DECIES X X X V I Autumn 1987

NO. X X X V I AUTUMN 1987

C O N T E N T S

Paqe No.

E d i t o r i a l

A F1 i n t Blade from Bal l indud.

Foreign A i r c r a f t fo rced down i n Waterford, 1939- '45

Working L i f e on the Zayda

John 0 ' Donovan

A poss ib le H i l l F o r t a t Garranbaun, Co. Waterford

Two Descr ipt ions o f Co. Waterford i n the 1680's 1 1 S i r Richard Cox's Waterford County e tc .

Progress o f C h r i s t i a n i t y i n the Decies 500-600AD.

A Townland L i s t f o r Co. Waterford

50 O.W.S. Programne.

Alan Heyden.

P a t r i c k J. Cumnins.

Capt. R.J .Farre1 l.

Frank Hey l in .

Thomas Condi t 8 Michael Gibbons.

J u l i a n C. Walton.

Benedict O 'Su l l i van O.P.

O l i v e Alcock, Mary Murphy, & Michael Gibbons.

FRONT COVER: Our cover i l l u s t r a t i o n fea tures the double tower on the p o r t i o n o f Water ford 's c i t y wa l l i n Cast le St reet . Th is western sec t i on o f w a l l i s a t present i n course o f conservat ion and when complete w i l l form p a r t o f t he p ro jec ted development o f t he area as an h i s t o r i c a l centre.

We wish t o express our s incere thanks t o Waterford Corporat ion and t o Waterford Regional Technical Col lege f o r t h e i r valued assistance i n t h e product ion o f t h i s i ssue .

DECIES i s publ ished t h r i c e y e a r l y by the Old Waterford Society and i s issued f r e e ' t o Members.

A l l a r t i c l e s and i l l u s t r a t i o n s are the copyr igh t o f c o n t r i b u t o r s .

E D I T O R I A L

All t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e h i s t o r i c a l and a r c h a e o l o g i c a l h e r i t a g e of Waterford cannot f a i l t o be g r a t i f i e d a t t h e amount of e x p l o r a t i o n which has been c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g t h e p a s t t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s . I t i s s u r e l y a s i g n of an e n l i g h t e n e d a t t i t u d e on t h e p a r t of t h e Municipal A u t h o r i t y t h a t b e f o r e an a r e a i s developed commercial ly i t i s thorough ly i n v e s t i g a t e d from t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l v iewpoin t .

Th i s e n l i g h t e n e d a t t i t u d e was f u r t h e r demonst ra ted r e c e n t l y when p r o p o s a l s t o h i g h l i g h t a r e a s of t h e c i t y of a r c h a e o l o g i c a l o r h i s t o r i c a l va lue were p u b l i c l y spoken o f . Waterford i s p a r t i c u l a r l y r i c h i n s i t e s of t h i s n a t u r e a n d i t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t they be g iven due prominence f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h i s a n d

succeeding g e n e r a t i o n s .

The c u r r e n t survey being c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e county f o r t h e S i t e s and Monuments Record w i l l i n c r e a s e our knowledge of t h e s e p l a c e s . I f we f o l l o w t h e l ead of o t h e r c o u n t r i e s t h i s su rvey w i l l r e v e a l a t l e a s t a s g r e a t a number of new a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e s a s t h o s e a l r e a d y known. T h i s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e work being c a r r i e d o u t by t h e Urban Survey w i l l f u r t h e r extend our knowledge of Waterford C i t y .

The H i s t o r i c a l A t l a s i n c o u r s e of p r e p a r a t i o n by t h e Royal I r i s h Academy w i l l i n c l u d e a volume devoted t o Waterford C i t y . Th i s i s a most s a t i s f a c t o r y s t a t e of a f f a i r s a s f a r a s t h i s a r e a i s concerned a n d i t i s t o be hoped t h a t now t h a t t h e new S i t e s and Monuments Act has been passed i n t o law, i t w i l l be r i g i d l y e n f o r c e d

and w i l l t h u s ensure t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of both s i t e s and a r t i f a c t s f o r p o s t e r i t y .

?lint Blade from Bmllindud.

A FLINT BLADE F R O M BALLiNDUD

CO. WATERFORD

A l a n Hayden .

I n November 1 9 8 6 I f o u n d t h e s m a l l f l i n t f l a k e , w h i c h i s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i N o t e , i n a p l o u g h e d f i e l d i n B a l l i n d u d t o w n l a n d , Co. W a t e r f o r d . ? (See map) . The f l i n t l a y o n t h e s u r f a c e 5 m e t r e s t o t h e N o r t h West o f a M e g a l i t h i c t o m b . A c a r e f u l s e a r c h o f t h e i m m e d i a t e a r e a r e v e a l e d n o o t h e r m a t e r i a l .

The f l a k e ( s e e f i g . 2 ) i s a l e a f s h a p e d b l a d e s t r u c k f r o m a p o o r q u a l i t y m o t t l e d g r e y / p u r p l e f l i n t and m e a s u r e s 50mm. l o g g , 22.5mm. w i d e a t b a s e and v a r i e s f r o m 8 - 12mm. i n t h i c k n e s s a t i t s c e n t r e . The u n d e r s i d e o f t h e f l a k e i s s l i g h t l y c o n c a v e i n v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e and p a r t o f t h e o r i g i n a l c r e a m y w h i t e c o r t e x o f t h e n o d u l e s t i l l a d h e r e s t o t h e a l m o s t f l a t b u t t o f t h e f l a k e . The f l i n t i s w o r k e d o n l y o n i t s u p p e r f a c e w h e r e t h e r e i s a s m a l l amount o f s e c o n d a r y r e t o u c h o n i t s e d g e s n o t a b l y t h e d e x t e r s i d e . The t o p o f t h e f l a k e a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n damaged a t a l a t e r s t a g e b u t i t p r o b a b l y p o s s e s s e d a s h a r p p o i n t .

The f l a k e was o b v i o u s l y s t r u c k f r o m i t s b u t t w h e r e t h e c o r t e x p r o v i d e d a good s t r i k i n g p l a t f o r m . A s m a l l d e p r e s s i o n 5mm. i n d i a m e t e r l i e s a t t h e base t o w a r d s t h e u n d e r s i d e o f t h e f l a k e . T h i s i s m o s t l i k e l y t h e m a r k l e f t b y t h e o b j e c t u s e d i n s t r i k i n g o f f t h e f l a k e . T h i s was p r o b a b l y a bone o r wooden p i e c e w i t h a b l u n t l y p o i n t e d end w h i c h was p l a c e d o n t h e n o d u l e a n d s t r u c k b y a hammer s t o n e o r s i m i l a r o b j e c t i n t h e t y p i c a l i n d i r e c t p e r c u s s i o n s t r i k i n g m e t h o d . ( C l a r k e e t a 1 ( 1 9 8 5 ) f i g . 5 . 2 ) .

The tomb a d j a c e n t t o t h e f i n d s p o t o f t h e f l a k e i s a c o l l a p s e d p o r t a l tomb ( t h o u g h n o t r e c o g n i s e d a s s u c h b y P o w e l l , who t e r m e d i t ' u n c l a s s i f i e d ' ( P o w e l l ( 1 9 4 1 ) 2 2 ) , t h e e a s t end o f t h e c a p s t o n e h a v i n g s l i p p e d o f f i t s u p r i g h t s . $ A g r o u p , a t l e a s t 6 i n number o f p o r t a l t ombs o c c u r s i n Co. W a t e r f o r d b e i n g t h e s o u t h e r n m o s t members o f a g r o u p t h a t o c c u r s i n a band f r o m E. W a t e r f o r d N o r t h E a s t w a r d s t o S o u t h E a s t Co. D u b l i n . ( O ' R i o r d a i n 1979, F i g . 7 ) .

O v e r 20 o f t h e tombs h a v e b e e n e x c a v a t e d i n I r e l a n d ( O ' R e i l l y , 1981 ,117 ) m o r e t h a n a d o z e n p r o d u c i n g f i n d s .

O f t h e l i t h i c m a t e r i a l , and h o l l o w s c r a p e r s , l e a f shaped a r r o w h e a d s , Bann f l a k e s a n d s t o n e a x e s a r e t h e d o m i n a n t t y p e s r e p r e s e n t e d .

The f l a k e f r o m B a l l i n d u d t h o u g h b e a r i n g a s u p e r f i c i a l r e s e m b l a n c e t o a Bann f l a k e ( e . g . t h a t f r o m i l rurnanone,Co. Roscommon( H e r i t y , 1 9 6 4 , F i g . 2 . 1 8 ) i t i s p r o b a b l y b e s t p a r a l l e l e d b y t h e s m a l l e r b l a d e w i t h r o u g h l y f l a t b u t t t h a t was f o u n d a t Aghnaskeagh C a i r n A Co. L o u t h ,

F l i n t B l a d e f r o m B a l l i n d u d , Co. W a t e r f o r d .

( H e r i t y ,1964 F i g . 2 . 1 7 ) . T h i s t y p e o f f l a k e i s a r e l a t i v e l y f r e q u e n t o c c u r a n c e i n p o r t a l t ombs . The B a l l i n d u d f l a k e t h e n w o u l d be q u i t e a t home i n a p o r t a l t omb c o n t e x t .

W h e t h e r t h e f l a k e was o r i g i n a l l y d e p o s i t e d i n t h e tomb o r d r o p p e d o u t s i d e c a n n o t be d e t e r m i n e d . The tomb h a s s u f f e r e d damage and a s , a c c o r d i n g t o O'Curry ( 1 8 4 1 , 3 ) , t h e l o c a l a l s o t r i e d t o d e s t r o y i t , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h e f l a k e m i g h t h a v e been removed i n some s u c h a c t i v i t y . However i t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e f l a k e may h a v e been u s e d o r d e p o s i t e d d u r i n g some a c t i v i t y , i n p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e s , a r o u n d t h e tomb.

The f l a k e t h e n ( a s t h e tomb i s a l s o l i k e l y t o , o n m o r p h o l o g i c a l g r o u n d s ) p r o b a b l y d a t e s t o t h e m i d d l e N e o l i t h i c p e r i o d , s a y 3500 BC- 2500 BC.

The f l a k e was p r o b a b l y i n t e n d e d t o b e u s e d a s a s m a l l b l a d e r a t h e r t h a n a n a r r o w h e a d d u e t o t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n h a f t i n g i t ( w i t n e s s i t s s h a p e ) , and, i t s l a c k o f a p o i n t .

I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s n o t e may go some way t o w a r d s r e d r e s s i n g t h e b a l a n c e i n i n t e r e s t b e t w e e n h i s t o r i c and p r e h i s t o r i c W a t e r f o r d t h a t has a r i s e n i n r e c e n t y e a r s due t o t h e l a r g e amoun t o f e x c e l l e n t w o r k t h a t h a s been u n d e r t a k e n o n W a t e r f o r d ' s h i s t o r y , w h i c h has u n f o r t u n a t e l y p u s h e d p r e h i s t o r i c i n t e r e s t s i n t h e a r e a , i n t o t h e s h a d e .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s :

I w i s h t o e x p r e s s my t h a n k s t o M r . N o e l C a s s i d y w i t h o u t whose a i d t h i s a r t i c l e c o u l d n o t h a v e been w r i t t e n and t o M a r y Murphy o f t h e S . M . R . O f f i c e , D u b l i n .

NOTES:

1 . O . S . 6 " S h e e t No.17 Co. W a t e r f o r d , 17.76cms. f r o m N o r t h m a r g i n 20.5cms. f r o m E a s t m a r g i n . ( P a r i s h : K i l b a r r y ; B a r o n y : G a u l t i e r ) .

2 . See O ' C u r r y ( 1 8 4 1 ) , 3 , f o r a d e s c r i p t i o n ; B o r l a s s e ( 1 8 9 7 ) , V o l . I , 62, r e c o g n i s e d i t a s a p o r t a l tomb h o w e v e r .

- BIBLIOGRAPHY :

B o r l a s s e , G . ( 1 8 9 7 ) The Do lmens o f I r e l a n d ( 2 V o l s . ) , L o n d o n (Chapman & R a l l L t d . 1 8 9 / ) .

C l a r k e e t a l ( 1 9 8 5 ) Symbo ls o f Power a t t h e T ime o f S t o n e h e n g e 'S

H e r i ty,M. ( 1 9 6 4 ) " T h e F i n d s f r o m t h e I r i s h P o r t a l Tombs", J o u r n a l o f t h e R o y a l S o c i e t y o f A n t i q u a r i e s o f I r e l a n d , Vo1.94 ( 1 9 6 4 ) s 1 2 3 44 . -

O ' C u r r y , E ( 1 9 4 1 ) O r d n a n c e S u r v e y L e t t e r s f o r Co. W a t e r f o r d . O1Ke11y ,M.J . (1981) "The M e g a l i t h i c Tombs o f I r e l a n d " i n ( e d . ) R e n f r e w , C .

The M e g a l i t h i c Monuments o f W e s t e r n Europe ,113-126 (Thames & Hudson L t d . ,London 1 9 8 1 ) .

O 8 R i o r d a i n , S . P . ( 1 9 7 9 ) A n t i q u i t i e s o f t h e I r i s h C o u n t r y s i d e , ( M e t h u e n , L o n d o n ( 1 9 / 9 ) , 5 t h e d i t i o n ) .

P o w e l l , T . G . E . ( 1 9 4 1 ) " M e g a l i t h i c Tombs i n S o u t h E a s t e r n I r e l a n d " , J o u r n a l o f t h e R o y a l S o c i e t y o f A n t i q u a r i e s o f I r e l a n d , v o l .

FOREIGN AIRCRAFT FORCED DOWN

I N WATERFORD 1939-45

Throughout the Second World War, ( a l s o known as the Emergency i n I r e l a n d ) , both German and A l l i e d a i r c r a f t on combat missions r e g u l a r l y f l e w over t h i s count ry w i thout permission, desp i te the I r i s h Government having adopted a p o l i c y o f n e u t r a l i t y i n t he c o n f l i c t . The I r i s h Army A i r Corps d i d n o t have a s u f f i c i e n t number o f f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t t o i n t e r c e p t and d r i v e away o r f o r c e down any i n t r u d i n g a i r c r a f t . Instead, soon a f t e r t he war s ta r ted , a new u n i t o f the A i r Corps c a l l e d Centra l Contro l , was es tab l ished i n a secluded monastery near Clondalk in, Co. Dubl in . Centra l Contro l received i n fo rma t ion on the movement of a i r c r a f t , barrage bal loons, shipping, mines e t c . which was c o l l e c t e d from a network o f r e p o r t i n g centres throughout t he twenty -s ix count ies, which included Look Out Posts (LOPS) s i t e d on headlands and peninsulas along the coas t l ine , which were manned by the Marine and Coast Watching Serv ice (M. & C. W.S.). Fol lowing conf i rmat ion o f a r e p o r t o f a f o r e i g n a i r c r a f t v i o l a t i n g I r i s h a i rspace, Centra l Contro l would then broadcast on a v a r i e t y o f r a d i o frequencies, hhe height , course and i d e n t i f i c a t i o n ( i f poss ib le ) o f t he i n t r u d i n g a i r c r a f t . For the year 1941 approximately 20,000 r e p o r t s were sent t o Centra l Contro l about a i r c r a f t seen o r heard f l y i n g over o r near I r i s h t e r r i t o r y and by 1944 t h i s f i g u r e had r i s e n t o 30,000 repo r t s .

From 1939-45, one hundred and s i x t y - f i v e f o r e i g n a i r c r a f t crashed o r f o r c e landed i n t h i s country, which inc luded s i x teen German a i r c r a f t , t h i r t y n ine American a i r c r a f t and one hundred and ten B r i t i s h a i r c r a f t . B a t t l e damage, l a c k o f f u e l o r nav iga t iona l e r ro rs , were the main causes o f f o r e i g n a i r c r a f t coming down i n I r i s h t e r r i t o r y . De ta i l ed repo r t s on a l l crashes and fo rced landings were sent t o t he Department o f Defence by o f f i c e r s o f 6.2 Branch, ( t h e I n t e l l i g e n c e Sect ion o f t he I r i s h Army), and su rv i vo rs were i n te rned i n a spec ia l pr isoner-of-war camp a t t he Curragh M i l i t a r y Camp.

The South East corner o f I r e land , due t o i t s p rox im i t y t o t h e South o f England and North West France, was f l own over almost d a i l y by German and A l l i e d a i r c r a f t which were u s u a l l y engaged on combat missions over t h e A1 l i e d convoys i n t he sea areas o f f t he south and east coasts o f I r e l a n d . Twelve f o r e i g n a i r c r a f t crashed o r f o r c e landed i n the South East, o f which f i v e , t h ree B r i t i s h and two German, came down i n the Waterford area. The Local Defence Force (L.D.F.), Local Secu r i t y Force (L.S.F.) o r t he Gardai were u s u a l l y t he f i r s t t o a r r i v e a t t he scene o f a crash o r fo rced land ing and took charge o f t he surv ivors and the a i r c r a f t u n t i l s o l d i e r s o f t h e I r i s h Army a r r i v e d from the M i l i t a r y Barracks i n Barrack S t r e e t t o remove the su rv i vo rs t o the Curragh Camp and the a i r c r a f t t o Baldonnel Aerodrome.

The f i r s t f o r e i g n a i r c r a f t t o come down i n t h e Waterford area was a tw in - engined Heinkel H E . l l l bomber o f t he Lu f twa f fe (German A i r Force) . E a r l y on t h e morning o f A p r i l l , 1941, several HE. l l l s o f IjKG.27 ( I GruppejKampfgeschwader 27 = F i r s t Group o f Bomber Squadron 27) l e f t t he L u f t w a f f e a i r f i e l d a t Tours i n occupied France t o a t t a c k A l l i e d shipping i n t h e B r i s t o l Channel. A convoy o f o i l tankers was attacked, and desp i te in tense a n t i - a i r c r a f t f i r e , t h ree o f t h e tankers were sunk. One o f the German bombers, a HE.111H-5 ( L u f t w a f f e u n i t code l e t t e r s I G + LH) had one engine p u t o u t o f a c t i o n by t h e a n t i - a i r c r a f t f i r e and t h e p i l o t , r e a l i s i n g t h a t he would n o t g e t back t o base on one engine, headed towards I r e l a n d and crash landed a t B a l l y r i s t e e n , near Bunmahon. A lso t h e n a v i g a t i o n o f f i c e r , L ieu tenant Heinz Gran, had h i s l e f t arm broken by t h e a n t i - a i r c r a f t f i r e .

