Defect Correction

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    Numer. M ath. 29, 42 5-443 (1978) NumerischeMathemaUk9 by Springer-Verlag 1978

    The Defect Correct ion Principleand Discret i za t ion MethodsH a n s J . S t e t t e r *Institu t ftir N um erische M athem atik der Technischen Universitfit,Gussh ausstr. 27, A-1040 Wien, Austria

    S u m m a r y . R e c e n t l y , a n u m b e r o f c l os e ly re l a te d t e c h n i q u e s f o r e rr o r e s ti -m a t i o n a n d i t e r a t i v e i m p r o v e m e n t i n d i s c r e t i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m s h a v e b e e npr oposed . I n t h i s a r t i c l e , we expose the common s t r uc tu r a l p r inc ip l e o f a l lt h e s e t e c h n i q u e s a n d e x h i b i t th e p r i n c ip a l m o d e s o f i ts i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i n ad i s c r e t i z a t i o n c o n t e x t .Subject Classifications. AM S( M OS) : 65J05 , 65L 99; CR: 5 . 17 .

    1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

    D u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r s , t h e r e h a v e b e e n n u m e r o u s a t t e m p t s t o e s t i m a t e t h e e r r o ro f d i s c r e ti z a t i o n m e t h o d s o r , e q u iv a l e n tl y , t o i m p r o v e t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e i rr e s u l t s . T w o a p p r o a c h e s h a v e p r o v e d t o b e w i d e l y a p p l i c a b l e : R i c h a r d s o nE x t r a p o l a t i o n a n d D e f e r r e d C o r r e c t i o n . B o t h c a n b e u s e d i n a n i t e r a t i v ef a s h i o n ; t h e m o s t n o t a b l e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e t w o i s t h e f a c t t h a t D e f e r r e dC o r r e c t i o n p r o c e e d s o n t h e o r i g i n a l g ri d o f t h e d i s cr e t iz a t io n w h i l e R i c h a r d s o nE x t r a p o l a t i o n n e e d s r e p e a t e d g r i d r e f i n e m e n t a n d y e t p r o d u c e s a n s w e r s o n t h eo r i g i n a l g r i d o n l y .R e c e n t l y a f u r t h e r t e c h n i q u e o f it e ra t iv e i m p r o v e m e n t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d .P r e s u m a b l y i t h a s b e e n u s e d i n f o r m a l l y o n v a r i o u s o c c a s i o n s ; i t s c o n s c i o u s u s e- w i t h o u t i te r at io n a n d f o r e r ro r es ti m a ti on s o n l y - w a s p r o m o t e d b y Z a -d u n a i s k y i n [ 1 - 3 ] a n d a t t h e 1 9 7 3 D u n d e e c o n f e r en c e ; f o ll o w i n g t h is m e e t i n gS te t t e r [ 4 ] f o r ma l i zed the p r ocedur e and conce ived i t s i t e r a t i ve app l i ca t ion .D e t a i l e d a n a l y s e s o f p a r t i c u l a r a p p l i c a t io n s w e r e t h e n m a d e b y F r a n k [ 6, 7 ],F r a n k a n d U e b e r h u b e r [ 8, 9 , 1 1] a n d F r a n k , H e r t l i n g a n d U e b e r h u b e r [ 10 , 12 ].L i n d b e r g [ 1 6 ] , i n g e n e r a l i z i n g t h e D e f e r r e d C o r r e c t i o n a p p r o a c h , i n d e p e n d e n t l ya r r i v e d a t o n e v e r s i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l t e c h n i q u e . W h i l e S t e t t e r h a d s u g g e s t e d t oc a ll t h e t e c h n i q u e D i f fe r e n t ia l C o r r e c t i o n , F r a n k a n d U e b e r h u b e r i n t r o d u c e d* W ritten during a sabbatical sta y at Oxford Universitypartially supported by the BritishScienceand Research Cou ncil

    0029-599 X/78/0029 /0425/$03.80

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    426 H.J. Stettert h e t e r m D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n . I n S e c t i o n 5 o f t h is p a p e r w e s h a ll s e e t h a t t h ew e l l k n o w n I t e r a te d D e f e r r e d C o r r e c t i o n ( o r D i f f er e n ce C o r r ec t i o n ) t e c h n iq u e o fF o x ( e.g . [ 13 ] ) a n d P e r e y r a ( e.g . [14 , 15 ] ) c a n be in t e r p r e t e d a s a spe c i a l c a se o ft h e g e n e r a l p r in c i p l e o f I t e r a t i v e U p d a t i n g D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n .I n o r d e r t o s e e t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e a n d i t s r a m i f i c a t i o n s m o r e c l e a r l y , w es h a l l s t u d y i t a t f i rs t w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o d i s c r e t i z a t i o n s o r t o d i f f e r e n t i a le q u a t i o n s . A c t u a l l y , It e r a t i v e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n m a y b e a v e r y p o w e r f u l te c h -n i q u e i n o t h e r a r e a s o f M a t h e m a t i c s a s w el l. T h e E x a m p l e s i n t h e f o l lo w i n g a r eo n l y o f a d e m o n s t r a t i v e n a t u r e . R e a l is t ic i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s o f D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o nh a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n m a n y o f t h e q u o t e d r e f er e n c e s a n d n u m e r i c a l r e s u lt s h a v ea l s o b e e n p r e s e n t e d t h e r e .

    2 . T h e B a s i c Pr i n c i p l eC o n s i d e r t w o n o r m e d l i n e a r s p a c e s E a n d E ~ a n d a c o n t i n u o u s ( g e n e r a ll y n o n -l i n e a r ) m a p p i n g F : E - - , E ~ L e t F b e b ij e c ti v e b e t w e e n a d o m a i n X c E a n d ad o m a i n Y c E ~ w i t h 0 ~ Y, a n d a s s u m e t h a t i n a ll o u r o p e r a t i o n s w e s h a l l n e v e rl e a v e t h e s e d o m a i n s ( in a n a p p l i c a t i o n t h is h a s t o b e c h e c k ed ) . O u r a i m is to f i nda g o o d a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e u n i q u e s o l u t i o n x * s X o f

    F x = O (2.1)w i t h t h e a i d o f a n a p p r o x i m a t e i n v e r s e G : Y ~ X ; C , i s a l s o a s s u m e d t o b eb i j e c ti v e a n d c o n t i n u o u s . (~ m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e s o l u t i o n o p e r a t o r o f a na p p r o x i m a t i o n

    F x = 0 ( 2 . 2 )o f (2.1) .

    T o o b t a i n a n e s t im a t e f o r t h e e r r o r o f X o : = G 0 , w e fo r m t h e d e f e c t do: = F x oa n d c o m p u t e f f o : = G d o ( se e F i g. 1 ). T h u s Y0 is t h e a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n o f t h ee q u a t i o n F x = d o w h i c h is a " n e i g h b o r i n g p r o b l e m " o f (2 .1 ) w h o s e e x a c t s o l u t i o nx o is k n o w n . I f w e a s s u m e t h a t t h e e r r o r g e n e r a t e d b y o u r a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o no p e r a t o r G is n e a r l y t h e s am e f o r t h e t w o p r o b l e m s w e o b t a i n

    x o - x * ~ X o - x o . (2 .3 )T h i s i d e a m a y e i t h e r b e u s e d t o e s t i m a t e X o - X * by ( 2 .3 ) , o r t o ob ta in a ni m p r o v e d a p p r o x i m a t i o n ( s e e F i g . 1 )

    xl". = X o - ( ~ o - X o ) .B u t t h e n t h e p r o c e s s m a y b e r e p e a t e d ( i = 0 , 1, 2 . . . . ):

    ~ i '. = G F x i = G d , , (2.4)xi + 1" = xi - (xi - Xo) = (I - G F ) x~ + x o ; (2.5)

    t h is i s th e p r i n c i p l e o f I t e r a t i v e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n ( I D e C ) , v e r s i o n A .

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    T h e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n P r i n c i p le a n d D i s c r e t i za t i o n M e t h o d s 4 2 7

    F i g . 1 . D e f e c t c o r r e c t i o n , v e r s i o n A

    x l , ' J ~ / ./."~, l

    xo.Wr/~ F . ! d oF i g . 2 . D e f e c t c o r r e c t io n , v e r s i o n B

    x* o f ( 2.1 ) is a f i xe d po in t o f ( 2.5 ) ( r e m e m be r th a t X o ,= G 0) ; t he r e f o r e (2 .5 )w i ll c o n v e r g e to x * i f I - G F is a c o n t r a c t i o n i n X , a n d t h e ra t e o f c o n v e r g e n c ew i ll d e p e n d o n t h e ( l o ca l ) L i p s c h i t z c o n s t a n t . O b v i o u s l y , P m u s t r e f l e c t t h e l o c a lb e h a v i o r o f F s u f f ic i e n t ly w el l.

    T h e d e f e c t d o = F x o m a y a l s o b e u s e d i n a n o t h e r w a y : W e m a y a t t e m p t t oo b t a i n a b e t t e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e u n i q u e e l e m e n t l * e Y w h i c h s a ti sf ie s

    l* = x* . (2.6)B y v i r t u e o f t h e " n e i g h b o u r i n g p r o b l e m " i d e a ( se e F ig . 2 ) l ~ : = - d o = l o - d o is ab e t t e r a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o l * t h a n t h e i n it ia l v a l u e l o = 0 . T h u s x ~ : = G l 1 p e r m i t st h e e s t i m a t e X o - X 1 f o r X o - X * ; a l s o t h e p r o c e s s m a y b e c o n t i n u e d i t e r a t i v e l y( i = 0 , 1, 2 . . . ) :

    li+ 1 : = l i - d i = l i - F x i , (2.7)xl + 1: = G ti + i- (2.8)

    Th i s i s ve r s ion B o f t he I D e C p r inc ip l e (c f. F ig . 2 ); i t wa s a l r e a dy sugg e s t e d inS t e t t e r [ 4 ] .

