanchester Models of Combat


(AU) (2009)Lanchesters Equations are one of the most

misunderstood and misused models of combat, yet they

remain in widespread use as the combat mechanism

behind many simulation systems. Previous work by the

author examined the impact of a fractal distribution of

forces on Lanchesters theory of combat. The present

work extends that examination to conceptual issues

regarding interpretation of Lanchesters Equations

and to additional parameters beyond those examined

previously.


R0001FF53Giselle: A Mutually Orthogonal Triple Twin-loop

Ground-symmetrical Broadband Receiving Antenna for

the HF Band


(AU) (2009)

This report describes development of a tri-axial mutually

orthogonal broadband twin-loop receiving antenna for

the HF band. The three twin-loops have been arranged

so that they exhibit the same distributed parameters

between themselves and ground. The upper frequency

limit of the antenna is discussed and a method for

extending the low frequency cut-off is presented. The

antenna noise factor is calculated from measured data. Commonwealth of Australia

R0001F1FF

Human Dimensions of Corpora Comparison: An

Analysis of Kilgarriffs (2001) Approach


(AU) (2009)

There is a distinct lack of tools that provide a

comprehensive measure of the similarity between

corpora. Finding similar corpora is necessary for

the design of certain user studies investigating text

processing. It is also useful for ensuring comparability

between studies on document analysis conductedacross classied and unclassied domains. In this study,

human judgements of corpora similarity were obtained

as a gold standard. These were then compared to the

values provided by Kilgarriffs (2001) chi-square (X to

the power 2) statistic. The ndings indicated a high

level of agreement between the participants, with 77%

shared variance in overall similarity judgements. The

results of the X to the power 2 measure also correlated

well with the human results, with a correlation of

approximately 0.66. Although there are complexities

associated with the X to the power 2 technique that need

to be examined in further research, this study provides

extremely promising results, suggesting that a statisticaltechnique could provide results that are comparable to

human judgements.


other capability-based, orthogonally persistent operating

systems. This background is used to highlight the

approach taken by the Annex system, and the reasons

why such an approach was used. The description givendiscusses the current Annex prototype and explores the

directions persistence in Annex will take in the future as

a result of lessons learned.


R0001EDF9

The Effects of Selected Modelling Parameters on the

Computed Optical Frequency Signatures of Naval

Platforms


(AU) (2009)

An investigation has been carried out into the effects

of wireframe detail and model sub-processing on thepredicted optical frequency (OF) signature of a platform.

This report describes the results of that investigation.

Overall it is concluded that to be able to compare the

computed OF signatures of different platforms with

validity, the models of the platforms have to incorporate

the same level of wireframe detail, especially in

internally-heated regions such as their stacks. They also

have to be processed using subdivisions of very similar

size, based on the same method of facet subdivision.


R0001E985

A Feasibility Study into the Active Smart PatchConcept for Composite Bonded Repairs


(AU) (2008)

This report describes an experimental investigation

into a novel form of composite bonded repair called

the Active Smart Patch (ASP). The ASP represents an

important conceptual advancement over conventional

repair technology by incorporating into a patch a network

of embedded piezoelectric elements that provides a

diagnostic facility for structural health. This type of repair

is being developed as a means of mitigating the strict

certication requirements currently placed on bonded

repairs to primary aircraft structure, and as a potentiallycost-efcient means of providing structural integrity

assurance where lack of access precludes conventional

nondestructive inspection. Initial development of the

concept targets the problem of cracking at Forward

Auxiliary Spar Station (PASS) 281.28 in the F-111 Lower

Wing Skin. As a rst approximation to this problem, a

prototype ASP was developed and then applied to a

metal coupon which was notched to simulate cracking.

The study shows that a network of piezoelectric

transducers embedded in the bond-line of the patch

provides a robust basis for the detection of notch growth.