The crew o f f i v e , i n c l u d i n g t h e wounded o f f i c e r , were n o t i n j u r e d i n t h e crash landing, and a f t e r g e t t i n g o u t o f t h e a i r c r a f t , at tempted t o s e t i t on f i r e by f i r i n g t h e i r guns i n t o t h e f u e l tanks, bu t w i t h o u t success. Volunteer Robert Power o f the M.& C.W.S., based a t Dunabra t t in L.O.P., and Jack Kirwan o f t h e L.D.F., f rom Bunmahon, a r r i v e d and disarmed t h e Germans. Other members o f t h e L.D.F.arrived f rom Bunmahon t o keep people away f rom t h e crashed a i r c r a f t u n t i l army personnel f rom t h e M i l i t a r y Barracks came t o take t h e German airmen i n t o custody and remove the crashed a i r c r a f t . The wounded o f f i c e r was taken t o the County and C i t y I n f i r m a r y where he was attended t o by Dr. Wfiite. On A p r i l 2 he was t rans fe r red i n an ambulance o f t h e F i r s t F i e l d Company t o t h e Curragh General M i l i t a r y Hosp i ta l . The r e s t o f t he crew were i n te rned i n t h e Curragh Camp f o r t h e du ra t i on o f t he war and t h e Heinkel bomber was l i f t e d on t o a t r u c k and t ranspor ted t o Baldonnel Aerodrome. The f o l l o w i n g r e p o r t appeared i n "The Waterford News", dated A p r i l 4, 1941,

GERMAN PLANE CRASHES I N WATERFORD

The Government Informat ion Bureau issued the f o l l o w i n g statement on Tuesday :-

A German 'p lane crashed t h i s evening i n Co. Waterford. The crew have been i n te rned .

F A 1 R I 3 BATTLE T.T.MK.l OF N0.4 A.O.S., R:eL

The second foreign a i r c r a f t t o come down in the Waterford area was a training a i r c ra f t of the R . A . F . (Royal Air Force). On April 4, 1941, a Fairey Battle T.T.l (R.A.F. Serial No. V1222) which, a f t e r c ircl ing around over Waterford and Dunmore East, eventually landed in a f i e ld on the farm of Mr. Halley, Zrobally, Tramore. According to the report on t h i s incident by 6.2 Branch, "the machine was undamaged and the p i lo t alighted from the plane and approached a boy named Devlin, aged 12 years, producing his identification card". He was taken into cuskody by Gardai Rice and No1 an, who were based in Tramore. Others who arrived on the scene were Mr. Gill of the L.D.F. and Mr. Malone of the L.S.F., both from Tramore. The p i lo t "of the Polish Air Force (serving with the R . A . F . ) and dressed in French Air Force uniform, spoke very l i t t l e English b u t was able to convey to the Gardai tha t he was short of petrol". Later, when in military custody, he said his "instruments were wrong".

The Battle T.T.l was an obsolete l ight bomber which had been converted f o r training aircrew and th i s a i r c ra f t was from No.4 A.O.S. (Air Observer School ) , based a t West Freugh, near Stranraer in Scotland. The Battle was equipped fo r towing a banner-type target f o r practice f i r ing by other a i r c r a f t and ant i - a i r c r a f t guns. The Battle was transported to Baldonnel Aerodrome, and as the Air Corps needed a target-tug a i r c ra f t , i t was purchased from the British Government and used by the Air Corps (ser ial no. 92) in th i s capacity until 1 946.

A Hawker Hurricane single-seat fighter a i r c ~ a f t was the third foreign a i r c r a f t to come down i n the Waterford area. On June 10, 1941, two Hurricane Mk 11s of No.32 Squadron, R . A . F . , based a t Angle a i r f i e l d , near Pembroke in South Wales, "scratnbl ed" (took-off ) to intercept a German a i r c r a f t heading north on a weather reconnaissance mission over the St . George's Channel and the I r i sh Sea. One of the Hurricanes was piloted by Flying Officer (Flg.Off . ) Maurice Remy, of the Free French Forces, serving with the R.A.F . The German a i r c r a f t was being tracked by radar stations in Cornwall and south Wales and the Hurricanes were directed to search a designated area by the radar controller. After searching f o r half an hour the German a i r c r a f t , a Heinkel HE I11 bomber, was sighted and the Hurricane, accompanying Remy's a i r c ra f t , attacked the bomber with no apparent resul ts and then disappeared into some

HAWKER HURRICANE 11A OF NO. 32 SQWDSON, R.F\.F. P

clouds. F lg . O f f . Remy then at tacked f rom o u t o f t he sun and g o t i n two bu rs ts o f h i s a i r c r a f t ' s machine gun a t t he bomber causing smoke t o pour from i t s s tarboard engine. The bomber managed t o escape i n t o some clouds and the Hurr icane searched around f o r about an hour and a h a l f bu t could f i n d no t race o f t h e German a i r c r a f t . It eventua l ly crashed ha l f a m i l e nor th-east o f Carnsore, Co. Wexford, and a l l t h e crew were k i l l e d i n the crash.

Meanwhile, F lg .Of f . Remy d iscover ing t h a t h i s f u e l was very low, and t h i n k i n g t h a t he was over Wales, made a fo rced landing i n a h a y f i e l d . The a i r c r a f t skidded along the grass and according t o t h e 6.2 Branch r e p o r t on t h e i n c i d e n t , " t he p r o p e l l e r was smashed and t h e undercarr iage was broken". The Hurr icane had come down i n Bal lybrack, n o r t h eas t o f Kilmacthomas, and t h e p i l o t escaped w i thou t i n j u r y f rom the a i r c r a f t . S t i l l t h i n k i n g he was i n Wales he made no at tempt t o des t roy the Hurr icane and very soon M r . Coughlan, a member o f t he L.D.F. i n Kilmacthomas, a r r i v e d a t t he scene o f t he landing. Other members o f t h e L.D.F. a r r i v e d t o take charge o f t he p i l o t and the Hurr icane. Army Personnel from the M i l i t a r y Barracks a r r i v e d h a l f an hour l a t e r and the p i l o t was brought t o t h e Curragh Camp where he was interned.

The next day, June 11, two o f f i c e r s from the A i r Corps a r r i v e d t o inspect t h e Hurr icane and decided t h a t i t was worth salvaging. It was a Hurr icane Mk.IIa (squadron code l e t t e r s GZ-M, s e r i a l No. 22832) w i t h the name "McDonnell ' S Squadron 17" i n s c r i b e d on the nose. Two days l a t e r the Hurr icane was transported t o Baldonnel Aerodrome and the I r i s h Government s t a r t e d negot ia t ions w i t h the B r i t i s h Government t o purchase t h e a i r c r a f t and s u f f i c i e n t spare p a r t s t o make i t a i rwor thy again. Fol lowing agreement t o the purchase by the B r i t i s h Government, t h e Hurr icane entered se rv i ce w i t h t h e A i r Corps (as No.94). I n 1943, f o l l o w i n g an agreement f o r a batch o f e a r l i e r Hurr icane Mk.Is t o be supp l ied t o t h e A i r Corps (which had been ordered i n 1940) t h i s a i r c r a f t was re tu rned t o t h e R.A.F.on J u l y 7, 1943.

SUN KERS JU-880-1 OF 1 (~11123 (LOFT WAFFE)

The f o u r t h f o r e i g n a i r c r a f t t o come down i n t h e Water ford area was another German a i r c r a f t , a Junkers Ju 88 twin-engined bomber. On August 23, 1942, a Ju 88D-I of Au fk l . G r . 123 (Auf klarungsgruppen 123 = Reconnaissance Squadron 123), heading n o r t h on a reconnaissance miss ion over t h e I r i s h Sea and Northern I re land, was repor ted by L.0.P.s a t Carnsore P o i n t and Clogher Head t o Centra l Cont ro l , and was a l s o being t racked by radar s t a t i o n s on t h e Welsh coast. Three Supermarine S p i t f i r e Mk. Vs o f No. 315 "Deb l insk i " Squadron, ( a P o l i s h u n i t serv ing w i t h the R.A.F.), were "scrambled" f rom t h e R.A.F. a i r f i e l d a t Val ley, near Holyhead i n Nor th Wales, t o i n t e r c e p t t h e German bomber . The S p i t f i r e s at tacked the Ju 88, damaging one o f i t s engines, and one o f i t s crew, Oberfeldwebel Ka r l Hund, had two f i n g e r s o f h i s r i g h t hand i n ju red . To g e t away from the B r i t i s h f i g h t e r s the bomber headed i n l a n d over I r i s h t e r r i t o r y and the S p i t f i r e s broke o f f t h e a t t a c k i n tend ing t o i n t e r c e p t the bomber o f f t h e south coast o f I r e land . Defensive f i r e from t h e Junkers h i t one o f t he S p i t f i r e s , badly i n j u r i n g t h e p i l o t F l g . O f f . Sawaik i n t h e chest. He managed t o make a land ing i n a f i e l d near Ratoath, Co. Meath, bu t h i t some hidden rocks, wrecking the a i r c r a f t . L a t e r t h a t evening t h e p i l o t d i e d o f h i s wounds i n St . B r i c i n ' s Hosp i ta l , Dubl in .

With the damaged engine e m i t t i n g smoke t h e Ju 88 headed south, passing over t he Curragh Camp on the way, and when i t reached t h e south coas t i t was aga in in te rcepted by t h e o the r two S p i t f i r e s . The bomber headed back i n l a n d w i t h the S p i t f i r e s , machine guns f i r i n g , i n ho t p u r s u i t . I n t h i s engagement t h e bomber's damaged engine caught f i r e and t h e p i l o t , Hauptmann G o t t f r i e d , managed t o b r i n g t h e a i r c r d f t down i n a f i e l d , on the fa rm owned by Mr. Owen Power, a t Carr ig long, Tourgare, j u s t n o r t h o f Tramore. The a i r c r a f t b u r s t i n t o flames on impact w i t h t h e ground bu t t h e f o u r crew members managed t o evacuate the bomber w i thou t g e t t i n g i n j u r e d . Before r e t u r n i n g t o Wales t h e two S p i t f i r e s d i d a se r ies o f " v i c t o r y r o l l s " over Tramore and were seen by many people coming f rom Mass i n t h e town and walking on t h e promenade. Meanwhile members o f t h e L,D.F. from Tramore had a r r i v e d a t t h e scene o f t h e crash and took charge o f t h e crew and t h e remains o f t he a i r c r a f t . Some t ime l a t e r Army personnel f rom t h e M i l i t a r y Barracks a r r i v e d and brought t h e Germans t o the Curragh Camp where they were i n te rned f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f the war.

VICKERS WEUINGTON MK.n OF No.427 SQDN. R.A.F. -

The f i f t h and l a s t fo re ign a i r c r a f t t o come down i n the Waterford area was a Vickers Well ington twin-engined bomber o f the R.A.F. On February 17,1943, a Wel l ington B.Mk.111 ( s e r i a l no. 21676) o f No. 427 "Lion"Squadron, (a Royal Canadian A i r Force U n i t attached t o the R.A.F.), crashed a t Ballybeg, on the o u t s k i r t s o f Waterford. The Well ington was re tu rn ing from a n i gh t bombing r a i d on the massive concrete pens housing U-boats (German submarines) a t LIOr ient , i n North West France, and as the P i l o t , F l i g h t Sergeant John Holloway, t o l d the o f f i c e r s o f 6.2 Branch who interviewed him, " whi le r e tu rn i ng t o England the instruments o f the a i r c r a f t went haywire and he l o s t h i s d i r ec t i on " . A f t e r c ru is ing around f o r about an hour, and w i th the f u e l very low, he decided t o make a force-landing. On landing the starboard wing o f the bomber s t ruck a t r ee and the a i r c r a f t " went on f i r e and was destroyed except f o r the rear gun t u r r e t " and an engine. The crew o f f i v e F l i g h t Sergeants managed t o escape from the blazing bomber wi thout ge t t ing in ju red .

The f o l l ow ing morning an o f f i c e r o f 6.2 Branch was on h i s way t o the scene o f the crash and saw "hundreds o f c i v i l i a n s and ch i ld ren w i t h the scraps o f the plane as souvenirs going towards Waterford and i n the actual f i e l d found them removing par ts o f f the bomber and he "stopped a man from ccrewing off the rea r t u r r e t " . The Army were ordered t o remove a l l c i v i l i a n s from the scene o f the crash and an o f f i c e r o f the A i r Corps removed the guns and a wi re less s e t from the bomber. On the same day the f i v e crew members were in terned i n the Curragh Camp, and two days l a t e r , the remains o f the Wellington were removed by A i r Corps personnel t o Baldonnel Aerodrome.

NOTE : The South East Av ia t ion Enthusiasts, who have establ ished an av ia t ion Museum which i s housed i n an a i r l i n e r fuselage a t Waterford A i rpor t , are engaged i n researching and recording a l l inc idents r e l a t i n g t o a v i a t i o n i n the South East. The author, who i s a member o f t h i s group would l i k e t o hear from any member o f the Old Waterford Society who has any f u r t h e r informat ion on the crashes and fo rce landings mentioned i n t h i s account.

WORKING LIFE O N THE Z A Y D A

I N -1917

C a ~ t . R . J . F a r r e l l .

The ZAYDA was a wooden th ree masted barquentine, t h a t i s she was square r i gged on the foremast and f o r e and a f t r i gged on the main and mizzen masts. She was b u i l t i n 1869 and f o r a t ime was engaged i n t h e West I nd ian t rade c a r r y i n g rum and sugar from the Carribbean t o the U.K. She was 118 fee t i n l e n g t h and c a r r i e d a cargo o f 350 tons i n weight. The crew consis ted o f Captain, Mate and f o u r seamen, one o f whom acted as Cook. Captain Nicholas Cumnins was Master, Jimny Hayes was Mate, Pat Galv in, James R e v i l l e , Tom Keokham and R. F a r r e l l Seamen, a l l o f whom were l o c a l s except Pat Ga lv in who came f rom Slade. Captain Cumnins had been i n comnand s ince the vessel was acqui red by M r . Geof f rey Spencer i n 1897, twenty one years i n a l l . Captain Cumnins d i d the v i c t u a l l i n g o f t h e ship. He had a l a r g e b a r r e l c a l l e d a harness cask lashed t o the bulwarks a f t on the poop, t h i s was f i l l e d w i t h p i c k l e d meat from Denny's c e l l a r s such as spare r i b s , p i g ' s f e e t and p i g ' s knuckles and o the r Denny d e l i c a c i e s . The food was good and p l e n t i f u l , the cook was q u i t e good and was a g r e a t hand a t making plum d u f f , a k ind o f plum pudding which we go t tw i ce a week a f t e r d inner . Bread was most ly S p i l l e r ' s cab in b i s c u i t s which were always f r e s h and tas ted very good w i t h b u t t e r and jam; when doing hard work appe t i t es were good. The Captain and Mate l i v e d a f t i n a cabin nex t t o t h e d i n i n g saloon where a l l hands had t h e i r meals and t h e seamen l i v e d forward.

The Zayda a r r i v e d a t Waterford w i t h a cargo o f coa l and berthed a t a pontoon a t the Clock Tower on t h e Quay. I n p o r t t he crew were c a l l e d a t 6.00am. and a f t e r b reak fas t they turned t o a t 7.00am. t o g e t t h e cargo gear ready f o r d ischarg ing t h e coal and t h i s began when t h e horse c a r t s a r r i v e d a t t he Clock Tower t o take t h e coal cargo away. Dockers f i l l e d the coal tubs i n the hold and t h e crew hove up the tubs w i t h two men on a d o l l y (hand) winch, t he tubs were then weighed on a weighing scales on the deck by the Mate; t he contents were f i l l e d i n t o a ca r ry ing barrow, t h i s was a box w i t h two handles i n f r o n t and two behind, two dockers, one each end, c a r r i e d the barrow ashore on stage planks about t h ree f e e t wide and about twenty f i v e fee t long and emptied t h e barrow load i n t o the horse c a r t . It was q u i t e an a r t walking these planks as a rhythm had t o be acquired t o keep i n unison w i t h the up and down movements o f t he plank. Some o f t h e c a r t s t ak ing away the coal were fa rmer 's c a r t s as Spencers d i d a c e r t a i n amount o f country trade, the r e s t went t o Spencers yard i n Johnstown. Work was c a r r i e d on u n t i l 6.00pm. w i t h o f course the usual d inner hour and a couple o f breaks f o r tea and b i s c u i t s i n between-When work was f i n i s h e d the crew g o t a very good meal f o r tea w i t h a p i ' S f o o t o r some such t h i n g f o r each man and as much b i s c u i t as he could ea 9 ; Captain Cumnins bel ieved i n t h e o l d adage ' f u l l and p l e n t y and no waste.' When a l l t h e cargo was discharged t h e holds were

14 Working L i f e on the Zayda i n 1917.

c lean swept and t h e sweepings were pu t i n t o the g a l l e y bunker, t he b i l g e s were cleaned o f any loose coa l and the pumps tes ted i n case they had g o t choked w i t h coal dust .

When every th ing was ready a t i d e was chosen and a motor boat was h i red t o tow t h e Zayda from t h e Clock Tower t o the North Wharf where she was t o load a cargo o f p i t props f o r t he mines i n Wales, t he Zayda being pure ly a s a i l i n g vessel, d i d n o t have power o f any k i n d on board. A per iod of s lack water was chosen t o move across, Captain Cumnins took charge, the manoeuvre took about a h a l f hour from b e r t h t o ber th.