    W he n we subs t i t u t e ( 2 .8 ) i n to ( 2 .7 ) we ob ta inl i+ 1: = ( I - FG ) li (2.9)

    wh ic h e s t a b l i sh e s v e r s io n B a s a du a l o f ve r s ion A (c f. (2 .5 )) ; i f we ha d s t a r t e df r o m F x = l o , l o : ~ O we w ou ld ha v e h a d to a dd l o i n (2 .7 ) a nd (2 .9 ) a n d thed u a l it y w o u l d h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e .V e r s i o n B m a y a l s o b e w r i t t e n a s a n i t e r a t i o n i n X ; ( 2 . 8 ) a n d ( 2 . 7 ) i m p l y

    x , + 1 : = G( / , - d i ) = d ( F - F ) x i ; (2.10)t h is m a y b e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h v e r s i o n A i n t h e f o r m (c f. (2 .5 ))

    x i+ 1: = x i - ( G F x i - G O) = ( d F - G F ) x i + d O . (2.11)F r o m ( 2.10 ) a nd (2 .11) i t is obv i ou s tha t t h e two ve r s ions a r e e qu iva le n t i f d

    i s a n a f f i n e m a p p i n g0 y = G 0 + Goy," d ~ s [Y , X ] ; (2 .1 2)

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    428 H.J. Stetter

    F n e e d n o t b e l i n e a r f o r t h i s e q u i v a l e n c e . W i t h a n o n - l i n e a r G , o n t h e o t h e rh a n d , t h e s e q u e n c e s { x l } o b t a i n e d f r o m v e r s i o n s A a n d B w i l l g e n e r a l l y d i f f e r .

    I f G i s F r e c h e t - d i f f e r e n t i a b l e , o n e m a y w i s h t o " l i n e a r i z e ' ' i t , i.e . r e p l a c e i t b y(2.12), with G~."= G ' ( 0 ) . T h i s c a u s e s t h e t w o v e r s i o n s t o c o i n c i d e .Examples. 1) I t e ra t i v e I m p r o v e m e n t i n L i n e a r A l g e b r ai c E q u a t i o n s : X = Y = ~ " ;F y = A x - b ; C J y is t h e r e s u l t o f a p p l y i n g t h e n u m e r i c a l l y o b t a i n e d t r i a n g u l a rd e c o m p o s i t i o n o f A t o t h e r i g h t h a n d s id e b + y .

    2 ) S i m p l i fi e d N e w t o n m e t h o d ( i n B a n a c h s p a c e s) : L e t F : X ~ Y b e F r e c h e t -d i f f e r e n t i a b l e a n d t a k e F x : = F z + F ' ( z ) ( x - z ) , z ~ X f i xe d , so t ha t G y : = z -F ' ( z ) - 1(F z - y ) . T he n (2.10) an d (2.11) b ec o m e x i + 1 : = x i - F ' ( z ) - 1 F x i .

    3 ) D e f e c t c o r r e c t i o n d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n l o c a l l i n e a r i z a t i o n : C o n s i d e r t h en o n - l in e a r b o u n d a r y v a lu e p r o b l e m

    a) x"( t ) -eX(~ o n ( - 1 , + 1 ) , (2 .1 3)b) x ( - 1 ) = x ( + 1 ) = 0 ,

    t o d e f in e F : C r - - 1, + 1-1 --. C I - - 1 , + 1] x ~ 2 . T o o b t a i n a n a p p r o x i m a t e p r o b -l e m , t a k e a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o r ex i n t h e i n t e r v a l - 0 . 4 < x _< 0 ( w h e r e x*(t) wiltlie ), s a y e X ~ 0 . 9 9 + 0 . 8 1 x , a n d d e f i n e (2 .2 ) b y

    a) x " ( t ) - O . 8 1 x ( t ) - 0 . 9 9 = O o n ( - 1 , + 1 ) , (2.14)b ) x ( - 1 ) = x ( + l ) = 0 ;

    ( 2.14) is no t a l o c a l l i ne a r i z a t ion o f (2 .13). S inc e the G r e e n ' s f un c t io n o f t hed i f f e r e n t i a l o p e r a t o r i n (2 .1 4) is k n o w n , t h e i n t e g r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G c a n b eu s e d t o c o m p u t e t h e x ~, i = 0 , 1 ,2 . . . . a t l e as t n u m e r i c a ll y . T h e s e q u e n c e c o n -v e r g e s q u i c k l y t o t h e s o l u t i o n x * o f (2 .1 3).

    N o t e t h a t t h e l i n e a r i ty o f (2 .1 4) is n o t r e q u i r e d b y t h e m e t h o d b u t i t isc o n v e n i e n t f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f G.

    3 . A p p r o x i m a t e S o l u t i o n i n a S u b s p a e eA s a s t e p t o w a r d s s t u d y i n g I D e C i n a d i s c r e t i z a t i o n s e t t i n g , w e n o w a s s u m e t h a t

    is n o t o n e - t o - o n e b e tw e e n Y a n d X b u t m a p s Y i n t o a p r o p e r s u b s p a c e o f Ew h o s e i n t e r se c t io n w i t h X w e c al l ~ , a n d t h a t x * 6 ~ . T h e i m a g e o f ~ u n d e r F w ed e n o t e b y H (F i g . 3 ). H is n o t a l i n e a r m a n i f o l d i n Y i f F i s n o n l i n e a r . ( T ov i s u a li z e th i s s i t u a t i o n a s s u m e t h a t E a n d E ~ a r e s p a c e s o f c o n t i n u o u s f u n c t io n sb u t t h a t G a l w a y s p r o d u c e s a p o l y n o m i a l o f d e g r e e < N . ) T h e r e s t r i c ti o n o f G t oH is a s s u m e d t o b e b i j e c t iv e f r o m H to ~ ; t h e r e s t r i c t io n o f F t o ~ is n a t u r a l l yb i j e c ti v e f r o m ~ t o H .

    F i g u r e 3 s h o w s t h a t v e r s i o n A o f I D e C m a y b e c a r r ie d o u t a s p r e v i o u s l ys i n ce ~ i s a d o m a i n i n a l i n e a r sp a c e. W i t h ~ o = G 0 ( g re e k l e tt e rs d e n o t ee l e m e n t s i n ~ ) , ( 2 . 5 ) b e c o m e s

    { i + 1 : = ( I - G F ) ~ i + 4 o ; ( 3.1 )

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    T h e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n P r i n c i p l e a n d D i s c r e ti z a t io n M e t h o d s

    F i g . 3 . D e f e c t c o r r e c t i o n i n a s u b s p a c e

    4 2 9

    c o n v e r g e n c e n o w d e p e n d s o n t h e L i p s c h i tz c o n s t a n t o f t h e r e s tr i c t io n o f t h em a p p i n g I - G F t o ~ w h ic h w e a s su m e t o b e < 1.T h e u n i q u e f ix e d p o i n t ~ ' 6 ~ o f ( 3.1 ) is n o l o n g e r c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y (2 .1 ).In s t ead ~* s a t i s f i e sG F ~ = ~ o = d O = 6 F x * , (3.2)

    i.e . t h e d e f e c t d * o f r a n d 0 a r e m a p p e d i n t o th e s a m e e l e m e n t ~ o e ~ b y G . T h ed i s t a n c e b e t w e e n 4 " a n d x * d e p e n d s o n l y o n t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n F a n d G ( o rF ) b u t n o t o n t h e w a y i n w h i c h r is c o m p u t e d ( e .g . b y ID e C ) .T h u s , i f I D e C is a p p l i e d i n th e s i t u a t i o n o f F i g u r e 3 t w o i n d e p e n d e n t t y p e so f e r r o r s a r i s e :a ) t h e t r u n c a t i o n e r r o r 4 1 - 4 " o f t h e it e r a t i o n ( 3.1 ),b ) t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n e r r o r ~ * - x * c h a r a c te r iz e d b y (3 .2 ).T h e e r r o r 4 ~ - x * o f t h e i t e r a te s w i ll g e n e r a l ly d e c re a s e o n l y a s l o n g a s

    I1~-~*11 >> 11 4"-x *ll .V e r s i o n B o f I D e C c a n n o l o n g e r b e f o r m u l a t e d in a g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n o f t h ist y p e ( c f . F i g . 3 ): T h e u n i q u e e l e m e n t l*eH which s a t i s f i e s d l*=~* (c f . (2 . 6 ) )

    c a n n o t b e r e a c h e d b y l i n e a r c o m b i n a t io n s o f el e m e n ts in H .H o w e v e r , i t i s o f t e n p o s s i b l e t o d e c o m p o s e t h e m a p p i n g G i n t o a p r o j e c t i o nA ~ o f Y i n t o a l i n e a r s u b s p a c e o f E ~ a n d a m a p p i n g / ~ w h i c h is b i je c ti v e f r o m a na p p r o p r i a t e d o m a i n H ~ i n th i s s u b sp a c e t o S :

    ~ry=P A ~ (3.3)In t h i s case , we m ay fo rm h i : = - A ~ 4oO-t ~ i n p l ace o f 11 an d c on t i nue (c f. (2.7 )-(2.10))

    2i+ i : = 2 i - A ~ ~ i = ( I - A ~ 2 i (3.4)o r

    ~ i + a " = / ~ 2 1 + 1 = / ~ ( ~ - A O F ) ~ i , ( 3 . 5 )

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    430 H.J. Stetter

    w here ~ : E ~ H ~ i s t he i nve r se o f F . (3 .4 )/(3.5 ) is t he ap p ro pr i a t e fo rm o f ve r s i onB o f I D e C i n t h is c a se .Th e s i t ua t i on (3 . 3 ) a r i s es wh ene ver G i s o f t he fo rm (2.12 ), o r w he n i t s imagei s f i n i te - d i m e n s i o n a l .E x a m p l e . C o n s i d e r a g a i n t h e B V P (2 .1 3) a n d d e f i ne a n a p p r o x i m a t e p r o b l e m( 2.2 ) b y ( H m is t h e s p a c e o f m - t h d e g r e e p o l y n o m i a l s ) :

    a) ~ " ( t )- 0 . 8 1 ~ ( t ) - 0 . 9 9 = 0 o n { - 8 9 0, 13},b ) ~ ( - 1 ) = 4 ( + 1 ) = 0 , (3.6)c ) ~ e / / 4 ,

    s o t h a t G m a p s Y i n t o t h e f i n i t e - d i m e n s i o n a l s u b s p a c e 114 c E w h i l e F ( / / 4 ) i s no ta s u b s p a c e o f E ~ T h e i t e r a t i o n ( 3 . 1) c o n v e r g e s t o t h e p o l y n o m i a l 4 * E / / 4 w h i c hsat i s f ies

    a ) 4 * " ( t ) - e ~ * ( ' ) = 0 o n { - 8 9 1 8 9 (3.7)b) 4 " ( - 1 ) = r 1 ) = 0 ,1 1i.e . 4 " is th e " c o l l o c a t i o n s o l u t i o n " o f (2 .1 3) o n { - y , 0 , ~ } .

