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Deep Sea 1
The Deep Sea
Mesopelagic
Deep Sea 2
Division of the Deep Sea Mesopelagic
Effective light penetration - 1,000 m.
Bathypelagic 1,000 - 4,000 m.
Abyssopelagic 4,000 - 6,000 m.
Hadopelagic 6,000 m. or
more
Deep Sea 4
Sampling Considerations The depth of the habitat
creates a logistical problem Animals arrive dead due to
the drastic pressure change These problems lead to the
possibility of inaccurate conclusions on population size
Deep Sea 5
Submersibles and ROV’s Submersibles and Remotely
Operated Vehicles (ROV) are the ideal method for sampling the deep sea
Alvin submersible. Photo source: WHOI
Visit the Alvin website
Deep Sea 6
Submersibles and ROV’s
Jason II Photo source: WHOI
Visit the Jason II website
Deep Sea 7
The Mesopelagic A world of twilight
which cannot support photosynthesis
Animals that live in the mesopelagic must deal with the Oxygen Minimum Layer
Deep Sea 8
Mesopelagic Fauna Krill and copepods dominate Arrow worms, squid, jellyfishes and other
invertebrates are important predators Most of the animals that live in the
mesopelagic have light organs or photophores
Deep Sea 9
The Deep Scattering Layer Many mesopelagic animals also migrate to the
surface waters at night to eat
Deep Sea 10
Mesopelagic Fish
Deep Sea 11
Bioluminescence Definition - _____________________________
Bioluminescence occurs most notably in the mesopelagic
Light producing organs are called ___________
What are photophores used for?
Deep Sea 12
The Deep Sea
The world of complete darkness
Deep Sea 13
Environmental conditions Light
Most of the deep sea is aphotic
Due to the dependence on the surface waters for nutrients, there is very little life below the mesopelagic
Deep Sea 14
Pressure Until recently, physiology on these animals
was very difficult since bringing them to the surface usually results in mortality
Deep Sea 15
Temperature At 1000 m temperature is 4-6 C
With an increase in depth temperature changes very little
There is no other habitat on the planet which exhibits such a stable temperature
Deep Sea 16
Adaptations of Deep Sea Organisms
Food is a limiting factor!
How do deep sea organisms ensure food capture?
Deep Sea 17
Adaptations of Deep Sea Organisms
Deep Sea 18
Hinged Head
You Have Beautiful Eyes
Deep Sea 20
Reproduction In a sparsely
populated world mates are difficult to find Most deep sea
fishes are _____________ and attract each other through bioluminescence
Deep Sea 21
Invertebrates Invertebrates are purple (jellyfish) or red (copepods) Many invertebrates are transparent
Deep Sea 22
Abyssal Gigantism The phenomena
where some species attain large sizes not seen any where else
Isopod – sea roach can reach 40 – 50 cm. (Bathynomeus giganteus)
Amphipod – 15 cm. (Alicella gigantca)
Deep Sea 23
Hydrothermal Vents Animals are found concentrated around hot
water geysers
Deep Sea 24
Chemosynthetic Bacteria Using sulfides bacteria
create organic compounds
Most animals have symbiotic relationships with the chemosynthetic bacteria
Vestimentiferan worm
These worms contain 10 billion grams of microbes per 1 gram of tissue!