Captain C u n i n s was a dapper l i t t l e man, he always wore a b lack s u i t , a b lack bow t i e and a wide b lack s o f t hat, one o f h i s p e c u l i a r i t i e s was t h a t he used t o pu t on a p a i r o f long lea the r seaboots when tak ing the sh ip across the r i v e r and most o f t h e t ime a t sea even i n f i n e weather.

The p i t props came i n r a i l w a y wagons from the var ious f o r e s t r y d i s t r i c t s up count ry and were stacked along t h e wharf which was wooden i n those days. The cargo was again hove on board by the crew on the d o l l y winch and stowed i n the ho ld by dockers and when t h e holds were f u l l a c e r t a i n amount was stowed on deck and lashed and every th ing g o t ready f o r sea.

On the day o f s a i l i n g the wind was Nor th West moderate t o f r e s h and the t ime o f h igh water was s u i t a b l e . As t h e Zayda was a b i t b igger than t h e usual coast ing s a i l i n g vessel o f t h e t ime Captain Cumnins used t h e serv ices o f a motor boat t o ease t h e vessel around the var ious bends i n the r i v e r . The t ime o f cas t i ng o f f f rom t h e wharf was a t t h e top o f h igh water, t he motor boat made t h e tow rope f a s t forward and t h e order was g iven t o l e t go the mooring ropes and by then the t i d e was j u s t conenc ing t o ebb and t h e vessel g o t under way. As t h e wind was f a i r the order was g iven t o h o i s t up the f o r e topmast s taysa i l , i nne r and ou te r j i b s , and the mainsa i l , these s a i l s gave s u f f i c i e n t con t ro l i n the narrow p a r t s o f t he r i v e r and w i t h t h e he lp o f the ebb t i d e the vessel was soon making good headway. With t h e constant a l t e r i n g o f t he course the crew were busy tending t h e s a i l s and l e t t i n g t h e gaskets go on t h e square s a i l s so t h a t they hung i n t h e bun t l i nes ready f o r sheeting home and a l so preparing the mizzen and g a f f t o p s a i l s f o r s e t t i n g when t h e t ime came. I n t h i s way and w i t h t h e he lp o f t h e motor boat and a strengthening ebb t i d e the Zayda rounded Smeltinghouse Po in t , passed through the Ford Channel, rounded Cheekpoint and was approaching Passage East when the motor boat was cas t o f f , t he order was then g iven t o sheet home t h e f o r e lower t o p s a i l and h o i s t up t h e upper t o p s a i l . When these s a i l s were s e t orders were g iven t o s e t t h e f o r e s a i l and mizzen and then t h e t o p g a l l a n t s a i l and main and mizzen g a f f t opsa i l s . The Zayda was now under f u l l s a i l and making about e i g h t knots, she was a f a i r l y f a s t vessel and soon was approaching Hook Point . Watches were now set, Captain C u n i n s tak ing t h e p o r t watch w i t h two men and t h e Mate tak ing the starboard watch w i t h the o ther two men. When Hook P o i n t was abeam about h a l f a m i l e o f f t he patent l o g was streamed and s e t t o zero. Course was now s e t f o r Coningbeg L i g h t 11 mi les d i s t a n t , t he wind was f r e s h from t h e North West and the helmsman was ordered t o s tee r S E I S . Th is bnought the wind from r i g h t a f t and the yards were squared on t h e foremast, t h e main and mizzen s a i l s tr imned and lazy sheets fastened t o the main and mizzen booms t o prevent them from gybing. Coningbeg L i g h t Vessel was soon r a i s e d and then brought abeam about 23 m i l e s o f f . The course being steered would take the vessel t o the Smalls L i g h t 35 m i les d i s tan t . dhen t h i s l i g h t was abeam 12 m i l e s o f f , the course was a1 te red t o ESE t o b r ing the vessel r i g h t up t h e B r i s t o l Channel along the Welsh coast t o S t . Gowans L i g h t Vessel, Scarweather L i g h t Vessel and Breaksea L i g h t Vessel the wind being from the land a l l the time. When Breaksea L i g h t Vessel was abeam var ious courses were steered t o take the

Workina L i f e on the Zavda i n 1917.

vessel t o C a r d i f f 10 m i les d i s t a n t . When nearfns C a r d i f f the Captain c a l l e d a l l hands on d e c ~ preparatory t o shortening s a i l , soon the order came t o clew up the t o p g a l l a n t s a i l , lower the upper t o p s a i l yard and then up a l o f t and make t h e s a i l s fas t . i iext order was t o take i n the gaf f topsa i1s ; th is was done by lower ing the s a i l s and passing a gasket around the s a i l s and mast. The vessel 's speed was now much reduced and as the s h i p was g e t t i n g near the anchorage the lower t o p s a i l was f u r l e d and made f a s t and t h e h a l l i a r d s o f the f o r e and a f t s a i l s made a l l c l e a r f o r l e t t i n g go. When t h e Captain decided t o come t o an anchor the helm was put down, the j i b and s t a y s a i l ha1 l ia rds l e t go and as the sh ip came up i n t o the wind the order came t o lower the mainsai l and mizzen,the vessel soon l o s t headway and the anchor was l e t go i n a p o s i t i o n as near as convenient t o the dock entrance t o awai t the t ime f o r docking. The Zayda had s a i l e d the 160 m i les from Hook Po in t t o C a r d i f f i n under 20 hours a t an average o f a l i t t l e over 8 knots.

over hand t i p s

B r i t

The Zayda was t o discharge her cargo o f p i t props i n the West Bute Dock which i s entered by a t i d a l lock . When the lock gates were opened a motor boat came alongside t o tow the Zayda i n t o the dock and the anchor was hove up. Tt,is l a t t e r was a labor ious j ob as the windlass was worked by hand w i t h a long leve r each side, two men were a t t he end o f each leve r and worked them up and down l i k e a see-saw u n t i l the anchor was i n the hawse p i p e . I t w a s then l i f t e d up and fastened t o the gunwale, an operat ion known as c a t t i n g the anchor. The vessel was towed i n t o the lock and then i n t o the dock where the motor boat l e f t . The s h i p ' s boat was then lowered over the s ide and a c o i r rope was run u p the middle o f the dock t o a buoy. When the rope was made f a s t i t was taken t o the do1 l y winch and the vessel was hove up the middle o f the dock and then i n t o her d ischarging ber th . Work was ca r r i ed ou t l e i s u r e l y i n those days and i t took

a week t o g e t the cargo ou t w i t h the crew working the winch and dockers l i n g the p i t props. When the cargo was ou t the Zayda was taken t o the coal

and a cargo o f coal was loaded f o r Waterford.

I n the dock a t t h i s t ime were several small French t o p s a i l schooners from tany loaded w i t h onions which were so ld i n onion ropes by the crew. Every

morning they se t ou t on b i cyc les and disposed o f them around the town and suburbs; they were known as the onion men. These vessels were unique i n the f a c t t h a t t h e i r square t o p s a i l could be r o l l e d up from the deck l i k e a window b l i n d by an ingenious r o l l e r gear thereby obv ia t i ng the necessi ty o f going a l o f t t o make the s a i l f a s t .

Edmond 0 ' Donovan = Mary Archdeacon

d. 25.12.1798.

Edmond = Eleanor Ober l in

d.1817 d. 1835

John L.L.D.,M.R.I.A. =08Curry b.1806 d.1861

f dmond John Edmond W i l l iam Richard Henry Henry Daniel Morgan b.17.10.1840 b.20.9.1842 b.13.9.1844 b.28.7.1846 b.29.11 .l848 d. b.2?.2.1853 b. d.10.2.1860 d.15.11.1842 drowned i n K i l l e d i n d. New York, 30.9.1851 d.at York i n 4.5.1856.

U.S.A. i n Sudan i n Nov. 1886. 1905. 1873. 1883.

"He t o i l e d t o make our s to ry stand As from times reverent r u i n i c Land

It came undecked. By fancies f a l s e e rec t alone The monumental a r c t i c stone

o f ages wrecked.

Kings t h a t were dead 2,000 years Cross bearing ch ie f s and pagan seers

He knew them a l l , And bards, whose very harps were dust And Saints whose souls are w i t h the j u s t ,

Came t o h i s c a l l . "

O ' D O N O V P N

Frank Hey1 i n.

Growing up i n t h e qu iC t and l o v e l y environment o f S l i eve rue - t h a t p a r i s h born between t h e s i s t e r r i v e r s - t h e S u i r and t h e Barrow - John 0 'Donovan learned t o see t h e I r i s h count rys ide through t h e eyes o f t h e farmers and work people who were h i s neighbours, a t A i t an T i Mor and where t h e I r i s h language was very much a l i v e .

Uniquely then i n h i s person Sean O'Donovan was a l i v i n g l i n k w i t h I r e l a n d ' s pas t and he spoke f o r t he poor d i s i n h e r i t e d Gae l i c f o l k f rom whom he had come. He staked t h e i r f i r s t c l a i m t o the g r e a t I r i s h manuscripts - i n h i s person and scho la r l y achievement. Yet s t range ly , h i s .work stems from the most enduring and f r i e n d l y co-operat ion, o f Gael and G a l l - o f P ro tes tan t and C a t h o l i c - o f Eng l i sh and I r i s h - o f Gae l ic speaking and Eng l i sh speaking Ir ishmen.

I n t h e 18601s, l ong be fo re ecumenism was heard o f , t h e Ordnance Survey o f I r e l a n d brouqht i n t o c lose touch w i t h each o t h e r t h ree scholars, whose art i n the progress-of C e l t i c s tud ies i n t h e 19th cen tu ry has been o f unique importance t o the na t i on . They were, John O'Donovan,(l861), Eugene O'Curry (1862) and George P e t r i e (1866).

The ob jec t : To i n v e s t i g a t e t h e r i chness o f our na t j ona l Gae l i c l i t e r a t u r e (So l i t t l e known o f then ! ) .

1. To t r a n s c r i b e and p u b l i s h t h e l a r g e s t number o f t e x t s . 2. To compel t h e m a t e r i a l r e l i c s o f t h e p a s t t o g i v e up t h e i r secre ts .

.Such were t h e tasks these men ( p a r t i c u l a r l y our own Sean) undertook w i t h ex t rao rd ina ry energy and amazing perseverance.

On one occasion one o f them remarks t o t h e other ,

"We l i v e i n such an atmosphere o f an t iquar ian ism t h a t 1,000 years seem l i k e t h e o t h e r day".

Rev. Dr. James Todd (1869) and l a t e r Rev. Wm. Reeves (1892) t h e then P ro tes tan t f u t u r e b ishop o f Down Connor and Dromore, formed c lose f r i e n d s h i p w i t h the t h r e e scho lars . A l l o f them s tuck through t h i c k and t h i n t o t h e i r I r i s h Studies. I n s p i t e o f d i f f e r e n c e s o f op in ions both r e l i g i o u s and p o l i t i c a l , which were p r e t t y wide then, t h e i r common l o v e o f t h e a n t i q u i t i e s o f t h e i r n a t i v e count ry u n i t e d them i n a l a s t i n g cc-spdra t ion and jndeed

1. l a i d t h e bas is f o r a l l subsequent C e l t i c Studies and

2 . l a i d t he foundat ion o f I r i s h topographical science.

1 8 Sean U'Donovan

Topogr;?;;,:,; (Study of local h is tory and geography) ; (Knowing the fea tures of a d i s t r i c t )

We a re a l l fami l ia r w i t h the T.V. t o u r i s t advertisement

"Bet you haven' t seen the half of i t . " (Referr ing t o I re land) .

How many of us a r e r ea l l y fami l ia r w i t h the area within a radius of even three miles of where we l i ve .

John O'Donovan has indeed opened the door fo r us. He conducts an exhaustive examination of ancient manuscripts i n the Royal I r i s h Academy and elsewhere f o r the purpose of f ix ing placenames on m a p and extract ing the local information they contained. His s tud ies i n t o a n c i e n t and obsolete forms of I r i s h continued t h r o u g h h i s l i f e . And a f t e r researches i n a1 l par t s of Ireland, tie accurately placed some 62,000 townslands. In addit ion, of the e n t i r e 144,000 names on the maps, every m one was made the subject of personal inv5stigatfon.

Let us re turn t o h i s personal l i f e - as a man of the people.

John O'Donovan was born i n Attateemore, parish of Slieverue i n the year 1806. The following i s the entry of h i s baptism, copied from the Baptismal Register of h i s native parish:

"Atti t imore, 26th July,1806. Bap.Jnd.: par. Edmcnd Donnevan and El l enor Haberl an. Sps. Edmond Wall and Ellenor Neal.

Off ic ia t ing p r i e s t : J . ~ i t z ~ a t r i c k , P.P."

Surnames s t i l l much i n evidence i n Slieverue.

Whatever affluence h i s fo re fa thers may have possessed, h i s parents a t the time of h i s b i r t h o r soon a f t e r , were qu i te landless and reduced t o grea t poverty. On the death of h i s f a t h e r , July 9th 1817, he moved from Attateeinore t o the house of h i s brother, William, who lived on a farm i n the neighbouring townland of Ballanourach. Here he remained f o r some years , during which his brother had h i m sen t t o school and had him ground i n the rudiments a s f a r a s circumstances permitted. The school i n question was Ned Hunt's Academy, Waterford.

About 1822 he s t a r t ed a school on h i s own account i n h i s native d i s t r i c t , and soon gathered around h i m a number of pupi ls , some of whom were older in years than himself. O f the old boys of t h i s modest academy the l a s t survivor was blind old Peter Grant of Ballyrahan, Glenmore, who spoke of h i s cld master ,"poor Johhnie Donovan," w i t h the grea tes t admiration and affect ion.

In November 1523 O'Donovan discontinued his school, and mwed t o Dublin t o h i s brother "Liam Vlaaclee" (Williarii of Gublin), who had given u p h is farm i n Ballanourach some time before, and secured a s i t ua t i on in a merchants shop i n the metropolis. Here John attended a Latin school d u r i n g the next few years. I n 1827 he got employment in the off ice of Mr. Hardiman, Cammissioner of the Public Records; and his knowledge of the I r i s h language was then fo r the f i r s t time brought i.nto requis i t ion . In 1830 he became pr ivate tu tor in the house of Myles John O'Reilly, Esq., Heath House, Co. Laoise, where he remained several months.

Sean 0 ' Donovan.

The f o l l o w i n g sketch of O'Donovan's e a r l y l l f e has been publ ished i n the Journal o f the Royal H i s t o r i c a l and Archaeological Associat ion of Ireland,from h i s own autograph l e t t e r t o Rev. Dr. Todd, dated

8 t h O c t o b e r , 1843 : 49 B a y v i e w Avenue.

I was born on the townland of A t ta t imore ( A i t an Tige Mor), on the 3rd August 1809. My fa ther d ied on the 29th July, 1817 when I was about e i g h t years o ld . I cotrmenced the study o f L a t i n and I r i s h when I was about n ine years o f age and made considerable progress, though I was exceedingly d e l i c a t e . I t ransc r ibed I r i s h p r e t t y we l l i n 1819. E a r l y i n 1821 I was sent t o school t o Waterford, by my brother , who had a farm o f f o r t y acres i n the County o f Ki lkenny, and I learned Ar i thmet ic , Eng l ish Gramnar and Book Keeping.

On the 19 th November 1823, I came t o Dublin, where my brother had moved having g iven up h i s farm, the lease having expired, and got ten a s i t u a t i o n i n a merchant's establishment; and he sent me t o a L a t i n school, till the year 1827. I n t h a t year I became acquainted w i t h M r . Hardiman, the author o f the h i s t o r y o f Galway, who was a t t h a t t ime Comnissioner o f the Pub l ic Records: and I remained w i t h him till March, 1830, dur ing which t ime I copied Peter O'Connell ' S I r i s h D ic t ionary , (which you saw i n the B r i t i s h Museum) and o the r manuscripts, besides doing o the r business i n h i s o f f i c e .

" A t t h i s t ime my hea l th go t exceedingly bad, and I was i n v i t e d by my f r i e n d , Myles John O ' R e i l l y Esq., o f the Heath House, i n the Queen's County t o spend some months w i t h him i n the country t o see what e f f e c t a change of a i r would have on my c o n s t i t u t i o n . I spent several months w i t h him and improved wonder fu l l y i n my hea l th and dur ing my s tay w i t h him I t rans la ted the Book of Fenagh, and some ex t rac ts from the Annals o f the Four Masters r e l a t i n g t o the O'Rei l lys; which was the f i r s t t h i n g t h a t induced me t o study the I r i s h Annals. During my s tay a t the Heath House I had a g r e a t oppor tun i ty o f studying, and I read the works o f Ussher, Ware , and Colgan: and hearing o f the death o f Edward O 'Re i l l y , the author o f the I r i s h D ic t ionary , I appl ied t o Captain Larcom, then L ieutenant Larcom, f o r employment. I had known M r . Larcom since the year 1828, when I taught him some lessons i n I r i s h , and he wrote t o me immediately, o f f e r i n g me a s i t u a t i o n a t a very small s t ipend, o f which I accepted a f t e r some hes i ta t i on , though against the wish o f my f r i e n d , Myles O 'Re i l l y , who sa id i t would end i n nothing.

" A f t e r my r e t u r n t o Dubl in I received a l e t t e r from M r . Hardiman asking "was i t a f a c t t h a t I had given up my idea of going t o Maynooth." ( I have h i s l e t t e r and memoranda o f every other f a c t I mention); and I r e p l i e d s t a t i n g t h a t I would take some t ime t o consider it. But I d i d n o t en ter Maynooth ever since: and you know the r e s t o f my h i s t o r y as we l l as anyone, ever s ince.

