Defence Management and Civil Society Defence Management and Civil Society Interaction and Co-operationInteraction and Co-operation

Dr. Velizar ShalamanovDr. Velizar Shalamanov IntroductionIntroduction Defence managementDefence management Scope of Civil SocietyScope of Civil Society Interaction between Defence Institutions Interaction between Defence Institutions

and Civil Societyand Civil Society Models of Cooperation between Defence Models of Cooperation between Defence

Institutions and Civil SocietyInstitutions and Civil Society Challenges and OpportunitiesChallenges and Opportunities ConclusionConclusion

IntroductionIntroduction

Reference model for effective defence Reference model for effective defence management;management;

Reference model for mature civil society Reference model for mature civil society environment around defence management environment around defence management system;system;

Model of cooperation between defence Model of cooperation between defence establishment and civil society;establishment and civil society;

Model of regional environment on civil Model of regional environment on civil society level in relation to defence society level in relation to defence management.management.

Defence managementDefence management

Business Model for defenseBusiness Model for defense Legislation and other documentsLegislation and other documents Functions and StructuresFunctions and Structures Description of the reference model of Description of the reference model of

defense managementdefense management

FORMULATION OF SECURITY AND DEFENSE POLICY

Minister of Defense

Ministry of Defense

Ministries and Agencies

InternationalOrganizations

Foreign DefenseMinistries

and Institutions

Council of Ministers

President

Non-governmentalOrganizations

Prime Minister

National Assembly

21ST CENTURY MODEL OF DEFENSE MANAGEMENT

There are three main functions There are three main functions on the higher level:on the higher level:

Formulation of policyFormulation of policy Implementation of policyImplementation of policy Audit control of implemented policyAudit control of implemented policy

Especially for the military field the Especially for the military field the implementation function is divided implementation function is divided into two sub-functions: into two sub-functions: administrative and operations.administrative and operations.

MINISTER OFDEFENSE

PLANNING AND CONDUCT OF OPERATIONS

ADMINISTERING OFDEFENSE POLICY

CONTROL OFIMPLEMENTATION

FORMULATION OF DEFENSE POLICY

MINISTER OF DEFENSE’S MAIN AREAS OF COMPETENCYIN DEFENSE MANAGEMENT

JOINT OPERATIONS STAFF

MILITARY ADMINISTRATION

CIVILIAN ADMINISTRATION

POLITICAL OFFICE

INSPECTORATE

OFFICE OF FINANCIAL COMPTROLLER

21ST CENTURY MODEL OF DEFENSE MANAGEMENT

Scope of Civil Society as network Scope of Civil Society as network ofof

CitizensCitizens non-governmental organizations non-governmental organizations

(including international ones)(including international ones) academic institutions (involved in academic institutions (involved in

research and development, or research and development, or education and training)education and training)

business - defence industry and civil business - defence industry and civil industryindustry

media.media.

Role of civilians in National Role of civilians in National security structures is twofold:security structures is twofold:

in the area of policy definition (pure in the area of policy definition (pure civilian responsibility)civilian responsibility)

policy implementation (joint work policy implementation (joint work with uniformed professionals to with uniformed professionals to provide optimal mix of expertise and provide optimal mix of expertise and guarantee effectiveness and guarantee effectiveness and transparency).transparency).

Measure of successMeasure of success

for the role of civilians in the national for the role of civilians in the national security system is satisfaction of the security system is satisfaction of the society from security sector and society from security sector and public support for the sector at all on public support for the sector at all on one side and shape of civil-military one side and shape of civil-military relations inside security sector from relations inside security sector from the other sidethe other side

Interaction between Defence Interaction between Defence Institutions and Civil SocietyInstitutions and Civil Society

Requires Transparency, based on:Requires Transparency, based on:• adequate legislationadequate legislation• structures to implement this legislation structures to implement this legislation

including for civil control and including for civil control and parliamentarian oversightparliamentarian oversight

• but most of all in current dynamic but most of all in current dynamic environment two factors are key for environment two factors are key for successsuccess

well educated peoplewell educated people modern information systemsmodern information systems

Interactions between defence management Interactions between defence management and civil society could be manifold:and civil society could be manifold:

MoD and Government – NGO, academic sector and MoD and Government – NGO, academic sector and business, media;business, media;

Parliament – NGO, academic sector and business, media; Parliament – NGO, academic sector and business, media; Civilians and military in MoD;Civilians and military in MoD; MoD and Government – Parliament;MoD and Government – Parliament; Between NGO, business, media, academic institutions Between NGO, business, media, academic institutions

themselves on defence management issues;themselves on defence management issues; National administration – international organizations;National administration – international organizations; Among civil society elements on the regional basis.Among civil society elements on the regional basis.

