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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ADOPTION OF HEALTH AND SAFETY
POLICIES ON SITES: A CASE STUDY OF MATERIAL HANDLING IN
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN NAIROBI COUNTY
BY
MICHENI G. GAKII
B66/0921/2013
A research project submitted as partial fulfilment for the requirement for the
award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
DECEMBER 2016
DECLARATION
I, MICHENI G. GAKII, hereby declare that this project is my original work and has not been
submitted for the award of a degree in any other university.
………………………… ………………………
Signed Date
Micheni G. Gakii
DECLARATION OF SUPERVISOR
This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a University of
Nairobi supervisor.
…………………………… …………………………..
Signed Date
Mr. Thomas Ngolua Ntarangui
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to the following persons:
First and foremost, to the Almighty God for His sufficient grace, gift of life and great mind
and for having seen me through this whole project.
My heartfelt gratitude to my parents, Mr and Mrs Micheni Ruthiri and the entire family for
their love, their continued emotional and financial support through my academic life. I cannot
be able to repay you, thank you very much.
Special thanks to my supervisor, Mr.Thomas Ngolua Ntarangui for his continuous advice,
suggestions and patient guidance through the development of my research project. His efforts
are highly appreciated.
To my classmates, BQS class of 2016, I would like to appreciate all of you and especially
those who gave me ideas and critiques.
Finally I would like to thank you the various contractors whom I was able to meet and seek
permission to be allowed to access their construction sites as well as administer questions to
them and for their warm reception.
ii
DEDICATION
To my two siblings, Racheal Murugi and Prudence Kendi, for always being my source of
inspiration throughout my academic life, for inspiring me to be the best of whom you can
look up to. I love you very much.
iii
ABSTRACT
Material handling activities in a construction site constitute a large percentage of all
activities that take place in a construction site. This study focuses on contractor’s obligation
in ensuring that material handling activities are healthy and safe and whether contractors
adhere to these obligations.
In all industries, for activities to run effectively and efficiently, responsibilities must be
fulfilled effectively by the top management. In a construction site, the contractor is the top
manager who manages all the activities within the site including material handling activities.
The contractor must first of all understand the legislation which provides guidance on health
and safety matters. From there the contractor should make plans and ensure they are
effectively implemented in the site.
The objectives of the study were; to identify the various hazardous materials and material
handling processes, to find out on the level of awareness by contractors on health and safety
mechanisms that can be applied during material handling and to identify strategies adopted
by contractors in a bid to promote health and safety during material handling and adequacy of
these provisions.
Literature focused on two broad areas; material handling and contractors’ health and safety
management system. Material handling involved various materials, material handling
equipment and processes. Contractors’ health and management system focused on various
effective actions and procedures that a contractor can put in place to ensure health and safety
is adhered to during material handling.
The research was conducted in 32 ongoing construction projects within Nairobi area and to
the contractors managing the project. The study found out that most contractors are not
putting adequate measures in place to ensure health and safety during material handling. The
main reason being ignorance and to some, lack of enough resources.
From the findings, the study recommends that contractors be vigilant in executing health and
safety measures during material handling to ensure no loop hole exists which would cause an
injury or accident to workers. Health and safety regulatory bodies should enhance their
strictness in ensuring that contractors follow their requirements and also defaulting
contractors, more also whose default has resulted to injuries and accidents to workers be
punished heavily.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION......................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. i
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................................................v
LIST OF PLATES.......................................................................................................................................v
ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER 1.............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION.........................................................................................................1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT................................................................................................................2
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................4
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS................................................................................................................4
1.5 STUDY HYPOTHESIS.....................................................................................................................5
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................................5
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................................6
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY......................................................................................................6
1.9 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY...............................................................................................................6
CHAPTER 2.............................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................................7
2.1 MATERIAL HANDLING..................................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Concept of material handling system...................................................................................7
2.1.3 Importance of material handling system..............................................................................8
2.1.4 Types of material handling....................................................................................................9
2.1.5 Principles of material handling...............................................................................................11
2.1.6 Hazards presented during material handling......................................................................12
2.1.7 Plants and equipment involved during material handling..................................................18
2.1.8 Building materials storage..................................................................................................21
2.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT........................................................................................22
2.2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................22
i
2.2.2 Elements of a health and safety management system.......................................................22
2.2.3 Contractors health and safety management system..........................................................24
2.2.4 Health and safety measures in construction sites...............................................................27
2.3 LEGISLATION..............................................................................................................................31
2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK......................................................................................................34
CHAPTER 3...........................................................................................................................................36
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY............................................................................................36
3.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................36
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN.....................................................................................................................36
3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLING...................................................................................................37
3.3.1 Target Population...............................................................................................................37
3.3.2 Sampling.............................................................................................................................37
3.4 DATA COLLECTION.....................................................................................................................38
3.4.1 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES.......................................................38
3.5 VARIABLES IN THE STUDY..........................................................................................................39
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................................41
3.7 DATA PRESENTATION................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER 4...........................................................................................................................................42
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS..................................................................................42
4.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................42
4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSE RATE.............................................................................................42
4.3 SAFETY POLICIES........................................................................................................................42
4.3.1 Safety policy importance....................................................................................................42
4.3.2 Safety policy drafting..........................................................................................................43
4.3.3 Safety policy revision..........................................................................................................44
4.4: PROVISION IN THE TENDER DOCUMENTS................................................................................46
4.5 TRAINING...................................................................................................................................47
4.5.1 Provision of training............................................................................................................47
4.5.2 Training program................................................................................................................47
4.6 HEALTH AND SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES...................................................................................49
4.7 MATERIAL HANDLING PROCEDURES..........................................................................................50
4.7.1 Manual transportation of materials....................................................................................50
4.7.2: Plant and equipment safety...............................................................................................52
4.8 STORAGE OF MATERIALS...........................................................................................................54
4.9 PPE USAGE.................................................................................................................................58
4.10: TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS..........................................................................................62ii
4.11 SITE LAYOUT............................................................................................................................62
4.12 HYPOTHESIS TESTING..............................................................................................................66
CHAPTER 5...........................................................................................................................................68
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................68
5.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................68
5.2 DISCUSSION OF STUDY FINDINGS..............................................................................................68
5.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................70
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................71
5.5 AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH..................................................................................................72
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................73
APPENDIXES.........................................................................................................................................76
iii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
Table 4. 1 Frequency of the response rate of respondents..................................................42
Table 4. 2 : Safety policy document importance.................................................................43
Table 4. 3: Safety policy drafting..........................................................................................43
Table 4. 4: Safety policy address on material handling......................................................43
Table 4. 5: Safety Policy address on material handling......................................................44
Table 4. 6: Safety policy revision..........................................................................................44
Table 4. 7: Mean of frequency of health and safety policy revision..................................45
Table 4. 8: Safety policy.........................................................................................................46
Table 4. 9: Training of workers before project commences...............................................47
Table 4. 10: Weight limit.......................................................................................................51
Table 4. 11: Safe material handling......................................................................................51
Table 4. 12: Plant and equipment functions awareness......................................................52
Table 4. 13: Inspection program...........................................................................................52
Table 4. 14: Various ways of accident response..................................................................53
Table 4. 15: Case Processing Summary...............................................................................54
Table 4. 16: Stability of stacked materials...........................................................................55
Table 4. 17: Stability of storage system................................................................................55
Table 4. 18: store lighting conditions....................................................................................56
Table 4. 19: Labelling of chemicals......................................................................................57
Table 4. 20: Space within storage to allow movement........................................................57
Table 4. 21: Storage and packaging of chemicals................................................................58
Table 4. 22: Case Processing Summary...............................................................................59
Table 4. 23: Head protection.................................................................................................59
Table 4. 24: Foot and leg protection.....................................................................................60
Table 4. 25: Hand and arm protection.................................................................................61
Table 4. 26: Protective clothing.............................................................................................61
Table 4. 27: Lighting conditions within the site..................................................................62
Table 4. 28: Site arrangement in relation to movement.....................................................63
Table 4. 29: Stock piling of materials...................................................................................64
Table 4. 30: Ground site conditions......................................................................................64
Table 4. 31: Floor conditions.................................................................................................64
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES PAGE
Figure 4. 1: Safety policy revision..........................................................................................53
Figure 4. 2: Provision of health and safety in the tender document.........................................54
Figure 4. 3: Preparation of a training program.........................................................................56
Figure 4. 4: Summary of the findings on training....................................................................57
Figure 4. 5: Appointment of a health and safety committee....................................................57
Figure 4. 6: Weight regulation.................................................................................................58
Figure 4. 7: Summary of the findings on material handling procedures..................................62
Figure 4. 8: Summary of findings on storage of materials.......................................................66
Figure 4. 9: Summary of findings on PPE usage.....................................................................70
Figure 4. 10: Summary of findings on site layout and planning..............................................74
LIST OF PLATES
PLATES PAGE
Plate 4. 1: Storage of cement.................................................................................................56
Plate 4. 2: Store lighting conditions......................................................................................57
Plate 4. 3: Concreting.............................................................................................................60
Plate 4. 4 : Concreting............................................................................................................61
Plate 4. 5: Lighting conditions...............................................................................................63
Plate 4. 6: Floor conditions....................................................................................................65
Plate 4. 7: Floor conditions....................................................................................................65
v
ABBREVIATIONS
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act
DOHSS Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety Services
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
BOQ Bill of Quantities
ILO International Labor Organization
NCA National Construction Authority
MMH Manual Material Handling
GDP Gross Domestic Product
JBC Joint Building Council
MH Material Handling
CDM Contractor
OSH Occupational Safety and Health
vi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
“Material handling, storage, and safety are construction practices designed to effectively
prevent environmental contamination and human health hazards through the use of good
housekeeping and training” (BMP, 2014). “A safe materials handling means the activity is
free from recognized hazards that can cause or likely to cause physical harm including death
to employees or public and damage to materials” (Sidharantha, 2007)
As the construction industry continues to intensify, more diverse materials are being
incorporated in construction projects. Material handling on site is a process which
commences from when goods are delivered on site to the time of fixing them. Materials can
be handled either manually or mechanically depending on many factors; “According to
(OSHA,U.S Department of Labor, 2002)handling and storing materials involve diverse
operations such as hoisting tons of steel with a crane; driving a truck loaded with concrete
blocks; carrying bags or materials manually; and stacking palletized bricks or other materials
such as drums, barrels, kegs, and lumber.”
The Occupational Safety and Health Act, No.6 of 2012, provides for the safety, health and
welfare of workers. The employer is supposed to make provisions for ensuring safety and
absence of risks in connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and
substances. According to JBC conditions of contract clause 11.1,” The Contractor shall be
liable for and shall indemnify the Employer against any expenses, liability, loss, claim or
proceedings whatsoever arising under any statute or at common law in respect of personal
injury to or the death of any person arising out of or in the course of or caused by the carrying
out of the Works, unless the injury or death is due to any act or neglect of the Employer or of
any person for whom the Employer is responsible.” This confirms beyond any reasonable
doubt that the responsibility of protecting workers on site rests majorly on the contractor. The
employer provides for health and security measures in the preliminaries section of the BOQ
for which the contractor receives payment and implements them on the site.
The contractor acquires labour hence he/ she acts as their employer and the workers usually
act under his authority. The main aim of the contractor is to deliver complete works on time
and at the same time maximizing his profits. For him to attain that, there is need for smooth
flow of productivity which is enhanced by workers being safeguarded especially during
handling of materials which according to (Oketch, 2004) represents a major portion of total
costs and may account for 10-80% of total cost.
Due to the extensity of construction projects that are being carried on nowadays, a large
number of workers are involved in the sites, there are many hazards and adverse work factors
that seriously threaten their safety. Workers should be protected either through proper
training, education or provision of safety equipment for the manual handlers. OSHA
(occupational standards and health administration) recommends that employers should create
a formal training program to teach workers how to recognize and avoid materials handling
hazards. Improper or unsafe handling and storage of materials on site can lead to accidents or
injuries to workers which can eventually lead to low productivity on sites or even losses to
contractors through compensation of injured personnel.
All health and safety policies set by regulatory bodies and also the ones drafted at firm levels
address similar issues except that some will expound more on some issues than others. A
contractor should incorporate all these health and safety policies in the firm’s policies,
expound on them and devise ways to best incorporate and implement these policies in the
construction sites they supervise to ensure healthy and safe material handling practices.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The construction industry is one of the major employers in Kenya, it employs unskilled
labour mainly on casual basis and exposes them to numerous perils and accidents, some of
which are deadly. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that 10% of GDP
for each developing country may be lost due to occupational accidents and illnesses and the
total number of work related injuries and diseases results 2.3 million deaths a year globally,
337 million workplace injuries which usually lead to employees’ long absence from work.
This leads to 4% loss in global GDP each year (business daily, 2016). The construction
industry trades ranks amongst the top according to Gale group website listing of the top 15
most dangerous occupations based on statistical data on fatality at work (Mutuma, 2008). “A
third of site mishaps occur during material handling, with the construction worker performing
the material handling activity sustaining the largest percentage of major injuries, leading to
36% of the overall absenteeism days in the industry “(Torrent, 2008) .
A construction site presents various hazardous substances to which workers are exposed to.
These substances include cement, asbestos, and silica dust, lead among others. Manual
handling is a common source of injuries (Oketch, 2004). “Workers frequently cite the weight
2
and bulkiness of objects that they lift as major contributing factors to their injuries. In 1999,
for example, more than 420,000 workplace accidents resulted in back injuries. Bending,
followed by twisting and turning, were the more commonly cited movements that caused
back injuries” (OSHA,U.S Department of Labor, 2002)
During the tendering process, provisions for security for the site and specification of
materials are usually provided for in the preliminaries. Unfortunately, in some tenders safety
for workers during material handling among other activities in work sites are neither factored
in any of the tender evaluation procedures nor in supervision of the construction projects.
Although the (JBC 1999, Agreement and Conditions of contract for building works) provides
for insurance for injury to workmen they have not adequately induced the contractor to
application of safety measures for workers during material handling.
OSHA, USA has powers to create specific standards consistent with the act and to access
penalties and fines on employers failing to meet the standards which include to encourage
employers and employees to reduce job hazards and implement improved safety and health
practices and enforce those job safety and health standards. It is sad to note that contractors in
most cases are more alarmed with injuries to the workers whereas their prime concern should
be with the dangerous conditions that produce the injury (Nyakiongora, 2004). OSHA, Kenya
dictates that a contractor’s firms should have a safety policy document. Many contractor’s
firms have health and safety policies which are well documented and safely placed in their
offices but rarely are these policies implemented on site to ensure good health and safety in
material handling among other activities. This may be either due to lack of knowledge on
how to go about it, lack of enough funds to apply these practices or ignorance since it’s not
strictly enforced by the regulatory authorities. Nevertheless, contractors have an obligation to
protect the workers since injuries to workers due to their negligence would lead to losses on
the contractor, which most don’t realise till it happens. Some contractor’s firms go an extra
mile and introduce a health and safety department in their firms whose obligation is to ensure
health and safety policies are implemented on site. The problem is that they tend to overlook
some safety practices in material handling activities which seem less hazardous to them.
Often when we visit a construction site we encounter various material handling equipment in
action. In some sites the use of these equipment is so extensive. With so much of these
equipment in use we cannot deny the fact that safety and health issues are going to be
unavoidable. This is because the exposure the workers get which may lead to accidents and
3
illnesses. Address to safe work procedures, safe equipment and attention to material handling
issues will result to reduction in injuries, illnesses and property damage (Reese, 2000).