"Such i s the h i s t o r y o f 'my b i t o f l ea rn ing ' , t o which my f r i e n d Owen Connel lan, a1 ludes; which i s as you know, a contemptible name f o r a country schoolmaster. But I w i l l l e t them p u l l away as they l i k e , and w i l l cont inue my a c q u i s i t i o n o f a ' b i t o f learn ing ' as long as my mind i s capable o f acqu i r i ng any.

"Your obl iged servant,

20 Sea n 0 ' Donova n .

Here I s t h e credo o f a sensi t i v e and very humble young man and a c r e d e n t i a l which made him very much o f t h e people.

Soon a f t e r 1830 however, O'Donovan was appointed t o conduct t he Ant iquar ian Department o f t he Ordnance Survey o f I r e l a n d and t o i n v e s t i g a t e those c o l l e c t i o n s o f I r i s h h i s t o r i c a l and topographical manuscripts wh4ch have thrown such a s t r i k i n g l i g h t on t h e anc ien t h i s t o r y o f t h i s country .

"The l a t e Dr. O'Donovan" w r i t e s Dr. ~ o ~ c e , ' b h i l e engaged i n the Ordnance Survey t r a v e l l e d over a g r e a t p a r t o f I r e land , c o l l e c t i n g in fo rmat ion on t h e t r a d i t i o n s , topography and a n t i q u i t i e s of t he country . The r e s u l t o f these i n v e s t i g a t i o n s he embodied i n a se r ies o f l e t t e r s which a r e now deposi ted i n t h e Royal I r i s h Academy, bound up i n volumes; and they form the most va luab le body o f i n fo rma t ion on I r i s h topography i n ex is tence.

H i s usual p l a n was t o seek o u t the o l d e s t and most i n t e l l i g e n t o f t h e I r i sh -speak ing peasantry i n each l o c a l i t y , many o f whom a re named i n h i s l e t t e r s ; and besides numberless o the r enqu i r ies , he caused them t o pronounce the townland and o the r names and used t h e i r ass is tance i n i n t e r p r e t i n g them. H is i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a re contained i n what a re c a l l e d the F i e l d Name Books, a se r ies o f several thousand smal l parchment-covered volumes, now l y i n g t i e d up i n bundles i n t he Ordnance O f f i c e , Phoenix Park. The names o f a11 the townlands, towns and par ishes and o f every impor tan t phys ica l f e a t u r e o f I r e land , a re conta ined i n these books, res to red t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l I r i s h forms, and t r a n s l a t e d i n t o Eng l i sh as f a r as OIDonovan's own knowledge and the i n f o r m a t i o n he received, enabled him t o determine."

When commencing h i s researches among the I r i s h manuscript c o l l e c t i o n s , he was acquainted o n l y w i t h t h e modern I r i s h tongue ( o f t h a t pe r iod ) , b u t i n the course of h i s labours, he by in tense a p p l i c a t i o n , g radua l l y acquired a knowledge o f t he language, i n i t s anc ien t and obso le te forms.

"He pursued h i s researches w i t h un f lagg ing zeal, and as h i s numerous works and c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o archaeological , b iograph ica l and h i s t o r i c a l l o r e t e s t i f y - a power o f c r i t i c a l judgement r a r e among the an t iquar ians o f any age o r count ry and o n l y p a r a l l e l l e d i n t h i s by t h e s i m i l a r labours o f h i s assoc ia te Eugene O'Curry."

It was i n 1847, however, t h a t he began work on the p r o j e c t For which he i s best remembered: h i s e d i t i n g o f t h e f i r s t complete e d i t i o n o f t he Annals o f the Four Masters. These he brought o u t i n s i x volumes ( w i t h I r i s h and Eng l i sh on opposite pages) and an index a l l o f which r a n t o more than 4,000 pages ( a c t u a l l y 4,205 pages). T h i s g r e a t venture earned him the degree o f LL.D. from T r i n i t y Col lege and the Royal I r i s h Academy awarded him the Cunningham medal, i t s h ighes t d i s t i n c t i o n . O'Curry says o f h i s Annals,

"There i s no ins tance t h a t I know of, i n any country, o f a work so v a s t being undertaken, much l e s s o f any completed i n a s t y l e so p e r f e c t and so b e a u t i f u l . "

So i l l u s t r i o u s was h i s name now t h a t John O'Donovan was appointed Professor o f C e l t i c Studies a t Queen's U n i v e r s i t y i n B e l f a s t i n 1850. I n January 1853, he comnenced w i t h O'Curry a t r a n s l a t i o n o f the anc ien t laws o f I r e l a n d (Seanchus Mor).

His involvement w i t h the Archaeological and C e l t i c Societ ies continued and f o r them he edl ted the Topographical Poems o f John O'Dubhagai n and o f Giol l a na Naomh O'Huidhrin from the o r i g i n a l I r i s h manuscripts. He a lso t rans la ted the Martyrology o f Donegal. His supplement t o O'Rei l l y ' S I r i s h Dic t ionary added f u r t h e r t o h i s subsequent fame.

As Mr. Webb remarks i n h i s c lass ic work, Cmpendlum o f I r i s h Biography , "There i s scarcely an important work on I r i s h An t i qu i t i es o r topography which gppeared during h i s manhood t h a t does no t t o some extent bear the mark o f h i s scholarship."

His f r i e n d J .T.Gil b e r t wrote o f him i n the Dub1 i n Review , "O'Donovan may be said t o have been the f i r s t h i s t o r i c topographer t h a t I re land ever produced, and i n t h i s department he w i l l i n a l l p robab i l i t y , never be equalled."

And f i n a l l y , we f e e l t ha t i t i s t o him, John O'Donovan, t h a t our own very special thanks are due - thanks t o a Slieverue man who w r i t i n g about our countryside, loved i t s people and found r iches i n t h e i r an t i qu i t i es , ra ther than tears i n t h e i r h i s t o r y - who above a l l - i n h i s placenames - f i l l our eyes w i t h landscapes and causes i t s rocks$tones, f i e l d s and people t o t e l l t h e i r t a l e .

SOURCES :

Webbs Compendium o f I r i s h Biography.

Pioneers o f I r i s h Studies. Dom Louis Gougard, O.S.B.

H is to ry and An t i qu i t i es of the Diocese o f Ossory, Rev. Canon Carrigan.

A Possib le H i l l f o r t i n Garranbaun Co. Waterford.

F ig . 1: Rough sketch-plan o f Garranbaun h i l l f o r t ( s i t e A ) . The t h i c k do t ted l i n e shows the approximate out1 i n e o f t h e shadow mark on a e r i a l photography. S i t e B i s p a r t i a l l y preserved i n t he modern f i e l d fence. The dot ted l i n e here i n d i c a t e s the r e s t o f t he enclosure which surv ives as a low bank. Cont r marked i n f e e t . (Ordnance Survey Permit No. %§7ye

Maps reproduced by kind permission of Ordnance Survey Office. Permit No. 4487.

GARRANBAUN C O . WATERFORD

Thomas Condi t and Michael Gibbons.

Th is s i t e was i d e n t i f i e d as a poss ib le h i l l f o r t i n t he course o f compi l ing the S i t e s and Monuments Record f o r Co. Waterford (Gibbons 1987, 41-4). No h i l l f o r t s have as y e t been p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d i n Co. Waterford, b u t t h e evidence o f a e r i a l photography, conf irmed by a s i t e v i s i t , suggests t h a t t he s i t e a t Garranbaun i s indeed a h i l l f o r t .

The s i t e , which i s extremely poo r l y preserved, seems t o be a u n i v a l l a t e h i l l f o r t w i t h a c e n t r a l l y placed enclosure which i s most l i k e l y a r i n g f o r t . It i s s i t u a t e d 3$ m i l e s nor th -eas t o f Dungarvan i n t he townland o f Garranbaun (barony o f Decies w i t h o u t Drum; O.S. s i x - i nch sheet, Waterford 31, 63.5cm. f rom eas t and 45.lcm f rom south; Nat iona l G r i d re fe rence L2302, 0962), j u s t o f f t h e Dungarvan t o Waterford road on t o p o f a prominent spur o f land which forms p a r t o f t h e f o o t h i l l s a t t h e southern e x t r e m i t i e s o f t he Monavul lagh mountains.

The h i l l f o r t surv ives as a degraded earthen bank surrounding t h e h ighes t p o i n t o f t h e h i l l . I t i s sub -c i r cu la r i n p lan, measuring 120111. nor th -eas t t o south-west and 100m. nor th-west t o south-east (see Fig.1, s i t e A). The enclos ing bank from west t o south forms p a r t o f t he townland boundary between Garranbaun and Cloncoskoran. The boundary has been c leared i n t h i s sec tor and surv ives a t best as a low bank 3m. wide and 35cm. h igh. There i s no v i s i b l e t r a c e o f t he bank i n t he nor th -eas t sec t ion . However, t he o u t l i n e o f the enclos ing bank i s c l e a r l y v i s i b l e as a shadow mark on v e r t i c a l a e r i a l photographs o f the area taken by the A i r Corps (photograph nos. V200/4-5). On the west the h i l l f o r t enclosure runs under the modern f i e l d fence. There a r e no s u r v i v i n g d i t c h o r entrance fea tu res v i s i b l e , p o s s i b l y because o f t h e poor c o n d i t i o n o f t he monument . The s i t e i s s t r a t e g i c a l l y p o s i t i o n e d comnanding t h e approaches t o and the envi rons o f Dungarvan Bay.

C e n t r a l l y p laced w i t h i n t h e h i l l f o r t i s a much-overgrown sub -c i r cu la r earthen enclosure measuring approx. 40m. n o r t h t o south and 30m. eas t t o west. The inner f ace o f t h e bank i s s tone- l ined . This , together w i t h two entrance gaps a t t he n o r t h and nor th-east , would seem t o be r e l a t i v e l y recent improvements. The enclosure i s bes t i n t e r p r e t e d as a much mod i f ied r i n g f o r t . I t i s c a l l e d "L issard" on t h e O.S. maps and t h e area between i t and the ou te r rampart i s designated as a f o x cover t . M u l t i p e r i o d occupat ion o f h i l l f o r t s i t e s i s n o t unique. For example, excavations a t Rathga l l h i l l f o r t , Co. Wicklow showed t h a t t he r i n g f o r t - t y p e enclosure a t t he c e n t r e o f t h e h i l l f o r t was no ear l . ie r than Medieval i n da te (O'Riordain 1979, 48).

Comnent :

Between 60 and 70 examples o f h i l l f o r t s have so f a r been i d e n t i f i e d i n I re land. Only a smal l number have been excavated, leav ing many quest ions concerning t h e i r d a t i n g and func t i ons . Dr. Bar ry Ra f te ry (1972, 39) has d i v i ded h i l l f o r t s i n I r e l a n d

2 4

A Possible Hi llfort in Garranbaun, County Waterford.

into 3 classes based on morphological differences :

Class I : simple, univallate sites of earth or stone, with or without an accompanying ditch;

Class I 1 : sites with widely spaced multivallate defences, (a) hilltop, (b) clifftop;

Class I 1 1 : inland promontory forts.

His distribution map (1972, 41) shows the univallate sites in the north and east of the country and the multivallate sites concentrated in the west and south, with an overlap of both types in the Wicklow/Kildare region. Recent hillfort discoveries in counties Carlow and Kilkenny (Condit and Gibbons 1986, 8-9; forthcoming) show that this overlap between Class I and Class 1 1 sites can be extended to south Leinster area. The Garranbaun site, conforming to the Class I type and situated so far south, provides further evidence that there may in fact be no cultural distinction between the two types of hillfort.

The presence of a hillfort in Co. Waterford is not that surprising considering 1 the large number of coastal promontory forts in the county. It is thought that both j hi l lforts and promontory forts have their origins in the later prehistoric period i (800 B.C. to A.D. 400). Their size indicates that they were constructed for comnunal 1 or tribal use rather than single-family purposes. The defensive aspects most likely indicate that their construction or the re-use of existing hilltpp enclosures as hillforts was a response to some social, political or economic change at the time. l

1 Possible functions of hillforts and promontory forts range from places of temporary 1 refuge to: ~eligious or ritual centres.

The hillfort and promontory forts in Co. Waterford suggest that there was considerable Iron Age activity there. There is very little other settlement evidence for the Iron Age, possibly because the settlements of the time were 4 unenclosed and thus difficult to identify. However, there are remnants of a small circular enclosure (approx. 30m. in diameter) approx. 400m. north-west of the

i Garranbaun hillfort (Fig.l,site B) which may or may not be related to it.

In conclusion, while there is some difficulty in interpreting the poorly preserved remains of the hilltop at Garranbaun, the evidence on aerial photographs and on the ground, the large size of the site and its conanding position strongly suggest that the site can be reasonably classified as a univallate hillfort. The location of these sites suggests that their primary function was defensive.

REFERENCES : 1 Condit, T. and Gibbons,M.(1986) : 'Two hillforts at Knockscur and Ballinkillin,Co.

Carlow' , Carloviana No .34 (1 986-7), 8-9. Condit,T. & Gibbons M, : 'A note on two little-known hillforts in County (forthcoming) Ki l kenny ' . Gibbons, M.(1987) : 'The Sites and Monuments Record for Co.Waterfordl, . .. k c i er AXXV., 41 -44. O'Riordain,S.P. (1979) : -?ties of the lrish Countryside,5th ed. ,London. Raftery, B. (1972) : 'Irish hillforts', in C.Thomas (ed.1, The Iron Age

and the Irish Sea Province, London. Raftery, B. (1976) : 'Rathgall and Irish hillfort problems', in

D.W. Harding(ed.), Hillforts, Later Prehistoric Earthworks in Brita'in and Ireland, London.

TWO DESCRIPT IONS OF COUNTY

WATERFORD I N T H E 1680's

Julian C. Walton.

II.SIR RICHARD COX'S ACCOUNT.

Sir Richard Cox (1650-1733), a native of Bandon, Co. Cork, trained as a lawyer and was appointed Recorder of Kinsale. A zealous Protestant known for his public attacks on Catholics,he left Ireland after the accession of James 11. and settled at Bristol in 1687. Here he composed the work for which he is best known. Hibernia Anglicana; or the History of Ireland from the Conquest thereof by the English to this Present Time. In 1689 he returned to Ireland with William of Orange, and was present at the Battle of the Boyne. On the capture of Waterford in-July 1690 he was appointed Recorder of the city, but only held this post until the beginning of the new mayoral year on 29th ~e~tember. l He was military governor of Cork in 1691-2, and was appointed to the Irish Privy Council and knighted. However, he was dismissed from the Council in 1695 for his insistence that the Catholics were in justice entitled to the benefit of the Treaty of Limerick. He continued nevertheless a distinguished legal career, being Chief Justice of the Common Pleas 1701-03, Lord Chancellor of Ireland 1703-04, and Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench 1711-14. He is aptly assessed as follows in the Dictionary of National Bioqraphy: ' Cox was a strictly honest, upright man, with considerable energy of purpose, and, when his mind was not warped, as it too often was, by anti-Catholic prejudices, a thoroughly just administrator.'

Sometime before 1685, Cox contributed an account of Co. Cork to Molyneux' projected Natural History of re land. Two years later, at his exile in Bristol, he used the same material in a greatly expanded work entitled 'Regnum Corcagiense, or a Description of the Kingdom of Corke, with Remarks on the Antient and Present State thereof'. It is dated 10 January 1687 and dedicated to Charles Boyle, grandson (and eventual successor) of the second Earl of Cork. The area covered in this second account includes not only Co. Cork bbt also Co. Kerry and the barony of Coshmore and Coshbride in Co. Waterford. The manuscript is now in the National ~ibrar~.3

Cox's account of Co. Waterford was in all probability written

26 Two Descriptions of County Waterford in the 1680's.

at the same time, for the section on Coshmore and Coshbride is identical, and the manuscript is bound with other 17th century Boyle papers in the Royal Irish ~cademy.4 Certainly it was written after 2nd March 1685, when Sir John Osborne became proprietor of Ballintaylor (see below) on the death of his father,5 and before Cox's return to Waterford in 1690, when he added notes of places that had been burned by the Irish.

Sir Richard Cox's description of Co. Waterford is more informative than that of Stanhope, and is particularly interesting in the details that it gives of the seats of the gentry.6

SIR R. COX'S ( ) WATERFORD COUNTY ETC.

These papers are relative to the Counties of Ireland.

The County of Waterford is bounded on the north with the river Shure and on the East and the South with the same river and the ocean, and on the west with the County of Corke and a skirt of the County of Typerary. It is well watered with the Shure, in which river Sturgeons are often taken, the Bride, ~ w n m o r e ~ or the Blackwater, N i re or Four mile water, Cloda, Maghon, Tea and Colegan, and is divided into 7 baronyes or districts and subdivided in ( )9 parishes, whereof ( )g are impropriate, and contains ( )g plowlands and in them 153110 acres plantation measure, all which are in the D ' i o c e s s and under the Spiritual Jurisdiction of the Bishop of Waterford and Lismore.

1. The Barony of Coshmore and Coshbride, soe called because it lyes near the rivers Awnmore and Bride, contains 73 plowlands and 22503 acres. (It) is a pleasant and fruitful country, graced

many fine gentlemen's seats, viz:

Temple mihil, a seate of the Fitz giralds. Molanna or Darinis, a small island, wherein is a famous and an antient abby founded by St. Molanfidus in the 6th century. Balinitra, a noble seater near which there have been mines of Tinn mixed with some Silver. Sroneacally, a strong castle of the Earle of Desmond's. Balishonick alias Burtshal a stately house finely situate on the river Bride,l6 (lately burnt by the 1rish.]l1 Camphire, a fine seate on the Blackwater. Turin, a neat place well improved. Affane, famous for the great orchards planted here by the proprietor Mr. Gratrix, the memorable s t r o a ker .l2 ~ilibree. Mocollop, a castle of the Earle of Desmond's.

