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Indian Food Security and Climate Change Agriculture Future Deepak Shah*, P K Joshi, Gerald C Nelson, Daniel MasonD’Croz and Amanda Palazzo * Gokhle Institute of Political Economy International Food Policy Research Institute

Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

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The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) jointly hosted the International Conference on Climate Change and Food Security (ICCCFS) November 6-8, 2011 in Beijing, China. This conference provided a forum for leading international scientists and young researchers to present their latest research findings, exchange their research ideas, and share their experiences in the field of climate change and food security. The event included technical sessions, poster sessions, and social events. The conference results and recommendations were presented at the global climate talks in Durban, South Africa during an official side event on December 1.

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Page 1: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Indian Food Security and Climate Change Agriculture Future

Deepak Shah*, P K Joshi, Gerald C Nelson, Daniel Mason‐D’Croz and Amanda Palazzo

* Gokhle Institute of Political EconomyInternational Food Policy Research Institute

Page 2: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Outline

• Background• Salient characteristics of Indian agriculture

• Socio‐economic characteristics• Bio‐physical characteristics

• Scenarios for adaptation• Agricultural vulnerable scenario• Agriculture and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation• Conclusions and the way forward

Page 3: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Background

• Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change• Higher temperatures may reduce yields• Encourage weed and pests proliferation• Greater variation in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short‐term crop failure and long‐run production decline

• Adversely affect availability and prices of food commodities domestically and at international markets

• Negative impact on income from agricultural production both on the farm and country level

Page 4: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Background ‐ Key challenges

• Mounting population growth• Population has reached 1.2 billion

Page 5: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Background ‐ Key challenges

• Mounting population growth• Population has reached 1.2 billion• Population in India will continue to grow even as the population in China plateaus

• India will pass China as most populous country by 2030Population (billion) Share of World Population

Page 6: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Background ‐ Key challenges

• Mounting population growth• Widespread poverty

• More than 300 million people; 1/4th of the world’s poor

Page 7: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Population living in povertyStates 2004‐05 (%)Andhra Pradesh 15.8Assam 19.7Bihar 41.4Chhattisgarh 40.9Delhi 14.7Gujarat 16.8Haryana 14.0Himachal Pradesh 10.0Jammu & Kashmir 5.4Jharkhand 40.3Karnataka 25.0Kerala 15.0Madhya Pradesh 38.3Maharashtra 30.7Orissa 46.4Punjab 8.4Rajasthan 22.1Tamil Nadu 22.5Uttar Pradesh 32.8Uttarakhand 39.6West Bengal 24.7All India 27.5Source: Planning Commission and NSSO 61st Round

Source: IFPRI estimates from GRUMP for 2000.(Center for International Earth Science Information Network Columbia University 2004)

Poverty in India over time

Source: Planning Commission and NSSO 61st Round

Page 8: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Background ‐ Key challenges

• Mounting population growth• Widespread poverty• Inadequate physical and social infrastructure• Large scale rural‐urban migration

• Limited non‐agricultural employment opportunities• Insufficient access to quality education• Gradual depletion and degradation of natural resources• Diversion of land and water to non‐agriculture uses• Market fluctuation and high food inflation• Changing agricultural trade regime

Page 9: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Agriculture’s Role in the Economy• Per Capita GDP is increasing, but agriculture’s share of the overall economy has been falling

Page 10: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Agriculture’s Role in the Economy• Per Capita GDP is increasing, but agriculture’s share of the overall economy has been falling

• Agriculture sector employs about 52% population, and contributes around 18% of GDP

Year India ChinaGDP per capita (US$)

% share of agriculture in 

GDP

GDP per capita (US$)

% share of agriculture in 

GDP1997 428 24.7 810 17.52000 448 21.7 956 14.92005 713 16.7 1766 15.22006 791 17.4 2137 13.12007 981 18.0 2649 11.0

Page 11: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Agriculture’s Role in the Economy• Per Capita GDP is increasing, but agriculture’s share of the overall economy has been falling

• Agriculture sector employs about 52% population, and contributes around 18% of GDP

• Agriculture accounts for 65‐70 percent of rural incomes• Growth in the agricultural sector has been sluggish

Year Total Pop.Annual Growth 

Rate (%)Rural Pop.

1951 361.1 1.25 298.61961 439.2 1.96 360.31971 548.2 2.22 439.01981 683.3 2.20 523.91991 846.4 2.14 628.92001 1028.7 1.95 742.6

Page 12: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Area, Value, and Consumptions Shares

Area Value

FAOSTATConsumption

Page 13: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Area, Value, and Consumptions Shares

Area Value

FAOSTATConsumption

• Key Food Grains:• Rice

Page 14: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Area, Value, and Consumptions Shares

Area Value

FAOSTATConsumption

• Key Food Grains:• Rice• Wheat

Page 15: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Area, Value, and Consumptions Shares

Area Value

FAOSTATConsumption

• Key Food Grains:• Rice• Wheat

• Vegetables and Pulses

Page 16: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Climate Change in India• India spans many different ecological, geographic, and climatic zones

• 15 Agro‐climatic zones:• Western Himalayas• Eastern Himalayas• Lower Gangetic Plains• Middle Gangetic Plains• Upper Gangetic Plains• Trans Gangetic Plains• Eastern Plateau and Hill Region• Central Plateau and Hill Region• Western Plateau and Hill Region• Southern Plateau and Hill Region• East Coast Plains and Hill Region• West Coast Plains and Ghat Region• Gujarat Plains and Ghat Region• Western Dry Region• Island Region