8/11

8

m3. The dust produced during light sanding of the

polyurethane paint, 24 h after curing, did not show

detectable levels of isocyanates. Although it appeared

that respiratory protection from airborne isocyanates wasnot required with brush/roller applications, personnel

should be protected from dermal exposure to the

liquid paints. There appeared to be a greater risk from

paint solvent respiratory exposure than from airborne

isocyanates.


R00020378

Reporting Solid Particle Contamination in Helicopter

Hydraulic Fluids


(AU) (2009)

This report recommends a method for reporting solidparticle contamination for Australian Defence Force

(ADF) helicopters and associated ground support

equipment. Additionally, recommended limits for

solid particle contamination are provided that can

be used where no Original Equipment Manufacturer

(OEM) advice exists or where the OEM advice is less

conservative than the limits recommended herein.


R0002009B

A Review of Australian and New Zealand Investigations

on Aeronautical Fatigue During the Period April 2007

to March 2009Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)

(AU) (2009)

This document has been prepared for presentation to

the 31st Conference of the International Committee on

Aeronautical Fatigue scheduled to be held in Rotterdam,

the Netherlands, 25th and 26 May 2009. Brief

summaries and references are provided on the aircraft

fatigue research and associated activities of research

laboratories, universities, and aerospace companies

in Australia and New Zealand during the period April

2007 to March 2009. The review covers fatigue-related

research programs as well as fatigue investigations on

specic military and civil aircraft. Commonwealth of Australia

R0001F177

Strategic Workforce Planning in Defence: A Pilot Study

using the ACTIFELD Methodology


(AU) (2009)

This report investigates the application of the ACTIFELD

strategic analysis technique to Defence planning.

The ACTIFELD methodology utilises a combination of

pre-existing operations research techniques within an

overarching framework or investigative process, that

covers initial development of the strategic questionthrough to issues of implementation. The pilot study

demonstrated the utility of employing the ACTIFELD

technique in analysing strategic Defence planning

R0001F1FE

Landmark-based Navigation of an Unmanned Ground

Vehicle (UGV)


We present a method for estimating the position and

orientation of a ground vehicle in an environment with

landmarks. From the geometric relationships, we derive

a set of linear equations with a quadratic constraint,

which forms the basis for our optimisation problem.

We also extend the problem to associating two sets

of measurements taken at two successive locations

to improve the navigation accuracy. This method is

efcient and the performance is robust against large

measurement errors.


R0001EDFF

Performance of the Tin-Free Antifouling Coating

International Ecoloex in DSTO/RAN Trials


(AU) (2009)

A national and global ban on the application of

antifouling paints containing tributyltin (TBT) is being

introduced because of the detrimental effects of

TBT on non-target marine species. DSTO, supported

by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), undertook a

comprehensive program in an attempt to nd alternative

products that would match or approach the antifouling

performance and effective life of TBT-based systems.The evaluation program included static immersion trials,

dynamic ow testing, and trials on Navy ship hulls.

Within this program, the Akzo Nobel coating Ecoloex

demonstrated antifouling efcacy, consistent ablation

characteristics, and long term effectiveness on vessels

operating in temperate and tropical Australian waters.

This was the best performance seen from a copper-

based antifouling coating to date and offered the RAN

an alternative to TBT-based systems.


R0001E989

Personnel Exposure to Airborne Isocyanates andSolvents During Shipboard Painting with 2-Pack

Polyurethane Paints


(AU) (2008)

Shipboard and laboratory trials were conducted to

determine personnel exposure to airborne solvents and

isocyanates during the application, by roller and brush,

of 2-pack polyurethane paints. Airborne concentrations

in the breathing zones of the operators were found to

be


9/11

9

processed with internal data from the vehicle on which

the system is mounted to yield established video images

without resorting to complicated optics or a stabilised

platform. It was devised as an alternative to stabilisedball turrets tted with electro-optic and infrared cameras.

Intended as an imaging system for Unmanned Aerial

Vehicles (UAV), it may be employed in any manned or

Unmanned System (UMS) where situation awareness

is aided by the use of an imaging system. This report

describes the development of the Synthetic Electronic

Imaging System and assembly of a simple concept

demonstrator in 2005.