In Kenya though rules and regulations on health and safety management at construction sites
by the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health exist, there are reports of
injuries, accidents and ill health following construction activities (Kibe, 2016). These reports
imply laxity by contractors to apply safety and health mechanisms on site especially during
material handling which constitute a larger proportion of activities compared to any other
activity on site. From these reports, there is an indication of need to improve safety and health
management on sites during material handling among other activities by contractors. In fact
in Kenya to cut costs, some contractors usually bypass the provision of safety equipment such
as helmets, goggles, safety harnesses and proper footwear. Unfortunately, Kenyan
construction sites are so used to this state of affairs that few, including relevant authority raise
eyebrows when safety measures are flaunted. Casual labourers are unaware of any existing
safety guidelines or precaution in construction site (standard digital, 2012).
Contractor’s lack of awareness on effective mechanisms to apply on site in material handling
activities contribute to accidents, ill-health and injuries that occur on site. This necessitates on
the need to raise awareness to them on effective mechanisms and also enlighten them on their
role and how it contributes to varying levels of health and safety management on different
site during material handling and how these contributions essentially determine the levels of
injuries, accidents and ill health that occur in material handling activities. Contractors need to
be aware that health and safety policies need to be adopted strictly on site without regarding
some matters more important than others since existence of a gap in health and safety
implementation creates a chance for an accident or injury occurrence to workers.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
I. To identify the various hazardous materials and material handling processes
II. To find out on the level of awareness by contractors on health and safety mechanisms
that can be applied during material handling.
III. To identify strategies adopted by contractors in order to promote health and safety
during material handling and adequacy of these provisions.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
I. What are the modern and effective measures that can be adopted by contractors to
improve health and safety during handling of materials?
4
II. What is the level of awareness by contractors on health and safety measures that
should be applied during material handling?
III. What is level of adoption of safety and health policies by contractors and their
contribution to safety and healthiness of workers on site?
1.5 STUDY HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis (Ho) – Contractors have not adequately adopted health and safety measures
in construction sites during material handling
Alternative hypothesis (H1) – Contractors have adequately adopted health and safety
measures in construction sites during material handling
1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology involves research design, population, data collection methods,
sampling data presentation and analysis. This research will focus mainly on ongoing
construction projects being executed by contractors in class 1 list of NCA and the contractor
managing the site. The researcher will therefore sample the construction projects which will
determine the number of contractors to be interviewed. From the ongoing construction
project list from NCA offices (see appendix 3), the number of ongoing construction projects
within Nairobi are 98. Due to the large number of ongoing construction projects, time and
cost constraints and the nature of my data collection methods, non-probability sampling was
used to select a reasonable number of construction sites which would be used as a sample.
The number of construction sites selected will be arrived through application of the following
parameters to the construction projects; Only one project per firms sampled will be
considered, the nature of ongoing project had to be general construction works which
facilitated the nature of collection of data which was mainly through observations, the project
had to be located in Nairobi, the location of the firms identified had to be in Nairobi, the size
of the project had to be enormous, this depicted variety of material handling activities thus a
good platform for the researcher and finally the contract sum of the project should not be less
than 500 million.
Interviews and questions were administered to contractors in the selected construction sites to
find out on their level of awareness on health and safety mechanisms to be applied during
material handling and the level of adoption of non-observable mechanisms such as training
that enhance material handling health and safety. Direct observation by researcher on the
study variables such as usage of protective devices, site layout, movement and manual
5
handling of materials by workers and equipment and usage of equipment were used as
sources for primary data. Secondary sources of data include existing literature, thesis,
journals, magazines and research papers. Data collected was analyzed qualitatively and
quantitatively using SPSS to determine the level of adoption of various health and safety
policies in material handling and results presented in form of tables, bar graphs and pie
charts. Descriptive analysis was also used to explain certain behaviors adopted during
material handling in relation to health and safety policies.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at contractors’ health and safety management system application during
material handling. It deals with the material handling risks that are likely to affect workers on
site and how they can be avoided by providing for the appropriate measures.
The investigations will be carried out in active construction projects being executed by
contractors registered by NCA class 1 within Nairobi due to financial and time constraint and
also due to the fact that Nairobi harbours a large number of enormous active construction
projects being carried out by contractors in that class.
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is aimed at enlightening contractors on the significance of making aware of and
providing efficient safety and health measures to workers during handling of materials in
construction sites.
The study also endeavours on educating contractors on highly effective safety measures that
can be applied during handling of materials.
1.9 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY
Chapter 1 covers the introduction which is the background information, problem statement,
research objectives and questions, study hypothesis, research methodology, scope of the
study and significance of the study.
Chapter 2 discusses literature review which has been grouped into two main topics; material
handling and contractors’ health and safety management.
Chapter 3 discusses research methodology of this study in detail.
Chapter 4 presents research findings, data analysis and results.
6
Chapter 5 presents discussions of the findings, conclusion and recommendation based on the
research findings and areas of further research.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 MATERIAL HANDLING
2.1.1 Introduction
In simple terms material handling involves loading, moving and unloading of materials.
Material handling is common to all types of business; the construction site being no exception
and these activities revolving around material handling can be found at all levels on a
construction site (Oketch, 2004). In a construction site, it manifests itself from an individual
worker trying to move a bag of cement to operating a large machine like crane to lift
concrete. Material handling is not a production process though it helps in production. This
makes it unavoidable process in a construction site, consequently there will arise material
handling issues of concern to be dealt with.
Material handling is an integrated process which involves a series of performances which
need to be managed to be effective. The management system has the duty to ensure that the
safety of materials and personnel is observed.
Efficient handling and storage of materials is vital for an industry. Material handling
operations provide for a continuous flow of raw materials, parts and products throughout the
workplace and ensures that materials and products are where they are needed yet improper
handling of materials can lead to costly injuries (Reese, 2000). Material handling process
should be guided by regulations that are set out, example OSHA outlines rules to be applied.
“Often material handling extends beyond the boundary of the industry in the form of
movement of raw materials from the sources to the plant or in the form of finished goods
from the plant to the points of consumption” (Sidharantha, 2007). This is the transportation of
materials though it is excluded from the material handling scope.
2.1.2 Concept of material handling system
The general definition of a system is a complex unity formed of often many different parts
subject to a common plan or serving a common purpose. The weighty characteristic of a
system is that the subsystems are usually interrelated and guided by the main objective of the
system.7
In a construction site, material handling as a system has subsystems which are (Sidharantha,
2007); design or method to be adopted, types of materials handling equipment to be used,
different operations like packing/unpacking, movement and storage involved, maintenance
required for the equipment employed and mode of transportation of materials
A proper material handling system should have the following qualities or rather should
provide; the right material, the right amount at the right time and at the right place
This means that there needs to be an intensive planning that should take place before
adopting the most appropriate system. Though the construction industry is a complex one due
to the fact that construction sites vary comprehensively, the materials handled may be quite
similar. This makes it easier for contractors to be able to plan for a proper material handling
system to ensure that workers are safe and materials are handled properly
2.1.3 Importance of material handling system
A proper and well-designed material handling system has adequate benefits to an industry,
which include;
2.1.3.1 Increases productivity
A proper material handling system increases productivity in the industry by ensuring right
quantities of material are delivered and on time hence increasing its productivity. Industries
or firms that use improved material handling system always stays ahead of its competitors in
terms of productivity and consequently their profits are higher.
2.1.3.2 Helps minimise accidents during material handling
Dissimilar actions such as hoisting steel beams, driving a truck loaded with raw material,
manually carrying bags or material and stacking supplies are involved during handling and
storage of materials (Sidharantha, 2007). A proper system ensures smooth flow of materials
ensuring equipment are proper and safe to use and at the same time employees take
precaution while moving materials. It also ensures materials are properly stored, that is they
are well stacked and allow ease of movement within.
2.1.3.3 Reduce damage to materials during storage and movement
Damage of materials can be reduced by ensuring separate receiving and storage areas. This is
enhanced by smooth flow of materials, reducing congestion which largely contributes to their
damage. A proper material handling system ensures materials are well placed and the
conditions of storage are met.8
2.1.3.4 Increase efficiency and saleability of plant and equipment
It should be the goal of every industry to reduce manual handling of materials and instead
adopt plants and equipment to facilitate movement of materials where possible as this is a
way of eliminating risks. Use of automated systems increases the efficiency by reducing the
need for manual handling which in turn reduces the chances of human error.
2.1.3.5 Reduce overall cost by improving materials handling
One of the major characteristic of a proper material handling structure is to make sure that the
materials are delivered to where they are needed at the right time, ensuring it’s the right
amount of the material needed. This is key to reducing material cost by reducing the touch
labour, optimizing material flow by ensuring the shortest time is spent in their transportation,
preventing damage through proper handling procedures and maximising storage capacities.
Consequently, this causes increased productivity and overall costs to the industry.
2.1.4 Types of material handling
2.1.4.1 Manual Material Handling (MMH)
It is the process of moving materials without use of mechanical equipment and involves use
of muscle power. Movement of materials includes lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, holding
and carrying them to the desired place. Manual material handling exposes workers to hazards,
therefore they should be made alert of possible injuries that could happen as well as get
trained on handling of materials. Though MMH is hazardous, it also depends on site
conditions and the task type. Some of the common injuries that can occur when materials are
being moved manually include; sprains, cuts, bruises and fractures.
A load could be hazardous if has the following conditions; it’s too heavy, its location is
either too high or low for a worker to make a safe lift, it has a shape that is difficult to handle
or it’s too big, it has sliver, rough, slippery or jagged edges that make it tough to grasp or it’s
subject to imbalance.
The task can be hazardous if a worker; uses poor techniques to move materials e.g. lifting
repetitively, too fast, for a long period etc., has to move materials over long distances, does
multiple handling tasks like lifting, lowering etc., has short period of rests or wears
inappropriate clothes for example clothes that would restrict his motion
9
The site conditions that can make MMH hazardous include; insufficient working surfaces
conditions e.g. wet, slippery uneven surfaces, poor lighting conditions, poor housekeeping
conditions that could lead to fall, slip etc. or constrained space
According to (Nyakiongora, 2004), workers could also have characteristics that could cause
hazards during MMH. They include; poor general health, unfavourable physical conditions
such as height, weight and aerobic capacity, musculoskeletal problems and psychological
factors like motivation or stress.
The following are some of the precautions that should be taken when handling materials
manually: Inspecting materials before moving them for jagged, slippery or rough edges,
ensuring they have firm grip on the object before moving it, wear suitable Personal protective
clothing such as hand gloves, eye protection or boots, generally use proper lifting techniques
by reducing bending, twisting and reaching movements, eliminate double handling by
reducing the number of times the load is to be handled which can be achieved by moving the
materials from delivery to fixing where possible and lighten loads by changing the size of the
load where it’s be handled manually by breaking it into smaller quantities.
Efforts ought to be made by contractors to reduce physical lifting of materials through
employment of mechanical equipment where economical. These control techniques can be
put in place by the intervention of contractors through provision of the required items and
making of those involved aware of precautions that can be applied. However, employees too
have the right to speak up if they feel that they risk getting injured in the process of
performing the task, the task is too difficult or tiring. It’s the responsibility of the employers
with the help of employees to provide safe working practices and procedures with instruction,
training and supervision of manual handling tasks
2.1.4.2 Automated Material Handling Equipment
It is the movement of materials with the use of machines such as hoisting equipment, lift
trucks, cranes etc. automated material handling can either be semi or fully automated. Mostly
semi-automated material handling is used since even with the presence of machines, workers
contribution is also needed example when loading or unloading the equipment. With
advanced technology, automated equipment can be achieved fully due to innovation of
machine intelligence and robotics.
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2.1.5 Principles of material handling
Material handling principles are rules or accepted procedures that can be applied to solve
material handling problems. These principles cover different aspects of material handling
problems and can be applied in any industry. Some of the principles as listed by (Sidharantha,
2007) are;
Planning principle- activities to be involved during handling should be planned beforehand.
Questions such as what materials, where to place, when, why, how to go about it (methods)
and who are to be involved should be sought to be answered for an effective planning. Some
of the guidelines for carrying out planning are; ensuring adequate space for storing the
materials, planning the correct place for receiving and disposal of materials, avoiding placing
of materials directly on the floor, observing principles of motions economy considering the
plant layout before equipment design, plan fruitful operations and check-ups during material
movement and using judicious amount of manual handling
System principle- this principle deals with looking at the full scope of material handling
operations and integrating them to form a system. Some of these operations include
receiving, storage, production, inspection etc.
Material flow principle- this involves planning operations arrangement and equipment
preparation to enhance the flow of materials. Some of the suggestions to achieving this
include; eliminating obstacles from material flow, avoid backtracking of materials (plan
motion of materials to be a direct path), whenever possible using a product layout would be
an option and keeping related works together
Simplification principle- it involves reducing, combining or eliminating unnecessary
movement and/ or equipment to enhance efficiency.
Safety principle- this principle ensures that all methods and equipment used to handle
materials are safe. Some of the guidelines to achieve this include; avoid overloading of
material handling equipment, usage of proper personal protective gears when handling
materials, ensuring adequate safety devices and guards on equipment, maintaining a good
condition on floors and ensuring safe stacking and unstacking of materials
Mechanization/ automation principle- this principle encourages usage of mechanized or
automated material handling equipment when appropriate. Some of these cases to consider
usage of mechanized equipment are; during handling of large volume of materials, when
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repetitive movement is to be applied, long motion of materials, hazardous move/ materials,
during scrap removal etc.
Equipment selection principle- this principle that the best equipment to handle the material is
selected. All aspects of material handling such as materials to be handled, moves to be made
and methods to be utilized should be taken into consideration.
Maintenance principle- maintenance and repair work of all materials handling equipment
should be scheduled to minimize outage. Some of the suggestions that can be used are;
training maintenance personnel/ operators properly, maintenance procedures should be
followed as per manufacturer’s instructions, establishing a programme for preventive
maintenance, ensure availability of spare parts’, equipment should be checked daily by
operators and a report of that submitted and avoid loading of equipment
Obsolescence principle- this principle ensures obsolete handling methods and equipment are
replaced to enhance operations. For this to be accomplished certain routines such as
establishing a definite replacement policy and keeping up to date with what is new in the
market should be practised.
2.1.6 Hazards presented during material handling
2.1.6.1 Physical hazards presented during material handling
Material handling in the building industry is one of the most vital activities, and it involves
movement of heavy materials through usage of equipment such as hoists. If these equipment
are operated unsafely, or there is any factor of negligence or error during their operation, it
can lead to accidents. Accidents on site do not always result to injuries on persons, they can
also lead to damage of materials and equipment.
From a previous study conducted by Toivo Niskanen and Jouni Lauttalammi on accident
risks during handling of materials at building construction sites, their study showed that a
third of accidents reported in those companies was caused during movement of materials
which resulted to 36% absenteeism out of the total working days. This clearly shows that
material handling compared to other work activities on site, causes more weighty accidents.
In the Kenyan construction industry, according to Kenya National bureau of statistics, facts
and figures 2014, the number of persons who worked there was at 130,300, with more jobs
being generated and grown by 62% between 2007 and 2013 compared to other economies.
According to (J. W. Kaluli, n.d.) Kenya experiences about 64 fatalities per 100,000
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employees each year which is high compared to UK which experienced 0.44 fatalities per
100,000 employees in 2013, China experienced 3.8 fatalities per 100,000 employees in 2013
while South Africa experienced 25.5 fatalities per 100,000 employees in construction sites. In
Kenya the data on accidents in construction sites is unreliable since most contractors do not
submit their data on occurrence of accidents.