Models of Cooperation between Defence Models of Cooperation between Defence Institutions and Civil SocietyInstitutions and Civil Society

fully centralized (society to Parliament, fully centralized (society to Parliament, Parliament to Government, Government to Parliament to Government, Government to Defence Staff)Defence Staff)

fully decentralized when every element of civil fully decentralized when every element of civil society could directly cooperate with any element society could directly cooperate with any element of the defence establishment of the defence establishment

optimal model is somewhere in between and optimal model is somewhere in between and could be optimised to achieve the goal of balance could be optimised to achieve the goal of balance between efficiency and civil control, having in between efficiency and civil control, having in mind level of maturity of the defence institutions, mind level of maturity of the defence institutions, civil society elements and culture of cooperation civil society elements and culture of cooperation in the countryin the country

Environment for ImplementationEnvironment for ImplementationNetwork Centric Knowledge Based Approach / StrategyNetwork Centric Knowledge Based Approach / Strategy

Action Team

MoD, MoI, CPA, MTT, ME, ME, MES, …

TEREM and

other DI/IT companies

CNSDR-BAS

Universities

Civilian Business

Consultants

Media – papers/electronic

Regional influence

SEE, BSCR

NGO

RussiaUkraine

US, CanadaUK, N,DK,Sp, It,

…

NATOEU

Long-term Transformation Plan

Parliament and Political Parties

Role of the civil society isRole of the civil society is

to generate ideasto generate ideas and to ask for and to ask for

• Transparency Transparency • AccountabilityAccountability• ResponsibilityResponsibility

as well as to back up reformists efforts in as well as to back up reformists efforts in the Government.the Government.

Academic Sector model of cooperation with Academic Sector model of cooperation with defense institutionsdefense institutions

is connected with process to invoke is connected with process to invoke scientific methods in decision making scientific methods in decision making and especially in providing and especially in providing comprehensive approach to the SSR, comprehensive approach to the SSR, transformation and in particular transformation and in particular modernization of the forcesmodernization of the forces

Business communityBusiness community

is cooperating with defense is cooperating with defense establishment in transferring best establishment in transferring best practices to resource management, practices to resource management, by asking for outsourcing of non-by asking for outsourcing of non-military activities, facilitating offset military activities, facilitating offset deals in modernization and being a deals in modernization and being a partner in post-conflict partner in post-conflict reconstruction in the area of reconstruction in the area of operation.operation.

Consultants – national and Consultants – national and especially international onesespecially international ones

present other model of cooperation present other model of cooperation by further increasing transparency by further increasing transparency and providing source of expertise for and providing source of expertise for developing of more developing of more alternativesalternatives as as well as to provide better well as to provide better understanding between parties in understanding between parties in decision making process.decision making process.

Media cooperates with defense Media cooperates with defense institutionsinstitutions

by providing special investigations on by providing special investigations on key issues for the society, informing key issues for the society, informing regularly about development in regularly about development in defense area (locally, nationally and defense area (locally, nationally and in the Euroatlantic area) through in the Euroatlantic area) through constant link with PR offices of the constant link with PR offices of the different defense organizations.different defense organizations.

Different models of cooperation - in many Different models of cooperation - in many different functional areasdifferent functional areas

Participation of Civil Society in Policy Participation of Civil Society in Policy Development Development

Performing of Civil Control by Civil Society Performing of Civil Control by Civil Society Involvement in Policy ImplementationInvolvement in Policy Implementation

Providing Public Support and Resources for Providing Public Support and Resources for DefenceDefence

Civil Society as a factor for Security Sector Civil Society as a factor for Security Sector Integration around the Concept of Civil Integration around the Concept of Civil SecuritySecurity

Civil Society as a factor for Security Sector Civil Society as a factor for Security Sector Integration around the Concept of Civil Integration around the Concept of Civil

SecuritySecurityTask of transforming national security system to include Task of transforming national security system to include

civil security concept is a great challenge for effective civil security concept is a great challenge for effective cooperation between civil society and defense / interior cooperation between civil society and defense / interior

management institutions.management institutions.