However, these are not to come in competition with:

(1) Lismore, (the great fort), once a famous Citty and still a corporation and an Episcopal See. The Bishoprick of

27 Two Descriptions of County Waterford in the 1680's.

Ardrnore was united to it, but now its selfe is united to the See of Waterford. Here was also a very famous schoole or University, well stored with divines and philosophers, and of such reputation that Foreigners flocked to it as formerly to Athens. St. Carthagus alias Mocheda was the first Bishop of Lismore, and built both the Cathedrall Church and the Schoole anno 630, and St. Cataldus, afterwards Bishop of Tarentum in Italy, was sometime master or president of this mighty Schoole.

Cormoc (Maghownow) McCarty King of Corke repaird and beautifyd the Cathedrall church anno 1130, and Griffin Christopher Bishop of Lismore furnished and endowd it with vicars choralls anno 1246.

The most famous Bishops of Lismore were :l3 Christanus 0 Conarchy, Joynt legate with John Paparo at the Synod of Kells anno 1152 and sole legate at the Synod of Brighthaig (or rather Portlarig, i.e., Waterford) anno 1158. He was a very holy man, despisd the vanity of the world, resignd his Bishoprick, and lived and dyed in the monastery of Odorny in Kerry 1186.

Felix Bishop of Lismore was at the Council of Lateran anno 1179.

Robert of Bedford Bishop of Lismore recovered some land to his see and 300 marks damages from the Bishop of Waterford.

Thomas Bishop of Lismore was on some private controversy (about church lands, I suppose) taken and kept prisoner for some time by the Lord Poer anno 1268.

Richard Cor contested stiffly with the Bishop of Waterford for the lands of his see anno 1280.

John Leynagh Bishop of Lismore regained some lands belonging to his church.

Thomas le Reve Bishop of Lismore, Lord Chancelor of Ireland, got both Bishopricks of Lismore and Waterford united by Pope Urban 5 anno 1362, which was confirmed by Edward 3rd the 7th 8ber 1363 as it had often before been projected and designd.

King-Jdmbuilt the castle of Lismore anno 1185 , and the first Earle of Corke made it his cheife seate or place of residence, and repaird, built and beautifyed it exceedingly, but it was burnt by the Irish in the late rebellion anno 1645, and was re-edified as it now stands by the present Earle of Corke, (but the Earle's house is now again burnt by the Irish anno 1690.)14

Lismore is proudly seated upon an eminence in a vally, soe that though it seems from the hills to be in a bottom, yetfrm the river it is manifest to stand upon a hill. The Blackwater yields it all the pleasures which a noble

Two Descriptions of County Waterford in the 1680's.

and brave river can afford, and particularly a real store of excellent Salmon, soe that 300 of them have been taken in one night in the weare of Lismore. The contiguous park, containing within its stone walls not less than 1200 acres of good land, supplyes it with all the divertisments of hunting, rideing, venison and aire. The garden is to be reckond amongst the best in Ireland, being spacious and upon ascents, and the bowling green, the warren, the adjacent village beautifyed with a handsome Cathedral church lately repaird, and the goodness of the soyle, and the improvements of the country thereabouts doe all contribute to render Lismore one of the noblest and best seates in Ireland.

(2) Tallow, (now again burnt by the Irish,)14 was lately a populous and flourishing Towne of considerable trade, by reason the river Bride is navigable up to Tallowbridge. Here the quarter Session are usually kept for the County of Waterford. This Towne was incorporated by the meanes and interest of the first Earle of Corke anno 1611 by the name of Soveraigne, Burgesses and Comons, and the adjacent country is so pleasant, populous, rich and well improvd, that Donogh Earle of Thomond, tho he was an intimate friend to the Earle of Corke, could not ( when he saw this country) refrain from saying, That Ireland was ungrateful1 that gave the best of her feilds to strangers.

Near Tallow there has been for many years an Iron forge, where very good Iron ( and great quantityes of it) was made, but the woods being decayd, I suppose the forge also must stand still for want of fewell.

(3) Cappoquin, a pretty village of late exceeding well improved. It was protected by a strong castle, which held out a long time against the Irish in the rebellion of 1641, (but is now burnt by them anno 1690.1 l4 Near this town is a large wooden bridge built over the Blackwater by Act of Parliament for the more comodious passage of travailers.

2. Decyes did once contain all the rest of the County of Waterford, viz., from the Shure to the Blackwater, and was divided into Desiam Occidentalem and Desiam 0rientalemf15 and belonged to 0 Phelim. It is still very large, extending from the Four mile water to the sea, and contains 50 593 acres of land. It did formerly apertaine to the mighty Earles of Desmond. It was dismembered from that estate by James the 6th Earle of Desmond and given to his second son Girald, in whose family it still continues, the heir general1 of it being marryed to the Hon. Collonell Edward Villiers alias fitz Girald, who is in present possession thereof. One of the Fitzgiralds (by name Maurice) was created Viscount Dessyes, but he dyeing without issue that title is since conferd on the Earle of Tyrone. 16

In this barony are:

(1) Drumanna, a large castle, the seate of the proprietors of

Dessyes.

2 9 WO Descriptions of County Waterford in the 1680's.

(2) Ballintaylor, the seate of Sir John Osborne, and near it Knockmore,lja stronge castle on a mount in the valley.

(3) Piltowne,a fine seate over against Youghall. (4) Dungarvan, a sea port, but not of the best, by reason of

a bar of sand at the mouth of the haven. The towne is a decayed corporation which still sends burgesses to Parliament. It was fortifyed with a considerable castle, now also decayd. It belongd formerly to the Earles of Shreusberry, to whome it was granted by King Henry the Sixth, and devolved to the Crowne againe by the Statute of Absentees. (It now, with the Territory adjacent,belongs to the Right Honourable the Earle of Corke.

(5) Cappagh, the seate of one of the Osbornes, where the Judges comonly bait18 in their journey between Corke and waterford.tg

(6) Ardmore, formerly a Bishop's see, now a decayd village, near which is a bay called Ardmore Bay, and not very far from it formerly there were silver mines.

The church of Ardmore is still very famous amongst the superstitious Irish, for the sake of St. Daglan, who is patron or Tutelar Saint thereof, and to whose memory it is consecrated. This saint is held in such estimation that the people flock in great numbers to kiss his skull on the 24th of July, being the anniversary for that devotion. It is reported that this saint had a Bell of that extraordinary virtue, that whenever it was rung, the saints like so many footboyes presently attended Daglane to know ( and consequently to doe) his pleasure. This precious bell was left by the devout Daglane on the rock at the very promontory at Ardmore, where Daglane had been so earnest at his prayers that he forgott the bell. In vain did the Saint beg the master of the ship to turn back for the bell, but it happened as well as if he had, for the bell perceiving that his master could not come to him, did on a small peece of the rock swim to his master, and soe the Saint got his bell againe. 20 However, this acident furnished the people with a good Saw applicable to those that forget their principal1 business, viz., Daramud Daglane er a clug, i.e., as Daglane forgott his

In this Territory of Dessyes ( in the midst of a stream cald Srugh clogh ouru us,) 2 i is the Speaking Stone, which the Irish formerly beleevd to be an oracle,and when any body was accusd of a secret crime that he could not purge himselfe of, he repaird to this stone, which pronounced him guilty or innocent, as the truth was. But it happning once that an adulterous wife was oblidged to experience the ordeal of this place, she prevaild with her gallant to personat a poore hermitt and to be ready at the ford in the midst whereof the Speaking Stone standeth. Accordingly he came at the time apointed and desird her to carry him over the river, which she did, and then came to the Stone and swore that no body had ever been upon her but her husband and that pilgrim, hereupon that Stone replyd,

27 Bean frenagh fea an sharuffe, which in effect was that her words were true but her meaning disguisd. And being troubledto be imposd on by this equivocation, he splitt in two and never spoke since. 25

30 Two Descriptions of County Waterford in the 1680's.

3. Glaneherry is a small barony containing onely 8801 acres of land and wherein we find little worth takeing notice of except Kilmannaheen and Ardpadin,two delicate seates on the river Shure, for that parte of the libertyes and suburbs of Clonmell that is in this Territory is very inconsiderable; unless we should mention the mountain of Monervullagh, out of which the rivers Tea, Cloda and Maghon doe spring; and it is observable that on the top of the mountain are 3 lakes, two of which abound with large and fat trouts, and the other with trouts exceeding lean and bad.

4. Upperthird is a large bar0 of 29 630 acres of land extending. from the Shure to the sea. 58 In it are:

(1) Curraghmore, a fine seate which gives title of Baron to the antient and noble family of Poer, now Earle of Tyrone, whose mansion house it is, a Romantick situation in the midst of Mountains, on the banks of the river Clode, which abounds with fish, especially trouts and salmon,and graced with curious woods, a fine parke, and delicate fishponds. In short, it is one of the pleasantest dismal1 27

seats that ever I saw.

(2) Coolfin, the seate of Power on whom was made the poem of the Irish entertainment.26 It is a pleasant situation, and near it a very fine decoy29 and other pretty improvements.

( (3) Monerlargy, an antient seate.) 30

(4) Kilmacthomas, an old village and a strong castle,( where last yeare was built a County house for the quarter sessions,)31 on the banks of the river, former1 the seat of Mac Thomas, a great man in this country.32 Not far from it are the Mountains of Comorah, soe called from the village Comorah on the east side thereof.

5. Middlethird contains 22 803 acres of land and is a small barony. Therein are :

(1) Kilmeadon, a fine seate on the Shure.

(2) Newcastle, a small village.

(3) Stranmore Bay, of no great note.

6. Gualteir, a small barony containing 14 063 acres of land, almost surrounded by the sea, lyes on the west side of the haven of Waterford. The most noted places in it are :

(1) Craduin head, a noted promontory reaching out a long way in the harbour.

(2) Passage towne and fort, situate almost opposite to Dungannon fort. It was formerly called Cumartrinisky.33

(3) Faithbeg, the promontory at the confluence of the Shure

Two Deecriptiono of County Waterford in the 1680's.

and the Barrow.

(4) the Little Isle, which is scituate in the midst of the river, three miles below Waterford, and was the seate of Sir Robert Walsh.

7. The Citty and Libertyes of Waterford contain 4654 acres of land, scituate in a soile that is not fruitful, and in an aire that is very gross, but to recmpence that they have a harbour that is exceeding comodious and no less capacious. The Citty was built by those pirates of Norway comonly called eastmen, under the conduct of Sitaracus, anno 155, and is called by the Irish Portlarig, and in Latin Menapia. The Citty is well built, onely the streets are too narrow, but the key is not to be paralleld in Ireland. It is governed by Mayor,Aldermen and Sheriffs, and enjoys ample priviledges granted to it by the Kings of England, and particularly by Henry 7th, for the untainted loyalty this Citty alwayes bore to the Crown of England, and particularly upon the rebellions of Lambert Syrnnell and Perkin Warbeck, insomuch that this Citty uses this motto, Intacta Manet. Nevertheless this Corporation was mutinous upon the accession of King James to the Crowne anno 1603, and was more deeply drenchd in the barbarous rebellion of 1641, soe that the Citty was besieg by Cromwell in November 1649 and was taken by ( ) 4 anno 1650.

Waterford is an Episcopal1 See, made soe anno 1096 by a popular election of Malchus, a Benedictine monke of Winchester, to be Bishop of the Citty. He was sent to the Archbishop of Canterbury for consecration, and had it on his promise of Canonical obedience. This Bishop, with the help of the well disposed Christians, built the Cathedral1 church and dedicated it to the Holy Trinity. To this church King John was a liberal1 benefactor, and some of the succeeding Bishops did both enlarge and adorne it. It hath been already mentioned that Lissmore is united to this See, and it must not be forgotten that amongst the Bishops of Waterford, or perhaps the world, none is more memorable than Atherton, as well for his infamous crime, not to be named,35 as for his unparalelld repentance, not to be expressed. He was executed at Dublin 5 December 1640.

1. S. Pender (ed.), Council Books of the Corporation of Waterford, 1662-1700, Nos. 1825, 1856.

2. S.W.Johnston and T.A.Lunham (ed.), 'on a Manuscript Description of the City and County of Cork, cir. 1685, written by Sir Richard Cox', Jnl. of Royal Soc. of Antiquaries of Ireland, Vol. 32, 1902, 353-76.

3. The Cork and Waterford sections were published in Jnl. of the Cork Hist. & Arch. Soc., Vo1.8 (N.S.), 1902, 'Regnum Corcagiense . . . . . . . l , ed. Robert Day; see esp. pp.65-71,80-83. For the Kerry section, see pidriig de ~ r s n -(&d.) , in J D Arch. & Hist. Soc., No.5, 1972, pp.33-45.

Two Descriptions of County Waterford in the 1680'8.

R.I.A. MS 24.0.4. We acknowledge with gratitude the permission of the Trustees of the Royal Irish Academy to publish Cox's Ms.

G.E.C., Complete Baronetage, 11.261.

I am grateful to Mr. K. W. Nicholls of University College, Cork, who drew my attention t o Cox's MS. This word is now indecipherable owing to the binding of the MS.

i.e., Abha Mh&, Great River.

Blank in MS.

Ballyshonick (now Sapperton) in the parish of Kilwatermoy was the property in 1641 of Edmond Fitzgerald, Irish Papist. Confiscated under the Commonwealth, it became part of the estate of Richard Burt, the rest of whose lands were in Cos. Cork and Tipperary. 'BallymcShonicke alias Burt's Hall' was confirmed to him by letters patent in 1685 (P.R.O.I., Lodge's Records of the Rolls, VIII,359).

Added in the same hand.

Much has been written of Valentine Greatrakes. See. for instance, Smith's Waterford (1746), 365-70.

The ensuing notes on the Bishops of Lismore are based on Sir James Ware's De Praesulibus Hiberniae Commentarius (1665).

Added in the same hand.

Decies West and Decies East.

In 1569 Maurice Fitzgerald was created Baron of Dromana and Viscount Decies, but his title became extinct when he died without issue in 1572. In 1673 Katherine, daughter and heiress of Sir John Fitzgerald of Dromana, was married to her cousin Richard, 6th Lord Power of Curraghmore, who in consequence was created Viscount Decies (in addition to his main title of Earl of Tyrone). The marriage, however, was annulled, and in 1677 she married Edward Villiers, heir to Viscount Grandison, who assumed the additional surname of Fitzgerald.

Recte Knockmaon.

i.e., stop to victual themselves and their horses.

The sentences within square brackets have been struck out.

For an earlier version of the story of St. Declan's bell, see Rev. P. Power (ed. ) , Lives of SS. ~eclan and Mochuda (Irish Texts Society, XVI, 1914), pp. 24-27, 166. The '~ife' was transcribed in 1629 by rot her Michael O'Clery from an older MS by Eochy OIHeffernan dated 1582.

i.e. Dearmad ~ e a ~ l g i n ar a chluq, 'Declan's forgetting of his bell'.

Sruth Chloch Labhrais, which however one would expect to mean 'The Stream of Lawrence's Stone'. Perhaps this was in fact the original meaning, but folk etymology- attached to the place the legend of a speaking stone. The usual Irish for 'Speaking Stone' would be Cloch Labhartha, and 'The Stream of the Speaking Stone' would be Sruth na Cloiche Labhartha (or Sruth na cloiche a LabhrasI1The Stream of the stone that speaks').

Two Desc r ip t ions of County Waterford i n t h e 1680's .

The words 'upon h e r ' have been changed t o 'between h e r l e g s ' . However, t h i s v e r s i o n would on ly f i t t h e e t o r y i f t h e ' p i l g r i m ' had been c a r r y i n g t h e woman.

i . e . , ~ f o n n an f h f r l n n e f 6 i n s e a r b h , 'T ru th i t s e l f i s b i t t e r l .

The saying i s quoted i n T .F .O 'Rahi l ly l s A Miscellany o f I r i s h proverbs , p.52: 'A Waterford form i s Bionn an FhSrinne sea rbh , a r s a Cloch Labhra is ag preabadh, and Doneen a l s o g i v e s t h i s phrase under 'preabadh ' .

The Speaking Stone is 'an immense g l a c i a l boulder c l e f t asunder and s t and ing by s i d e of Queen Anne's Road', i n t h e townland of Durrow, S t r a d b a l l y p a r i s h (Rev.P.Power (Placenames of Decies, 1952 edn . , p .176) . I have t e s t e d t h e t r u t h of t h e above legend, and c e r t a i n l y found it imposs ib le t o e l i c i t even one word o u t of t h e Speaking S tone i n e i t h e r of t h e two n a t i o n a l languages !

S t o r i e s of c h a s t i t y tests are found i n Engl i sh and c o n t i n e n t a l medieval l i t e r a t u r e , and are n o t unknown i n I r i s h . The legend of t h e Speaking S tone i s s t r o n g l y reminiscent of an ep isode i n t h e ' T r i s t a n ' s aga , i n which t h e a d u l t e r e s s i s I s e u l t t h e wi fe of King Marc and t h e ' p i l g r i m ' i s of course her l ove r T r i s t a n i n d i s g u i s e . I n t h i s v e r s i o n , t h e ' p i l g r i m ' , c a r r i e s t h e woman over t h e r i v e r , thereby enabl ing h e r t o swear t o her c h a s t i t y i n an o r d e a l by r e d h o t i r o n . See The Romance of T r i s t r a n , by Beroul: A Poem of t h e Twelfth Century, ed. A. E w e r t (Oxford ,1939) ,a l so Chapter 12 of Le Roman de T r i s t a n e t I s e u l t , b y Joseph ~ G d i e r .

I am most g r a t e f u l t o M r . Douglas Hyde Sealy of Howth f o r p rovid ing most of t h e above i n f o r n a t i o n on t h e Speaking Stone.

The Barony of Upperthird no longer ex tends t o t h e s e a , as t h e p a r i s h e s of Ballylaneen,Kilbarrymaiden and Monksland were t r a n s f e r r e d t o Decies wi thout D r u m i n 1837 under a s t a t u t e designed t o r a t i o n a l i s e barony boundaries .

