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8/2/2019 Decision Support and AI (22)
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/decision-support-and-ai-22 1/31
DSS: Decision Support Systems
and
AI: Artificial Intelligence
In Business
8/2/2019 Decision Support and AI (22)
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AI in Business
Some Commercial Applications• Decision Support
• Expert Systems
• Information Retrieval• Virtual Reality
• Robotics
I’m ready to
do some
business
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Overview of AI
• Goal of AI– develop computer systems that exhibit
intelligence or simulate the ability to think
• AI pioneered by Computer Science
• But, AI involves a combination of
– Computer Science, Biology, Psychology,
Linguistics, Mathematics,Engineering
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What really is Intelligence?
• Specifically, what are thesigns of Intelligent
Behavior?
• Think about it for a while
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Which of the following is the best
example of intelligent behavior?
101 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. Ability to add numbers2. Ability to see and
recognize objects
3. Ability to adapt tosurroundings
4. Ability to learn for
mistakes
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What really is Intelligence?
• You are about to start anonline chat (IM) with twoentities:
– One entity is a human
– The other is a computer• After hours of conversation,
you can not tell whichentity is a computer.
• Does this mean thecomputer is Intelligent?
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Characteristics of
Intelligent Behavior
1. Learn from experience & applythe knowledge
Computer can automatically improve
performance based on Experience Machine Learning
Computational Learning
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Characteristics of
Intelligent Behavior
2. Handle complex situations Computer Systems can often handle
complexity better than humans
Consider a process control systemthat must simultaneous track 100
different system variables.
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Characteristics of
Intelligent Behavior
3. Solve problems when importantinformation is missing
Computer Systems can find patterns
and deal with all sorts of missinginformation
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Characteristics of
Intelligent Behavior
4. React quickly & correctly to newsituations; Acquire & Apply
Knowledge
Here is where computers start to fail. Adapting to completely new situations is
a problem for computer systems.
Its very difficult to design a computer
system that can combine, connect, and
acquire knowledge to solve completely
new problems
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Characteristics of
Intelligent Behavior
5. Determine what is important.6. Exhibit creativity and imagination
7. Process visual information efficiently
8. Use reason to solve problems
These are some other Characteristics thathumans possess.
Computer systems have a lot of catching up
to do.
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AI in Business
• AI continues to improve and evolve.• Scientists and Engineers are pushing the
envelope of what is possible.
• In Business, there is a better
understanding of the capabilities of Intelligent Computer Systems
• It is important to know which types of problems are suited for humans, and
which are suited for Computers.
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Human Intelligence vs. AI
Attribute Human
Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence
Use a variety of informationsources
High High
Ability to acquire large amounts
of external info.
Medium High
Ability to do rapid, accurate,and complex calculations
Low High
Ability to transfer information
rapidly
Low High
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Human Intelligence vs. AI
Attribute Human
Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence
Ability to use sensors or senses High Medium
Creativity or imagination High Low
Ability to learn from experience High Medium
Ability of be adaptive High Medium
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AI: Application Domains
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AI: Commercial Domains
• Decision Support– Integrating the advantages of AI with
Human Intelligence.
– More intelligent Interfaces– More intelligent processing for
massive data
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AI: Commercial Domains
• Information Retrieval– Automatic simplification for massive
data
– Natural language technology:computer can speak our language.
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AI: Commercial Domains
• Virtual Reality
– Better training environment from pilots to
doctors
• Robotics
– Bringing the precision and speed of computers into the physical world
– Goes beyond manufacturing and assembly
lines; Baggage Inspection, Bomb Removal,
Replacement Limbs.
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Expert Systems
• The idea is to inject expert knowledgein to a computer system.
• The primary purpose is to automate
decision making.
• The decision environments have
structure
• The alternatives and goals are often
established in advance.
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Expert Systems vs. DSS
Expert System• Inject expert knowledge in
to a computer system.
• Automate decision making.
• The decision environmentshave structure
• The alternatives and goals
are often established in
advance.• The expert system can
eventually replace the
human decision maker.
Decision Support System• Extract or gain knowledge
from a computer system
• Facilitates decision making
• Unstructured environment• Alternatives may not be
fully realized yet
• Use goals and the system
data to establishalternatives and outcomes,
so a good decision can be
made
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What is the biggest difference between a
Decision Support System and an MIS
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1. DSS’s are interactive andad hoc
2. DSS’s focus on
transforming informationinto knowledge
3. MIS’s focus on
transforming data intoinformation
4. All of the above
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What is the biggest difference between
an MIS and TPS
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1. in a TPS there is noanalysis
2. an MIS focuses on
reports3. an TPS focuses on
updating a database
4. All of the above
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How is the analysis different for a MIS vs.
DSS
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1. MIS: Analysis involvescomputing aggregates
2. MIS: Analysis involves
creating useful chartsand graphs
3. DSS: Connects
information withdecisions
4. DSS: Builds scenarios
Some Interesting Applications
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Some Interesting Applications
of Expert Systems
• Triage – Medical Diagnosis (Medical Expert System)– User enters symptoms
– System makes diagnosis
– Doctors collective expertise is captured in the system
• Patriot Missile Guidance System
– Radar identifies Scud missile
– System steers Patriot missile to it intercepts Scud
missile
– Laws of physics, expert knowledge about missile
trajectory is captured in the system
• Financial Decision Making – Currency Trading
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Expert System Categories
• Decision Making– buy/sell
– risk/no risk
– rain/ no rain
• Trouble Shooting /Diagnosis
– Hello welcome to Dell;
how can I help you?
– Suddenly an idiot seems
like an expert.
• Selection/Classification– Tell me what you see,expert system figures outwhat it really is...
• Process Monitoring andControl– Robot control, assembly-
line control, missilecontrol
• Design/Configuration– Specify what you want,
expert system figures outspecifically how to do it.
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Expert System Components
Knowledge
baseuser
Expert System Software
User
Interface
Engine
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Expert System Components
Knowledge
baseuser
Expert System Software
User
Interface
Engine
Raw Data or
FactsExpert or
Knowledge
Engineer
Knowledge
Acquisition
Program
Expert System Development Process
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Expert System Components
Knowledge
base
Non-expert
Robot
Missile
Expert System Software
Interface Engine
Raw Data or
FactsExpert or
Knowledge
Engineer
Knowledge
Acquisition
Program
Expert System Development Process
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Expert System vs. DSS
Model Base
Analytical &
Statistical
Models
Someonewith
Knowledge
Decision
Maker
DSS Software
User
Interface
Engine
Raw Data or
Facts
Data Management
Extraction, Generation,
Validation, etc.
DSS Processes