Table 2.1: Material handling accidents to the type of building
Type of building Accidents per
million m3 of
building
Work
input( work
hours per
m3)
Accidents per
million work
hours
High-rise apartment
Terrace houses
Office, commercial and public
buildings
Industrial buildings
Building repair and renovation
39
64
73
22
145
1.94
2.51
2.00
0.70
1.60
20
25
37
31
91
Source: (Niskanen, 1988)
Some of the common types of injuries cited during material handling include;
Cuts, bruises and fractures
Back injuries and pain
Lower, upper limb and neck disorders
Finger, toe or limb amputation
Head injuries or TBI (traumatic brain injuries)
Contusion
Note that not only does accidents during MH cause injuries, sometimes they can result to
death of persons.
2.1.6.1.1 Causes of physical hazards during material handling
Due to the unique nature of the construction industry, there are many accidents rates recorded
in this industry. There are many factors that lead to accidents in a construction site. In order
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to gain enhanced understanding of the causes of accidents, many writers have come up with
theories to address this issue despite of the nature of the workplace.
These theories and models have been divided into four generations. “The first generation
holds a person’s traits and unsafe behaviour as responsible for accident, second generation
theories (domino theories) conceptualizes a chain of sequential events leading to an accident
and call these events as dominos” (Raymond Kemei, 2016). The third generation uses the
injury epidemiology approach which argues that accident prevention techniques do not
necessary lead control of accidents in a workplace. The fourth generation focuses on system
approach to accident causation. “It highlights the dynamic interaction between organizational
and cultural factors in creating the conditions in which a precipitating event can result in a
major accident and focuses on energy transfer involved in an injury accident and tries to
minimize it in order to minimize the loss” (Raymond Kemei, 2016).
“There is a relation among the four generations of accident theories, the predominant accident
causation themes, and type of causal factors. The accident causation themes are: person-as-
cause (human factors); system-as-cause (organization/management factors) and system-
person sequence as-cause (job-related factors. Human factors theme associates a person’s
traits as responsible for accident and examines individual related factors for accident
causation. The second theme, system-as cause, argues that the cause for accident should be
traced in the system, rather than holding a person responsible. System models of the fourth
generation sustenance this theme and looks at a number of organization-related factors that
lead to occurrence of an accident. The third theme hypothesizes an interactive sequence
between the system and a person, Job-related factors play an important role in determining
the nature of system-person interactions” (Raymond Kemei, 2016).
According to (Elengovan, 2015), most of the accidents that occur in the construction industry
are due to: Fall of walls, construction parts, stacks, masses of earth, collapse and overturning
of ladders, falling of objects, pieces of works and tools, person falling off from ladders, stairs,
roofs, scaffolds etc., during loading, unloading, lifting, carrying and transporting loads, in or
on connection with vehicles of all kinds, in working machines, in connection with dangerous
gases, during blasting of explosives and in connection with the building traffic in the site
Out of these accidents 85% which were fatal resulted from handling of materials, due to
falling person and objects and falling from structures that are collapsing. Hazards associated
with improper handling of materials include being struck by a load, losing control of a load,
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physically over exerting oneself, and exceeding equipment capacities (Keshava Chanda
Arora, 2007)
According to (J. W. Kaluli, n.d.) The five most significant causes of injuries in Kenya’s
construction sites include being hit by falling objects (17%); falling from heights (15%);
motor operated machines (13%); lifting of heavy weights (11%); and the use of heavy
machines (10%).The ten most significant factors causing these accidents according to (J. W.
Kaluli, n.d.) were, reluctance to invest in safety(12%); Lack of training(12%); Lack of
enforcement of safety regulation(12%); Poor safety consciousness of workers(11%); Lack of
strict operational procedures(11%); Poor safety awareness from top leaders(11%); Lack of
personal protective equipment(11%); Lack of organizational commitment(10%); Lack of
competence in Machine operation (10%) and Poor safety awareness from top leaders (10%).
Even though the construction industry is advancing technologically in Kenya, a lot of manual
heavy work such as carrying heavy materials is being done by hands. The tools and
equipment being used is old fashioned and poorly maintained and operatives of material
handling equipment are unskilled. This has largely affected the construction industry in terms
of increase in number of accidents and physical injuries.
2.1.6.2 Chemical hazards presented by materials on site
There are five categories of hazards in construction projects as classified by (Seppo
Väyrynen, 2014) ; “i) hazards presented by local environment; ii) hazards presented by work
activities; iii) hazards presented by deficiency in peoples knowledge, attitude and behaviour;
iv) hazards presented by movement of people, plant and machinery; v) hazards presented by
materials.”
There are various materials on site that pose health risks to workers, examples of these
materials are asbestos, cement, asphalt, paint, silica and lead products. You will agree with
me that during the production process, these materials are usually produced in a well-
controlled setting in such a way that the workers in the industry are protected from effects of
exposure. This kind of environment is not available in the site and the construction worker
gets exposed to these extreme hazards which cause adverse effects on his or her health.
Construction may be exposed to contaminants in materials by inhalation, by absorption
through the skin, by ingestion or by injection (e.g. through accidental puncture wounds) (R.J.
Coble, 2000). Ingestion occurs when the workers take consumables around contaminated
areas. Inhalation and absorption through skin are the common ways through which workers
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get exposed to contaminants. It’s good to note that in the modern day, materials and
chemicals handled on sites have advanced, this means that workers on site have to contend
with more hazardous substances.
2.1.6.2.1 Types of contaminants and health effects
“The dynamic nature of constantly changing construction sites brings many challenges—
none as perilous as exposure to hazardous chemicals” (Seeger Weiss, 2016). “Chemical
health hazards in construction materials can be in the form of gases, vapour, fumes and dusts
and can give rise to severe health disorders, such as poisoning, asphyxiation and cancer”. As
stated earlier a construction site presents hazardous materials which can be in form of
coating, metals containing alloys or even gases, solvents and glues. Asbestos, cement,
asphalt, paint, silica and lead products are examples of materials handled by workers on site
which contain harmful chemical substances that can adversely affect the health of workers.
“Cement mixes are a well-known cause of skin disease, prolonged exposure to wet cement
may cause cement bums or ulceration of the skin” (Nyakiongora, 2004). Lead on the other
hand, when it gets into the human body, can lead to weak muscles, constipation and weak
muscles. Chronic effects include kidney damage and brain damage causing impaired intellect,
fits and coma
“These health hazards can lead to either chronic or acute effects. Chronic effects usually
develop slowly, and shall cause sickness or death after a certain period. For example, if a
worker breathes small amounts of asbestos fibres, he may not notice the effect of that,
because there are no acute effects, however, if the worker inhales small amount of asbestos
fibres for a prolonged time, the chances of getting asbestos related diseases (i.e., a lung
cancer) will increase” (V. H. P. Vitharana, 2015).
“When solvents are breathed in, they enter the blood stream and travel to other parts of the
body, particularly the nervous system causing dizziness, headache, feelings of “drunkenness”,
and tiredness. One result of these symptoms may be poor coordination which can contribute
to falls and other accidents” (Construction Safety Council , 2012).
Some of the chemical agents in materials and their effects as discussed by (Seeger Weiss,
2016) include:
Zinc: it’s used in the production of brass and other alloys. During welding or cutting of
metals containing zinc, the worker can inhale its fumes which may cause metal fume fever.
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Cadmium: is used as a coat on metals to prevent rust and also used in alloying. Exposure to
this chemical can lead to lung irritation, pulmonary oedema and death. Extended exposure
may cause chronic effects such as emphysema and kidney damage.
Beryllium: Used in alloying. Short term exposure can lead to chemical pneumonia. Extended
exposure can result in shortness of breath, chronic cough, and significant weight loss,
accompanied with fatigue and general weakness.
Iron Oxide: It is the chief alloying element in steel making. During the welding procedure,
its fumes emerge and can cause irritation of nasal passages, throat, and lungs to the person
getting exposed.
Mercury: it’s used as a rust preventive coat on metals. Under the intense heat of the arc or
gas flame, mercury vapours will be produced. Exposure may produce stomach pain,
diarrhoea, kidney damage, or respiratory failure. Long-term exposure may produce tremors,
emotional instability, and hearing damage.
Lead: The welding and cutting of lead-bearing alloys or metals whose surfaces have been
painted with lead-based paint can generate lead oxide fumes. Inhalation and ingestion can
cause lead poisoning. Lead adversely affects the brain, central nervous system, circulatory
system, reproductive system, kidneys, and muscles.
2.1.6.2.2 Preventive measures.
Some of the precautions to undertake while handling materials with harmful chemical
substances as suggested by (Nyakiongora, 2004) are: “substituting the chemical with a less
hazardous one if possible, enclose the process using the chemical with a harmless or less
hazardous one, enclose the process using the chemical or provide other engineering controls
such as exhaust ventilation, persons handling these substances to use personal protective
equipment.”
Under OSHA act, employees have the right to get trained by the employers, in this case
contractors on chemicals they are getting exposed to during the performance of the job and
means of protecting themselves from the hazards. “Employers must establish a
comprehensive, written hazard communication program (Chemical Hazard Communication)
and the employer must also label chemical containers, make material safety data sheets with
detailed hazard information available to employees, and train workers about the health effects
17
of the chemicals you work with and what the employer is doing and what workers can do to
protect yourself from these hazards” (Hispanic Contractos Association, 2012).
2.1.7 Plants and equipment involved during material handling
2.1.7.1 Mechanical handling equipment
Equipment differ with the type of material being handled. Some of these equipment are
operated by hydraulic, compressed or electrical energy, hence referred to as mechanical
handling equipment. They are sometimes referred to as powered equipment. Mostly,
mechanical handling equipment are used with extremely heavy loads or large heights. Most
are very sophisticated and require both that operators be highly trained and workers around
such large and powerful equipment know the inherent hazards (Reese, 2000). Included in the
category of mechanical handling equipment are various hoists (air or electric hoists), cranes
(jib, power gantry and floor cranes), power operated conveyor belt, powered industrial trucks,
powered loading docks, jacks and drum stackers.
2.1.7.1.1 Safety measures during operation of mechanical handling equipment
Contractors acquire plants and equipment necessary for the execution of works as outlined in
the agreement. The law requires them to further ensure safe condition of these plants and
equipment as well as the workers operating them and to also ensure a safe working
environment around the operation of these equipment.
“To reduce the number of accidents associated with workplace equipment, employers must
train employees in the proper use and limitations of the equipment they operate, this includes
how to safely and effectively use these equipment” (OSHA,U.S Department of Labor, 2002).
Some of the precautions that contractors can ensure they are applied in various material
handling equipment to ensure a safe working environment are discussed below.
Cranes
A crane is used to move materials horizontally, lift and lower them horizontally as well.
Before a crane is involved in handling materials, the contractor should confirm that it is
harmless to use and take into consideration all factors that could affect its safe use. Cranes
can fall over causing calamities due to improper fixing, unsafe loads, overloading or due to
nature such as strong winds. Loads can fall off if they are not proper fixed on the sheaves.
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During operation of cranes near power lines, there may be danger of contact with the
overhead electric cables.
The following are some of the precautions that should be taken into consideration when
handling cranes: Ensure only the trained and competent workers operate the crane, these are
the operators and signallers. Require workers to always check the type, size and the loading
capacity of the crane to avoid overloading. Additional precautions on use such as operation
around power lines, depending on state of the site and the type of ground and ensure frequent
inspection of the crane by a person familiar with cranes and daily inspection of critical parts
of the crane.
Hoists
It’s a device used to lift or lower loads by means of a drum or lift wheel around which rope or
chain wraps. “The principal dangers are of falling down the hoist way from a landing on the
platform, being struck by the platform or other moving parts, and being hit by materials
falling down the hoist way” (Nyakiongora, 2004) . For safe use, safety precautions as those
listed for cranes should be followed in respect to hoists. In addition, the following procedures
should be practised when using lifting equipment:
Provision of adequate resources to ensure safe lifting operations, ensuring all appointees are
fully trained, licenced and competent in their duties, these include the operators, supervisors
and operatives and confirmation by regular monitoring to ensure all lifting procedures are
strictly followed.
Conveyors
A conveyor system moves materials from one location to another, and are especially useful in
transportation of bulky materials. “When using conveyors, workers may get their hands
caught in nip points where the conveyor medium runs near the frame or over support
members or rollers, struck by material falling off the conveyor, or they may get caught in the
conveyor and drawn into the conveyor path as a result” (OSHA,U.S Department of Labor,
2002). To protect workers from injury, the following precautions as listed by OSHA should
be taken into consideration:
“Install clearly marked emergency button or pull cord within reach of workers and
unobstructed designed to stop the conveyor at the employee’s work station and emergency
stop cables that extend the entire length of continuously accessible conveyor belts so that the
cables can be accessed from any point along the belt.
19
Design the emergency stop switch that require manual resetting before the conveyor can be
restarted.
Ensure that appropriate personnel inspect the conveyor and clear the stoppage before
restarting a conveyor that has stopped due to an overload.
Prohibit employees from riding on a materials-handling conveyors and provide guards where
conveyors pass over work areas or aisles to keep employees from being struck by falling
material.
Cover screw conveyors completely except at loading and discharging points. (At those points,
guards must protect employees against contacting the moving screw. The guards are
movable, and they must be interlocked to prevent conveyor movement when the guards are
not in place) and ensure that the start buttons have guards to prevent accidental operation.”
Powered industrial trucks
They are material handling equipment used to lift and transport materials. They have helped
eliminate many manual handling risks, however they also present potential hazards which
could lead to injuries and accidents. Most accidents by trucks are caused by: using trucks to
do tasks they don’t suit, imbalance due to change in centre of gravity, poor maintenance,
ineffective communication among employees, restricted visibility and improper battery
charging
The following are some of the precautions which should be observed during operation of
powered industrial trucks; battery charging installations are fixed in selected areas, provide
services for flushing and neutralizing spilled electrolytes to prevent ignition to protect the
charging apparatus from being damaged by the truck
Avoid placing arms and legs between the supports of the mast or outside the running lines of
the truck, parts of the industrial truck should be replaced with equivalent ones to the original,
loads to be handled should be stable and arranged safely. Finally when repairing electrical
systems on industrial trucks, batteries should be disconnected.
All these precautions could also be enhanced by the contractor ensuring that he or she
acquires competent operators for various equipment that involved in the site to handle
materials among other things.
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2.1.7.2 Manual material handling equipment
It’s a proper practise that when a load exceeds 20 kilograms, additional tools and equipment
should be involved to handle the load. Some of the guidelines to manual material handling
equipment as outlined by (Sidharantha, 2007) are:
Dollies: materials should be loaded evenly to prevent tipping and causing obstruction. Dollies
should be pushed unless designed for pulling.
Jacks: they should be used with loads that are rated for them. Jacks should be placed on a
level, even and clean surface. Loads should be blocked after jack lift.
Two wheel trucks: to prevent hands from contact, knuckles should be used. Widely spaced
wheels trucks should be used to prevent overloading and hand trucks should be parked in a
vertical position when idle.
2.1.8 Building materials storage
During construction, various construction materials are brought into the construction site,
sometimes in large quantities and hence the need to store them. Different materials are stored
differently to ensure that they retain their characteristics. Proper storage of materials also
enhances health and safety during material handling in a construction site.
2.1.8.1 Cement
Cement should be stored in a building which is dry with less circulation of air. Stacked bags
of cement should be placed on wooden planks ensuring they are about 150mm to 200mm
above the floor. A single stack should not exceed 10 bags loaded in vertical direction
ensuring a space of 600mm all around for passage. This ensures safe loading and unloading
of cement.
2.1.8.2 Aggregates
Aggregates constitute of sand and ballast. They should be stored on a hard, dry and level
ground or on platform of planks or old corrugated iron sheets if the ground surface described
is not available.