A s t r a n g e word t o choose i n d e s c r i b i n g a p l e a s a n t s e a t ! 'Dismal' i s der ived frqm t h e L a t i n D i e s m a l i , ' e v i l days ' .

Much r e s e a r c h and enqui ry has f a i l e d t o e l i c i t any informat ion on t h i s poem. Can any of t h e r e a d e r s of Decies h e l p 3 U n t i l t h e Cromwellian c o n f i s c a t i o n s , Cool f inn was t h e s e a t of a j un io r branch of t h e Powers of Curraghrnore. The head of t h e fami ly when our MS was compiled was Edward Power, who was outlawed by t h e Williamites i n 1691.

i .e . a l a k e on which n e t s could be sp read t o ca t ch b i r d s .

This e n t r y has been s t r u c k o u t .

The words w i t h i n square b r a c k e t s have been s t r u c k o u t , and t h e rest of t h e paragraph h a s been s u b s t i t u t e d .

The country was i n f a c t t h e Paorach. Kilmacthomas was a manor of t h e Powers of Curraghmore, and d i d n o t belong (as i s o f t e n supposed) t o t h e Mac Thomas Gera ld ines .

i .e. ,Cumar na d t r f n -u isce , 'The Val ley of t h e Three Waters ' ( S u i r , Barrow and Nore) . Blank i n MS. The c a p t o r of Waterford i n 1650 was of cour se General I r e t o n .

Th i s phrase i s t aken s t r a i g h t from Ware. The crime has,however, been named: see 'The Ather ton F i l e ' , by D r . Aidan C l a r k e ( ~ e c i e s X I . May 1979, pp. 45-54) .

The Progress

Decies

Christianity

600 A.D. t h e

Bencdict OISullivan, O.P.

Ancient I r i sh Ecclesiastical writers are fond of laying i t d m that i n t h i s early period of I r i sh Christianity, from 432 t o 600, there were three Orders of I r i sh Saints, i .e . , three different types distinguished by varying spi r i tua l characteris t ics and in modes of l i f e specifically dist inct from each other. These were :

"The f i r s t Order, numbering 350 established by St . Patrick, consisted exclusively of bishops, holy, f i l l ed with the Holy Ghost, founders of churches, worshipping one head, namely, Christ, following one leader, Patrick, one celebration of Mass and one Easter which they celebrated a f t e r the Spring Equinox. They flourished from 432 t o 543 A.D. and they were chiefly Franks and Ranans, Britons and Scots by bir th.

The Second Order of Saints w a s as follows. Among them were few bishops but many pr ies ts , numbering 350. While worshipping God as the i r One Head they had different r i t e s for celebrating and different rules of l iving; they celebrated Easter on the 14th day of the moon. They flourished from 543 t o 600 A.D. They received t he i r r i t e for celebrating Mass f r m the holy men of Britain, v iz , from St. David, S t . Gildas and St . Docus. Their names are: - Finnian, Enda, Colman, Comgall, Aed, Ciaran, Columba, Brendan, Birchin, Cainnech, Coemhgan, Lasrian, Lugeas, Barrind, and many others.

The Third Order was as follows. These were holy f r i a r s and a few bishops, 100 i n number, who dwelt in desert places. They lived on herbs and the alms of the fa i th fu l , they despised a l l earthly things and entirely avoided a l l whispering and detraction. They had different rules of l i f e and different r i t e s for celebrating. They had a different Paschal solemnity, for some celebrated on the 14th and for others on the 13th of the moon. This Order continued from 600 A.D. down t o the year of the great plague of 664 A.D."

This document clearly marks a transition as taking place between the pioneer missionary church of St. Patrick early i n the 6th century and a more se t t l ed ecclesiast ical establishment when the native Celtic element took charge in place of the foreign element who had previously administered it. A further t ransi t ion took place early in the 7th century when from the establishmental church there grew the monastic penitential church dedicated t o the practice of severe asceticism. This sketchy arrangement does correspond, though not with an ent ire exactitude, t o the actual h is tor ica l developments which took place i n the I r i sh Church from the 5th t o the 7th centuries.

St. Declan belonged t o the f i r s t order of Saints. He was a bishop, a missionary, a founder of churches, but he w a s not a foreigner. He was a native Irishman, a member of the ruling family of the Desii, and, i f we are t o believe the account of h i s l i f e as s e t down by the ancient authors, he ruled the principal i ty while acting as a missionary bishop. This is not a t a l l impossible: i n fact it became rather a se t t led arrangement for a man t o ac t in the dual capacity of c i v i l and ecclesiastical^ ru ler , just as the Pope has done from early medieval times .

The Progress of Christianity in the Decies 500 - 600 A.D.

Though, as we have seen,St. Declan cannot be credited with being the f i r s t t o introduce Christianity t o the Desii it is, a t the same time, certain that he was the f i r s t ful ly fledged bishop of the ter r i tory and that h is See of Ardmore may, in consequence, claim to be the cradle of Christianity there. This, surely, i s sufficient t o place beyond reach of cavil an- denial the fac t that t h i s venerable place, redolent of so many hallowed memories, mst ever claim f i r s t place in the affections of every true son and daughter of the Decies and that Declan must be regarded as the f i r s t in the long l ine of holy men and women venerated there.

When Declan died in 486 af ter a long l i f e spent i n arduous missionary labours, he was succeeded by St. Ultan, another outstanding ornament of the Church of the Desi. He i s said t o have ruled the See of Ardmore unt i l 555 A.D. After lying sunk i n cold oblivion for over 1000 years, h i s memory w a s revived in dramatic fashion in the 1920' S when a noble-hearted lady, Dr. Kathleen Lynn, a Protestant from Belfast, with the co-operation of some friends, opened in Ihblin a hospital for the treabnent of the children of the poor and named it a f t e r St . Ultan.

Many other disciples of St . Declan have inscribed the i r names i n the r o l l of the saints but, unfortunately, they are l i t t l e more than names. There is Mochealloc whose name is enshrined i n that of Kilmallock, Co. Limerick, evidently so called because he was the f i r s t t o preach the Gospel there. I t would seem as i f the holy men of Desi W a n - the parent stock of a l l the Desi people - once the fa i th had been securely established in the i r diocese, determined t o carry it to other branches of the stock and especially t o the Desi Beag in Limerick and Clare. The philology of the name of the holy patron of Kilmallock is exceedingly interesting. The f i r s t syllable - 'WMo"- is the Ir ish possessive adjective 'Wy" and, from the 6th century onward it became the custom t o prefix it t o saints1 names, in which position it became a term of endearment, viz , "My dear" or '!My beloved one". The middle syllable - "Ceall" - is from the Latin llCella" which mans a ce l lar or basement or storeroom of a house. Early i n the history of Christianity the word assumed the meaning of "chapel" or "oratory" o r "church" and with that background it was introduced into Ireland by St . Patrick and on Gaelic l i p s became transmogrified in to l q K i l l l l . That explains the innumerable instances of its occurrence in place-names a l l through Ireland and Scotland and nowhere more so than in the Desii : here beside us, for instance, we have Killotteran, Kilcohan, K i l l St. Lawrence, Kill St . Nicholas and K ihadan .

The last syllable - "og" - is one of the variant forms (the others being llanll and "ach") of the termination which indicated, i n old I r i sh , the individual who was connected in scme way with the entity indicated by the noun in the middle syllable. Added, therefore, t o the word "ceallll it could mean llCellarerll o r i n the Christian sense "sacristan" o r llcl~urchmanll.

Another of the disciples of St. Declan worthy t o be mentioned is Beagan. Recalling the philological analysis of the name just previously mentioned we may eas i ly understand that St. Beagants name comes from the word '%eagll meaning " l i t t l e" , with the suffix "an" indicating the possessor of the stated quality, so that the name Beagan is the exact equivalent of the English surname Li t t le . I t is preserved i n the ancient parochial name of "Ballybaecon" now absorbed in to the parochial Union of Ardfinnan. There i s no doubt that the name derives from the fact that the sa in t was associated, in some capacity, w i t h the ancient s tory of the church there - either as its f i r s t apostle or its patron.

The Progress of Christianity in the Decies 500-600 A.D.

Another disciple of St . Declan was Colman whose name might be rendered as "The Dove" from h i s gentle and hannless disposition. Whether there is s m confusion between him and the Colman who preceded Declan i n the conversion of the Desii and, incidentally, baptised t h i s holy man himself, I cannot say. The name was a favourite one among it, and it is enshrined i n the Ring.

our Ir ish saints - a t l eas t k o of them &aria old parochial name of Kilcolman i n the parish of

Other disciples of Declan Findlunue , and Caimin. each of

who merit a mere mention are - Lachdnan, lubb. - whom according t o the great 17th century scholar

the Protestant ~ r c h b i s h q Ussher bui l t a chapel a t Lismore. This fact serves t o remind us that St. Declan w a s born near Lismore and is associated with that place equally with Ardmore. H i s ruined church, Temple Declan, s t i l l stands there near Round H i l l , and the ancient graveyard of Killean now serves fo r the burial of unbaptized children.

Among the famed beauty spots of Ireland, the lower course of the Blackwater from Cappoquin t o the sea must be accorded a high place. Here just south of t h a t widening of the r iver , knm as the Broads of Clashmore, i n the year 503 A.D., a holy man named Molan Faid (The Prophet), established a monastery on an island in the r ive r called Dairinis, i .e . Oak Island. The configuration of the r iver bank has changed considerably over the years, inasmuch as what was once an island has now become part of the mainland, foxming the west bank of the r iver . The monastery has been named indifferently, Dairinis o r Molana (from the name of the founder) . He, l ike so many of the ancient saint ly founders of our monasteries, had an eye fo r beauty - certainly it would be hard t o beat the s i t e of Molana i n t h i s respect.

This was a humble establishment and has received l i t t l e notice from the compilers of monastic his tory o r of legends of the saints . I t never became, l i k e so many other monasteries, a bishop's See and did no aggregate t o i t s e l f a great share of church property. A t the Reformation, it was found administering the parishes of Kilwatemy, Templemichael and Kilcockan ( now constituting the parochial Union of Knockanore), along with the parish of Tallow. That it w a s an abode of learning has, however, been demonstrated by the discovery made in recent times, by a German scholar. I t concerns a collection of ordinances of canon or ecc les ias t ica l law drawn up in Ireland i n the early part of the 8th century by two learned canonists - Ruben of Darinis and Cucuinm of Iona: Ruben of Darinis is described i n the Annals of Ulster as the "Scribe of Mmster" , which may possibly be interpreted t o mean that he was the most learned man i n the Province in his day. Certainly, the a b i l i t y t o compile a collection of Canon Law i n the benighted epoch i n which he lived, betrays no ordinary scholarship. Some l igh t is t h r m on the manner i n which the c b t y of Darinis became a body of enlightened scholars by a note inserted in an 8th century gospel Mss. i n Wurzburg ( a centre of Ir ish missionary ac t iv i ty a t tha t time) which t e l l s us that the f i r s t Irishman t o learn the t ab le of movable feas ts from the Greek was the Scribe and Abbot of Bangor - Mo-Sina Maccu f in i .e . Sintain or Si l lan Contemporary of Columban - 610. H i s pupil Mo-Chuaroc (a l ias Cuaran - see above Mocheallog) Maccu Neth Semon, who is styled doctor of the whole world, recorded his master's teaching i n writing. lub-Churoc o r Curan is a Desi Saint and Neth Semon or Segamon occurs in the Desi genealogies, and i s found i n the Ogham inscriptions of the area. He had a church a t Cill-Cuaran (Kilcoran) near Youghal. We may take it for granted tha t the impetus towards learning spread t o Dairinis from him and Ruben w a s a product of the movement. We s h a l l have more t o say on t h i s subject l a t e r .

The Progress of Christianity in the Decies 500 - 600 A.D.

One f ac t in the his tory of Molana-Dairinis makes it, deservedly, forever memorable - Raymond Le Gros , the most b r i l l i a n t soldier among the Normans who came t o Ireland i n 1169-72, is buried there. H i s monunent is bui l t -into the wall of the nave of the ruined Abbey Church. Anybody w i t h a sense of history and a feeling f o r the ins t ab i l i ty of human things should find a visit t o t h i s hallowed spot well worthwhile.

Three or four miles north-east of Molana, on the Waterford side of the Blackwater and i n the midst of the beautiful scenary which has given that r iver the epithet of the I r i s h Rhine, is the old-world village of Clashmore. Here, ear ly in the 7th century, about 600 A.D. , a monastery was erected by St. Cronin, otherwise cal led Mochua. I t became the custom in those early centuries, for an I r i s h sa in t t o have two names, apparently one for o f f i c i a l and the other fo r popular use. Thus, the great St. Carthage, about whom we shal l have rmch t o say l a t e r on, is k n m al ternat ively as MO-Chuda - a t i t l e of endearment, signifying - My dear one". This t e r n is used i n spoken I r i sh , t o the present day, not as a proper name, but simply as an expression of affection as when a mother addresses her child - A Cuid o r A Cuidin. I might mention here, as i l lus t ra t ing the extraordinary modifications which long centuries of daily use bring about i n words, tha t the clan of the OISullivans of Kerry adopted St. Carthage as the i r own patron, and a branch of the clan actually changed the i r name and called themselves MacGilla-Mocuda i .e . The "Son of the Servant of Mocuda" (Carthage) which on l i p s attuned t o English speech has become McGillacuddy.!:

Clashmore is only about s i x miles from Ardmre and three, as I have s tated, from Dairinis and we may take is as certain tha t both the founders of these laces received t h e i r rel igio& formation i n Archore. I t is an eloquent testimony i o the effectiveness of the work of St. Declan and h i s disciples t o find two daughter monasteries springing in to existence within a generation o r two of h i s death a few miles away. Though from the material aspect they were poor and lowly i n the extreme the church was a wooden shed about the s ize of a private garage and the l iving apartments wattled huts roofed w i t h thatch - st i l l , the i r maintenance necessitated organisation and regulation of c o m i t y l i f e - work both intel lectual and manual and a constant apostolate amongst the people.

St. Cronin and h i s community, we are told, were massacred in a pirate raid i n which the monastery was sacked, A.D. 631. This was an ominous forewarning of what w a s t o happen t o many an I r i sh monastery two centuries l a t e r , but in the comparatively happy time of the 7th century it is the sole occurrence of the kind of which his tory holds record.

One of the successors of St. Cronin was Mo-Chom-Og. Recall the philological analysis given previously , of the name Mo-Cheall-Og. In the present case, the noun element i n the middle syllable might signify - Crooked ( i n the physical sense). I r i s h sa in ts were fond of at t r ibut ing t o themselves, as an exercies i n humility, depreciatory or abusive epithets. A t any ra t e the name appears t o be preserved i n the ancient parochial name of Kilmacomb, now included i n the parochial union of Passage.

We now leave the hallowed neighbourhood of the Western Desii and t ransfer our at tent ion t o the Comeraghs, t o t a l k about the history of the once famous abbey of Mothel, s i tua ted i n the parish of Rathgormac, and i n the d i s t r i c t of Clonea Power, a few miles west of s tor ied and beautiful Curraghmore. Here, beside the River

38 The Progress of Christianity in the Dccies 500 - 600 A.P.

Clodiagh, in the golden 6th Century, a religious house w a s established by St. Brogan who, it is s ta ted was St. Patrick's nephew and Scribe and was placed there by the great apostle t o evangelise the people of the d i s t r i c t . There was another Brogan surnamed Cloen whose c l a i m t o be the founder of the Abbey of kbthel a re championed by many authors. This l a t t e r sa in t was a disciple of the great S t . Aedan o r Mogue, patron of the diocese of Wexford.

Brogan is succeeded, i n due course, by St . Coan whose name i s perpetuated i n the townland name of Ballyquin near Mothel, and the two sa in ts have from the beginning been named together as founders of the Abbey. The name Cuan suggests some connection with the f a d romantic Sliabh Gua further west between the Knockmealdowns and the Blackwater. The second word should be Cua, which with the tlsual addition of the su f f ix - "an" gives us a name signifying roughly - 'The Man from Sliabh Gua". Many ancient names were formed i n t h i s manner.

Mothel appears t o have been, i n ancient times, a centre of pagan worship, t races of which remain t o t h i s present day i n local legend and folklore. This indefatigable student of everything relat ing t o the his tory of h i s beloved Desii - Canon Patrick Power - discovered, on the farm of John Sheskin a t Mothel, a block of stone bu i l t in to a dry wall, and marked by a ser ies of what are known among antiquarians as "Cupboard Circle" carvings. These carvings a re very r a re i n t h i s par t of the country - in f ac t , the one found a t Mothel is the only one tha t has come t o l ight i n the ent i re South-east par t of the country. They a r e associated, in local folklore with the doings of the famous legendary Cow - the Glas Geibneac - which seems t o have been a near re la t ive of the equally famous animal which carved out the Rian Bo Padraig. Various theories have been put forward t o explain the significance of these markings. I t has been thought that they were connected with sun worship, or tha t they might be simplified broken- down forms of the sp i ra l s which represent the Minotaen Labyrinth in Crete, or tha t they might be associated with cow worship o r tha t they might be a primitive form of writing.

CX1 L i t t l e Island, beside us here, emboscnned by the lordly Suir, there stood the ancient Abbey of "Inis Doimle" about which nothing is known, beyond the fact tha t its founder was St . Mochaomog whose name is frequently rendered i n Latin - Pulcherius. In the regis te r of the nunnery of Kilculliheen founded a t Ferrybank by D e m t MC Murrough, oneof the properties pertaining t o the nunnery w a s Kilmakevoge, which was s i tuated i n South Kilkenny and evidently derived i ts name from t h i s sa in t . I f In i s Doimle continued i n existence up t o the time of the Danish invasions, we may be sure tha t it did not survive them. I t has never been revived.

b e sa in t who deserves mantion, i f only because he is the patron of Waterford is Otteran or Odran - in t h i s l a t t e r form pronounced Oran. He i s supposed t o have been a member of the c o m i t y of the famous monastery of Iona i n Scotland and t o have been adopted as patron by the Danes on the i r conversion t o Christianity. Others hold tha t he was Octhran who acted as charioteer t o Saint Patrick and accompanied him on h is journey in to Munster. Lickoran, i n the parish of Tooranina, is supposed t o derive its name from him and, possibly, a lso Kilmoleran i n the parish of Carrickbeg as well as Killoteran beside us here. Odhran was martyred by the pagans of Laois while accompanying Patrick on a journey there.