• 6 Agro‐ecological zones• Arid• Semi‐arid• Dry‐sub humid• Moist sub humid• Humid• Per humid

Page 17: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Climate Change in India• India spans many different ecological, geographic, and climatic zones• Climate change is expected to:

• Increase average temperatures• Change precipitation patterns• Increase weather volatility and frequency of extreme weather events

Page 18: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Climate Change in India• India spans many different ecological, geographic, and climatic zones• Climate change is expected to:

• Increase average temperatures• Change precipitation patterns• Increase weather volatility and frequency of extreme weather events

• Local climate change effects may vary greatly due to• Geography• Available water resources

Page 19: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Changes in annual precipitation between 2000‐2050Change in precip (mm)

CNRM‐CM3 GCM CSIRO‐MK3 GCM

ECHAM5 GCM MIROC3.2 

Page 20: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Changes in maximum temperature 2000‐50Change in annual maximum temperature 

CNRM‐CM3 GCM CSIRO‐MK3 GCM

ECHAM5 GCM MIROC3.2 

Page 21: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Climate Change in India• India spans many different ecological, geographic, and climatic zones• Climate change is expected to:

• Increase average temperatures• Change precipitation patterns• Increase weather volatility and frequency of extreme weather events

• Local climate change effects may vary greatly due to• Geography• Available water resources

• These change will have varying effects on food grain producing regions

Page 22: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Climate Change Effects on Food Grains ‐Wheat

Crops Baseline area lost

Yield lost > 25 %

Yield lost 5‐25 %

Yield gain 5‐25 %

Yield gain > 25%

New area gained

Irrigated Wheat

Parts of Karnataka and AP

Parts of Karnataka and AP

In parts of 10 States

Parts of Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal (WB)

Parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka

Some area of J&K

Rainfed Wheat

Parts of Karnataka

Parts of Uttarakhand 

In parts of 8 States

Parts of MP, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab, HP

‐ ‐

State‐wise Yield Change in 2050 (Based on CSIRO GCM and MIROC GCM)

Page 23: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

IMPACT Results for Wheat

Production

Yield

Area

Page 24: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Climate Change Effects on Food Grains ‐ Rice

Crops Baseline area lost

Yield lost > 25 %

Yield lost 5‐25 %

Yield gain 5‐25 %

Yield gain > 25%

New area gained

Irrigated Rice ‐ WB, parts of Haryana

In parts of 14 States

Parts of UP and Haryana ‐ ‐

Rainfed Rice Some parts of MP  ‐ In parts of 8 

States

Most parts of Maharashtra, Parts of Karnataka, Orissa, Bihar

Parts of Maharashtra and Karnataka

Uttarakhand, HP, Punjab, some border areas of UP, MP and Karnataka

State‐wise Yield Change in 2050 (Based on CSIRO GCM and MIROC GCM)

Page 25: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

IMPACT Results for Rice

Production

Yield

Area

Page 26: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Climate Change Effects on Food Grains ‐Maize

Crops Baseline area lost

Yield lost > 25 %

Yield lost 5‐25 %

Yield gain 5‐25 %

Yield gain > 25%

New area gained

Irrigated Maize ‐ Some area of Chhattisgarh

In parts of 10 States

Parts of UP, and Haryana, and Karnataka

‐ ‐

Rainfed Maize

Parts of Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka

‐ In parts of 8 States

Parts of Maharashtra, UP

Parts of Maharashtra, Karnataka, AP, and TN

Parts of Rajasthan, MP and Punjab

State‐wise Yield Change in 2050 (Based on CSIRO GCM and MIROC GCM)

Page 27: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

IMPACT Results for Maize

Production

Yield

Area

Page 28: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Pulse Production in India

• Pulses are an important source of protein and nutrition• India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses

• 25 percent of global production• 27 percent of consumption• 34 percent of food use

• India is also the world’s top importer of pulses• 11 percent of world imports (1995‐2001)• Imports account for only 6 percent of domestic consumption

• Indian Government has focused attention on increasing pulse production

Page 29: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

IMPACT Results for Chickpeas

Production

Yield

Area

Page 30: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

IMPACT Commodity Price Summary

Wheat

Rice

Maize

Chickpeas

Page 31: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

IMPACT Net Trade Summary

ChickpeasRice

MaizeWheat

Page 32: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

IMPACT Food Security Scenario Outcomes

Per capita food availability (kcal/person)

Malnourished Children (thousands)

Page 33: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Strategies to reduce GHG emissions

• Improved land management • Conservation agriculture, etc

• Agro‐forestry• Degraded crop and pasture area rehabilitation• Improvement to nutrition and genetics of ruminant livestock• Improved storage and capture technologies for manure conversion into biogas

Page 34: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

GHG emissions by sector

Page 35: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Adaptation strategies

• Change varieties or crop species and planting dates, and promote crop diversification

• Reduce water‐use inefficiency• Preserve and enhance plant & animal genetic resources• Improve crop & residue management• Develop watersheds in rainfed areas• Promote agri‐insurance to mitigate income risks

Page 36: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change

Conclusions

• Climate change will make attaining food security through 2050 a challenge

• Agriculture production is likely to increase under demographic and socioeconomic pressure

• Climate change will reduce yields in many regions by 5‐25%• Climate change would have little impact on number of malnourished children

• Technological options are available for climate change mitigation and adaptation; need is to promote their adoption

Page 37: Deepak Shah — India's Food Security and Climate Change