The aggregates should be stored not so close, maintaining a sufficient distance between them
to prevent mixing. Stacking should be done in regular stacks.
2.1.8.3 Bricks
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Bricks are of different types and should be stacked differently. During stacking, they should
be stacked on a dry firm ground, they should not be more than 10 bricks high, 4 bricks in
width and 50 bricks long. A distance of not less than 800mm should be kept between adjacent
stacks.
2.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
2.2.1 Introduction
The construction industry as previously stated is one of the industries statistically that is very
hazardous. According to (Mulinge, 2014) “the construction industry has earned the reputation
of being a dangerous or highly hazardous industry because of the disproportionately high
incidence of accidents and fatalities that occur on construction sites around the world.”
Construction accidents have very many negative effects such as delaying the progress of a
project, inflating its cost and above all it causes human tragedy and destroys the image of the
company involved.
“Construction projects where accident control has been taken into account in the selection of
machinery, materials, and work methods have every opportunity for the work to progress
smoothly, at the same time, the basis for overall economizing is consolidated” (Niskanen,
1988).
Implementation of techniques, procedures, and safety and health management systems will
help minimize the number of mishaps occurring during material handling. Inclusion of safety
and health matters during the tendering process should also not be overlooked as a way of
improving safety on construction sites.
2.2.2 Elements of a health and safety management system
A safety management system should have the following components; Management and
Employee involvement, Worksite Analysis, Hazard Prevention and Control, Safety and
Health Training. It’s therefore evident that the main aim of a safety management system
should be to eliminate accidents. According to (Tim Howarth, 2009) and (OSH Branch
Labour Department, Hong Kong, 2002) the essentials of a successful health and safety
management system that can be adopted by contractors are:
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2.2.2.1 Establishment of a clear policy for health and safety
It’s essential for a contracting company to have an outlined policy as a demonstration of
commitment to ensuring safety and health on sites. It is actually a law in Kenya, that all firms
with more than 20 employees to have a clearly outlined health and safety policy. The health
and safety policy should clearly define responsibilities in detail. For material handling
activities, responsibilities should be detailed and the management should be involved and
ensure that the responsibility has been adequately discharged. This ensures accountability at
the same time ownership of the health and safety program (Holt, 2005).
2.2.2.2 Organization of employees for the management of health and safety
The employees to the contractor and his staff should be actively involved and commitment in
the promotion of health and safety culture. Organizations that are successful in achieving
high health and safety standards involve and motivate all members. “They have systems that
are intended to secure control by ensuring managers lead by example, encourage cooperation
among members, secure effective communication by providing information about hazards,
risks and preventive measures, achieve coordination of their activities and ensure competence
by assessing skills and providing means to ensure all employees are adequately instructed and
trained” (Holt, 2005).
2.2.2.3 A health and safety program me
The aim of a health and safety program me is to identify hazardous conditions that may
expose workers to risk and provide suitable rectification or protective equipment as
appropriate. During material handling there are various site conditions that may be risky for a
worker to operate in as they handle materials. There are also risks associated with the
materials themselves. A suitable health and safety program me would help eliminate or
reduce such risks.
2.2.2.4 Health and safety committee
The main aim of a safety committee is to ensure that health and safety rules as set by the
contracting firm are adhered to. The committee also identifies various health and safety
measures that need to be reviewed to improve health and safety on the site. The committee
also recommends on various effective measures that can be applied. In large construction
sites especially those being undertaken by class 1 contractors, a committee is involved in
inspection of various material handling activities among other activities and rectifying any
23
deviation from the health and safety standards set. OSHA, Kenya dictates that in a workplace
with more than 20 persons, there should be a health and safety committee.
Other elements of a health and safety management system that could be employed in a site to
enhance health and safe material handling procedures include; in- house safety rules which
show instructions to achieve the objectives, investigation into accidents and development of
prompt arrangement to curb recurrence, emergency preparedness, strict evaluation, selection
and control of subcontractors, maintenance of health and safety awareness and a program me
to protect workers from hazards.
,.
Figure 2. 1: Key components of a health and safety management model
24
Organization’s health and safety policy
Health and Safety manual- organization and procedures
Pre-tender information- including pre-construction information provided by client and
designers as a requirement of CDM2007 contractors.
Risk assessment
Method statements
Permits to work
Safety induction and training
Safety toolbox talks
Onsite work activity Daily, weekly, and monthly safety checks and
inspections. Safety performance measurement. Health and safety auditing
Project health and safety committee
Health and safety plan Includes project safety
procedures and site rules
Safety information and guidance issued to site
Health and safety manager
Source: Tim Howarth (2009)
2.2.3 Contractors health and safety management system
“A management system is a proactive process with an organized set of components which
enable an organization to accomplish a set of goals” (I.F. Mohd Kamar, 2014). A contractor’s
health and safety management system enables realisation of various policies and facilitates
the implementation of these policies.
“Construction safety and health management deals with actions that managers at all levels
can take to create an organizational setting in which workers will be trained and motivated to
perform safe and productive construction work. The system should delineate responsibilities
and accountabilities and also outline procedures for eliminating hazards and identifying
potential hazards before they become the contributing factors to unfortunate accidents”
(Mulinge, 2014).
2.2.3.1 Developing, implementing and maintaining a contractor’s health and safety
management system
2.2.3.1.1 Planning and implementation of health and safety
The contractor being the overall manager of project health and safety, it is his duty to have a
proper plan and ways of controlling safety and health within the site. Planning involves
determining in advance what should be accomplished. At this stage, the contractor identifies
in advance the various objectives that need to be accomplished, prioritizing the health and
safety objectives and devising means to achieve them and estimating the financial resources
needed to accomplish these objectives. Planning ensures that health and safety efforts
towards ensuring safe material handling practices among other practices are successful.
2.2.3.1.2 Developing a health and safety management system
This is the process of determining how various health and safety objectives should be
achieved. At this stage, the contractor outlines an effective plan and commitments to achieve
various objectives spelled in the planning stage. “For the plan to be effective it should contain
a system of allocation of responsibilities for safety and health, arrangements for
responsibilities to be discharged, arrangement for carrying out each and every element of the
health and safety management system and the arrangement for monitoring the success of the
plan” (OSH Branch Labour Department, Hong Kong, 2002).
25
2.2.3.1.3 Organizing
At this stage, the contractor prescribes the formal relationships between people and resources
in the organization to accomplish the objectives.
2.2.3.1.4 Implementation
This is the process of putting in to practice the set plans to achieve the objectives. It involves
putting in place control measures to ensure performance as per the plans. Some of the key
elements of a contractors safety planning and control as outlined by (Tim Howarth, 2009)
are: “organization’s safety and health manual, pre-construction information as provided by
client, health and safety plan for the project, site rules, site induction, communication of
health and safety information and guidance to site personnel and subcontractor coordination,
communication, cooperation and competency management.”
2.2.3.1.5 Monitoring
Monitoring is done establish the degree of success of the system through collection of data in
a construction project. According to Holt, 2005 there are two types of monitoring systems,
which are active and reactive monitoring systems. Active monitoring systems measure
achievement of objectives and standards through regular checks and inspections. Example are
regular technical inspections of material handling equipment. Active monitoring prevent
things from going wrong. Reactive monitoring system collects and analyses failures in health
and safety performance. These two systems should be able to identify situations that create
risks and also identify solutions. This is useful for the development of the firm’s policies.
2.2.3.1.6 Auditing and reviewing of safety performance
This is done for the purpose of improvement of health and safety performance on the next
project. Auditing can be done at every stage of the management system, it ensures that an
organization that the objectives being implemented on site are producing the desired effect.
An audit also provides a basis for justification of carrying on with the same strategies or
changing them. Well audited systems enable identification of deviations from set standards,
analyze the cause of these deviations and also highlight areas where standards have been
properly applied. For simple audits, the necessary thing is to look at the requirements of the
policy and turn them to questions. Auditing and reviewing performance based on material
handling practices will enable the contractor to make necessary adjustments for other
projects.
26
Figure 2. 2: Management model
Feedback
Source: OSH, Labor Department Hong Kong (2002)
2.2.4 Health and safety measures in construction sites
2.2.4.1 Safety policy
It consist of written statements on expression of management’s intentions on health and
safety matters. A safety policy is a key thing in every industry, not only in the construction
industry for the purpose of safety management. “Generally the safety policy includes training
provisions, guidelines for manual and equipment assisted materials storage and also provides
guidelines on housekeeping, it may also specify the responsibility of various departments and
personnel in an organisation towards safety procedures” (Sidharantha, 2007). A safety policy
document is an important document when evaluating a contractor’s competence since it
outlines his intended standard of care to be provided. Safety policies should be reviewed
regularly to ensure that the standards contained there meet the organisation’s need. This is so
27
Planning
Developing
Organizing
Implementing
Measuring
Auditing /
Reviewing
since changes in structure, senior personnel, work arrangements, processes or premises the
hazards and risks may occur (Holt, 2005).
“Contractors should state in their policies, health and safety practices that should be applied
in material handling and lifting. This should include among other things; procedures to
follow, maximum weight an individual worker can lift, and cover guidelines on how an
individual should call for help or use devices used for handling loads beyond certain limit”
(Reese, 2000).
2.2.4.2 Training
“With regard to Occupational Safety and Health, training consist of instruction in hazard
recognition and control measures, learning safe work practices and proper use of personal
protective equipment, and acquiring knowledge of emergency procedures and preventive
actions” (Mulinge, 2014). According to Holt, 2005 “there are three levels of training, craft
and skills training, employer’s induction training and on-site induction training.”
Craft and skills training involves acquirement of skills in a particular field of work which
includes certification of the trainee for confirmation purposes. The training should cover
health and safety issues. The employer’s induction training involves new employees who join
an organisation. The employer should provide a formal health and safety training for them.
This training is also done when work conditions change which exposes employees to new
risks. On-site induction training involves training persons in relation to a particular project or
site. Skills practically needed for the work should be taken into consideration and workers
trained in them.
2.2.4.3 Site layout and planning
“A site should be planned that it facilitates effective movement persons around. Failure to
plan the site layout in advance is a prime cause of operational inefficiency, and can increase
the overall cost of a project substantially” (Elbeltagi). Lack of a specific layout design, may
lead to the following; material stacks may be wrongly located example they may be placed
near edge of excavation or over a drainage line or placed in a position that impedes smooth
flow of traffic. It may also lead to plant and equipment being wrongly located, for example a
crane could be located in a position it’s not able to reach all the works or hoists lacking
enough capacity to handle loads. It could also lead to inadequate space allowed for stacking
of materials causing materials to be stacked too high or roadways. These scenarios may lead
to dangerous occurrences on the site especially to the workers involved.
28
A site that is not planned well and is full of obstructions lead to accidents and injuries as a
result of either tripping, falling or slipping etc. There are a lot of uncertainties during advance
planning of how materials will get received, stored and handled due to the highly dynamic
nature of site operations hence not all situations can be anticipated during early planning.
Some of the key questions that can be asked at any point in time to enable efficient pre
planning are; where are the materials we need and when will they get here? Who needs the
materials, when are they needed, and where? This will enable the contractor to clearly define
the areas of storage, design a safe storage process and also plan for plants and equipment to
be used beforehand. This will contribute a great deal in promoting safety for workers.
The efficiency in which materials flow within the site is key to improving productivity. The
contractor’s firm management involved in planning for the site layout should ensure that the
site is well planned for considerable improvement by minimizing travel time, waiting time,
and increasing worker morale by showing better and safer work environment.
2.2.4.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
“PPE is an equipment worn or held by workers to protect them from being exposed to various
hazards. A hazard cannot be eliminated by PPE but the risk of injury can be eliminated or
greatly reduced, for example, wearing hearing protection reduces the likelihood of hearing
damage when the earplugs or muffs appropriate for the kind of noise exposure and they are
used properly” (Mutuma, 2008). It’s used as a complementary method to control the risk of
injury.
Examples of PPE include: Eye protection and face protection- face and eye devices should be
used to workers as they handle construction trades such as chiseling, welding, grinding,
woodwork, drilling, working with chemicals or when working under glare and dust
conditions. Hearing protection- Used by workers when handling activities such as drilling,
concreting, woodworking, pile driving, rock crushing and any other activities that have high
noise levels. Respiratory protection- used to protect workers from dust, fumes, smoke,
chemical vapors, oxygen deficiency and any other respiratory hazards. They are used when
doing tasks such as excavations, painting, cutting metals such as lead, demolitions, concreting
and foul drainage. Hand and arm protection- used mostly by workers when carrying loads
and handling of chemicals to protect the person from skin absorption of harmful substances,
chemical burn, thermal burns, bruises, abrasions, cuts and punctures. Foot and leg protection,
29
protective clothing and Head protective devices are used by workers when carrying out all
aspects of construction activities.
“PPE program should be implemented and should address the hazards present; the selection,
maintenance, and use of PPE; the training of employees; and monitoring of the program to
ensure its ongoing effectiveness” (Mulinge, 2014).
2.2.4.5 Health and safety risk assessment
Risk assessment is the process of identifying hazards and the risks associated with them and
putting in sensible measures in place to control them. As said earlier, a construction site has
many different materials that need to be handled either by moving or assembling. The
materials, people involved and sites all vary and this presents a variety of hazards and risks as
well. Contractors are supposed to access the health and safety risks their workers are exposed
on during material handling process.
Figure 2. 3: The Risk Management Process
30
Risk Identification
Risk Evaluation
Severity Frequency
Risk Control
Financial Physical
Retention Transfer EliminationMinimization
Source: (Oketch, 2004) quoting Gordon and Dickson (1984: 6/1)
The following need to be considered when identifying and accessing hazards and risks
during material handling; i) the people involved, that is the workers who are involved in
various operations ii) the tasks that are involved such as loading, lifting, carrying materials,
operating equipment etc. and the likely risks from the tasks iii) finally, the place where the
tasks are taking place and its conditions.
Other health safety measures that can be taken in construction sites include: first aid kits and
accident reporting, health and safety warning sites, provision of welfare facilities such as
sanitary, drinking water, restrooms, temporary housing etc.
2.3 LEGISLATION
“Institutional and legal governance frameworks on occupational health and safety in
developing countries have little impact and majority of contractors are small and medium
Enterprises operating within their domestic markets where enforcement of health and safety
standards and labor standards is very lax” (Mulinge, 2014). According to JBC clause 9.2,”
the contractor is supposed to comply to statutory, industrial or other rules and regulations
governing the employment and working terms and conditions of labor and workmen that he
engages.”
In Kenya, Occupational Safety and Health Act, Chapter 514 of laws of Kenya spells out
responsibilities and liabilities of the employer. It also spells out various precautions that must
be carried out to ensure safety of workers on site. The relevant section in the act, are outlined
below;
“Section 6: ‘Every occupier is required to ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of all
persons working in his workplace. The duty of the occupier without prejudice includes: the
provision and maintenance of plant and systems and procedures of work that are safe and
without risks to health, arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in
connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances, the
provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure
the safety and health at work of every person employed, the provision and maintenance of a
working environment for every person employed that is, safe, without risks to health, and
31
adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for the employees welfare at work, informing
all persons employed of any risks from new technologies and imminent danger and ensuring
that every person employed participates in the application and review of safety and health
measures. Every occupier shall carry out appropriate risk assessments in relation to the safety
and health of persons employed and, on the basis of these results, adopt preventive and
protective measures to ensure that under all conditions of their intended use, all chemicals,
machinery, equipment, tools and processes under the control of the occupier are safe and
without risk to health and comply with the requirements of safety and health provisions in
this Act.’
Section 7: ‘Every occupier is supposed to prepare and, as often as may be appropriate, revise
a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work of his
employees and the organization and arrangements for the time being in force for carrying out
that policy.’