R0001FC6C

Thermodynamically Consistent Decoupled Shear-

Volumetric Strain Model and CTH ImplementationDefence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)

(AU) (2009)

Many hydrocodes, such as LS-DYN A and CTH, require

the decoupling of the shear from volumetric response

in a material model used. A constitutive model is

formulated, which decouples the responses of a rate

sensitive material. Basis of the model is a general

Maxwell-type viscoelastic model, which, however, is

not originally decoupled and, thus, not suitable for

implementation in the hydrocodes. The formulation

provides the thermodynamic consistency for the case

of small deviatoric elastic deformations and unrestricted

volumetric response. A schematic of implementationin CTH is briey described. Numerical illustrations

demonstrate agreement of the CTH calculations with

calculations available in the literature.


R0001F1FD

Tensile Testing of the SH-2G(A) Super Seasprite Tie-

bar Fitting - Program Review and Further Analysis of

Test Results


(AU) (2009)

The tie-bar tting is a key component of the Super Sea

sprite helicopter main rotor blade retention system.In 2005 a Commonwealth- commissioned analysis

of the tie-bar tting indicated that it had a margin of

safety on the design ultimate load close to the lower

limit of acceptability (i.e. zero or less). To verify this

nding, the Commonwealth tasked the Defence Science

and Technology Organisation to conduct a series of

ve tie-bar tting static strength tests. Although the

results of each test have been reported separately,

this report provides an overview of the test program.

Linear regression analysis was also conducted to

remove the effects of grip slippage from the results of

the rst two tests. This enabled the calculation of more

representative yield strength values, which will providegreater condence in any future conclusions drawn from

the test program.


problems, in particular Defence workforce planning. The

methodology provides an iterative and exible process

that assists in maintaining an audit trail of decisions

and provides a range of outputs that are meaningfuland useful to the Defence client. Whilst the pilot

study highlighted the benets of the approach, it also

provided an indication of the commitment required from

stakeholders.


R0001F204

Static Ejection Tests with VICON 78 Infrared

Countermeasure Dispensing System for Black Hawk

Helicopter


(AU) (2009)

The VICON 78 chaff/are Countermeasure Dispensing(CMD) System is an integral part of the overall Electronic

Warfare Self Protection (EWSP) package for the S-70A-9

Black Hawk platform and has suffered high failure rates

while ring the MJU-50/B infrared countermeasure

are during Stores Clearance in August 2008. A trial

was conducted during November and December 2008

at the Proof and Experimental Establishment (P&EE)

at Port Wakeeld to determine the extent and nature of

the problem The primary objective was to measure set

back force and impulse loads due to various are types

(PW118 Mk3, DSTL-22, DSTL-39, M211, and MJU-

50/B) at different points on the CMD. The secondary

objective was to determine a level of condence in theCMD hardware to re a particular are type (PW118

Mk3). All the objectives were successfully met.


R0001FF5F

Survey of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning

Systems


(AU) (2009)

As part of the information fusion task we wish to

automatically fuse information derived from the

text extraction process with data from a structured

knowledge base. This process will involve resolving,aggregating, integrating and abstracting information - via

the methodologies of Knowledge Representation and

Reasoning - into a single comprehensive description

of an individual or event. This report surveys the key

principles underlying research in the eld of Knowledge

Representation and Reasoning. It represents an initial

step in deciding upon a Knowledge Representation and

Reasoning system for our information fusion task.


R0001FF5E

Synthetic Electronic Imaging System


The Synthetic Electronic Imaging System employs

electronic components to combine multiple images


10/11

10

advantages and limitations of phased-array ultrasonics in

NDE, with specic reference to the inspection of thick-

section welds. The main advantages offered by phased

arrays over conventional systems are increased sensitivity,coverage and speed. The main disadvantages are that (i)

phased-array systems are more expensive to purchase,

(ii) operation and data interpretation are more difcult

and (iii) there can be greater difculty in achieving good

ultrasonic coupling due to the larger probe dimensions.