Tow n land L i s t For W a t e r f o r d

Compiled by Olive Alcock and Mary Murphy under the direction of Michael Gibbons, S.M.R. Office, Dublin 2. 1987.

In order to facilitate the computerization of the Sites and Monuments Record for County Waterford it was necessary to compile a townland list. To date there had been no individual list published for the county. The list is taken from the 'Index to the Townlands and Towns, Parishes and Baronies of Ireland,l851 l .

It gives, in alphabetical order, the name of every Townland and Island, and the Ordnance Survey 6" sheet number on which they can be found.

It is hoped that the published list will provide a stimulus to further placename and related studies as well as being a valuable topographical index to County Waterford.

Note: Because of changes in the county and townland boundaries since 1851, the W w i l l not necessarily correspond in a1 l cases with the current Ordnance Survey maps. The list includes detached portions.

TOWNLAND

ABARTAGH A B B E Y L A N D S A B B E Y S I D E ACRE S ADAMSTOUN ADAMSTOUN A D D R I G O O L L ADRAMONC BCG ADRAMONE MORE AFFANE A F F A N E HUNTER AGL I SH AGL I SH AHANAGLOGH AHAUN AHAUN AHAUNBOY NORTH AHAUNBOY SOUTH A M B E R H I L L ANNESTOWh ARDEENLOUN E A S T ARDEENLOUN WEST ARDMORE OR WlNDGAP ARDNAHOW ARDOCHEASTY AROOGI NNA A R D P A D O l N A R D S A L L A G H ASHTOUN AUGHMORE A U G H N A C U R R A V E L L AUSKURRA B I G AUSKURRA L l T T L E

BALLAGHAVORRAGA B A L L E I G H T E R A G H E A S T B A L L E I G H T E R A G H WEST B A L L I NAB B A L L I N A H A

0.5.. 6" SHEET KO. TOWNLAND

B A L L I N A L E U C R A B A L L I N A M O N A B A L L I N A N C H O R B A L L I N A S P I C K NORTH B A L L I N A S P I C K SOUTH B A L L I N A T T l N B A L L I N D U D B A L L I N D Y S E R T B A L L I N G A R R A B A L L I N G A R R Y B A L L INGOWAN B A L L I N G O W A N E A S T B A L L I N G O W A N WEST B A L L I N K I N A -VANE E A S T B A L L I N L E V A N E WEST

, 3 B B A L L I N L O U G H B A L L I N R O A D B A L L l N R O A D B A L L l N T A Y L O R LOWER B A L L I N T A Y L O R UPPER B A L L I N T L E A B A L L l N T L E A NORTH B A L L l N T L E A SOUTH B A L L I N T O O R B A L L I N U R E B A L L I N U R E B A L L l N V E L L A B A L L I N V E L L A B A L L l N V O H E R B A L L l N U I L L I N B A L L Y AOAM B A L L Y A R D B A L L Y B E G B A L L Y B O Y B A L L Y B R A C K B A L L Y B R A C K B A L L Y B R E G I N B A L L Y B R E N N O C K B A L L Y B R U S A or BRUCETOWN B A L L Y B R U S A E A S T

SHEET NO.

W m m D D D rrr rrr - 4 4 I X X c o m m o w m 4 D

w m m D D D rrr rrr < 4 4 0 C ) w C C C W ? T ) Z?T)

.c C m v Llr v 4 m

W w w w w m w m D D D D D D D D r r c r r c r r e r r r r r r r

~WWWWWrn , D D D D D D rrrrrr rrrrrr

m w w w w w w m = ' w o m w ' D D D W D W W D - > > > m r rrrrrrr rrrrr r rrrrrrr rrrrr

4 4 4 4 < < 4 < C3C30C30OOC3 C C C C C C W O T)T)T)T)T)T)- I :

T )T )T )T )T l -%rnh

4 4 4 4 4 4 nnnc)c)c ) C C W W O O T T O D C Z r T x c 7 W Z D D V O W ~ Z = D O W W ~ ~ Z C ) D <

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C C C C C C W w w w r r W w w w c r m D D D D D m = Z Z Z x Z m m m m m

m m m w w w m c w D D D D D D D 3 D rrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrr < < < 4 < < < 4 4

m m m m w w w w m D D D D D D D D D rrrrrrrrr e e r r r r r r r 4 4 < 4 < < < 4 4 Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z D D D D D D D D D x x x s T T % X I - - m m ~ ~ - - - Z Z w m I x r r r - l - l 4 r m m r r ~ W w - D V I m D D Z O L n V I

mm x r o w w - o x < < C3 f

m w w m w w w m w w w w w w m m m w w w w m w w m D D D D D D D D D D D P D D D D D D D D D D D D D r r r r r r r r T r r C c c r - r - - - - - - - -

m w w w w w m w w m w w w m w m D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr 4 < < 4 < < < < < < < < < 4 4 < x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x s C C C C O O O O O D D D D D D D w r r o w o D D ~ w w ~ ~ ) n n ~ ) W D D C ~ W W + ~ + ~ ~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ - r r < - w - - ~ D D D D ~ r r V D C ~ Z Z 0000

D D Z V O C C C C D V = m u m m m m

m o m m 00 PlD XWW C W I:VIZm m m +-l m o o * 4 4 =I V I c w m

4 4 4 4 I X

w c w w * D D > rrrr

w w m w w w o w m w w w m w ~ m m D D D D D D p Y P w D D D D D D w rrrrrr rrrrrrrrrr r r r r r r -rrrrrrrrrr rrrr

4 4 4 4 x x x x D D D D c)cInc) T D D > O Z W W W 4 4 m

c r WO V L m m w w

4 4 4 z ;c Z D D D X I 0 - D C x w - n o r WDR 4 m

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D o m m . .

VIZ w o o VIZ

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v 0 CW C W 00

0 r 4 4 T T 2 2 - l CW

B A L L YNAPARKA B R L L Y N A P A R K A ' B A L L I N A R A H A B A L L Y N A R R I O B A L L V N A S l S S A L A B A L L Y N A L K L H A B L b B A L L Y N A S K C H A RORE B A L L Y N A T R A Y COMMONS B A L L Y N A T R A Y DEMESNL B A L L Y N E A L B A L L Y N E E T Y B A L L X B E E T Y B A L L Y N E L L l G A N G L E B E B A L L Y N E R R O O N E A S T B A L L Y N E R R O O N WEST B A L L Y N E V I k B A L L Y N E V O C A B A L L Y N I C O L E B A L L Y NOE B A L L Y N O E E A S T B A L L Y N O E WEST B A L L Y O G A R T Y B A L L Y P H l L l P B A L L Y P H I L I P E A S T BALLYPHILIP' W E S T B A L L Y Q U I N BALLYOUIN B A L L Y R A F T E R B A L L Y R A F T E R F L A T S B A L L Y R A N O L E B A L L Y R E I L L Y B A L L Y R l S T E E N B A L L Y R O B l N B A L L Y R O B l N B A L L Y ROE B A L L Y R O H A N B A L L Y R U S S E L B A L L Y S A G G A R I B E G ( E A S T ) B A L L Y S A G G A R T B E G G L E B E B A L L Y S A G G A R T B E G H I L L B A L L Y S A G G A R I B E G (NEST) B A L L Y S A G G A R T M O R E B A L L Y S A L L A G H B A L L Y S C A N L A N B A L L Y S H O N E E N B A L L Y S H O N O C K B A L L YSLOUGH B A L L Y T H O M A S B A L L Y T R l S N A N E B A L L Y T R U C K L E B A L L Y V A D D B A L L Y V A D D F N B A L L Y V A L L I K I N B A L L Y V A L L O O N A B A L L Y V E C A N E LOWER B A L L Y V E C A N E U P P E R B A L L Y V E L L O N B A L L Y VOHALANE B A L L Y V O O N Y B A L L Y V O R E E N B A L L Y V O Y L E B A L L Y W T ' L I G A N BARNMKILC B A R R A N A F A D D O C K B A R R A N A L E A H A B A R R A N A L I R A BARRANAMANOGE B A R R A N A S H I N G A U N B A R R A N A S T O O K B A R R A N A S T O O K LOWER B A R R A N A S T O O K UPPER B A R R A V A K E E N B A R R I S T O W N B A R R Y S M O U N T A l N BAWNABRAHER B A W N A C A R R I G A U N BAWNACOMMERA BAWNAGAPPUL BAWNAGARHANC B A W N A H I L A BAWNARO BAWNARD BAWNATANAVOHER B A U N B R A C K BAWNDAW BAWNFOUN

B ~ A L L O U G H B E L L A H E E N B E L L E V I L L E BELMOUNT BEMVOY B E Y L E Y B I S H O P S C O U R T B I S H O P S T O W N B L A C K B L A C K B O G B L A C K K N O C K B L C A C H BLEANAHOUREE B L E A N T A S O U R B L E A N T A S O U R M O U N T A l N BOG BOGGAGH '

BOGGAGHBAUN BOGGAGHDUFF BOHADOONMOUNTAlN BOHADOON N 0 R T H BOHADOON SOUTH BOHERARD B O ~ I E R A W I L L I N BOHERBOY B O H l R B O Y BOHERBOYREA BONATOUK o r MONATOUK BOOLA BOOL A BOOLA B O U L A B E G B O O L A B R I E N LOWER B O O L A B R l E N U P P E R BOOLACLOGHAGH B O O L A K I L L Y B O O L A T T I N BOOLAVONTEEN BORHEEM BRENAN B R 1 DANE LOWER B R l D A N E UPPER B R I D G E Q U A R T E R B R 1 DGCQUARTER B R l D G E T O Y N B R l S K A LOWER B R l S K B - U P P E R B R O E M O U N T A l N B R O E M O U N T A I N BROOKLOOGE BROWLEY E A S T BROWLEY WEST BROWNSTOWN BROWNSWOOP BRUCETOwN o r B A L L Y B R U S A BURGERY BURGESSANCHOR BUTLERSTOWN NORTH BUTLERSTOWN S O U T H

CAHE R CAHERBAUN CAHERBRACK CAHE RGAL CAHERNALEAGUE CAHE RUANE C A L L A G H A N E C A M P H I RE C A M P H l R E H I L L C A M P H I R E l S L A N D CANTY CAPPAGH CAPPAGH CAPPOQU I N CAPPOQUIN D E M E S N E CARNGLASS C A R R l C K A D U S T A R A C A R R l C K A H l L L A C A R R I C K A N U R E

L A R W l L K A k l A C A W R I C K A R L A I J V C A R R l C K A V A R A H A N f C A R R I C K A V R A h T R Y C A R R I C K A V R A N T R Y N O R l H C A R R I C ~ A \ ' ~ A N T P . Y S O U 1 C A R R I C K B A R R A H A N E C A R R l C K B C L C A R R I C K P H ~ E R I S H C A R R I C K P H I L I P C A R R I C K S A G G A R T C A R R I G A N A R D C A R R l G A N l

C A R R I G B R A C K C A R - 8 1 G C A S T L E " A R R I G E E N C A R R I G E C N C A R R I G E E N C A R R I G E E N C A R R I G E E N C A R R I G E E N C A R R I G C E N CARRIGEENNAGERAGH BIG C A R R I G E E N N A G E R A G H L I T T L E C A R R I G E E N N A H A H A C A H R I G L E A C A R R I G L E A C A R R I G L O N G C A R R I G M O O R N A C A R W I G N A G O W E R E A S T C A R H I G N A G O Y E R W E S T C A R R I G N A N O N S H A G H C A R R I G R O C C A R R I GROE C A R R I G R O f C A R R I G R n F C A R R O N A D A V D E R G C A R R O N A H Y L A C A R R O N B E G

. C A R R O W C L O U G H C A R R O W C L O U G H C A R R O W G A R R I F F C A R R O W G A R R I F F B E G C A R R O W G A R R l F F H O R E C A R R O U L E I G H C A R R O U N C A S H L A N E C A R R O W N C A S H L A N E C A R R O U N T A S S O N A C A S T L E C R A D D O C K C A S T L E C R A D D O C K B O G C A S T L E L A N D S C A S T L E M I L L S C A S T L E Q U A R T E R C A S T L E Q U A R T E R C A S T L E Q U A R T E R C A S T L E R L A G H C A S T L E T O W N C A U H G L E N C H E E K P O I N T C H E R R Y M O U N T C H R I S T E N D O M C H U R C H Q U A R T E R C H U R C H Q U A R T E R C H U R C H Q U A R T E R AND H I L L C H U R C H T O W N C H U R C H T O W N H I L L C L A D A G H C L A S H A N A H Y C L A S H B R A C K C L A S H E E N A N I E R I N C L A S H G A N N Y C L A S H G A N N Y o r K I L M A L O U C L A S H M A L E A C L A S H M O R E C L A S H N A D A R R I V C L A S H N A G O N E E N C L A S H N A M O N A D E E C L A S H N A M R O C K C L A S H R E A C L A S H R O E C L E A B O Y C L O G H C L O G H A U N J C O G H B G G

C L U L H L L N C L O G H E R A N C C L O G H R A U N C L O N A G A M C L O N A N A G H C L O N A N A V C L O N C O S K O R A N C L O N D O N N L L L C L O N C A C L O N E A L O W E R C L O A L A M I D D L E C L O N E A U P P E R C L O N E E T Y C L O N F A D D A C L O N K C R D I N C L O N M O Y L E C L O O N B E G C L O O N C O G A I L C C L O S E C L U T T A H I N A C O L L l G A N B E G C O L L I G A N MORE C O L L I G A N M O U N T A I N C O L L I G A N Y O O D COME R A G H C O M E R A G H H O U S E C O M E R A G H M O U N T A I N COMMON COMMONS COMMONS C D M M D N S C O O L C O O L C O O L A D A L A N E L O W E R C O O L A D A L A N E U P P E R C O O L A G A D D E N C O O L A G O R T B O Y C O O L A H E S T C O O L A N H E E N C O O L A T O O R C O O L B A G H C O O L B E G G A N E A S T C O O L B E G G A N WEST C O O L B O O A C O O L B U N N I A C O O L C O R M U C K C O O L D R I S H O G E C O O L F I N N C O O L G O Y E R C O O L I S H A L C O O L l S H A L C O O L N A U L A 5 O O N C O O L N A C R E E N A C O O L N A G O P P O G E C O O L N A G O U R C O O L N A H O R N A C O O L N A L I N G A D Y C O O L N A M U C K D E M E S N E C O O L N A M U C K E A S T C O O L N A M U C K WEST C O O L N A N A V C O O L N A N E A G H C O O L N A S M E A R L O W E R C O O L N A S M C A R M O U N T A l N C O O L N A S M E A R U P P E R C O O L N A S M U T T A U N C O O L O W E N C O O L O W E N L I T T L E C O O L R A T T l N C O O L R O E C O O L R O E C O O L R O E C O O L R O E C O O L T E G I N C O O L T U B B R l D E A S T C O O L T U B B R I D WEST wet un C O O L U H C O O L Y D D O D Y C O O L Y D O O D Y N O R T H C O O L Y D O O D Y S O U T H C O O N E E N o r G L E N A S S Y E O R B A L L Y B E G C O R B A L L Y H O R E C O R R A D O O N C O R R A G I N A C O R R A N N A S K E H A

L O k k A N N A 5 I L k A k D Y T H CORRANNASKE HA S O U 1 H C O U M R A G L I N M O U N T A I ~ COUMMAHON C O U M N A L A P Y U L C O U N T Y G A T L COUSE COVE COXTOWN E A S T COXTOWN Y E S 1 CRAGGS C R E A D A M CREGGAHE C R E H A N A G H NORTH CWEHANAGH SOUTH C R I N A L I S K C R I N N A G H T A U N E A S T C R I N N A G H T A U N W E S T CROAN LOWER CROAN U P P E R C R O B A L L Y LOWER C R O B A L L Y LOWER H O B A L L Y U P P E R C R O B A L L Y U P P E R CROOKE C R O S S

C R O S S

CROSSFORD C R O S S F O R D CROUGH CROUGH C R O U G H T A N A U L ( M A R Q U I S ) C R O U G H T A N A U L ( S T U A R T ) C R U S H E A CRUSSE RA C U L L E N A G H C U L L E N C A S T L E CUMMEEN C U N N I G A R C U R R A B A H A C U R R A B A H A E A S T C U R R A B A H A WEST C U R R A D A R R A CURRAGH CURRAGH CURRAGHACNAV CURRAGHATAGGART C U R R A G H A T E S K I N C U R R A G H B A L L I N T L E A C U R R A G H D U F F C U R R A G H D U F F C U R R A G H K I E L Y CURRAGHMORE CURRAGHMOREEN CURRAGHNAGARRAHA CURRAGHNAGREE CURRAGHNAMADDREE C U R R A G H P H I L I P E E N C U R R A G H R E I G H N O R T H C U R R A G H R E I G H SOUTH CURRAGHROCHE C U R R A G R A I G C U R R A H E E N C U R R A H E E N C U R R A H E E N C U R R A H E E N C U R R A H E E N A R I S C U R R A H E E N A V O H E R C U R R A Y E E N COMMONS CURt .AHEFY 3 O R T H C U R R A H E E N SOUTH CURRANE CURRAUN C U R T I S W O O D CUSHCAM C U S H O F GRANGE C U T T E E N NORTH C U T T E E N S O U T H