Section 9: ‘It is the duty of the occupier to establish a safety and health committee at the
workplace in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Minister if; there are twenty or
more persons employed at the workplace; or the Director directs the establishment of such a
committee at any other workplace.’
Section 55: ‘All plant, machinery and equipment whether fixed or mobile for use either at the
workplace or as a workplace, shall only be used for work which they are designed for and be
operated by a competent person.’
Section 57: ‘Every part of transmission machinery shall be securely fenced. Efficient devices
or appliances shall be provided and maintained in every room or place where work is carried
on by which the power can promptly be cut off from the transmission machinery in that room
or place. Every machine intended to be driven by mechanical or any other type of power shall
be provided with an efficient starting and stopping appliance, the control of which shall be in
such a position as to be readily and conveniently operated by the person operating the
machine. No driving-belt when not in use shall be allowed to rest or ride upon a revolving
shaft which forms part of the transmission machinery.
Suitable striking gear or other efficient mechanical appliances shall be provided and
maintained and used to move driving-belts to and from fast and loose pulleys which form part
of the transmission machinery and any such gear or appliances shall be so constructed, placed
and maintained as to prevent the driving-belt from creeping back on to the fast pulley.’
32
Section 59: ‘Every employer shall; be responsible for the safe condition of tools and
equipment used by his employees, including tools and equipment which may be furnished by
the employees, ensure that no equipment or portable power tools shall be used in an
environment that contains or is likely to contain flammable vapors or substances unless they
are intrinsically safe for such environments. All power driven portable and hand-held tools
shall have their operating controls so located as to minimize the possibility of their accidental
operation if such an accidental operation would constitute a hazard to the worker or other
persons.’
Section 74: ‘All goods, articles and substances stored in a workplace shall be stored or
stacked in such manner as will ensure their stability and prevent any fall or collapse of the
stack, in such manner as not to interfere with the adequate distribution of natural or artificial
light, the natural ventilation systems, the proper operation of machines or other equipment,
the unobstructed use of passageways, gangways or traffic lanes, the efficient functioning of
sprinkler systems, and the unobstructed access to other fire extinguishing equipment within
the workplace; and on firm foundations not liable to overload any floor. No goods, articles or
substances shall be stored or stacked against a wall or partition unless the wall or partition is
of sufficient strength to withstand any pressure caused thereby.’
Section 76: ‘Machinery, equipment, personal protective equipment, appliances and hand tools
used in all workplaces shall comply with the prescribed safety and health standards and be
appropriately installed, maintained and safe guarded. Every employer should take necessary
steps to ensure that workstations, equipment and work tasks are adapted to fit the employee
and the employee’s ability including protection against mental strain. An employer shall not
require or permit any of his employees to engage in the manual handling or transportation of
a load which by reason of its weight is likely to cause the employee to suffer bodily injury.
Section 83: ‘The Director shall, after consulting the Council, establish safety and health
requirements based on risk assessments, technical standards and medical opinion, for the safe
handling and transportation of chemicals and other hazardous substances. An employer shall
not require or permit his employee to engage in the manual handling or transportation of a
load which by reason of its nature is likely to cause the employee to suffer bodily injury.
Any person supplying, distributing, conveying or holding in chemicals or other toxic
substances shall ensure that they are packaged, conveyed, handled and distributed in a safe
manner so as not to cause any ill effect to any person or the immediate environment.
33
At every workplace where chemicals or other toxic substances are manipulated, the employer
shall develop a suitable system for the safe collection, recycling and disposal of chemical
wastes, obsolete chemicals and empty containers of chemicals to avoid the risks to safety,
health of employees and to the environment.’
Section 99: ‘No person shall be employed at any machine or in any process, being a machine
or process liable to cause ill health or bodily injury, unless he has been fully instructed as to
the dangers likely to arise in connection therewith and the precautions to be observed, and has
received sufficient training in work at the machine or in the process; or is under adequate
supervision by a person who has a thorough knowledge and experience of the machine or
process.”
2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
An effective contractor’s health and safety management during material handling is
dependent on effective application of various safety mechanisms on the site. These
mechanisms include training of workers, usage of PPE by workers, safety policy, site layout
and planning, material handling procedures and material storage techniques. Legislation
encompasses all the variables. The health and safety status of a site shows the level of
adherence to health and safety standards especially during material handling. Implementation
of these standards will expedite the achievement of a high level status of health and safety in
material handling.
The implementation process requires the intervention of a contractor who executes the
building process through acquiring of resources. A contractor’s approach towards health and
safety matters affects workers and also staff behavior towards health and safety guidelines. It
is the responsibility of the contractor to ensure that government regulations are adhered to
during handling of materials.
Figure 2. 4: Conceptual framework
Safety policy on material handling
Training of workers on material handling
Site layout and planning
Material storage techniques
Usage of PPE by workers during material handling
34
Contractor’s health and safety
management on material handling
Material handling procedures
Dependent variable Independent variables
Training involved teaching and preparing workers on how to handle materials effectively and
efficiently without risking their health and safety. The researcher will check if the contractor
does training for workers and if it’s done regularly. This will be checked through checking
their training program and how they handle materials if it reflects the training.
Safety policy was considered as the safety policy or policies set by the contracting firm in
addressing health and safety issues on material handling. The aim is to determine its
existence, its revision and the frequency of its revision and the management of its application
on the construction site that is how contractors ensure the policies set are applied on site.
Site layout and planning is considered as the arrangement of the site, how it was planned and
laid. Various factors such as stockpiling of materials and arrangement of the site in terms of
space, ease of movement of materials and workers handling materials and ground conditions
were considered. For sites which have already set up the building, the lighting and ground
conditions in areas where workers were handling materials will be looked at.
Material storage techniques were methods used to store various materials in stores. The
researcher looked at storage of cement since it was common in all the sites and chemicals
since it’s a hazardous item and can cause a lot of harm if improperly stored. In general the
lighting conditions, stability of storage system and space allowed for movement during
loading of materials were to be checked.
Usage of personal protective equipment by workers was checked if it was being applied. The
common PPE that are mandatory in all construction sites were checked. These were head
protection, foot and leg protection, hand and arm protection and protective clothing.
Material handling procedures such as manual transportation of materials by workers such as
carrying of cement, inspection by health and safety representative in regard to manual
transportation and mechanical handling of materials were checked.
Health and safety concerns are among the contributing factors of poor performance in
construction. Once the safety and health needs of workers during material handling are met,
they are motivated to work hard and more effectively to receive competence and recognition
benefiting the contractor since more profit will be realized.
35
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter addresses the methodology in which the study was carried out. Research design,
the population, sampling techniques and data collection methods and procedures, sources of
data and the data analysis and presentation procedures are discussed in this chapter.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is the overall approach taken by the researcher in carrying out the project
from its commencement to the end. (De Vaus, 2001) Defines “research design refers to the
overall strategy that you choose to integrate the different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research
problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data”
The research methods commonly used are either quantitative or qualitative methods or the
researcher can decide to use both. Qualitative methods employs exploratory research which
digs deeper into the problem and provide an insight and understanding to it. Quantitative
research involves quantifying problems by use of measurable data to formulate facts. This
study adopts both qualitative and quantitative studies. Qualitative method is suitable since it
involves collection of data through administration of interviews and questionnaires over large
area effectively. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative method is used to analyze
data.
This study employs both survey and descriptive designs. This is because this study seeks to
identify and record provision of health and safety mechanisms by contractors to workers
handling materials both manually and mechanically on sites and the extent of contractor’s
awareness on these provisions. Descriptive research is conclusive in nature and it is usually 36
preplanned and structured so as to collect information from a particular population which can
be used to make deductions. Survey research on the other hand involves collecting data from
a population in order to investigate what is happening in the field with regard to variables.
Data collection through observation which involved guided site visits and using observation
checklist was also used. This was used in order to observe various work practices during
material handling.
The research strategy applied conforms to legal requirements and ethical standards. Research
information collected from various participants is treated with confidentiality due to its
sensitive nature. Bureaucracy was also a key thing in the researcher’s consideration such as
seeking permission from top most management and conforming to their rules.
3.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLING
3.3.1 Target Population
Mugenda and Mugenda, (2003) define population as an “entire group of individuals, events
or objects having common observable characteristics. The target population is the population
which the researcher wishes to draw conclusions from.”
The target population for this study was defined as all construction projects within Nairobi
area that were being undertaken by contractor’s in class 1 registered under NCA. This was
due to the fact that contractors in class 1 control enormous projects with a large number of
activities revolving around material handling. It will also cover all the contractors supervising
these projects and the workers under their supervision.
Nairobi is considered as a major representative of other areas since it Nairobi harbors a large
number of complex active sites with a variety of material handling activities and procedures.
Large active sites were considered since they enabled the researcher to make observations
concerning adoption of health and safety measures and also because they were considered to
employ numerous manual and highly mechanized material handling operations.
3.3.2 Sampling
The primary concern in sampling is that the elements selected from a population is a
representative of a larger population. The researcher is expected to choose the most
representative sample in terms of characteristics that will be relevant to the study. The sample
size should neither be too large nor too small. It is recommended that the sample size should
37
not go below 30 since it provides too little certainty to be practical (Oketch, 2004 quoting
Alrek and Settle, 1985).
Non-probability sampling was applied to select construction sites. To establish the sampling
frame, the research took only one approach. This approach involved identification of ongoing
projects through information obtained from The National Construction Authority (NCA).
Before a project commences, a project plan approval is a must execution by NCA which
currently has evolved to being done online to ensure the projects conform to the by-laws.
Thus NCA was considered as an appropriate source of the data. The researcher opted to
sample the population of NCA 1 contractors firms with active sites within the geographical
boundaries defined.
The researcher applied the parameters described in chapter 1 of this research and out of a
population of 98 registered NCA 1 projects worth above 500 million and following the limits
outlined above, the researcher established a representative sample of 32 projects consequently
32 contractors would be interviewed.
3.4 DATA COLLECTION
The method of data collection mainly employed was observation by the researcher mainly
limited to material handling activities, which was supported by the use of photography. The
researcher also administered interviews and questionnaires to the top management of the
contractor’s firm in control. The interviews and questionnaires enabled the researcher to get
more information regarding the strategies contractors put in place in the site to ensure safety
and health measures are implemented in material handling among other activities. Follow up
interviews were also administered to the respondent with the aim of obtaining clarification on
any issue that arose and also for complex questions.
3.4.1 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS AND PROCEDURES
3.4.1.1 Observation
This involved participant’s observation by the researcher aided by the use of a checklist,
check appendix 02, to check on the various measures put in place by contractors to certify
that the workers safety and health is not put in risk. Some of the checks included by the
researcher include; technique of storage of materials in terms of arrangement in the store,
lighting, labelling of chemicals etc. usage of PPE during handling of materials, site layout
and planning, movement of materials by workers, working surface conditions among other
items.38
3.4.1.2 Interviews and questionnaires
Structured questionnaire sheets (check appendix 01) were prepared by the researcher in an
effort to have an in-depth discussion with the management regarding awareness of health and
safety policies, the strategies put in place in regard to health and safety policies and their
implementation on site. OSHA document was used as a standard document in which the
policies set in regards to material handling were supposed to be adopted by contractors. This
document was used since it outlines the roles of contractors in regards to safety and health
management in detail, hence the researcher used it as a basis of setting the questions. The
researcher will also interview the respondents to collect information which the questionnaires
may not effectively obtain and also involve them to expound on various issues of interest.
3.4.1.3 Photographs
A camera was involved to capture the various material handling activities and procedures,
and the workers involvement either employing safety mechanisms or not. This was useful to
the researcher as a way of backing up data collected through the checklist.
3.5 VARIABLES IN THE STUDY
Variables in this study included the elements of a contractor’s health and safety management
system. The strategic measures that a most adequate contractor’s management system could
ever adopt are; training of workers, usage of PPE by workers, safety policy, site layout and
planning, proper material storage and material handling procedures.
Concerning safety policy, the researcher interviewed the contractor on its importance,
drafting and revision of the health and safety policy addressing material handling among
other activities. The sub variables were measured on an ordinal scale each taking a value of 1
if yes and 0 if no except for revision where a value of 1 was given if done within a period of
1-3 years and 0 if otherwise.
The variable training had 2 sub variables which were provision of training on material
handling and training program. The training program was to determine the existence of
training. Existence of training was also to be proved through observation which will be
addressed in the variable, material handling procedure. Each sub variable was measured on a
scale of 1 if available and 0 if not.
On storage of materials, as stated in the conceptual framework, the researcher concentrated
on cement and chemicals. The sub variables were stability of materials and storage system,
39
store lighting conditions, space allowed for passage, labelling and storage of chemicals in the
store. On stability of cement, the researcher checked on the number of cement bags stacked in
a column. Depending on the number of columns stacked more than the required 10 bags, the
sub variable was given the values poor, average or good. If more than 50% of the columns
were stacked wrongly, the value given was poor, if less that is 20-50%, average and if less
than 20% were wrongly stacked, good. For space allowed for passage a value of 1 was given
if in accordance to guidelines discussed in the literature review and 0 if otherwise. Stability of
storage system and lighting conditions in the store depended on the researcher’s view. They
were also measured on values of poor, good and average. For chemicals they were either
labelled or not, hence given a value of 1 if more than 80% were well labelled and 0 if
otherwise.
Usage of PPE was measured on a scale of poor, average and good. The types of PPE to be
considered are stated in the conceptual framework. The researcher had to get the population
of workers from the site agent or any other relevant official in the construction site. The
population of workers enabled the researcher to get to rate the variable on a scale of good,
average and poor. If more than 80% of the workers had the PPE, the value awarded was
good, 50-80% average and less than 50% poor.
Material handling procedures had the sub variables: weight regulation, manual transportation
of materials and plant equipment safety. The researcher had observed earlier that in most
huge construction sites mostly managed by contractors in NCA 1, manual transportation of
materials within the site was rarely engaged. Therefore the researcher sought to ask
contractors questions on how they manage material handling manually if any which were
measured on an ordinal scale, of 1 if yes and 0 if otherwise.
For site layout and planning; stockpiling of materials, arrangement of the site in terms of
space to ease movement of materials by workers and ground conditions, building lighting and
floor conditions were the sub variables which were measured on a nominal scale of good,
poor and average. On stockpiling of materials, the researcher concentrated on aggregates and
steel reinforcement. As discussed in the literature review and outlined in my checklist, the
researcher considered all the guidelines for each and rated them. If more than 80% of the
conditions were met, the value awarded was good, 50-80% average and less than 50% poor.
For ground and floor conditions, the nature of surface and any kind of obstructions to
movement of materials were checked to rate as good, poor and average. Arrangement of site
and lighting conditions depended on the researcher’s view through observation to value.40
For variables that were measured on a scale of good, poor and average, they were further
grouped into an ordinal scale of 1 and 0; 1 for good and 0 for otherwise (average and poor).
All these variables were used to test the adequacy of measures adopted by contractors on site
during material handling. A scale value of 1 was considered adequate and if all the variables
attained a mean of 80% for the measurement value of 1, then the null hypothesis was rejected
and vice versa.
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS
Data collected from the field has no meaning and the researcher finds it hard to interpret.
Data analysis process involves coding, entry of data and its analysis to bring order, structure
and meaning to the mass of collected data.
Data collected from both primary sources was analyzed using both qualitative and
quantitative methods. Simple descriptive statistical methods such as mean, percentages and
frequencies were used to determine the extent of adoption of health and safety measures by
contractors and their relationship. Descriptive inference of the analysis by the researcher was
applied in the testing of hypothesis.