Whilst proper training can overcome the majority of these

disadvantages, the main obstacle to a faster uptake of

the technology is the lack of widely accepted inspection

standards and calibration blocks applicable to phased

arrays.


R000204C1The Use of a Context-Based Information Retrieval

Technique


(AU) (2009)

Since users are faced with an ever increasing amount of

data, fast and effective retrieval of required information

is of vital importance. This study examined two methods

of using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to improve

the results retrieved using a keyword-based technique

using sentence or document context. Fifty participants

retrieved information using a standard keyword technique

and the two LSA techniques. Although the re-ranking

provided by the LSA techniques ordered the documentsin a signicantly more efcient manner, no signicant

differences were found in user performance with regards

to accuracy, time taken or documents accessed for the

different techniques. However, individual differences did

signicantly inuence results, most notably in regards

to participants scores on a comprehension test. This

study therefore highlights the importance of examining

the impact of individual differences in any information

retrieval system.


R0001E986

The Use of Systemic-Functional Linguistics inAutomated Text Mining


(AU) (2009)

Systemic-functional linguistics is a linguistic framework

for the analysis of grammatical and semantic information

in text, with a potential role in automated text mining.

This report outlines essential features of the theory, its

application in computational work, and the rationale

for use in automated text mining, and develops a

grammatical annotation scheme-word functions to enrich

a mixed text corpus of newspaper articles and e-mails, for

machine learning of semantically-oriented grammatical

patterns. Testing demonstrates high accuracy inpredicting word functions in unseen text in co-training

with other grammatical information, providing the basis

for further grammatical and semantic text processing.


R000204BE

Towards Understanding the Role of Colour Information

in Scene Perception using Night Vision Devices


Aviation Night Vision Devices (NVDs) are used to enable

air operations under conditions of low illumination. The

current generation of devices uses a single sensitivity

band in either the infrared or near-infrared range.

The next generation of such devices may include

detectors at more than one absorption band. This has

the potential to enhance the segmentation of different

surfaces and features in the visual scene. Colour can

be used to display contrast between sensor bands.

Different schemes for representing spectral contrast are

described, and are evaluated with respect to human

colour sensitivity. Research on the role of colour inobject and scene recognition is reviewed. The available

evidence suggests that natural colour plays a useful role

in scene recognition when objects and surfaces have

prototypical colours. Misleading, false or unnatural

coloration, which is a by-product of colour NVDs, may

impair scene recognition and situational awareness.

An experimental investigation of the effect of green

monochrome imagery with altered surface reectances,

representative of current generation NVDs, showed a

clear impairment in the recognition of complex urban

scenes. The use of unnatural colour renderings in

next-generation NVDs may lead to further impairment

in scene recognition with consequences for situationalawareness and effective navigation.


R0001FF11

Trial of a 3D Audio Display of Radar Warning Receiver

Tones in the RAAF F-111 Simulator


(AU) (2009)

This study examined the utility of a spatial audio display

for threat warning in the RAAF F-111 simulator. Pilots

remarked that the 3D audio display helped them to

look in the direction of the threat and improved their

situation awareness of the relative threat directionwhile manoeuvring, with the caveat that extensive

manoeuvring resulted in predictable errors from the

RWR. These errors did not cause confusion additional to

that caused by the visual display. Spatial audio is being

considered for integration in F-35 and F/A-18E/F.


R00020461

Ultrasonic Phased Arrays for the Inspection of Thick-

Section Welds


(AU) (2009)

Ultrasonic phased arrays will eventually replaceconventional ultrasonic methods in many non-

destructive evaluation (NDE) applications. However, the

transition to phased arrays is not without its pitfalls and

challenges. In this report we present a summary of the


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11

are integrated through DSTO developed software and

procedures, to produce a software suite. The VST

can be utilised to model and assess visible signatures

of maritime platforms. A number of examples arepresented to demonstrate the capabilities of the VST.