Center of Excellence in Security Sector Transformation:Center of Excellence in Security Sector Transformation: Communication and Information Infrastructure (CII) Communication and Information Infrastructure (CII) Working Groups (WG)Working Groups (WG) Knowledge Infrastructure (KI)Knowledge Infrastructure (KI) Expert Network (EN)Expert Network (EN)

On international level models are:On international level models are:

Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA) and national Atlantic Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA) and national Atlantic associations in different countries;associations in different countries;

PfP Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Study PfP Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Study Institutes and its working groups and Annual conferences;Institutes and its working groups and Annual conferences;

NATO Science Committee and especially new established NATO Science Committee and especially new established Human and Societal Dynamics Panel as well as other Public Human and Societal Dynamics Panel as well as other Public Diplomacy programs of NATO;Diplomacy programs of NATO;

Regional arrangements to involve civil society in pure Regional arrangements to involve civil society in pure administrative initiatives as SEEDM, BSI for CMEP, MVLE administrative initiatives as SEEDM, BSI for CMEP, MVLE and othersand others

NGO activities as BSCR Civil Control ConsortiumNGO activities as BSCR Civil Control Consortium

Challenges and Opportunities Challenges and Opportunities

Interaction and cooperation between Interaction and cooperation between civil society and defence civil society and defence management depends on level of management depends on level of maturity of both sides.maturity of both sides.

It is an issue of internal effort for the It is an issue of internal effort for the country, but could be greatly country, but could be greatly facilitated by external support and in facilitated by external support and in the framework of international the framework of international cooperation.cooperation.

Problems (I)Problems (I) Best use of critical human resources, especially people Best use of critical human resources, especially people

graduated abroad in NATO countries – civilian, retired graduated abroad in NATO countries – civilian, retired military and active military.military and active military.

Reform of the MoI not to be postponed, focusing mostly in Reform of the MoI not to be postponed, focusing mostly in MoD and creating tension and negative attitude to the MoD and creating tension and negative attitude to the defense reform.defense reform.

Postponing special services reforms is factor of negative Postponing special services reforms is factor of negative influence in the area of all other reforms – not only in the influence in the area of all other reforms – not only in the security sector, but political, economic, other spheres.security sector, but political, economic, other spheres.

Professionalization of the Armed Forces by abandoning Professionalization of the Armed Forces by abandoning conscript service to be accelerated in parallel with conscript service to be accelerated in parallel with downsizing and before full scale modernization, but in downsizing and before full scale modernization, but in parallel with building Reserve and kind of Civil Guard.parallel with building Reserve and kind of Civil Guard.

Problems (II)Problems (II)

Challenges of modernization especially in the Challenges of modernization especially in the area of corruption tension and lack of area of corruption tension and lack of management capacity could ruin other aspects of management capacity could ruin other aspects of on going reform. In many countries new weapon on going reform. In many countries new weapon systems could not be procured only on national systems could not be procured only on national level having in mind the scale, regional level having in mind the scale, regional integration as result of membership in one integration as result of membership in one defense alliance and other arguments.defense alliance and other arguments.

Utilization of excesses of equipment, Utilization of excesses of equipment, infrastructure, munitions could generate negative infrastructure, munitions could generate negative influence if not divided from reform efforts and influence if not divided from reform efforts and managed separately.managed separately.

Problems (III)Problems (III)

National Defense Industry and R&D if not addressed National Defense Industry and R&D if not addressed properly in parallel of security sector reform and properly in parallel of security sector reform and modernization, including through similar modernization, including through similar restructuring, retraining and reintegration programs restructuring, retraining and reintegration programs to military could generate social problems, cases of to military could generate social problems, cases of illegal arms trade, degradation of national capacity illegal arms trade, degradation of national capacity for joint programs in Euroatlantic community.for joint programs in Euroatlantic community.

E&T in the security matters, especially military E&T in the security matters, especially military education and interior education system is critical education and interior education system is critical and if transformation here is not successful or if and if transformation here is not successful or if changes are too chaotic the result is negative in changes are too chaotic the result is negative in long term.long term.