3.7 DATA PRESENTATION
Data obtained was presented in the form of percentages to show the proportion of the results.
Data analyzed was presented in various frorms such as graphs, pie charts and frequency
tables.
More data relating to material handling procedures is presented in the form of plates.
41
CHAPTER 4
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the various findings on
adoption of health and safety policies by contractors on construction sites. As for mentioned
in the previous chapter, data was collected using direct observation to establish application of
health and safety mechanisms during material handling using an observation checklist.
Questionnaires were administered to the contracting firm’s manager.
4.2 QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSE RATE
The questionnaires were designed for contractors in NCA class 1 managing an active
construction project within Nairobi County. Out of 32 sites targeted, 24 responses were
realized.
Table 4. 1 Frequency of the response rate of respondents
Frequency Percent
Responded 24 75.0
Did not respond 8 25.0
Total 32 100.0
Source: Field study, 2016
4.3 SAFETY POLICIES
Regarding safety policies, several questions were asked to give opinions on the importance of
a safety policy, whether they incorporated it in their firms, its address on material handling
activities and the duration for revision.
42
4.3.1 Safety policy importance
The respondents were asked on their view on the importance of a safety policy document or
statement. The various responses are outlined below. All the respondents thought that a safety
policy document was important.
Source: Field Survey, (2016)
4.3.2 Safety policy drafting
The respondents were asked to state whether they have a drafted safety policy manual in their
firm and if addressed health and safety during material handling.
Table 4. 3: Safety policy drafting
Frequency Percent
Yes 24 100.0
Source: Field Survey, (2016)
Since all the respondents stated that they had a safety policy document which in accordance
to the law policies, they were further requested to state whether it addressed health and safety
issues encountered in material handling activities. This is how they responded.
Table 4. 4: Safety policy address on material handling
Frequency PercentNoYesTotal
6 25.0
18 75.0
24 100.0
Source: Field survey, (2016)
43
Table 4. 2 : Safety policy document importance
Frequency Percent
Yes 24 100.0
Table 4.4 represents the frequency of firms with a safety policy document which addresses
material handling health and safety issues by the safety policy document. From the table it
can be derived that most respondent’s firm’s health and safety policy document addressed
material handling health and safety.
Table 4. 5: Safety Policy address on material handling
Frequency Percent
No 6 25.0
Yes 18 75.0
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field study, (2016)
Table 4.6 shows the percentage of respondents who stated that their document addressed
material handling health and safety and those whose document did not address.
4.3.3 Safety policy revision
The respondents were asked on the frequency of their revision of their firm’s safety and
health policy. Their responses are represented below.
Table 4. 6: Safety policy revision
Number of periodic revision of health and safety policy. Frequency Percent
Never 4 16.7Above 6 years 6 25.04-6 years 8 33.31-3 years 6 25.0Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
44
Figure 4. 1: Safety policy revision
Source: Field Survey, (2016)
The figure above shows that most respondent’s firms revise their firm’s health and safety
policy once in every 4-6 years as proved further below.
Table 4. 7: Mean of frequency of health and safety policy revision
N Valid 24
Missing 0
Mean 2.67
Minimum 1
Maximum 4
45
Source: Field work, (2016)
The table above shows the mean of the frequency of periodic revision of the safety and health
policy document with minimum being 1 which represents never, 2 above 6 years, 3 represents
4-6 years and maximum 4 represents 1-3 years. As stated in my literature review, the
document should be revised as often as appropriate. Previous researches have suggested that
a 2 years periodical revision as the best time frame. Therefore, these results prove that many
respondent’s firm do not adhere to that.
Summary of the findings on Safety policy
Table 4. 8: Safety policy
Scales of measurement Frequency Percent0 24 33.3
1 48 66.7
Total 72 100.0Source: Fieldwork
As pointed out in the subtopic, variables in chapter 3 of this study and from the data above on
safety policy it showed that the safety policy variable attained 66.7% level of adequacy which
is represented by value 1. The method of arriving at the mean is stated in chapter 3, in the
subtopic, variables.
4.4: PROVISION IN THE TENDER DOCUMENTS
The respondents were asked to state if health and safety in material handling is provided for
in the tender documents.
Figure 4. 2: Provision of health and safety in the tender document
46
Source: Field study, (2016)
4.5 TRAINING
The respondents were asked various questions regarding the practice of training for the
workers they employ. The researcher sought to find on the implementation of training and the
level of adequacy.
4.5.1 Provision of training
The respondents were asked to indicate if they had trained workers in regards to material
handling activities. Only 10 respondents attested to have trained the workers on how to
handle materials effectively, of which all of them indicated to have trained them before the
project commenced as shown below.
Table 4. 9: Training of workers before project commences
Frequency PercentNo 14 58.3
Yes 10 41.7
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field study, (2016)
4.5.2 Training program
In order to ascertain on the regularity of the training adapted by the respondent. They were
asked on whether they had a planned programme which dictated the intervals at which they
would train their workers. Out of the 10 respondents who trained the workers, half of them
only trained them once.
47
Figure 4. 3: Preparation of a training program
Source: Field survey, (2016)
79.2% of the respondents did not have a training program. Only 20.8% confirmed to have a
training program, which they strictly followed. This represented a very large number of them
who did not train workers regularly. Most of the respondents confirmed on their preference to
giving instructions to workers regularly to cut on the cost of training. This statistics supported
my problem statement that most contractors usually bypass laws to cut on costs.
48
Figure 4. 4: Summary of the findings on training
Training done Regularity of training Mean for training
58.30%
20.80%
39.55%
Summary of findings for training
Source: Field work, 2016
The figure above indicates that training attained an adequacy level of 39.55%.
4.6 HEALTH AND SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES
The respondents were asked if they had a safety committee or a safety officer at the
construction site. Their responses were as follows:
Figure 4. 5: Appointment of a health and safety committee
49
Source: field study, (2016)
All the respondents who had an appointed committee had a safety and health representative
on the site and others disbursed to various sites. They stated the roles of the representative as
ensuring health and safety rules on the site were adhered to by workers, ensuring safety of
plants and equipment, ensuring a safe working environment all in regard to material handling.
Most of the respondents who did not have a health and safety officer delegated the
responsibilities to the site agent.
4.7 MATERIAL HANDLING PROCEDURES
4.7.1 Manual transportation of materials
4.7.1.1 Safe weight
The respondents were asked to state whether they had a specific weight they recommended
beyond which workers were not supposed to handle. Their responses are presented below.
Figure 4. 6: Weight regulation
50
Source: Field survey, (2016)
Table 4. 10: Weight limit
Frequency PercentNo 17 70.8
Yes 7 29.2
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
From the table above it can be seen that 70.8% did not have a safe weight for materials
beyond which workers were not supposed to handle. For the 29.2% of the respondents who
had a limit for weight and adhered to it, most had a weight limit of 50 kilograms and others
even less depending on the weight of the worker.
51
4.7.1.2 Hazardous conditions presented by manual transportation of materials
The respondents were further asked if they had an established program for identification of
hazardous conditions and provision for rectification of any such conditions. All the
respondents stated that they had an established programme in which the health and safety
representative was supposed to manage. The respondent ensured that the health and safety
representative who as mentioned earlier, was either a health and safety officer or the site
agent did inspections as per the program. The respondents were asked to further clarify if as
per the program, during the inspection, there was a provision for the health and safety
representative to do checks to ensure that materials being handled by workers was safe in
terms of weight and nature and not likely to injure them. Their responses are presented
below.
Table 4. 11: Safe material handling
Frequency PercentNo 22 91.7
Yes 2 8.3
Total 24 100.0
Source: field work, (2016)
From the table above, it can be seen that only a very small percentage of 8.3% of the
respondents ensured that the loads being handled are safe in terms of weight despite having a
safe load limit and also safe in terms of their nature as identified in my literature review.
4.7.2: Plant and equipment safety
4.7.2.1 Plant and equipment functions awareness
The respondents were asked if they were aware of the specific functions of various material
handling plant and equipment employed in their construction site. This question sought to
know whether the respondent was at a position to put sufficient measures to ensure safe
environment for workers in regards to material handling plant and equipment. All the
respondents who answered the question approved of their awareness.
Table 4. 12: Plant and equipment functions awareness
52
Frequency PercentYes 22 91.7
Missing System 2 8.3
Total 24 100.0
Source: field work, (2016)
4.7.2.2 Plant and equipment inspection program
The respondents were asked if they ensured that material handling plant and equipment were
safe and without risks to health to workers. All the respondents stated that they ensured safety
and health through ensuring inspection had been carried out for all plants and equipment. To
ascertain on the regularity and the strictness that these inspections followed, they were further
asked if they had an inspection program. Their responses are presented below.
Table 4. 13: Inspection program
Frequency PercentNo 21 87.5
Yes 3 12.5
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
Since all the respondents confirmed that they ensured that inspection of plants and equipment
was carried out before they started operating. They were asked to give more information
regarding inspection during the course of the working period of the equipment. Most of
respondents who had an inspection program either had their own plant and equipment
manager or made arrangement for someone to check at certain intervals. Those who did not
have a program, most relied on the DOHSS inspection.
4.7.2.3 Accident response
In order to find out on their various responses to accidents, major or minor, by respondents,
they were asked whether they had experienced any case of an accident relating to material
handling. All the respondents stated that they had experienced an accident. The researcher
further listed various ways that contractors should follow to address an accident and they
53
were asked to tick against the ways that they acted to. The ways of dealing with an accident
are addressed in the literature review. The results were presented below.
Table 4. 14: Various ways of accident response
Case Processing Summary
Various ways of accident response
CasesValid Missing TotalN Percent N Percent N Percent
Prevention of recurrence * accident occurrence
19 79.2% 5 20.8% 24 100.0%
Informing others * accident occurrence
10 41.7% 14 58.3% 24 100.0%
Reporting the accident * accident occurrence
7 29.2% 17 70.8% 24 100.0%
Investigation on the accident * accident occurrence
21 87.5% 3 12.5% 24 100.0%
Source: field work, (2016)
The various percentages of the responses are displayed in the valid column. Respondents who
ticked on prevention of recurrence accounted for 79.2%, informing others in the site 41.7% of
the total, reporting the accident to relevant authority 29.2% and investigation on the accident
87.5%. The missing column shows the number and percentage of the respondents who did
not tick against that response.
Figure 4. 7: Summary of the findings on material handling procedures
54
Weight limit Hazard check equipment awareness
inspection program Mean0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Source: Field work, 2016
As shown above, material handling procedures had a level of adequacy of 35.43%
4.8 STORAGE OF MATERIALS
The researcher checked on various items regarding their application and also rated some as
either good, average or poor. The results are presented below.
Table 4. 15: Case Processing Summary
Checks on storage of materials
CasesValid Missing TotalN Percent N Percent N Percent
stability of stacked materials * storage
24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%
store lighting conditions * storage
24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%
labelling of chemicals * storage
15 62.5% 9 37.5% 24 100.0%
space within storage to allow movement * storage
24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%
storage and packaging of chemicals * storage
15 62.5% 9 37.5% 24 100.0%
Source: Field work, (2016)
55
The table above shows the number of sites in which I did various checks. For the missing
row, it represents the number of sites the item to be checked was not available. The tables
that follow below show the rating of the checks that I did.
Table 4. 16: Stability of stacked materials
Frequency PercentGood 8 33.3
Average 13 54.2
Poor 3 12.5
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
The results above show that in most sites the stores were averagely arranged in terms of
stability. The stability of the materials was checked together with the stability of the storage
system. Most sites had the stacking of the materials in good condition but the storage system
was not strong or in poor conditions, in other sites the conditions were vice versa. In other
sites the stacking of materials together with the nature of the storage system was poor.
Table 4. 17: Stability of storage system
Frequency PercentGood 18 75.0
Average 4 16.7
Poor 2 8.3
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, 2016
56
Plate 4. 1: Storage of cement
Source: Field work, (2016)
The plate above captures bags of cement in a store. Note the condition of the store at the
edge, the iron sheet and timber have come of and could fall any time. Note also the bags of
cement at the last column, they are stacked more than 10 bags in one column and are likely to
fall and hit the unstable wall of the store which could be dangerous.
Table 4. 18: store lighting conditions
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Good 5 20.8 20.8 20.8
Average 8 33.3 33.3 54.2
Poor 11 45.8 45.8 100.0
Total 24 100.0 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
The table above shows the nature of lighting conditions in most construction sites which was
poor in most sites. Most of the sites had their store located in the building under construction
and for some the location of the stores hindered natural lighting completely and others 57
partially. Most of them did not provide artificial lighting as all them had not installed
electrical lighting yet. Poor lighting conditions in a store could be dangerous for works as
they load and offload materials they could trip or get hit by falling materials etc.
Plate 4. 2: Store lighting conditions
Source: Field work, (2016)
The plate above presents the lighting conditions in one of the stores located in the building
under construction. No source of artificial lighting was noted.
Table 4. 19: Labelling of chemicals
Frequency Valid PercentValid Yes 15 100.0Missing System 9Total 24
Source: Field work, (2016)
The table above shows that labelling of chemicals which was mainly paint in all the sites was
done in a good manner. The other sites with the label missing had no chemicals in their
vicinity.
Table 4. 20: Space within storage to allow movement
Frequency Percent
58
Good 18 75.0
Average 6 25.0
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
The results above show that in most construction sites the stores were spacious to allow
movement of workers as they loaded and offloaded materials from the stores.
Table 4. 21: Storage and packaging of chemicals
Frequency Valid Percent
Valid Good 13 86.7
Average 2 13.3
Total 15 100.0Missing System 9Total 24
Source: Field work, (2016)
For construction sites with paint, it was observed that 86.7% of them had the storage cans and
buckets were well stores and packaged. Few construction sites had left the paint cans and
buckets aimlessly when they were done with them without first washing them.
Figure 4. 8: Summary of findings on storage of materials
Stacking st
ability
Storage syste
m stabilit
y
Store lighting co
nditions
Chemical la
belling
Chemical s
torage
Passage sp
aceMean
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
59
Source: Field work, 2016
Storage of materials attained a mean of 65.13% level of adequacy.
4.9 PPE USAGE
The researcher also checked on usage of protective devices. The results are presented below.
Table 4. 22: Case Processing Summary
Various PPE on sites
CasesValid Missing TotalN Percent N Percent N Percent
head protection * usage of PPE
23 95.8% 1 4.2% 24 100.0%
foot and leg protection * usage of PPE
24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%
hand and arm protection * usage of PPE
24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%
protective clothing * usage of PPE
24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%
Source: Field work, (2016)
The table above shows the number sites that required usage of various types of PPE
depending on the conditions and the materials being handled. Head, foot, hand and protective
clothing were a must for all sites
Table 4. 23: Head protection
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Valid Good 17 70.8 70.8
Average 7 29.2 29.2
Total 24 100.0 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
Table 4.21 presents the results on usage of head protection. In most sites 70.8 % all the
people had head protection in form of helmets. This is really recommendable. For the few
sites that were rated average, some workers did not have any form of head protection while
others had.
60
Table 4. 24: Foot and leg protection
Frequency PercentGood 6 25.0
Average 18 75.0
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016) The results above show that in most sites, 75% the rating on usage of foot and leg and
protective devices was average with some workers in the site having them on while others
didn’t have.
Plate 4. 3: Concreting
Source: Field work, (2016)
61
The plate above represents a scenario in a construction site where some workers have foot
and leg protective devices while others don’t have them. Notice the worker carrying a bucket
does not have gumboots while others have.
Various trades requiring usage of hand and protective devices were observed and the results
presented in the form of a table. In all the sites there was a trade requiring usage of hand and
arm protective device due to extent handling of cement, chemicals or materials with
characteristics such as sharp edges.