    H e r e , t h e p r o j e c t i o n A ~ i n t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n ( 3 .3 ) is t o t h e I R 5 w h i c h m a y b ec o n s i d e r e d a s u b s p a c e o f E ~ b y i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e f ir s t 3 c o m p o n e n t s a s v a l u e s a t_ ! 2 ,0 , + 8 9 r e sp . o f s o m e t h r e e p a r a m e t e r l i n e a r s e t o f f u n c t i o n s f r o m E ~ /~c o m p u t e s t h e 5 c o e f f ic i e n ts o f P t / e / / 4 f r o m t h e l i n e a r s y s t e m (3 .6 ), w i t h t / e lR 5 o nt h e r i g h t h a n d s id e . ( D u e t o s y m m e t r y a n d ( 3 . 6 b ) t h i s i s e f f e c ti v e ly o n l y a 2 x 2sys t em. ) Th us ve r s i on B i s pos s ib l e i n t he fo rm (3 .5 ) an d equ iva l e n t t o (3 .1 ).

    T h e " a p p r o x i m a t i o n e r r o r " i n t h is e x a m p l e i s t h e d if f er e n ce b e t w e e n t h e t ru es o l u t i o n x * o f (2 .1 3) a n d t h e c o l l o c a t i o n s o l u t i o n 4 " w h i c h is i n d e p e n d e n t o f th ew a y i n w h i c h 4 " i s f o u n d a n d w h i c h l i m i t s t h e u s e f u l a c c u r a c y i n t h e c o m -p u t a t i o n o f 4*-

    4. Approximation by Discret izat ionI n a d i s c r e t i z a t i o n , a n i n f i n i t e - d i m e n s i o n a l o r i g i n a l p r o b l e m (2 .1 ) is r e p l a c e d b ya sequence o f a p p r o x i m a t e p r o b l e m s (N M N )

    ~N 4 = 0 (4 .1 )w h e r e ~ u is a c o n t i n u o u s m a p p i n g f r o m E N i n to E ~ b o t h o f w h i c h a r e N -d i m e n s i o n a l l i n e a r sp a ce s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e s e q u e n c es o f m a p p i n g s As a n dA ~ w hich p ro j ec t e l em en t s f ro m E an d E ~ i n to E N an d E ~ r esp . ( see, e .g ., t hei n t r o d u c t o r y s e c ti o n s o f S t e tt e r [ 5 ] ). C o n c e p t s l ik e c o n s i s te n c y a n d c o n v e r g e n c er e fe r t o l i m i ts a s N ~ ~ . I n s t a n d a r d a p p l i c a ti o n s , E u a n d E ~ a re s p a c e s o ff u n c ti o n s o n a g r id ~ s ; t h e g r id s ~ s b e c o m e a r b i t ra r il y f in e a s N ~ ~ .I n t h e c o n t e x t o f I D e C , w e c h o o s e a p a r t i c u l a r v a l u e o f N (i.e . a p a r t i c u l a rg r i d ) a n d k e e p i t f i x e d d u r i n g t h e i t e r a t i v e i m p r o v e m e n t . T h u s t h e r e i s o n l y ones p a c e E N a n d E ~ e a c h a n d ( 4 .1 ) i s a f ix e d a p p r o x i m a t e p r o b l e m , w i t h a

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    T h e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n P r i n c ip l e a n d D i s c r e t iz a t i o n M e t h o d s 4 3 1

    c o n t i n u o u s s o l u t i o n o p e r a t o r /~N ( b y a s s u m p t i o n ) . W e r e s t r i c t o u r s e l v e s t od o m a i n s X Nc E N a n d YN C E ~ b e tw e e n wh ic h ~N a nd FN a r e b i j e c t ive .

    I n o r d e r t o a p p l y t h e d e f e c t c o r r e c t i o n a p p r o a c h i n X N a n d YN, w e m u s t b ea b l e t o a s s o c i a t e w i t h e a c h ~ e X N a d e fe c t w.r . t . (2 .1) which i s an e lement of YN,F o r t h i s p u r p o s e w e m a y p r o c e e d t h u s (s ee F ig . 4):

    F i g . 4 . D e f e c t c o r r e c t i o n a n d d i s c r e t i z a t i o n

    A~

    u

    D e f i n e a c o n t i n u o u s m a p p i n g V w h i c h m a p s XN in t o a l in e a r s u b se t f f o f Xa n d a c o n t i n u o u s m a p p i n g A ~ Y ~ Y N , w i t h A ~ T h e n d e f in e t h e d e f e c t 6 o fa n e l e m e n t ~ E X N b y

    ,5 := A~ F V ~ =:4) ~ r (4.2)( In a s t a n d a r d a p p l i c a ti o n , V c o u l d g e n e r a t e a p o l y n o m i a l V ~ e X i n t e r p o l a t i n gt h e v a l u e s o f ~ a t t h e g r i d p o i n t s ; t h e d e f e c t d = F V ~ e Y c a n th e n b e f o r m e d a n dp r o j e c t e d i n t o a f u n c t i o n o n t h e g r i d . )F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f I D e C , t h e o n l y es s e nt ia l f e a t u re is t h a t w e h a v e ac o n t i n u o u s , b i j e c t i v e m a p p i n g ~ N : X ~ - - , YN ( p o s s i b ly a f t e r s o m e r e s t r i c t i o n o fX N or Y~) w hic h def ines defects . T h e n w e m a y p r o c e e d c o m p l e t e l y w i t h in t h ef i n i t e - d i m e n s i o n a l s e t t i n g o f X N a n d YN- I n f a ct , if w e p r o p o s e t h a t w e a r el o o k i n g f o r t h e u n i q u e ~ * e X N w h i c h s ol ve s

    ON r = 0 e E ~ (4 .3 )w e h a v e r e t u r n e d t o t h e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n o f S e c t i o n 2 , w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l p r o b l e m(4 .3 ) in p l a c e o f (2 .1 ), an d/~ N i n p l a c e o f G . T h u s b o t h v e r s i o n s o f I D e C m a y b eu s e d : V e r s i o n A i s

    ~ i + 1 : = ~ i - - ( ~ - - ~ 0 ) ' (4.4)w i t h

    ~ , : = ~ 6 i = ~ 4 ~N ~ , , ( 4 . 5 )

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    432 H.J. Stetterstarting from ~o: = ~ 0 , while Version B becomes (cf. also (2.10))

    2 i + 1 : = 2 i - - 6 i = 2 i - - O N ~ i = [ ~ N - - O N ] ~ i ' ( 4 . 6 )( 4 . 7 )

    starting from 2o=0, ~0=fN 0. (The operation q3N--ON required for the updatingof 21 may often be simpler than either SN or ON; see Example and Section 6.)Convergence to the solution r of (4.3) or the solution 2* of~2=~* (4.8)

    depends on the contractive power of ( I - ~ ON): XN ~ XN or ( I - ON/~N): Y~ ~ YNresp. Again, if ~ is linear both versions coincide.One important distinction between versions A and B may remain in thediscretization context: Consider a discretization of Fx =d, de Y,, which requiresvalues of the function d between gridpoints (the classical Runge-Kutta method,e.g.). Here, the mapping A~ can no longer be explicitly evaluated nor can ON bedefined by (4.2).In version A of the IDeC algorithm we may simply bypass the domain YNand define ~ by a mapping/~ from Y to X N directly:

    8:=~d,=~rv~, . (4.9)Version B, however, which constructs 2~ in YN needs an evaluation of A~ or of9 N9We have yet to consider the relation between the limit ~* of our IDeC andthe true solution x* of the original problem (2.1). Generally, Ax*= ~* will not betrue (at least not for a simple-minded projection A: X ~ XN). To understand therelation between r and Ax*, we interpret (4.3)-which has been our repre-sentation of the original problem (2.1) in the finite-dimensional context-asanother, more sophisticated discretization of (2.1). Then ~* -A x* is the (global)discretization error of this new discretization for our particular value of N. Notethat r is determined exclusively by the relation between ON and F:

    ~* - A x * = ( O ~ 1 A ~ A ) x * , ( 4 . 1 0 )without any reference to the IDeC.

    Thus we have the same situation as in Section 3: The error ~-Ax* iscomposed of two independent parts:a) the truncation error ~ - r of the iteration,b) the discretization error 4* -Ax * of the defect defining discretization (4.3).SinceI LIr -Ax*LI- I[~,-~*111~ II~i -Ax*ll ~ ll~* -Ax*ll + I1~,- ~*11, (4.11)

    some knowledge about r is necessary for a considerate termination ofthe iteration.