Objectives and priorities of the BSCR Objectives and priorities of the BSCR Consortium include:Consortium include:

consolidation of the NGOs’ efforts supporting consolidation of the NGOs’ efforts supporting democratic transformations of the region;democratic transformations of the region;

rapprochement of the positions of the participating rapprochement of the positions of the participating countries on democratic control and regional security;countries on democratic control and regional security;

establishment of a system of effective monitoring over establishment of a system of effective monitoring over the level of DC and the state of national and regional the level of DC and the state of national and regional security by the means of an identical methodology;security by the means of an identical methodology;

development of a Security Sector (SS) Maturity Model development of a Security Sector (SS) Maturity Model and elaboration of Methodology for SS Maturity and elaboration of Methodology for SS Maturity Assessment;Assessment;

establishment of a network of the web-sites and establishment of a network of the web-sites and periodicals;periodicals;

establishment of a Black Sea-Caspian Virtual Distributed establishment of a Black Sea-Caspian Virtual Distributed ADL College.ADL College.

End goal is to achieveEnd goal is to achieve

fully integrated security sector.fully integrated security sector.

Preparation of this third generation Preparation of this third generation SSR could start earlier having in SSR could start earlier having in mind the target model.mind the target model.

Regional dimension (I)Regional dimension (I)

Security is a regional issue as well as Euroatlantic Security is a regional issue as well as Euroatlantic issue and with a key role of the US – Russian issue and with a key role of the US – Russian influence could not be neglected in the region of influence could not be neglected in the region of SEE, Black Sea – Caspian region, Central Asia and SEE, Black Sea – Caspian region, Central Asia and greater Middle East at large.greater Middle East at large.

Progress measurement is based on comparative Progress measurement is based on comparative analysis between countries with similar analysis between countries with similar background and goals from the region.background and goals from the region.

Transfer of knowledge from SEE through Black Transfer of knowledge from SEE through Black Sea to the Caspian sea and Central Asia is a key Sea to the Caspian sea and Central Asia is a key idea of enlarging the zone of freedom and idea of enlarging the zone of freedom and democracy as a best way to provide security.democracy as a best way to provide security.

Regional dimension (II)Regional dimension (II) Small countries need regional integration for Small countries need regional integration for

effective program management and development effective program management and development of their national security sector – especially in the of their national security sector – especially in the area of E&T, R&D, modernization, infrastructure, area of E&T, R&D, modernization, infrastructure, hosting of allies.hosting of allies.

Multinational formations are key for improved Multinational formations are key for improved international cooperation and strengthening of international cooperation and strengthening of transatlantic link as well as integration of the transatlantic link as well as integration of the security sector.security sector.

Security is prerequisite for infrastructure and vice Security is prerequisite for infrastructure and vice versa as well as infrastructure is the key issue for versa as well as infrastructure is the key issue for development of the BSCR.development of the BSCR.

BSCR Center for SSR (Security and BSCR Center for SSR (Security and Integration Center)Integration Center)

Management; Research section – think-tank; Management; Research section – think-tank; Training section with mobile teams for outreach; Training section with mobile teams for outreach; IT section with PIMS management for BSCR; IT section with PIMS management for BSCR; Lessons learned section with library for Lessons learned section with library for knowledge (International Journal) management; knowledge (International Journal) management; Conference and networking support (News Letter) Conference and networking support (News Letter) team; Technical staff.team; Technical staff.

It means the center will be integral body to It means the center will be integral body to support research / lessons learned, networking, support research / lessons learned, networking, training, IT environment management and training, IT environment management and knowledge management at large.knowledge management at large.

ConclusionConclusion

Balance between defense institution building and Balance between defense institution building and civil society development is a prerequisite for civil society development is a prerequisite for effective interaction and cooperation between effective interaction and cooperation between them.them.

Even more, effective defense establishment could Even more, effective defense establishment could not be developed without capacity in civil society not be developed without capacity in civil society to participate in the process.to participate in the process.

It is through involvement of civil society bodies It is through involvement of civil society bodies possible to implement concept of civil security possible to implement concept of civil security and integrated security sector.and integrated security sector.

Regional cooperation and following the common Regional cooperation and following the common reference models is a key tool for success.reference models is a key tool for success.