Table 4. 25: Hand and arm protection
Frequency PercentAverage 3 12.5
Poor 21 87.5
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
Plate 4. 4 : Concreting
Source: Field work, (2016)
Plate 4.4 shows workers engaging in concreting with handling of cement. None of the
workers has any form of hand protection. Notice also many don’t have protective clothing.
62
Table 4. 26: Protective clothing
Frequency PercentAverage 4 16.7
Poor 20 83.3
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field survey, (2016)
Protective clothing were hardly seen in most construction sites and in construction sites
where workers had them on, some only had improvised their old clothing which was the case
in all the other construction sites.
Figure 4. 9: Summary of findings on PPE usage
Head protection
Foot and le
g protection
Hand and arm protecti
on
Protective
clothing
Mean0.00%
10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%
Source: Field work, 2016
The findings show that PPE usage had a mean of 43.75%, which translated to its level of
adequacy.
4.10: TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS
Movement of materials by workers in all the construction sites was very minimal which
minimised the risk of injury and materials were being carried over short distances. This was
made possible by extensive use of plants and equipment. I noticed that the health and safety
representative(s) on site were not keen to notice or check on the weight and nature of
materials if they were hazardous to the workers at any moment during the inspection. This
confirmed the fact that contractors did not provide for such in the program for inspection.
63
4.11 SITE LAYOUT
The researcher also checked various items that involved how the site was laid or planned. The
results for various checks are outlined below.
Table 4. 27: Lighting conditions within the site
Frequency PercentGood 17 70.8
Average 4 16.7
Poor 3 12.5
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
Lighting conditions in areas where the workers was well lit since most worked in day lit
areas. For workers working inside the building which has no source of electric power, some
did not provide for artificial lighting to enhance movement as workers moved materials or
fixed them. The plate below shows a poor lit corridor where workers are working.
Plate 4. 5: Lighting conditions
Source: Field work, (2016)
64
The researcher checked on how the site was arranged, whether it enhanced or hindered
movement of workers as they carried materials.
Table 4. 28: Site arrangement in relation to movement
Frequency PercentGood 3 12.5
Average 8 33.3
Poor 13 54.2
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, (2016)
Most construction sites due to limited spaces, the site was overcrowded with materials piled
and blocking the paths of workers which would be dangerous as workers moved loads within
the site. Stockpiling of materials was done at the right places, the only challenge was the
limited space for most sites.
Table 4. 29: Stock piling of materials
Frequency PercentGood 21 87.5
Average 3 12.5
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, 2016
Site ground conditions were also rated and the results presented below.
Table 4. 30: Ground site conditions
Frequency PercentGood 9 37.5
Average 10 41.7
Poor 5 20.8
65
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field survey, (2016)
Most sites had their ground conditions rated average. The researcher checked also on the
floor conditions of the building under construction. Some floor conditions were not
favourable for movement of workers as they handled materials. Some floors were wet and
others had items that could lead to tripping of workers as they moved.
Table 4. 31: Floor conditions
Frequency PercentGood 19 79.2
Average 3 12.5
Poor 2 8.3
Total 24 100.0
Source: Field work, 2016
Plate 4. 6: Floor conditions
Source: Field survey, (2016)
66
Plate 4. 7: Floor conditions
Field work, (2016)
Notice the wet floor and staircase on plate 4.6 and an electric wire on the staircase shown on
plate 4.7. These two conditions could be very hazardous to a worker carrying materials. The
worker could slip and fall either due to the slipperiness of the floor or hindrance by objects.
Figure 4. 10: Summary of findings on site layout and planning
Stockpilin
g
Site arra
ngement
Ground conditions
Lighting co
nditions
Floor conditions
Mean0.00%
10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%
100.00%
Source: Field work, 2016
The variable, site layout, attained a level of adequacy of 57.5%
67
4.12 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Hypothesis testing was achieved through Descriptive inference. This research evaluated
construction contractors on their awareness and implementation of health and safety policies
during material handling.
The research found out that all the contractors were aware of various health and safety
provisions regarding material handling in various health and safety policies and most have
consequently incorporated them in the drafting of their firm’s policies.
From the analysis it is evident that contractors have taken the first step and drafted policies
for their firms but have not taken keen consideration to put in measures to ensure these
policies have been effectively implemented to ensure healthy and safe material handling. This
is demonstrated by contractors providing for guides for safe material handling and not putting
measures to ensure these guidelines are implemented. It is also demonstrated in contractors
ensuring implementation of some policies during material handling and ignoring others.
Lastly it is demonstrated by provision of measures and not uniformly distributing the
measures to all workers involved example, PPE usage among the workers.
The study was able to attain the level of adequacy of various variables. The levels of
adequacy were 66.7%, 39.55%, 35.43%, 65.13%, 43.75%, and 57.5% for variables safety
policy, training, material handling procedure, material storage, PPE usage and site layout and
planning consequently. The mean of these levels was 51.34%. From the study chapter 3,
variables, to accept the null hypothesis the mean level of adequacy must be 80% and above.
Therefore this study accepts the null hypothesis that contractors have not adequately
incorporated health and safety measures in construction sites during material handling and
nullifies the alternative hypothesis which states that contractors have adequately incorporated
health and safety measures in construction sites.
68
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter outlines summary of finding, conclusion drawn from previous chapter as well as
recommendations for the whole study in line with the objectives. Finally the researcher
highlights areas of further study.
5.2 DISCUSSION OF STUDY FINDINGS
From the analysis it is evident it is evident that all the contractors are aware of their role in
safety and health enhancement. Most firms have a drafted health and safety policy in their
firms as expected by the law and their view on the a health and safety policy is that it’s an
important document in terms of guiding and containing rules to be implemented on site
regarding handling of materials among other activities. In connection to that a bigger
percentage of them have addressed material handling health and safety in this document. In
terms of revision, it was noted that most averagely revised the health and safety policy
document after a period of 5 years and others didn’t review it. A small percentage did review
it at the recommended time duration of 2 years.69
Provision of training in general and in regards to material handling was very minimal in most
construction sites. A small number of contractors arranged for training of workers before
commencement of the construction process. Majority depended on ensuring workers were
instructed on various material handling health and safety issues once in a while. Majority of
those who ensured training at the commencement only did it once and depended on providing
instructions during the construction period. Quite a small number had a training program me
for the duration of the construction works.
In regards to health and safety representatives on site whose responsibility is to check and
guide on healthy and safe material handling procedures among other activities, majority had
one and in some more than one representative. For the smaller percentage who didn’t
incorporate a health and safety representative, they added the responsibility to the site agent
to carry out.
Few construction sites had a regulated safe weight for materials beyond which the workers
were not supposed to handle. The weight that all who had a safe weight recommended was 50
kilograms and in other sites it was even lower depending on the weight of the worker. During
inspection of hazardous condition that could be presented by materials, quite a few
contractors recommended for weight check despite some having a safe weight for materials
to be handled. The decision was left for the workers to decide after being given instructions
on the amount of load they are expected to carry. Other hazardous condition such as nature of
the material like sharp materials were also incorporated in the program me for inspection.
All the contractors confirmed their awareness of various functions of material handling plants
and equipment within their construction sites. It was evident that all of them ensured
inspection of these plant and equipment. It was also evident that very few of them had an
inspection program me put in place to ensure periodical arrangement for inspection. Most of
them depended on inspection from the Directorate of Occupational Health and Safety
Services. On the other hand, those who had an inspection program me either had a plant
manager who followed the program me or the contractor made arrangements for a technical
person to come and make inspections for various plant and equipment that required regular
checks.
All the contractors confirmed that there had been cases of accidents, whether major or minor,
in a construction site they are supervising. According to their response to the accident, a big
percentage ensured measures were put in place to investigate and prevent recurrence. Quite a
70
few number responded by reporting to the relevant authority and also a few contractors
ensured those others on the site were informed of the accident.
It was noted that the storage conditions were average in most construction sites. Though in
some construction sites the lighting conditions in some stores was poor due to their position
and lack of artificial lighting. In most construction sites, arrangement of materials in the store
was poor though the stores were spacious hence ensuring space for movement. Few
construction sites harbored chemicals and for those that had chemicals, it was mainly paint
which was well labelled and stored.
PPE usage was inadequate in all the construction sites. Either they failed to incorporate a
certain type of PPE or if incorporated, they were not keen to ensure all workers used them or
they did not provide enough for all. Head protection in form of safety helmets was the
relatively common in construction sites. Hearing protection, respiratory protection and hand
and arm protection were virtually non-existent in all the sites. Foot and leg protection was
fairly incorporated in the sites. Most construction sites were not keen to ensure all the
workers had foot and leg protective equipment as some had and some didn’t have in the same
construction site.
The site layout was observed to be good in terms of lighting in the building being
constructed. Some of the construction sites ignored the lighting factor within the building
which could be hazardous to workers moving materials within the unlit places especially
within the staircases or even the workers fixing materials. Most construction sites were
squeezed in terms of space to stock pile materials being delivered on site leading to poor
stockpiling of materials which partially inconvenienced the workers as they loaded the
materials and also hindered their way as they transported these materials. Lack of enough
space presented hazardous conditions for workers within the site as they transport materials.
For construction sites away from the town centers, they were able to secure spaces outside the
construction sites to pile materials.
5.3 CONCLUSION
Handling of materials is found at all stages of construction with various kinds of hazards
associated to the process. Contractors should make it a necessity to get pre hand information
on various health and safety risks that are likely to occur during handling of materials in order
to plan for their mitigation.
71
Policies and regulations that exist are numerous, usually well formulated and they clearly
show that they are geared towards achieving appropriate health and safety standards on site
but they lack enforcement mechanisms. Contractor’s usually go ahead and formulate policies,
even form a health and safety department for their firms but they do not serve as a guide to
action. Implementation of these policies on site is the key to achieve high health and safety
standards in material handling.
The fact that there are many accidents that occur during handling of materials affecting
workers on sites shows poor implementation of health and safety mechanisms and also
ignorance on the part of the contractor to implement some health and safety mechanisms.
Health and safety mechanisms can help eliminate the hazard and also eliminate or reduce the
risk of injury.
Health and safety matters during material handling are a concern and should not be taken
lightly nor should any matters be taken seriously and others left unattended to. As long as
there exist a loop hole in providence for adequate health and safety measures in material
handling, accidents during handling of materials will still continue being prevalent in our
construction sites.
Contractors put some effort in ensuring measures are pointed towards ensure safe material
handling procedures and even provide mechanisms where possible for implementation but
these efforts remain futile if the contractor does not ensure implementation of the same.
Appointing of safety representatives to represent them on the site and establishing a good
program me for them to follow will go a long way in enhancing the implementation
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
It should be a statutory duty for contractors to enforce health and safety policies in material
handling among other activities. Contractors should ensure that they understand the health
and safety risks that are associated to handling of materials and provide the right kind of
mechanisms to curb any imminent danger associated with those risks from happening.
Contractors should ensure that they have a health and safety document which covers material
handling health and safety. This gives them a direction and a sense of duty towards ensuring
high health and safety standards are maintained. The document should not just be drafted but
resources should be availed to implement the plans in the document. Roles should also be
well delegated to various personnel within the contractor’s firms to assume the responsibility
72
of implementation and to prevent the contractor being overwhelmed by too many duties
which would hinder proper implementation of the same.
Training the workers on various safe material handling procedures and also on recognition of
hazards presented by materials and how to handle them would go a long way in enhancing
health and safety standards. Contractors should ensure that training is properly done and not
done only once but regularly during the construction period depending on the duration of the
same. This ensures the workers keep aboard with the changing risks and levels of health and
safety standards as the construction progresses.
Contractors should make it their duty to appoint a safety and health representative on site
whose major responsibility is to ensure health and safety standards are implemented
especially during material handling. This is a very important requirement as security issues
are critical issues that are not timely and hence requiring someone throughout to be
monitoring them. Since contractors have other obligations of management and some handle
more than one construction sites, it becomes critical for them to delegate the role to someone
who is equipped with knowledge and understanding of health and safety matters.
The appointed health and safety representatives should be tasked with the duty to check
various hazards presented by materials on site including weight and nature of materials such
as the shape or components which would be hazardous. Contractors should monitor to ensure
that the representatives play their roles diligently.
It should be the responsibility of every contractor to have the knowledge of various material
handling plants, equipment and tools operating in their sites so as to be able to provide the
right measures towards ensuring safe operation of the same. Contractors should ensure these
plant and equipment are checked regularly depending on the type of plant or equipment to
ensure they are safe for use. They should plan for their inspection.
The other thing contractors should ensure is well planning of the site to ensure free flow of
materials and workers as they transport materials without hindrances which could cause
accident or even delay as workers try to navigate their way. This should be done in terms
ensuring preplanning for places of stock piling materials to ensure enough space for
movement, ensuring the ground conditions are favorable for movement and also ensuring
good lighting conditions within the building to enhance workers movement as they transport
materials and also fix them.
73
Storage of materials should be done in a safe place with the materials well stacked in a stable
manner to prevent collapsing leaving enough space for movement of workers as they move
the materials. The storage system should be well kept and strong to withstand the materials
stored in it. Contractors should take it upon themselves to ensure that all these rules are
adhered to.
Usage of personal protective equipment is a must for every construction site due to various
risks that are associated with handling of materials. Contractors should monitor the usage of
PPE to ensure that they have been enforced and are being used in the right manner.
In summary, all contractors should assume their responsibilities in ensuring that all measures
provided for and spelt out in various statutory documents are put in place during material
handling. It is their responsibility to monitor implementation of these policies on site and
provide for the right measures where they are missing.
5.5 AREAS OF FURTHER RESEARCH
Further research can be done on:
Causes of poor implementation of health and safety policies in material handling
Effectiveness of health and safety mechanisms applied during material handling
(Holt, 2005) (Elengovan, 2015) (Elbeltagi, n.d.)
REFERENCES
Construction Safety Council , 2012. Health Hazards in Construction. [Online]
Available at: www.buildsafe.org
De Vaus, D. A., 2001. Research Design in Social Research, London.
Elbeltagi, D. E., construction site Layout Planning.
Elengovan T. Muralithan and T., 2015. Safety and Analysis in Material Handling of
Construction Industry,.: Idosi publications.
Hispanic Contractos Association, 2012. Creating a safety program for your small business.
[Online]
74
Available at:
https://www.osha.gov/dte/grant_materials/fy10/sh.../creating_a_safety_program.pp
Holt A. S. J., 2005. Principles of Construction Safety.:Blackwell publishing.
I.F. Mohd Kamar, 2014. Contractor’s Awareness on Occupational Safety and Health
Management Systems in construction industry ,: EDP Sciences.
J. W. Kaluli, Assessment of Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Sites in Nairobi
County
Keshava Chanda Arora, 2007. Aspects of material handling,:Firewall media.
Kibe, K. N., 2016. Assessment of health and safety management on construction sites in
Nairobi County, Nairobi: JKUAT.
Mugenda, O. and Mugenda A., 2003. A Research Methods. Nairobi: Acts Press.
Mulinge G. Muiruri and Cornelius, 2014. Health and Safety Management on Construction
Project Sites in Kenya, Nairobi.
Mutuma, N., 2008. AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PROVISION OF PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) TO CONSTRUCTION WORKERS AND ITS
ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS, Nairobi: University of Nairobi Library.
Niskanen, Jouni Lauttalammi and Toivo, 1988. Accidents in Materials Handling at Building
Construction Sites, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Nyakiongora, M., 2004. AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE WELFARE PROVISION FOR
CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTION WORKERS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE TIMELY
COMPLETION OF PROJECTS, A CASE STUDY OF NAIROBI PROJECTS, Nairobi:
University of Nairobi library.