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    T h e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n P r i n c ip l e a n d D i s c r e t i z a t i o n M e t h o d s 4 3 3

    Example. C o n s i d e r t h e s t a n d a r d d i s c r e t i z a t i o n o f t h e B V P (2 .1 3)a) ~-~[~( t ,_ l ) -2~( t , )+~( t ,+O]-er n=l(1)N-1,b ) ~(to)=~(tu)=O, (4.12)

    a n d t a k e ( f o r s i m p l i c i t y ) N = 4 , h = 89 ( fixed ) so t ha t ~ : 11 34 :={ -1 , - 890 , 8 9 L e t V d e fi n e t h e i n t e rp o l a t i n g p o l y n o m i a l s / / 4 a n d l et A ~ r e s tr ic tt he fun c t i on pa r t o f an e l em en t y ~ E ~ t o { -3,1 0,3}.xT h e n A ~ is t h e o p e r a t o r o f (3 . 7 ) a n d t h e d e f e c t d e f in i n g f u n c t i o n ~ 4= A ~ X 4 - ~ Y 4 c a n e a s i l y b e f o u n d . I n o u r s i m p l e s i t u a t i o n , w i t h ~ ( - 8 9~ ( + 8 9 a n d ~ ( + 1 ) = 0 , w e o b t a i n f o r t h e se c o n d d e r iv a t iv e o f t h e in t e r p o l a t i n gp o l y n o m i a l V ~

    (V ~)"(0) = - 10 ~ (0 )+ -~-3z~(~.)1(V ~)"(89 = 2 ~ ( 0 ) - ~ - ~~ ) 1 6

    a n d. f - - 1 0 ~ ( 0 ) 32 1 er~ - ~ ( ~ ) - a t t = O ,u ' 4 ~ = ~ 2 ~ ( 0 ) - ~ 6 r 1 8 9 ~(~) a t t= +-3. (4.13)

    I n t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r ~ 4 - ~ 4 o c c u r r i n g in v e r s io n B o f I D e C (c f. ( 4 .6 ) ) t h eexp on en t i a l s i n (4 .12) and (4 .13 ) cance l . In ve r s io n A w hich d i f fe r s f rom vers ionB s ince (4 . 12 ) i s non- l i nea r , a s imi l a r economy does no t occu r .O u r " d e f e c t " w i ll v a n i s h p r e c i se l y w h e n 17~ is t h e c o l l o c a t i o n s o l u t i o n o f t h eE x a m p l e i n S e c t i o n 3 ; t h u s o u r p r e s e n t l i m i t r i s t h e r e s t r ic t i o n t o ~34 o f t h a tp o l y n o m i a l a n d t h e " d i s c r e t i z a t i o n e r r o r " ~ * - A x * is the e r ro r o f t he co l -l o c a t i o n o n ~ 4 .

    5 . U p d a t i n g t h e D e f e c t F u n c t i o nW i t h o u r r e i n t e r p r e t a ti o n o f (4 .3 ), I D e C h a s a c q u i r e d a n e w a s p e c t: I t h a s n o wb e c o m e a n i t e ra t i v e t e c h n i q u e f o r th e s o l u t i o n o f t h e m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d d i s c re t ep r o b l e m ( 4.3 ) w h i c h p r e s u m a b l y c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n s o lv e d d i re c tl y .F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s u g g e s t s a p o s s i b i l i t y f o r e x t e n s i o n : S i n c e i ti s o f dub iou s v a lue t o ap p ro ach t he s o lu t i on ~* o f (4.3 ) t oo c lose ly ( see (4 .11 )) , wem a y r a t h e r w i s h t o t a k e o n l y a f e w s t e p s ( o r o n l y one) t owards so lv ing (4 . 3 ) andt h e n s e t u p a new d i s c r e te p r o b l e m ( 4. 3) w i t h a n i m p r o v e d f u n c t i o n ~ N . W e c a nn o w e m b a r k o n a n e w I D e C , s t a r t i n g w i t h o u r l a t e s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n t o t h e o l d~ *. T h i s u p d a t i n g p r o c e d u r e m a y b e r e p e a t e d a n d b e c o m e p a r t o f a n o v e r a l li t e r a ti v e s c h e m e .I f w e a g r e e t o u p d a t e ~ N , w h i c h is o u r m e a n s f o r c o m p u t i n g t h e d e f ec t o f a na p p r o x i m a t i o n 4, a f t e r e a c h i t e ra t io n , w e m u s t h a v e a s e q u e n c e o f f u n c t io n s ~ :X N ~ Y u, i = 1 , 2 , . . . . I te r a ti v e U p d a t i n g D e f e ct C o r r e c t io n ( I U D e C ) n o w t a k e st h e f o r m

    ~ i + 1 : - -,,~ - i - - ( ~ ~ , / + 1 ~ i - - ~ 0 ) (Ve rs ion A) (5.1)

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    434 H .J . S te t teror (cf . (4.6))

    ~ i + l : _ ~ . ~ i _ _ ~ i N + l f fN ~ i _ _ ~ i + 1 ][ q ~ u - ~ N 4 i ( V e r s i o n B ) . (5 .2 )B o t h (5 .1 ) a n d (5 .2 ) a r e s t a r te d w i th i = 0 a n d 4 o = ~ 0 w h i c h i s t h e re s u lt o f o u ro r ig i n a l d i s cr e te p r o b l e m (4 .1 ). N o t e t h a t o n l y p r o b l e m s o f t h e t y p e ~ N 4 = 6 a r es o l v e d t h r o u g h o u t s o t h a t n o s o l u t i o n o p e r a t o r o t h e r th an /~ N a p p e a rs .

    W e h a v e n o w t o d i s ti n g u is h t h e s o l u t i o n s 4 * e X N o f t h e v a r io u s p r o b l e m sq ) ~ 4 = 0 . (5 .3 )I n s t e p ( 5 . 1 ) , w e h a v e ( c f . S e c t i o n 2 )ll41+ 1 - 4" 111 __

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    The Defect Correction Principle and Discretization M ethods 435A t f i rs t, o n e m a y b e l ie v e t h a t I U D e C p e r m i t s a (t h e o r e ti c a ll y ) a r b i t r a r i l yc l o s e a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f A x * , w i t h th e ai d o f t h e s o l u t io n o p e r a t o r ~ . H o w e v e r ,

    w e r e m a i n i n t h e s a m e s p a c e s X N a n d YN (i.e . o n t h e s a m e g r i d ~ 3 N) t h r o u g h o u t ;h e n c e t h e r e m u s t b e a l im i t t o t h e a c c u r a c y a c h i e v a b l e w i t h o u t k n o w l e d g e o f x * .E .g ., i f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e q ~ i n v o lv e s p o l y n o m i a l i n t e r p o l a t io n , w e c a n n o t g ob e y o n d a c e r t a i n d e g r e e o n a g r i d w i t h N + 1 g r i d p o i n t s .

    T h u s t h e r e i s a d i s c r e t e p r o b l e m9 ~ = 0 (5 .8 )

    b e y o n d w h i c h w e c a n n o t o r d o n o t w i sh t o g o . T h e n ~ * t a k e s t h e p la c e o f 4 " i nS e c t i o n 4 , a n d w e m a y i n t e r p r e t I U D e C a s a n i t e r a ti v e t e c h n i q u e f o r c o m p u t i n g4 *. N o w t h e e r r o r ] ] 4 * - A x * H o f (5 .8 ) r e m a i n s u n a f f e c t e d b y a ll o u r m a n i p u -l a t i o n s a n d e s t a b l i s h e s t h e b a c k g r o u n d a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e p r o g r e s s i n t h ei t e ra t i o n s h a s t o b e j u d g e d .

    O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w e m a y a l s o i d e n t i f y (5 .8 ) w i t h ( 4 .3 ); t h e n w e f in d t h a t w ea r e a b l e t o u s e simpler de f e c t de f in ing f unc t ions cb~ in e a r ly s t a ge s o f t hei t e r a t i o n s o f S e c t i o n 4 a n d p o s s i b l y s a v e c o m p u t a t i o n a l e f fo r t. T h e e f f i c ie n c y o ft h i s a p p r o a c h w i ll d e p e n d o n t h e b a l a n c i n g o f t h e t e r m s i n (5 .7 ).

    6. W ays o f Choosing the Defec t Defining FunctionsF o r a g i v e n p r o b l e m (2 .1 ) a n d a g i v e n b a s i c d i s c r e t i z a t i o n (4 .1 ) w i t h s o l u t i o no p e r a t o r ~ , t h e v a r io u s I D e C o r I U D e C a l g o ri t h m s a r e d e fi n ed s o le ly b y t h e ira s s o c i a t e d d e f e c t d e f i n i n g f u n c t i o n s 4 ~N o r ~ . . . . . c b~ . Le t u s c on s ide r a f e ws t a n d a r d w a y s o f c h o o s i n g 4~N w he n (2 .1 ) is a sy s t e m o f o r d ina r y d i f f e r e n t i a le q u a t i o n s o n a fi x ed in t e r v a l [ 0, T ] , w i t h e i t h e r in i ti al o r b o u n d a r y c o n d i t i o n s .