In one example, the visible signature of a submarine is

examined under various conditions. In another example,

visible imagery of a ship is presented for different

times of day and various observer perspectives. A

demonstration of how a change in surface colour affects

the visible signature of the ship is also shown. The nal

example is the creation and initial assessment of a

disruptive pattern for a water craft on a river.


R0001EDF8

Z Support in the HivE Mathematical ToolkitDefence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)

(AU) (2009)

The HiVe project is an ambitious research programme

aimed at providing DSTO and the Australian Defence

Department with the worlds most advanced assurance

tools. A key part of this is the provision of advanced

high assurance analysis tools in the form of the HiVe

Modeller component. Formal specication and system

modelling activities in the HiVe Modeller are supported

through an Isabelle/HOL implementation of the HiVe

Mathematical Toolkit. This report describes support for

the Z Mathematical Toolkit within the HiVe Mathematical

Toolkit. Commonwealth of Australia

R0002009C

User Guide to the Aircraft Cumulative Probability Chart

Template


To ensure aircraft structural integrity is maintained to an

acceptable level, probabilistic approaches may be used

to calculate the risk of cracking (or failure) over the life

of the aircraft or eet. One such risk analysis technique

employs a lognormal probability distribution to model the

likelihood of cracking (or failure) in the eet with respect

to hours. This technique was programmed into Microsoft

Excel to create a simple and easy to use template. An

outline of the theory behind the probabilistic approach

is provided as well as a comprehensive user guide to

the template. This template allows the quick and simple

determination of probability distributions of cracking (orfailure) which may be used to assess the life of aircraft

structures.


R000204BF

User Guide for MINTACS SeeTrack Exchange

(MINSTE)


(AU) (2009)

The computer program MINTACS SeeTrack Exchange

(MINSTE) interface was developed to support the

automated data transfer to the RAN Mine Warfare

Tactical Decision Aid MINTACS from SeeTrack, a post-mission analysis tool for data collected by towed or

self-propelled (unmanned) side-scan sonar systems in

support of military operations such as reconnaissance

of sea routes for detection of mine-like objects. This

document is a detailed technical user manual for the

MINSTE software program. For a general overview of

MINSTE design principles and objectives, the reader is

referred to DSTO-GD-0574, Design and Evaluation of

the MINTACS SeeTrack Exchange (MINSTE) Concept

Demonstrator.


R0001E9DCThe Visible Signature Modelling and Evaluation

ToolBox


(AU) (2008)

A new software suite, the Visible Signature ToolBox

(VST), has been developed to model and evaluate

the visible signatures of maritime platforms. The VST

is a collection of commercial, off-the-shelf software

and DSTO developed programs and procedures. The

software can logically be divided into image generation

and probability of detection (POD) modelling codes.

CAMOGEN (CAMOuage GENeration) and CAMEO-

SIM (CAMouage Electro-Optic SIMulation) provide theimage generation, whereas ORACLE provides the POD

analysis capability. The ocean modelling is supplied

by HYDROLIGHT. All of these stand-alone programs

Project ATHENA is a DTIC-funded project run by Dstl

to provide MOD with a central repository for storing

scientic and technical (S&T) reports of current and

past research programmes and projects. This repository

is known as the ATHENA Collection and is made

available to MOD and Industry through a variety of

products and services.

For further information about Defence Reporter,

or to provide feedback, please contact:

[email protected]

Tel: 01980 614948

Acknowledgements

This publication was supported by the Defence Science and

Technology Organisation (DSTO) of Australia who have provided

report citations for inclusion in Defence Reporter.

Disclaimer: Defence Reporter is compiled from various news

sources and research reports and is offered as a serviceby Dstl Knowledge and Information Services solely for

informational purposes. The appearance of an item in Defence

Reporter does not constitute an endorsement by Dstl or MOD.

Documents

DefenceReporter_Winter2009