Oketch, T. O., 2004. AN INVESTIGATION INTO RISK MANAGEMENT : RESPONSE IN
HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN KENYA, Nairobi:
University of Nairobi Library
OSHA,U.S Department of Labor, 2002. Material handling and storage. [Online]
Available at: www.osha.gov
R.J. Coble, Haupt T.C. and J. Hinze., 2000. The Management of Construction Safety and
Health, CRC press.75
Raymond Kemei, J. N., 2016. Occupational Accident Patterns and Prevention Measures in
Construction Sites in Nairobi County Kenya , Nairobi: science publishing group.
Reese, C. D., 2000. Material handling systems; Designing for safety and health. New York:
CRC press.
Seeger Weiss, 2016. Hazardous Chemical. [Online]
Available at: http://www.seegerweiss.com/personal-injury/workplace-injuries/construction-
accidents/hazardous-chemicals/
Seppo Väyrynen, Kari Häkkinen andToivo Niskanen, 2014. Integrated Occupational Safety
and Health Management.
Sidharantha, R., 2007. Introduction to Material handling (1). s.l.:New Age International.
standard digital, 2012. standard digital. [Online]
Available at: www.standarddigital.co.ke
Tim Howarth, P. W., 2009. Construction Safety Management. 1st ed.:Willey-Blackwell.
Torrent, D. G., 2008. Development of a Methodology for Automating the Identification and
Localization of Engineered Components and Assessment of Its Impact on Construction Craft
Productivity.:ProQuest.
TRPAbmp, 2014,MATERIAL HANDLING STORAGE AND SAFETY. [Online]
Available at: www.tahoebmp.org
U.S department of labor, n.d. Material handling and storage. [Online]
Available at: www.osha.gov
V. H. P. Vitharana, G. H. M. J. Subashi De Silva and Sudhira De Silva., 2015. Health
Hazards, Risk and Safety Practices in Construction Sites
JBC, (1999). Agreement and Conditions of Contract for Building Works JBC, Nairobi
Kenya Gazette Supplement (2007). The Occupational Safety and Health Act (2007),
Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya
Business daily, (2016, August 17). [Online] Available at www. Businessdailyafrica.com
Kenya national bureau of statistics (2014), facts and figures 2014.
76
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX 01
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR BUILDING CONTRACTOR
I am Grace Gakii Micheni, currently in my final year of study, pursuing bachelor’s degree in
quantity surveying. Currently am undertaking a research study on adoption of health and
safety policies by contractors on construction sites. My research is aimed at obtaining the
level of adequacy of health and safety mechanisms being adopted by contractors within
Nairobi. I am hereby requesting for your assistance in filling this questionnaire which will
greatly help in my study. The information provided will only be used for the purpose of this
research study and will be treated confidentially. Your honesty and sincerity will be highly
appreciated.
INSTRUCTIONS:
77
Please tick (√) the appropriate answer and give reasons or explanations where necessary.
1. NCA classification of the contractor……………………………………………………….
2. Years of practice as a contractor ……………………………………………….
3. Do you think safety policy statement or document is important?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
4i). Do you have a written safety policy or manual?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
ii) Does it address safety and health mechanisms to be adopted material handling activities?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
iii) How long does it take you to revise your safety policy document?
[ ] 1-3 years [ ] 4-6 years [ ] above 6 years [ ] we don’t revise
5. Are health and safety measures such as those that can be adopted during material handling
provided for in the tender documents?
(a) Yes (b) No
6i) Provision of health and safety measures on site in material handling among other works
exclusively rests on the contractor and the employer is protected from any liability of the
labor and workmen on site. The contractor is also supposed to comply with statutory,
industrial or other rules and regulations concerning employment. These are two among other
provisions in contract documents. Are you aware of these provisions?
(a) Yes (b) No
ii) Are you aware of any other legal requirement by statutory bodies?
(a) Yes (b) No
iii) If yes, state any document(s) contains these regulations that you are aware of?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
7i). Do you ensure training of workers before you engage them in material handling activities
among other activities on site?
78
[ ] Yes [ ] No
ii) In connection to that, do you have a workers training program?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
8i). Do you make arrangements to ensure that equipment, plants and tools being used by
employees to handle materials are safe and without risks to their health?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
ii) If yes, how do you achieve that?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
iii) Do you have an inspection program for chains, ropes, hoists, cranes or any other lifting
machines within your premises in which these equipment are supposed to be inspected at
intervals within their period of work?
[ ] Yes [ ] No [ ] they are inspected once before commencement of
works
iii) Are you fully aware of specific functions of all equipment, plants, tools and machinery
being used to handle materials in your site?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
iv) Where do you acquire operators for various material handling plants, machinery and
equipment?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………....
9i) Do you have a program me of inspection to identify hazardous conditions presented by
materials and the rectification of these conditions?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
ii) Do you have a specific weight beyond which employees are not supposed to manually
handle?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
79
ii) If yes, state the maximum weight that you normally recommend for them?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii) In your program me of inspection, is there a provision for checking hazardous conditions
such as weight and the nature of material such as its shape and size and rectification of these
conditions?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
10i). Have you ever experienced any accidents in your site or any other site you are
supervised in relation to material handling activities?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
ii) If yes, how did you respond to it? Tick on the way(s) that you adopted
[ ] Investigated on the accident
[ ] Report on the accident to the relevant authority
[ ] Informed other people on the site about the accident
[ ] Developed prompt arrangements to prevent recurrence
[ ] Took the victim to the hospital and forgot about it
[ ] None of the above
10. Do you have a health and safety committee or officer on your site?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, what are their roles in ensuring health and safety measures are adhered to during
material handling?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. According to you, what level of importance would you categorize the need to do
evaluation of potential hazards that can occur during material handling among other
activities?
[ ] very important [ ] less important [ ] not important
80
THANK YOU
APPENDIX 02
CHECKLIST
[1] Good [2] Average [3] poor [√] Yes [×] No
STORAGE OF MATERIALS
Stability of stacked materials [ ]
Labelling of chemicals [ ]
Lighting conditions in the store [ ]
Enough space to allow movement [ ]
Storage and packaging of chemicals [ ]
Stability of storage system [ ]
HANDLING OF MATERIALS
81
PPE usage where applicable: [ ] Head protection
[ ] Foot and leg protection
[ ] Hand and arm protection
[ ] Protective clothing
Ground conditions [ ]
Lighting conditions of the work surface area [ ]
SITE LAYOUT
Stock piling of materials at the right location [ ]
Site arrangement to allow free movement in material handling activities [ ]
Report on examination of plants and equipment [ ]
Availability of warning signs [ ]
Training records [ ]
In house rules [ ]
Safety and health audit report [ ]
Record of hazardous chemicals [ ]
APPENDIX 03
PROJECT
REGISTRATI
ON NUMBER
PROJECT NAME MAIN CONTRACTOR PROJECT
VALUE (KSH)
531011160387 BUILDING PARBAT SIYANI
CONSTRUCTION LTD
1,872,272,
330.00
531011560380 BUILDING HENG YU INTERNATIONAL
COMPANY LTD
508,022
,050.00
531121560107 BUILDING STELLA BUILDERS 935,869
,795.00
82
531011560358 BUILDING HARREE CONSTRUCTION
LTD
779,934
,450.00
531011560359 BUILDING CHINA NATIONAL AERO
TECHNOLOGY
846,185
,409.05
531081560027 BUILDING STRUCTURAL
CONSTRUCTION
(INTERNATIONAL)
LIMITED
715,000
,000.00
531011560352 BUILDING LAXMANBHAI
CONSTRUCTION LIMITED
2,577,792,
617.00
531041560202 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA WU YI CO LTD 4,084,125,
227.00
531011350322 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA WU YI CO LTD 2,275,183,
265.00
531011560327 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SUPERFIT STEELCON LTD 630,000
,000.00
376061560193 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
HONG YUANG
CONSTRUCTION LTD
716,240,675.00
531011560313 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
AGGREGATE
CONSTRUCTION LTD
1,439,201,
057.00
531011560313 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
AGGREGATE
CONSTRUCTION LTD
1,439,201,
057.00
531011560306 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
IOTA EXCAVATION &
RENTALS LTD
765,265
,200.00
531021550131 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
SENTRIM CONTRACTS 1,243,841,
230.00
531021560130 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
ESTEEL CONSTRUCTION
LTD
538,247
,995.40
531011550296 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA NATIONAL AERO
TECHNOLOGY I.E.C
3,279,998,
102.60
531011560291 RESIDENTIAL PARBAT SIYANI 2,483,768,
83
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRUCTION LTD 477.00
531031560038 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
PARBAT SIYANI
CONSTRUCTION LTD
1,270,519,
940.00
531031560039 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
KINGSLEY
CONSTRUCTION CO LTD
774,750
,048.00
531041560164 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
CEMENTERS LTD 917,341
,440.00
531041550149 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CANTON BUILDING AND
CONSTRUCTION LTD
2,282,257,
120.00
531071560009 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
LAXMANBHAI
CONSTRUCTION LTD
1,747,415,
806.00
531011560241 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
LEXIS INTERNATIONAL 696,225
,607.11
531081460007 INSTITUTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA WUYI CO LTD 3,818,875,
530.00
531011560237 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CORE CONSTRUCTIONS
LTD
994,810
,000.00
531021560105 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
NANCHANG FOREIGN
ENGINEERING CO LTD
988,000
,000.00
531041560118 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
INTCON AFRICA LTD 1,404,063,
990.00
531041560119 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
INTCON AFRICA LTD 684,061
,995.00
531021560103 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
MOTORWAYS
CONSTRUCTION
715,000
,000.00
531011560233 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
YUVI CONSTRUCTION LTD 524,925
,616.85
531011560234 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHIRAG BUILDERS LTD 535,631
,151.00
531011560234 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHIRAG BUILDERS LTD 535,631
,151.00 84
531111560006 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CM CONSTRUCTION EA
LTD
2,115,000,
000.00
531021560101 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
GOKUL BUILDERS LTD 864,309
,995.24
531021560093 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
ARK CONSTRUCTION CO
LTD
2,000,504,
341.13
531111560005 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CM CONSTRUCTION LTD 1,066,000,
000.00
531141560025 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SILVER CONSTRUCTION
CO LTD
585,436
,637.00
531011560225 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SAVA BUILDERS 534,265
,640.00
531071560024 MIXED
DEVELOPMENT
SICHUAN HUASHI
ENTERPRISES LTD
743,490
,767.57
531161450027 INSTITUTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
DINESH CONSTRUCTION
LTD
786,583
,506.80
531051450017 INSTITUTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
DINESH CONSTRUCTION
LTD
1,074,883,
805.00
531131550006 GODOWNS
DEVELOPMENT
NIRMA HOLDINGS LTD 989,637
,034.00
531021560081 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
ETERNAL FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION CO LTD
552,851
,748.00
531011560198 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
ESTEEL CONSTRUCTION
LTD
805,000
,000.00
531021460078 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
LANDMARK HOLDINGS
LTD
1,579,241,
396.00
531021460077 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
POWERFUL LTD 1,468,444,
901.00
531021550075 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
HOMEFIX LTD 542,334
,468.27
85
531042350078 ROAD
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA ROAD & BRIDGE
CORP.
17,199,793,7
66.00
531011550188 MIXED
DEVELOPMENT
PARBAT SIYANI
CONSTRUCTION
1,035,000,
000.00
531021550072 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
HOMEFIX LTD 1,079,806,
698.00
531011550181 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
VISHAK BUILDERS 850,533
,438.00
531141550014 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
LAXMANBHAI
CONSTRUCTION LTD
1,427,179,
748.00
531011560155 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA NATIONAL AERO
TECHNOLOGY I.E C
15,000,000,
000.00
531011560158 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
LAXMANBHAI
CONSTRUCTION LTD
559,275
,000.00
531011550156 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
SENTRIM CONTRACTS LTD 1,020,000,
000.00
531011550131 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
COSMOCARE LTD 810,358
,658.00
531011550132 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
COSMOCARE LTD 636,883
,374.80
531011550153 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
GOVAR CONSTRUCTION
LTD
514,639
,783.68
531021550054 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SICHUAN HUASHI
ENTERPRISES
CORPORATION LTD
929,229
,881.24
531011550146 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
WADIA CONSTRUCTION
CO LTD
1,672,750,
000.00
531011550147 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SEYANI BROTHERS 1,534,364,
680.00
531011550148 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
D MANJI CONSTRUCTION
LTD
1,152,500,
000.00
86
531011550152 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA N AERO
TECHNOLOGY
795,000
,468.00
531041560064 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
ROSOLO BUILDERS CO
LTD
753,695
,000.00
531161550017 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
VAKKEP BUILDING
CONTRACTORS LTD
1,695,015,
920.00
531161550016 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
INTCON 1,750,000,
000.00
531021550065 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
WADIA CONSTRUCTION
LTD
680,035
,878.00
531021550063 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
ECONOBUILD 669,171
,732.56
531021560060 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
NAYOMIE CONSTRUCTION
LTD
929,603
,753.60
531021550055 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
HUNAN WANG WANG
CONSTRUCTION LTD
583,613
,674.00
531051550012 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
DINESH CONSTRUCTION
LTD
563,803
,344.00
531011550131 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
COSMOCARE LTD 810,358
,658.00
531021560053 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
DICKWAYS
CONSTRUCTION LTD
900,000
,000.00
531011550133 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA NATIONAL AERO
TECHNOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL
ENGINEERING
CORPORATION
1,211,604,
049.73
531011560127 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
SEYANI BROTHERS LTD 3,830,000,
000.00
531161560015 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
FUBECO CHINA FUSHUN
BUILDING CO LTD
697,670
,990.00
531011550126 OFFICE TWIGA CONTRACTS LTD 620,484
87
DEVELOPMENT ,146.00
531011550121 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
SENTRIM CONTRACTS LTD 1,516,965,
231.67
531011550123 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
VISHAK BUILDERS LTD 1,325,000,
000.00
531011560117 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
HARIKAN BUILDING
CONTRACTOR LTD
600,000
,000.00
531011560118 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
HARIKAN BUILDING
CONTRACTOR LTD
775,000
,000.00
531011550120 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA ZHONGXING
CONSTRUCTION
749,703
,775.00
531161560014 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
VISHAK BUILDERS LTD 825,000
,000.00
531041560053 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHINA ZHONGXING
CONSTRUCTION CO LTD
878,1
88,947.52
531071550011 INSTITUTION
DEVELOPMENT
N.K BROTHERS 560,8
52,576.00
531161350013 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
N.K BROTHERS 707,9
09,101.00
531051550009 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
N.K BROTHERS 996,9
09,101.00
531011560114 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
SEYANI BROTHERS LTD 2,176,753,
613.54
531051560008 COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
N.K. BROTHERS 1,200,000,
000.00
531011560111 RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
D MANJI CONSTRUCTION
LTD
838,329
,419.78
531011560108 OFFICE BLOCK SEYANI BROTHERS 1,060,000,
000.00
531011560105 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
ESTEEL CONSTRUCTION
LTD
617,739
,380.00
88
531011560103 OFFICE BLOCK SENTRIM CONTRACTS LTD 500,688
,587.80
531011560102 OFFICE
DEVELOPMENT
ESTEEL CONSTRUCTION
LTD
1,868,746,
840.00
531041560042 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
N.K BROTHERS LTD 910,909
,101.00
531041560042 HOTEL
DEVELOPMENT
N.K BROTHERS LTD 910,909
,101.00
531011560050 APARTMENTS
DEVELOPMENT
CANTON ENTERPRISES
LTD
557,529
,635.00
89