    I . Globa l In terpo la t ionH e r e w e u s e t h e a p p r o a c h ( 4 . 2 ) a n d d e f i n e a c o n t i n u o u s a n d p i e c e w i s e d i f f e r e n t i -a b l e c o u n t e r p a r t V 4 s X t o o u r a p p r o x i m a t i o n ~ e X N ; f o r V~ w e m a y f o r m t h ed e f e c t b y s u b s t i t u t i o n i n t o t h e d i ff e re n t ia l e q u a t i o n a n d i n t o t h e b o u n d a r yc o n d i t i o n s i f t h e y a r e n o t a u t o m a t i c a l l y s a ti sf ie d . P o l y n o m i a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n( w h i c h w a s o r ig i n a l ly s u g g es t ed b y Z a d u n a i s k y ) i s a n a t u r a l a n d c o m p u -t a t i o n a l l y s i m p l e w a y ; h o w e v e r , o n e n e e d n o t u s e o n e p o l y n o m i a l o v e r t h ew h o l e i n t e r v a l [ 0 , T ] . I n s t e a d o n e m a y d e f i n e s u b i n t e r v a l s [ t m - ~ , t, ~ ], w i t h as u i t a b l e n u m b e r o f g r i d p o i n t s i n ea c h , a n d i n t e r p o l a t e o n e a c h s u b i n t e r v a l w i t ha p o l y n o m i a l o f a n a p p r o p r i a t e d e g re e .O f c o u r se , c o n t i n u i t y h a s t o b e e n f o rc e d . C o n t i n u i t y o f fi rs t d e r i v a t iv e sa c r o s s tr, is n o t n e c e s s a r y i n f i rs t o r d e r s y s t e m s i f t h e p i e c e w i s e c o n t i n u i t y o f t h ed e f e c t i s t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n t h e n u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n p r o c e d u r e f s . I n h i g h e ro r d e r d i f fe r e n ti a l e q u a t i o n s , o n e m u s t e i t h e r h a v e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t i n u i t y o fd e r i v a t i v e s , o r o n e m a y a p p l y a t e c h n i q u e d e v i s e d b y F r a n k [ 7 ] : H e e x t e n d s t h ed e f i n i t io n o f t h e o r i g i n a l p r o b l e m (2 .1 ) b y p e r m i t t i n g s o l u t i o n s w i t h j u m p s i n

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    436 H.J. Stetterd e r i v a t i v e s a t th e f i x e d p o i n t s ~ . T o r e t a i n u n i q u e n e s s , h e s p e ci fi e s t h e j u m ps i z e s ( t o b e z e r o ) i n a d d i t i o n a l " b o u n d a r y " c o n d i t i o n s . T h u s , n o n - z e r o j u m p sc o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d e f e c t a n d i n f lu e n c e th e e v a l u a t i o n o f ~ . F o r d e ta il s, se e F r a n k[73.I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a n I U D e C a l g o r it h m , t h e d e g re e s o f t h e p ie c e w is ep o l y n o m i a l s (a n d t h e l e n g t h s o f th e s u b i n t e rv a l s) m a y b e i n c r ea s e d a s t h ei t e r a t i o n p r o c e e d s .O t h e r i n t e r p o l a t i o n f u n c t i o n s m a y b e u s e d w h e r e i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e a n dc o m p u t a t i o n a l l y f ea si ble .In t he case o f g lob a l i n t e rp o l a t i o n , t h e so lu t i on ~* o f (4 .3 ) o r ~* o f (5 . 3 ) isc h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t i t s i n t e r p o l a t i o n 1 7 ~ ) g e n e r a t e s a d e f e c t i n t h ed i f fe r e n ti a l e q u a t i o n s ( a n d p o s s ib l y in t h e b o u n d a r y c o n d i t io n s ) w h i c h v a n i s h e su n d e r t h e p r o j e c t i o n A o. N o r m a l l y t h i s w il l m e a n t h a t t h e d e f e c t v a n i s h e s a t t h eg r i d p o i n t s o f ~ N . I n t h i s c a s e, t h e d i s c r e te p r o b l e m s ( 4 .3 ) o r ( 5 .3 ) a r e c l a ss i ca lc o l l o c a t i o n p r o b l e m s a n d I D e C i s a c o m p u t a t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e a p p r o x i -m a t e s o l u t i o n o f a c o l l o c a t io n m e t h o d f o r th e g i v e n O D E - p r o b l e m (c f. t h eE x a m p l e s i n S e c t i o n s 3 a n d 4 ) . T h i s c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n I D e C a n d c o l l o c a t i o nw a s fi rs t d i s p l a y e d b y F r a n k a n d U e b e r h u b e r [ 1 1 ] ; i t h a s p l a y e d a p r o m i n e n tr o le i n t h e u s e o f I D e C f o r i n it ia l v a l u e p r o b l e m s w i t h s t if f O D E s (se e F r a n k a n dU e b e r h u b e r [ 9 ] ) .

    I I . L o c a l I n t e r p o l a t i o nT o c o m p u t e t h e v a l u e o f t h e d e fe c t 6 a t tn~N, we m a y c o n s i d e r v a l u e s ~ ( t , , ) ,# = 0 ( 1 ) m , w i t h n u r a n g i n g o v e r a n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f n , i n t e r p o l a t e t h e r b y ap o l y n o m i a l P , ( t ) o f d e g r e e m a n d f o r m t h e d e f e c t o f P , in t h e d i f f e r e n ti a le q u a t i o n a t t , . T h is m a y b e d o n e fo r e a c h t , ~ N, w i t h - i f n e c e s s a r y - s p e c i a lp r o v i s io n s f o r p o i n t s n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y o f [0 , T J .I n t h is a p p r o a c h a d if f e re n t p o l y n o m i a l P , is g e n e r a l ly u s ed f o r e a c h t , ~ N ,t h e r e f o r e w e h a v e n o e l e m e n t V ~ X t o be used i n (4 . 2 ) . Bu t we can s t i l l de f i net h e d e f e c t b y m e a n s o f t h e o r i g i n a l p r o b l e m , b e c a u s e w i t h O D E s t h e e v a l u a t i o no f [ F x ] ( t ) r e q u ir e s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t x o n l y a t t . I f t h e f u n c t i o n F o f t h eTo r i g i n a l p r o b l e m ( 2 . 1 ) c o n t a i n s a g l o b a l o p e r a t i o n ( e ,g ~~ k ( t ,~ 7 ) x ( ~ ) d ' ~ t h e n th el o c a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n a p p r o a c h is n o t f e a si b le . \ o /I t m a y b e d e s i r a b l e t o h a v e t h e n u s i t u a t e d s y m m e t r i c a l l y w . r. t, n e v e n n e a rt h e b o u n d a r y . T h i s c a n o f t e n b e a c h i e v e d b y a n e x t e n s i o n o f ~ t o a r g u m e n t so u t s i d e [ 0 , T ] a s s u g g e s t e d b y F o x [ 1 3 ] .

    I l L F i n i t e D i f fe r e n c esI n m a n y s i t u a t i o n s i t is p o s s i b l e t o f o r m u l a t e v e r y a c c u r a t e d i s c r e te a n a l o g a ( 4.3 )o f (2 .1 ); b u t t h e i r d i r e c t s o l u t i o n w o u l d r e q u i re a n e n o r m o u s c o m p u t a t i o n a le f fo r t, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r n o n l i n e a r O D E s . W e c a n n o w u s e t h es e a c c u r a t e f in i ted i f f e re n c e a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o d e f i n e th e d e f e c t o f i t e r a t e s in I D e C . O f t e n , t h e r e i sa l so a n a t u r a l s e q u e n c e o f m o r e a n d m o r e a c c u r a t e d i s c r e t iz a t i o n s (5 .3 ) w h i c h

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    The Defect Correction Principle and Discretization Methods 437c a n b e u s e d i n a n I U D e C a l g o r i t h m . N o t e t h a t q 3N a n d q ~ i n (5 .2 ) m a y d i f f ero n l y b y a c o m b i n a t i o n o f h i g h e r o r d e r d i f f er e n ce s ; h e n c e t h e t e r m " d i f f e r e n c ec o r r e c t i o n " i n t r o d u c e d b y F o x i s v e r y s u gg e st iv e .

    A c t u a l l y , F o x [ 1 3 ] s u g g e st e d a n d d i sc u s se d t h is v e r s i o n o f I U D e C a s e a r l ya s 1 9 5 7 i n i t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o t w o - p o i n t b o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b l e m s . H i s u s e o fc e n t r a l d i f fe r e n ce c o r r e c t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e l o c a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n a p p r o a c h( se e II . a b o v e ) w h i l e f u r t h e r r e f i n e m e n t s b y P e r e y r a (e .g . [1 8 ] ) a r e m o r e i n t h es p i ri t o f t h e g l o b a l i n t e r p o l a t i o n a p p r o a c h , t h o u g h f o r m u l a t e d i n te r m s o fd i ff e re n c e s t h r o u g h o u t . I t is c l e ar t h a t d i ff e re n c e c o r r e c t i o n a n d p o l y n o m i a li n t e r p o l a t i o n a r e v e r y si m i l a r a n d m a y a c t u a ll y l ea d t o i d e n t ic a l e x p r e s si o n s f o rt h e d e f e c t i n s o m e c a s e s .T h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e i n t e r p o l a t i o n a p p r o a c h is it s e a se o f a p p l i c a t i o n e v e n i nc o m p l i c a t e d s it u a ti o n s . L i n d b e r g [ 1 6 ] w h o h as d e s c ri b e d t h e I U D e C p r i n c i p l ei n r e m a r k a b l e g e n e r a l i t y i s q u i t e l i m i t e d i n h i s a p p l i c a t i o n s b y c o n s i d e r i n g d e f e c td e f i n i n g f u n c t i o n s o n l y i n t h e f o r m o f f in i te d i ff e r e n c e o p e r a t o r s . S e e a l so F r a n k ,H e r t l i n g , U e b e r h u b e r [ 1 2 ] f o r a d i sc u s s i o n o f t h i s as p e c t .

    7 . O r d e r ConsiderationsI n t h e a n a l y s i s o f d i s c r e t i z a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , o n e c o n s i d e r s t h e r a t e a t w h i c hc e r t a i n q u a n t i t i e s t e n d t o z e r o if t h e g r i d s r b e c o m e a r b i t r a r i l y fi n e (cf.b e g i n n i n g o f S e c t io n 4 ). O r d i n a r i ly , t h e r e f in e m e n t o f ~ N is c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y am e s h w i d t h p a r a m e t e r h N a n d t h e r a t e o f d e c r e a se is e x p r es s e d i n t e r m s o f p o w e r sof h N.I f w e a p p l y t h i s a n a l y s i s i n re l a t i o n t o I D e C , w e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h ef o l lo w i n g s i tu a t i o n : W e h a v e a fu l ly d e f in e d ID e C - ( o r I U D e C - ) a l g o r i t h m o n ag i v e n g r i d ~ N , w i t h m a p p i n g s /~N a n d ~ u o r ~ b~ b e t w e e n d o m a i n s X u a n d Yua s s o ci a te d w i t h ~ u - W e n o w c o n s i d e r ~ u a n d t h e s e m a p p i n g s a s el e m e n t s o fin f in i t e s e que nc e s { ~N} , { ~ } , {~b~} o f suc h q ua n t i t i e s w he r e the r e f ine m e n t hu o f~ u t e n d s t o z e r o a s N ~ . E a c h q u a n t i t y w h i c h a ri se s i n t h e c o u r s e o f o u rI D e C - a l g o r i t h m h a s n o w b e c o m e a f u n c t i o n o f N , a n d q u a n t i t ie s o r d i f fe r e n c eso f q u a n t i t i e s t h a t t e n d t o z e r o a s N ~ ~ m a y b e r e l a te d t o p o w e r s o f h N. O n l yt h e q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l p r o b l e m (2 .1 ) r e m a i n i n v a r i a n t i n t h is l i m i t p r o c e s s .

    I n o u r p r e v i o u s a n a l y si s w e h a v e n o t d e n o t e d t h e r e f e re n c e t o N w i t h m a n yq u a n t i t i e s a n d w e w il l r e t a i n th i s n o t a t i o n . B u t i t s h o u l d b e k e p t i n m i n d t h a t a na s s e r t i o n l ik e I [~ i -~ * J l = O ( h~i+ 1 )r) is m e a n i n g l e s s f o r o n e I D e C - a l g o r i t h m o n af ix e d g r i d ; i t is o n l y a n a s s e rt i o n a b o u t t h e l im i t b e h a v i o r o f t h e s e q u e n c e o fv a l u e s 1 1 ~ - 4 " II a r is i n g f r o m t h e s e q u e n c e o f I D e C - a l g o r i t h m s d e f i n e d a b o v e .A l s o e 1 = O ( h p ') a n d e2=O(hP~), w i t h Pl >P z, i m p l i e s o n l y t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a ns u c h t h a t l e ll < le 2 1 h o l d s f o r a l l h u E ( 0, h ); b u t h m a y b e f a r t o o s m a l l t o b em e a n i n g f u l i n a n y c o m p u t a t i o n . T h u s , r e s u lt s o f a n o r d e r a n a ly s i s s h o u l d b eu s e d o n l y a s g u i d e - l in e s r e g a r d i n g t h e r e l a t i v e si ze s o f q u a n t i t i e s . F i n a l l y ,r e m e m b e r t h a t i n a s t a t e m e n t l ik e I I ~ - A x * l ] = O ( h ~) t h e c h o i c e o f t h e n o r m isn o t i r r e le v a n t a n d t h a t d i f fe r e n t n o r m s m a y l e a d t o d i f fe r e n t v a l u e s o f r. F o r t h ee l e m e n t s o f t h e s e q u e n c e { ~ - -A x * } u ~ N c o m e f r o m d i ff e re n t s p a ce s E u , w i t hdi m E u - -. oo as N---, oo. (Cf. e .g. S ec tio n 2.2 o f St e t te r [5] . )

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    438 H.J. Stetter

    T h e e s s e n t i a l d if f ic u l ty a ri s in g i n a n o r d e r a n a l y s i s o f I D e C - a l g o r i t h m s i s t h ef o ll o w i n g : S i n c e SN a n d ~ N a r e b o t h a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o t h e s a m e d i ff er e nt ia le q u a t i o n , t h e i r d i f fe r e n c e w i l l n o r m a l l y a m o u n t t o a h i g h o r d e r d i ff e r en c eo p e r a t i o n ( o r a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n p r o c e s s a f t e r i n t e r p o l a t i o n ) ; c o n s i d e r , e.g ., t h eo r i g i n a l d i f fe r e n c e c o r r e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e o f F o x [ 1 3 ] . I n a n a i v e a n a ly s i s, th em a x i m u m n o r m o f a n r - t h o r d e r d i f fe r en c e q u o t i e n t o f s o m e 4i i n a n I D e C -a l g o r i t h m w o u l d i n c r e as e li k e h - ' ; b u t a c tu a l l y it r e m a i n s b o u n d e d i f t h eo r i g in a l p r o b l e m i s s u f fi c ie n t ly s m o o t h a n d t h e a l g o r i t h m h a s b e e n s e t u pc o r r e c t l y . T o e s t a b l i s h t h i s f a c t o n e h a s t o a s c e r t a i n t h a t 41 p o s s e s s e s a na s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n i n p o w e r s o f h , w i t h c o e f fi c ie n t s w h i c h a r e p r o j e c t i o n s i n toX ~ o f s m o o t h f u n c t i o n s 0-~j n X i n d e p e n d e n t o f h :

    Ji4 , = A x * + ~ h J A ~ ,.j + fi ~ (h ) , w i t h f i i~XN, t l f i i l l=O(hS'+l) . (7.1)T h e e x i st e n c e o f s u c h e x p a n s i o n s f o r t h e s o l u t i o n s o f m a n y c la s se s o fs t a n d a r d d i s c r e t i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m s c a n b e d e r i v e d f r o m g e n e r a l t h e o r e m s (e .g . i n

    S t e t t e r [ 5 ] ). I f t h e d i s c r e t e p r o b l e m s (4 .1 ) a n d (4 .3 ) r e s p . (5 .3 ) b e l o n g t o t h e s ec l a ss e s t h e n a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n s o f t y p e (7 .1 ) e x i st fo r th e s t a r t i n g e l e m e n t 4 oo f t h e I D e C a l g o r i t h m a n d f o r t h e l im i t e l e m e n t ( s ) 4 " re s p . 4* . B y s u b t r a c t i o n ,w e a rr iv e a t a n a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n o f t h e f o r m

    do

    4 0 = 4 * + ~ h J A e o j + P o ( h ) , IlPolt =O( hS~ (7.2)J=Ow h e r e w e h a v e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e d i s c r e t i z a t io n s (4 .1 ) a n d (4 .3 ) a r e o f o r d e r s / ~a n d p r e s p . , w i t h p > i 6 .T h i s o r d e r a s s u m p t i o n a l s o i m p l i e s (c f. e .g . S t e t t e r [ 5 ] , S e c t i o n l . l . 2 ) t h a t

    II(~N A - A ~ ell = O(h ~) (7.3)[I(~N A - A ~ e I [ = O ( h p)

    f o r a n y s u f f i c i e n t l y s m o o t h e e X . S o m e a n a l y s i s w il l n o r m a l l y r e v e a l th ee x i s t e n c e o f m a p p i n g s D N : X ~ Y s u c h t h a t( ~ N - q )N ) A e = h ~ A ~ N e (7 .4 )

    w h e r e D N m a y b e e x p a n d e dD N = D ~ + h D 1 + h z D 2 + . . . + h S D ~ (7.5)

    w i t h D r, j = O ( 1 ) J - l , i n d e p e n d e n t o f h a n d [ID ~ [I = O ( 1 ) . ( C o n s i d e r , e .g . t h ee x p a n s i o n o f a / ~ - th o r d e r d i f fe r e n c e in t e r m s o f d e r i v a ti v e s .)L e t u s n o w c o n s i d e r th e g e n e r a t i o n o f r N i n V e r s i o n B o f I D e C , s t ar ti n gw i t h t h e e x p a n s i o n ( 7 . 2 ) . W e w i l l a s s u m e t h a t a l l o p e r a t i o n s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l yF r e c h e t - d i f f e r e n t ia b l e . (4 .6 ) b e c o m e s

    Jo2 1 = [ ~ N - - ~ N ] 4 0 = [~ 3 N-- q )N ] 4 " + [ ~ N - - ( b N ] ' ( 4 *) ~ h J A e o j + " "+ [ ~ u - - ~ N ] ' (4 * ) Po(h) + " " ; (7 .6 )

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    T h e D e f e c t C o r r e c t io n P r in c i pl e a n d D i s c r e t iz a t i o n M e t h o d s 4 3 9

    t h e F r e c h e t - T a y l o r e x p a n s i o n i s t e r m i n a t e d a t a n a p p r o p r i a t e o r d e r b y are m ain de r t e rm . S ub s t i t u t i on o f (7.4 )/(7.5 ) i n to (7 .6 ) an d co l l ec t i on o f t e rm s b yp o w e r s o f h y ie l d s a n a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n f o r 2 t w h o s e c o e f f ic i e n ts w e d e n o t eb y A ~By (4 .3 ) an d (4.8 ), [ ~ N - ~N] 4" = 2* and , b y (7 .4 ), t he l owe s t exp on en t o f h i nt h e e x p a n s i o n i s n o w 2 / ~ ITh us (7 .6 ) l eads t o

    J12 1 = 2 " + ~ h J A ~ I l a x [ l = O ( h J ' + l ) . (7.7)j = 2 #W e h a v e i n a n y c a s e t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e d i s c r e t i z a t i o n ( 4 .1 ) is s t a b le , w h i c h

    implies I1~(,~)11=O (1) fo r a l l 2~ G su f f i c i en t ly c l o se t o 0 ( c f . e .g . S t e t t e r [5 ] ,Se ct ion 1 .1 .4). Th ere fore w e o bta in f ro m (7 .7), w i th (4 .7) an d (4 .8) ,g l

    4 1 = 4 " + G ( 2 . ) ~ h J A ~ + ' ' ' . ( 7 . 8 )j = 2 / ~(7.8) suffices to establ ish IIr 1 - ~* II = O (h 2~) ; bu t t o ob t a in

    J1C t = ~ * + ~ hJAelj+pt(h), Hp~[l=O(hJl+l) , (7.9)j = 2 / ~w e h a v e t o i n t e r p r e t t h e e l e m e n t s eu=P~(,,I*)A~ a s p r o j e c t i o n s o f e l e -m e n t s w h i c h a r i s e a s s o l u t io n s o f v a r i a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h ( 2.1 ).

    A c o n s i d e r a b le a m o u n t o f t e c h n ic a l r e a so n i n g m a y b e n e c e s s a ry t o g e t f ro m(7.6 ) to (7 .7 ) and f rom (7 , 8 ) t o (7 . 9 ) fo r a pa r t i cu l a r p ro b l e m an d pa r t i cu l a rd i s c re t i za t i ons (4 .1 ) an d (4.3 ). I f t hese t r an s i t i ons a re pos s ib l e i n t he f o rm s t a t e da b o v e , w e m a y c o n t i n u e t h e p r o c e s s ( c o m p a r e ( 7 .9 ) w i t h (7 .2 )) a n d a r r i v e a t t h ef o l l o w i n g o r d e r a s s e r t io n s :L e t /~ a n d p b e t h e o r d e r o f ( 4.1 ) a n d ( 4 .3 ) r e sp . T h e n i n V e r s i o n B o f a nI D e C - a l g o r i t h m b a s e d u p o n ( 4 .1 ) a n d (4 .3 )

    114,-4"t l = O(h(i+ ~ ) , i = 1(1 )I , (7 .10)w h e r e I d e p e n d s o n t h e o r d e r J 0 o f t h e r e m a i n d e r t e r m i n ( 7. 2) a n d o n t h ed e c r e a se i n t h e o r d e r o f th e r e m a i n d e r t e r m e n c o u n t e r e d i n e a c h i t e ra t io n .F ur the rmore ( c f . (4 . 11 ) )

    i i ~ i - A x * l l = O ( h m i n ( c i + l I P ' P ~ ) , i = 1 ( 1 ) I . ( 7 .1 1 )B y a s i m i l a r l i n e o f a r g u m e n t s , o n e a r r iv e s a t t h e s a m e a s s e r t i o n s f o r t h e ~ ia r is i n g i n V e r s i o n A o f a n I D e C - a l g o r i t h m ( c o m p a r e F r a n k [ 7 ] , F r a n k a n dU e b e r h u b e r [ 8 ] ) .I n a n I U D e C - a l g o r i t h m , w e a s s u m e t h a t ( 5 .3 ) is o f o r d e r p~ a n d t h a t e a c h 4 "p o s s es s e s a n a s y m p t o t i c e x p a n s i o n o f ty p e ( 7.1 ); t h is l e a d s t o e x p a n s i o n s

    Y~ ' + 1 - - r * = 2 hJ.A~ij+~i(h) , i=1,2 . . . . ( 7 . 1 2 )

    j = rain(p,,p,. 1)

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    440 H.J. StetterR e p l a c e ~ * b y ~ * a n d 2 * b y 2 * in (7 .2 )-(7 .9 ). I f m i n ( p l , p 2 ) > 2 p , w e m a y u s e(7.12) to t u rn (7 .9 ) i n to a n exp an s ion

    J l~ 1 = ~ * + ~ , hJ.Ael j+px(h) , (7.13)j=2Ow i t h n e w c o e f f ic i e n ts e ,~ a n d a n e w r e m a i n d e r t e r m p ~ ; t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f(7 .1 3) a n d ( 7 .2 ) p e r m i t s a g a i n a r e c u r s i v e a r g u m e n t a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g a s s e r t io nh o l d s :Le t /~ an d p~, i = 1 , 2 . . . . be t he o rd e r s o f t he d i s c re t i za t i on s (4 . 1 ) an d (5.3 )r e s p . a n d a s s u m e t h a t min(pi, p~ T h e n i n a n I U D e C - a l g o r i t h mb a s e d u p o n ( 4 .1 ) a n d (5 .3 )

    I } ~ , - ~ * + ~ ll = O ( h (~ + ' ) ~ ) , i = 1 ( 1 ) I , ( 7 . 1 4 )wi th I de t e rmined s imi l a r l y as i n (7 . 10 ) . F u r the rmore (c f . (5 . 7 ) )

    I I ~ , - A x * l l =O(h( '+l )r i=l (1) I . (7.15)Th e resu l t (7 .15 ) ag rees w i th P e rey r a ' s a sy m pto t i c r e su l t s ( e .g . 1-19 ]) fo r h i s

    I te r a t e d D e f e r r e d C o r r e c ti o n A l g o r i t h m f o r tw o - p o i n t b o u n d a r y v a lu e p r o b le m s .(7 .1 5) h a s a l so b e e n d e r i v e d b y L i n d b e r g [ 1 6 ] u s i n g a r g u m e n t s a n d a s s u m p t i o n ss imi l a r t o ou rs .

    8 . S i m p l i f i c a t io n s f o r E r r o r E s t i m a t i o nF o r a n a p p r a i sa l o f t h e g lo b a l d i s cr e t iz a t io n e r ro r { o - A x * o f t h e a p p r o x i m a t en u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n 4 0 o f (2 .1 ), i t w o u l d o f t e n b e s u f f ic i e n t t o o b t a i n t h e c o r r e c to r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e a n d t h e s i g n o f t h e e r r o r . I n t h i s c as e , d e f e c t c o r r e c t i o ns h o u l d b e a p p l i e d i n a s " c h e a p " a f o r m a s p o s s i b l e a n d i t m a y a p p e a ri n e c o n o m i c t o s p e n d a n o t h e r a p p l i c a t io n o f ~ , e v e n if s o m e e f f o r t c a n b e s a v e di n t h e s e c o n d a p p l i c a t i o n , e . g . b y r e u s i n g J a c o b i a n s .

    I n s t e a d l et u s i n te r p r e t ~ o = ~ 0 a s a n intermediate i t e r a t e ~ i o f a n I D e C -i t e r a t i o n b a s e d o n a s i m p l e r d i s c r e ti z a t i o n

    ~N~ = 0 (8 .1 )o f ( 2.1 ) t h a n ( 4 .1 ) . W e m a y t h e n u s e t h e s i m p l e r s o l u t i o n o p e r a t o r /~N o f (8 .1 ) t oc o m p u t e ~ i + , a n d t o e s t i m a t e th e e r r o r o f ~ o = ~ i b y

    ~ o - a x * = ~ i - a x * ~ ; - ~ * ~ , - ~ i + 1 = ~ 0 - ~ + 1 . (8.2)O b v i o u s l y , th e v a l i d i t y o f ( 8 .2 ) r e s ts o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n { * o f(4.3) i s suff ic ien t ly c lose to Ax* a n d t h a t t h e I D e C - o p e r a t o r a s s o c i a te d w i t h (8 .1 )is s u f f ic i e n tl y c o n t r a c t i n g :

    t1 ~ o -a x * II _-__ if o -~ ,+ 111+ I t~* - Ax* II+ i l~i+ 1 - ~*[1.

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    The Defect Correction Principle and Discretization Methods

    "= . ~ " . ~ x * I ~ 0

    1 i

    Fig. 5. Error estimation by a different operator

    441

    S t i ll we ha ve t o be ca re fu l . In V ers ion A , w e no w h ave ( c f . (4.4 ))= G , = = ( 8 . 3 )

    w h e r e / ~ u 0 i s n o r m a l l y n o t a v a i la b l e . T h u s , i n p la c e o f o n e a p p l i c a t i o n o f ~ w ea r e f a c e d w i t h t w o a p p l i c a t i o n s o f/~ u.

    In V ers io n B, we hav e (cf . (4.6) )~,+ , : = ~ [ 4 N - q ~ N ]~ , = /~ N ~ N ~ o - ~ N ~ o ] . (8.4)

    A g a i n ~ s # o is n o t a v a i l a b l e ; b u t f o r a s u f fi c ie n t ly s i m p l e 4]u i t s e v a l u a t i o nsho u ld be ve ry ch eap . T hu s fo r a j ud i c iou s c ho i ce o f (8 .1 ) , (8.4 )/(8.2 ) sho u ldp r o v i d e a n e c o n o m i c a l w a y o f e s t im a t i n g t h e g l o b a l d i s c r e ti z a ti o n e r r o r o f #ow i t h m o d e r a t e a c c u r a c y ; s e e a l so F i g u r e 5.In i n i t i a l va lue p rob l ems , one may , e . g . , u se t he p l a in exp l i c i t Eu l e r me thodfo r (8 .1 ) ( excep t w hen dea l i ng wi th s t i ff p rob l ems) . T he va lues o f f ( t , , # o ( t , ) ) wi l ln o r m a l l y h a v e b e e n c o m p u t e d a n y w a y fo r t , e ~ u , s o t h e e v a l u a ti o n o f q3u Go ist r i v i a l . I f t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e d e f e c t 00= ~N~ o at t , _ , d o e s n o t r e q u i r ei n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t r,,, t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f ( 8.4 )/(8 .2 ) m a y e v e n b e d o n e " i n p a r a l l e l "w i t h t h e c o m p u t a t i o n o f #o so t h a t a n e s t im a t e o f ~ o ( t , ) - x * ( t , ) i s ava i l ab l et o g e t h e r w i t h G 0 ( t ,) . S u c h a p r o c e d u r e h a s b e e n s u c c e s sf u ll y i m p l e m e n t e d a n dt e s t e d b y t h e a u t h o r ( [ 2 0 ] ) .A n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y w h i c h m i g h t b e p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l i n b o u n d a r y v a l u ep r o b l e m s c o n s i s ts i n t h e u s e o f a 4~u w h i c h w o r k s o n a c o a r s e r g r i d t h a n ~ 3u( n a t u r a l ly a ' s u b g r i d o f ~ N )- T h u s t h e d i m e n s i o n o f th e s y s t e m o f s i m u l t a n e o u se q u a t i o n s c o u l d b e r e d u c e d , a t t h e e x p e n se o f o b t a i n i n g a n e r r o r e s t i m a t e o n l yo n t h e c o a r s e r g r id . T h e s i m i l a r it y w i t h R i c h a r d s o n E x t r a p o l a t i o n c o m e s t oo n e ' s m i n d ; a c t u a l l y t h e r e is o n l y a s m a l l s te p f r o m h e r e t o a p r o c e d u r e w h i c his a " V e r s i o n B " o f R i c h a r d s o n E x t r a p o l a t i o n a s w e w ill e x p l a in i n a s e p a r a t ep a p e r .I n S t e t t e r [ 4 ] , t h e s u g g e s t i o n h a d b e e n m a d e ( a l t h o u g h d i f f e r e n t ly p h r a s e d )t h a t~ N = b e s o m e d i s c r e t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f a l i n e a r i z a t i o n o f (2 .1 ), w h i c h w o u l dm a k e Fu o f the fo rm (cf . (2.12))

    " x=] .

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    442 H.J. StetterI n t h i s c a s e , ( 8 . 3 ) o r ( 8 . 4 ) m a y b e c o m b i n e d w i t h ( 8 . 2 ) i n t o

    ~o-Ax*,~'~i-~i+l = f~ ~N r (8 .5)H o w e v e r , th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f / ~ w i l l n o r m a l l y i n v o lv e J a c o b i a n s o f t h e o r i g in a lp r o b l e m a n d t h u s i t m a y b e e x p e n s i v e e v e n w i t h a p r i m i t i v e d i s c r e t i z a t i o n ( 8 . 1 ) .Example. C o n s i d e r t h e E x a m p l e i n S e c t io n 4 . F o r N = 4 , h = 8 9 th e v a l u e o f t h es o l u t i o n 4 o o f ( 4.1 2 ) a t t = 0 is - 0 . 3 6 3 4 2 8 ( to 6 d e c i m a l p l ac e s) , a n d f r o m ( 4 .1 3)w e o b t a i n (q ~4 ~ o )( 0) ~ - 0 . 0 1 0 5 2 3 .

    N o w c h o o s e (4 .1 2) w i th N = 2 , h = l , f o r $ 4 . T h e n ( ~ o ( + 1 ) = 0 ! )( ~ 4 ~ 0 ) ( 0 ) = - - 2 ~ o ( 0 ) - e r1 76 1 76 . 0 3 1 5 6 7 .

    T o f i n d ~ 1 ( 0 ) w e h a v e t h u s t o s o l v e ( c f . ( 8 . 4 ) ) :- 24 1 (0) - e ~ ' (o) = _ 0 .0 42 09 0

    w h i c h y ie ld s 4 1 ( 0 ) ~ - 0 . 3 6 7 3 3 4 a n d - 0 . 0 0 3 9 0 6 a s o u r es t i m a te f o r t h e e r ro r o fG o(0 ) b y ( 8.2 ). T h e t r u e e r r o r i s - 0 . 0 0 4 6 2 8 .

    9 . C o n c l u s i o n

    I n t hi s p a p e r w e h a v e t r i e d t o e x h i b i t t h e g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e o f D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o nw h i c h is a b a s i c p r i n c i p l e o f N u m e r i c a l A n a l y s i s . D i s c r e t i z a t i o n is a f o r m o fa p p r o x i m a t i o n w h i c h d o e s n o t r e l y o n l i n e a r i z a t i o n ; t h e r e f o r e i t is a n e x c e l le n tf ie ld f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n P r i n c i p l e w h i c h a l s o d o e s n o td e p e n d o n l in e a r iz a t io n . I t is h o p e d t h a t t h is e x p o s i t io n m a y h e l p t o u n d e r s t a n dt h e p r es e n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s o f D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n m o r e f u lly a n d t h a t i t m a ya ls o p o i n t t h e w a y t o w a r d s n e w a p p l i c a t i o n s .

    R e f e r e n c e s

    1. Zadunaisky, P.E.: A m ethod for the estimation o f errors propagated in the numerical solution o f asystem of ordinary d ifferential equations. In : Proc. Astron. Un ion, Sym posium No . 25. New York:Academic Press 19662. Zadun aisky, P.E.: On the accuracy in the num erical com putation of orbits. In : P eriodic orbits,stability and resonances (G.E.O . Giacaglia, ed.), pp. 216-22 7. Dordrecht: Reidel 19723. Zadun aisky, P.E.: On the estimation of errors propagated in the num erical integration ofordinary differential equations. Num er. M ath. 27, 21-39 (1976)4. Stetter, H.J.: Econo mical g lobal error estimation. In : S tiff differential systems (R.A. Willoughby,ed.), pp. 245-258. New York-London: Plenum Press 19745. Stetter, H.J.: A nalysis of discretization metho ds for ordinary differential equations. Berlin-Heidelberg-New Y ork: Springer 19736. Frank, R.: Schiitzungen des globalen Diskretisierungsfehlers bei Runge-K utta-Methoden, ISNMVol. 27, pp. 45-70. Basel-Stuttgart: Birkh~iuser 19757. Frank, tL: The m ethod of iterated defect-correction and its application to two-po int bound aryvalue problems. Part I : Numer. Math. 25, 409-419 (1976); Part II : Numer. Math. 27, 407420(1977)

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    T h e D e f e c t C o r r e c t i o n P r i n c i p le a n d D i s c r e t i z a ti o n M e t h o d s 4 4 38 . F r a n k , R . , U e b e r h u b e r , C . W . : I t e r a t e d d e f e c t c o r r e c t i o n f o r R u n g e - K u t t a m e t h o d s . R e p o r t N o .

    14 /75 , Ins t . f. Nu me r . M a t h . , Tech ni ca l U ni ve rs i t y o f Vi enna , 22 pp ., 19759 . F ra nk , R . , U ebe rhub e r , C .W. : I t e ra t ed d e fec t cor rec t i on for t he e f f ic i en t so l u t i on of s ti f f sys t emso f o r d i n a r y d i f f e re n t ia l e q u a t i o n s . N o r d i s k T i d s k r. I n f o r m a t i o n s b e h a n d l i n g ( B I T ) 1 7 , 1 4 6 - 1 5 9(1977)10 . F rank , R . , He r t l i ng , J . , Uebe rhube r , C .W. : I t e ra t ed de fec t cor rec t i on based on e s t i ma t e s o f t hel oca l d i sc re t i z a t i on e r ror . Repor t No. 18 / 76 , Ins t . f . Numer . M a t h . , Techni ca l Uni ve rs i t y o fV ienn a , 21 pp. , 1976

    11 . F rank , R . , Uebe rhube r , C .W. : Col l oca t i on and i t e ra t ed de fec t cor rec t i on . In : Numer i ca l t r e a t mentof d i f fe ren t i a l equ a t i ons (R . Bu l ir sch , R .D. Gr i gor i e ff , J . Schr6d e r , eds.) , pp . t 9 - 34 . Lec t ure no t e si n M a t h em a t i c s , Vol . 631 . Be r l i n -He i de l be rg-N ew Yo rk : Sp r i nge r 197812 . F rank , R . , He r t l i ng , J . , Uebe rhube r , C .W. : An ex t ens i on of t he appl i cab i l i t y o f i t e ra t ed de fe r redcor rec t i ons . R epo r t No . 23 /76 , Ins t . f. Nu m er . M a t h . , Tech ni ca l U ni ve rs i t y o f Vi en na , 20 pp ., 1976( t o a p p e a r i n M a t h . C o m p u t . ) .1 3 . F o x , L . : T h e n u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n o f t w o - p o i n t b o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b l e m s i n o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n t i a lequa t i ons . Oxford : Uni ve rs i t y Pre ss 19571 4. P e r e y r a, V . L .: O n i m p r o v i n g a n a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u t i o n o f a f u n c t i o n a l e q u a t i o n b y d e f e r r e dcor rec t i ons . Numer . M a t h . 8 , 376-391 (1966)15. Pe reyra , V.L . : I t e ra t ed de fe r red cor rec t i ons fo r nonl i n ea r op e ra t o r equa t i ons . Num er . M a t h . 10 ,316-323 (1967)1 6. L i n d b e r g , B . : E r r o r e s t i m a t i o n a n d i t er a t iv e i m p r o v e m e n t f o r th e n u m e r i c a l s o l u t io n o f o p e r a t o re q u a t i o n s . R e p o r t U I U C D C S - R - 7 6 - 8 2 0 , D e p t . o f C o m p u t e r S c ie nc e, U n i v . o f I ll., U r b a n a , 1 9 761 7. D a n i e l , J.W . , M a r t i n , A . J. : I m p l e m e n t i n g d e f er r ed c o r r e c t io n s f o r N u m e r o v ' s d i f f er e n ce m e t h o df o r s e c o n d - o r d e r tw o - p o i n t b o u n d a r y - v a l u e p r o b le m s . R e p o r t C N A - 1 0 7 , C e n t e r f o r N u m e r i c a lAn a l ys i s , Un i v . o f Texas , Au s t i n , 197518 . Lent i n i , M . , Pe reyra , V.L . : Bounda ry prob l em so l ve rs fo r f i r s t o rde r sys t ems based on de fe r redc o r r e c ti o n s . I n : N u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n s o f b o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b l e m s f o r o r d i n a r y d i f f e r e n ti a lequ a t i ons (A.K. Az i z , ed .) . New Y ork : Aca dem i c Pre ss 19751 9 . P e r e y r a , V . L . : I t e r a t e d d e f e r r e d c o r r e c t i o n s f o r n o n l i n e a r b o u n d a r y v a l u e p r o b l e m s . N u m e r .M a t h . 11 , 111 t 25 (1968)2 0 . S t e tt e r, H . J .: G l o b a l e r r o r e s t i m a t i o n i n A d a m s P C - c o d e s. T O M S ( to a p p e a r )

    Rece i ved M ay 3 , 1977