D A R R I G A L D E E L I S H D E E L l S H H O U N T A l N D E E R P A R K D E E R P A R K

D L L R P A R k L A S T D L [ U P A R K H I L L D E E R P A R K M O U N T A I N D E E R P A R K N O R T H D E R R I N L A U R LOWER O E R R I N L A U R U P P E R OERRY LOWER D L R H Y U P P L k D ' L O U b t i T A N C D O D B Y N S P A R K S w n n l r N

DOONEEH

DROMANA UKUNAHA DROMANA I S L A N D D R O M l N A DROMORC DkUCICANNON DWUMGOREY D R U U G U L L A N E E A S T D R U M G U L L A N E WEST O R U M L o H q N DRUMROE DRUMROE LOWER DRUMROE U P P E R DRUMRUSK DRUMSL l G DUAGH DUCARR l G DUCKSPOOL D U F F C A R R I C K D U N A B R A T T I N '

DUNGARVAN D U N H I L L D U N H I L L L O D G E DUNHOON DUNMOON N O R T H DUNHOON S O U T H DUNMORE D U N S A L L A G H DURROW D Y R I C K D Y R I C K LOWER O Y R I C K U P P E R OY SE RT

F A D D U A G A F A H A F A H A F A H A F E E L A C H F A 1 R L A N E

. F A I R L A N E F A I T H L E G G F A L L A G H F E R N A N E LOWER F E R N A N E U P P E R F A R R A N A L A H E S E R Y F A R R A N A L o u N T ~ F A R R A N B U L L E N FARRANGARRE T F A R R A N S H O N E E N F E A G A R R I D F E DDANS F E D O A U N FENNOR NORTH FENNOR S O U T H F L O W E R H I L L FORNAGHT F O R T W I L L I A M F O U N T A l N F O X ' S C A S T L E F U R R A L E l G H

. GA I RHA G A L L O W S H I L L G A L L O U S H I L L G A R D E N M O R R I S GARRA E A S T G A R R A H Y L I S H

C A R R A N A N A S P I C K CARRANBAUN C A R R A N M I L L O N L O W t R G A R R A N M I L L O N UPPCR GARRANT URTON GARRARUS GARRAUN GARRAUNFADDA GARRAUN UPPER GARRAVOONE GARRA WEST GARR l SON G A R R Y B R I T T A S GARRYCLONE GARRYCLOYNE GARRY DUF F GARRYDUFF GARRYNAGERAGH E A S T GARRYNAGERAGH WEST GARRYNAGRLL GARRYNOE G A T E S GAULSTOWN GOERGESTOWN G I B B E T H I L L G L A S H A G L E B E G L E B E G L E B E G L E B E G L E B E G L E B E G L E N G L E N A B B E Y GLENABOY GLENAKNOCKAUN E A S T GLENAKNOCKAUN WEST G L E N A L E E R I S K A GLENARY GLCNASAGGART G L f N A S S Y o r COONEEN G L E N A V A D D R A G L E N A V E H A G L E N B E G G L E N B E G G L E N C A I RN G L E N C U L L E N G L E N D A L L I G A N G L E N D A L O U G H

G L E N D A U G L E N D L I S H E A S T GlEHDEJSH NEST G L E N E A S T GLENFOORAN GLENGARRA GLENGOAGH GLENHOUSE G L E N L I C K Y G L E N LOWER G L E N LOUER G L E N MORE G L E N WORE G L E N M O R l SHMEEN G L E N A F A L L l A G L E N N A G A D GLENNAGLOGH G L E N N A N E A N E GLENNANEANEUOUNTAIN GLENNANORE G L E N N A P H U C A G L E N N A U l L L I N G L E N P A T R I C K G L E N R l B E E N G L E N S H A S K BEG G L E N S H A S K MORE GLENSTOWN G L E N T A U N A T I N A G H G L E N T A U N E A S T GLENTAUNEMON G L E N T A U N WEST G L E N UPPER G L E N U P P E R G L E N WEST G L E N U l L L l A M G L l D D A N E B E G G L l D D A N E MORE G L l S T I N A N E

G O R l A C L A D L G O R l A H l L L Y G O R l AV I C A R Y GORTCCN G O R T L E N G O R l N A D l H A LOWER G O R l N A O l H A U P P E R G O R I N A L A G H T GORTNAPCAKY GOWLAUN GOWLAUN M O U N T A I N G R k C L D I E U E A S T G R k C l D I E U WEST G R k l G A R l D D Y G R A l G A V A L L A GRAlGNAGOWER G R A I G U E G R A l G U E G R A I G E A R U S H G R A I G U E A V U R R A G R A l G U E B E G G R A l G U E MORE G R A I G U E N A G E E H A G R A I G U E N A G E E H A G R A l GUESHONEEN G R A L L A G H G R A L L A G H LOUER G R A L L A G H U P P L R GRANGE GRANGE ,CUSH OF GRANGE L O U E R GRANGE UPPER GRANTSTOWN GREENAN GREENAN GREENANE G U l L C A G H GURTEEN LOWER GURTEEN UPPER

HACKETSTOWN H A C K f TSTOWN H A R R l S T O W N H A R R O U H I L L HEADBOROUGH H E L V I C K H U N T H I L L

I N C H l N D R l S L A IHCHJHDRlSLA MOOD I N C H I N L E A H A E A S T 1 N C H I N L E A M A WEST I S L A N D I S L A N D H U B B O C K I S L A N O l K A N E E A S T I S C A N D l K A N E N O R T H I S L A N O l K A N E S O U T H l S L A N D l A R S N C Y NORTH I S L A N D T A R S N E Y SOUTH

J A N E V l L L E JOANSTOWN JOHNSTOWN J O U L T E R S P A R K

K E A L F O U N K E A L R O E K E E R E E N LOWER K E E R E E N U P P E R KE l LOGE K l L B A L L Y Q U l L T Y K l L B A R R Y K I L B A R R Y M E A D E N K l L B E G K I L B E G K l L B E G LOWER K I L B E G UPPER K l L B R A C K K l L B R E E E A S T K I L B R E E U E S T K l L B R l D E NOUTH K l L B R l O E SOUTH K l L B R Y A N LOWER K l L B R Y A N UPPER

K I L C A L F EAST K l L C A L F H O U N T A l N K I L C A L F Y i S T K I L C A N A V E E K l LCANNON K l L C A N N O N ( H L 1 Y ) K I L C A N N O N ( O S B O R N E ) K I L C A R A G H K I L C A R T O N K I L C L O H L R K I L C L O O N L Y K 1 LCOCKAN K I L C O H A N K l L C O l M A N K I L C O H E R A G H K l L C O O N E V K I L C O P LOWER K I L C O P UPPER K I L C R E E G A N L K I L C U L L E N LOUCR K I L C U L L E N UPPER K I L D E R H O D Y K I L D E R R I H E E N K I L D R O U G H T A U N K I L D U A N E K I L F A R R A S Y K I L G A B R I E L K l L G A l N Y LOWCR K l L G A l N Y U P P E R K I L G O B N E T K I L G R E A N Y K 1 L G R L A N Y K I L G R O V A N K I L K E A N Y K I L K E A N Y U O U N T A I N K I L K N O C K A N K I L L A D A N G A N K I L L A H A L Y E A S T K I L L A H A L Y Y E S T K I L L A N T H O N Y K I L L A T O O R K 1 L L A Y L A N K I L L E A K I L L E A K I L L E A G H K I L L E E N A G H M O U N T A I N K I L L E E N A G H NORTH K I L L E E N A G H SOUTH K I L L E E S H A L K I L L E L T O N K I L L E R G U I L E K I L L I N E E N E A S T K l l L l N E E N Y E S T K I L L I N O O R I N K I L L O N E K I L L O N G F O R O K I L L O S S E R A G H K l L L O T L R A N K I L L O U E N K I L L O Y E N K I L L S T . L A U R E N C E K I L L S T . N I C H O L A S K I L L U R E K I L M A C L E A G U E E A S T K I L M A C L E A G U E NEST K 1 LMACOHB K I L M A C O H M A K I L H A C T H O M A S K I L M A G I B B O G E K I L M A L O O o r CLASHGANNY K I L H A L O O E A S T K I L H A L O O WEST K I L M A N A H A N K I L M A N I C H O L A S K I L M A Q U A G U E K 1 LMEADAN K I L M E E D Y E A S T K I L M E E D Y WEST K I L M I N N I N LOWER K I L M I N N I N NORTH K I L M I N N I N SOUTH K I L M l N N I N UPPER K I L H O L A S H K I L M O R E K I L M O R E E A S T K I L M O R E N E S T K I L M O V E E

K I L H O V E M O G L E A S l K I L M O V E H O G E W t S T K l L M O Y L I N K l L H U R R l N K I L H U R R Y K l L N A C A R R l G A K I L N A F A R N A L O U L R K I L N A F A R N A U P P E R K I L N A F R L H A N E A S T K I L N A F R E H A N M I D D L E K I L N A F R t H A N M O U N T A I N K I L N A F R E H A N WEST K 1 LNl.GRANGE K I L N A M A C K E A S T K I L N A M A C K Y E S 1 K I L R O N A N K I L R O S S A N T Y K I L R U S H I H A R O U I S )

K I L Y A T E R H O Y K I L Y A T E R H O Y M O U N T A I N K l L W l N N Y K I N G S H E A D O Y KNOCKACAHARNA KNOCKACOMORT l S H KNOCKACOOLA KNOCKACRONAUN K N O C K A C U L L E N K N O C K A C U R R I N KNOCKADAV KNOCKADERRY L O U E R KNOCKADERRY U P P E R KNOCKADOONLEA KNOCKAORUMALEA K N O C K A O U L L A U N E A S T K N O C K A D U L L A U N WEST KNOCKAHAVAUN K N O C K A L A F A L L A K N O C K A L A H A R A K N O C K A L A S S A KNOCKAL I S H E E N K N O C K A L I S H E E N K N O C K A N A C U L L I N K N O C K A N A F F R I N KNOCKANAGH KNOCKANAGH KNOCKANANNA K N O C K A N D U F F KNOCKANE KNOCKANE K N O C K A N E A R I S K N O C K A N I S K A K N O C K A N I S K A K N O C K A N I S K A E A S T K N O C K A N I S K A WEST KNOCKANNANAGH KNOCKANORE KNOCKANORE K N O C K A N P A D D I N KNOCKANPOWER L O Y E R KNOCKANPOYER LOWER KNOCKANPOYER UPPER KNOCKANPOYER U P P E R KNOCKANROE KNOCKARAHA KNOCKATEEMORE KNOCKATOOR KNOCKATOUK K N O C K A T R E L L A N E KNOCKATURNORY KNOCKAUN KNOCKAUN K N O C K A U N A B U L L O G A K N O C K A U N A C U I T KNOCKAUNAGLOON KNOCKAUNARAST KNOCKAUNBRANDAUN KNOCKAUN E A S T KNOCKAUNFARGARVE K N O E K A U N G A R R I F F KNOCKAUNNAGLOKEE KNOCKAUNNAGOUN KNOCKAUN NORTH KNOCKAUNROE KNOCKAUN SOUTH K N O C K A V A N N I A

MOAT HOCOL L OP M O A N A B R L L K A M O N A C A L L E E H O N A C U L L E E

MONAD1 HA

M O N A F E H A D E E M O N A G A L L Y E A S T M O N A G A L L Y WEST M O N A G E E L A M O N A G I L L E E N Y MONAGOUSH H O N A K I R K A H O N A L O U R LOWER H O N A L O U R U P P E R MONALUMMERY MONAMAN LOWER H O N A H A N U P P E R HONAHE E A N M O N A H E E L A G H M O N A M I N T R A HONAMRAHER HONANEEA MONANG MONANG MONARD MONARUD M O N A R U D M O U N T A l N H O N A T A G G A R T M O N A T A R R l V E A S T M O N A T A R R l V WEST M O N A T O U K o r B O N A T O U K M O N A T R A Y E A S T M O N A T R A Y M l D O L E M O N A T R A Y WEST M O N A T R l M LOWER M O N A T R I M U P P E R MONAVAUO MONAVUGGA MONBOY MONEA MONEYGORM MONEYGORM E A S T MONEYGORH N O R T H MONEYGORM S O U T H MONEYGORM Y E S 1 M O N K E A L MONLOUM M O N M l N A N E MONROE G L E B E MONVORE MONVOY MONYVROE MOORD M O O R E H I L L MORTGAGE M O T H E L M O U N T A I N C A S T L E N O R T H M O U N T A I N C A S T L E S O U T H M O U N T A I N F A R H M O U N T A I N R E A M O U N T B O L T O N H O U N T C O N G R E V E M O U N T O O N G R E N E M O U N T H E L L E R A Y M O U N T H l S E R Y M O U N T O O E L L M O U N T R I V E R S M O U N T R I V E R S I S L A N D S MOUNTS I O N M O U N T S T U A R T MOYNG MOYNG L I T T L E MUNHAHOGE MUNMAHOGE M U N S B U R R O Y MWEELAHORNA MWEELAHORNA MWEEL l NG

NEWPORT E A S T NEWPORT WEST N E W R A T H NEWTOWN

I I E Y T D Y N MEUTOYN NEYTObiN I I E Y T O Y N N E Y T O Y N N C Y T O Y N N E Y T O Y N . N E Y T O U N N E Y T O Y N N E Y T O Y N N E Y T O Y N N E Y T O Y N N I C H O L A S T O Y N N O R R l S L A N D N Y M P H H A L L

O K Y L E O L D B R I D G E OLDGRANGE ORCHARDSTOYN ORCHARDSTOYN

PADDOCK PADDOCKS P A L L I S P A R K P A R K P A R K A T L U G G E R A P A R K A T O B E E N P A R K B E G PARKDOT l A P A R K E E N A F L U G H P A R K E E N A G A R R A PARKEENALOUGHA P A R K L E N N A G L O G H P A R K G A R R l F P A R K L A N E PARKMORE P A R K N A C A P P U L PARKNOE PARKSYOOD L O Y E R PARKSYOOO U P P E R P A S S A G L E A S T PASSAGE WEST P A S T I M E K N O C K P A U L S A C R E S PEMBROKESTOYN P I C K A R D S T O W N P I L L P A R K P l L L T O Y N P O R T A L L Y PORTNABOE P O U L AV ONE P O U L B A U T l A POULBOY P O U L F A D D A POULNAGUNOGE POWERSKNOCK P R A P

QUARTER Q U l L L I A

RACECOURSE RAHEEN R A H E E N R A H E E N R A L P H R A S P B E R R Y H I L L R A T H R A T H RATHANNY R A T H C U L L I H E E N R A T H F A D D A N RATHGORHUCK R A T H L E A D R A T H L O Y E R R A T H M A I D E N RATHMOYLAN

RATHNAHENEENAGH R A T H N A H E N E E N A G H

R A 1 H N A S K I l l O L L RATHQuAGE R A T H U P P E R R E A C A U M A G L A N N A R L A O O T Y R L A M A N A G H R E A M A N A G H L A S T R E A M A N A G H Y L S T R t A N A B A R N A R E A N A B O O L A R E A N A C L O G H C E N R E A N A C O O L A G H E A S T R E A N A C O O L A G H Y E S 1 R L A N A O A M P A U N COMMONS R E A N A O A M P P A u N COMMONS R E A N A G U L L E E R E A N A S K E H A R E A N A V l D D O G E R E A T A G H R E l S K R l N C R E Y R I N G A P H U C A R I N G C R E H Y R l N G N A S l L L O G E R O B E R T S T O Y N R O B E R T S T O Y N R O C K E T S C A S T L E o r M A Y F l R O C K F I E L O R O C K S H I R E R O O E E N R O S S R O S S R O S S R O S S R O S S D U F F R O S S G R I L L A R U S H E E N S ,

R U S S E L L S T O W N R U S S E L L S T O Y N H E Y

S A L T E R B R I D G E S A P P E R T O N N O R T H S A P P E R T O N S O U T H S A V A G E T O W N S C A R T S C A R T S C A R T S C A R T S C A R T A C R O O K A S C A R T ( H E L Y ) S C A H T L E A S C A R T M O U N T A I N S C A R T N A C R O O H A S C A R T N A D R I N Y S C A R T N A O R I N Y M O U N T A I N S C A R T O R E S C A R T ( S E R G E ANT ) S C O R D A U N S C R A H A N S C R A H A N S S C R A H A N S E A S T S C R A H A N S Y E S T S C R O T H E A E A S T S C R O T H E A WEST S E A F I E L D SEEMOCHUOA S H A N A C L O N E S H A N A C L O O N S H A N A C O O L S H A N A C O O L E S H A N A K I L L S H A N A K I L L S H A N A K I L L S H A N A K I L L S H A N A K I L L S H A N A P O L L A G H S H A N A V O O L A S H A N B A L L Y S H A N B A L L Y S H A N B A L L Y S H A N B A L L Y S H A N B A L L \ A H i . l E I. SHANOON S H A N D O N I S L A N D S H E A N B E G S H E A N MORE

S M l S K l N S M E S K I N S H E S K I N S H I N G A N A G H S I L L A M E E N S S I O N S r E M A C R l N E ( H U M B L E ) S C L H A C R I N E ( M A R Q U I S ) S I E H A N A R O ( B A R R O N ) SKEHANARO ( H U M B L E ) S K I B B E R E E N S L E A O Y C A S T L E S L E V E E N S L E V E E N S L I E V E B U R T H S L I E V E R O E S L I G A U N A G H SLUGGARA S M A L L Q U A R T E R SMOOR B E G SMOOR MORE SNUGBOROUGH S O U T H P A R K S P A SPORTHOUSE S P R I N G ( D U K E ) S P R l N G F I E L D S P R I N G F I E L D S P R I N G F I E L D LOWER S P R I N G F I E L D U P P E R S P R I N G ( M A R Q U I S ) S P R I N G M O U N T SRUH E A S T SRUH Y E S T S T A E L S T A I G B R A U D STONEHOUSE S T R A O B A L L Y B E G S T R A D B A L L Y MORE S T R A N C A L L Y S T R A N C A L L Y DEMESNE

S T U C C O L A N E S U M M L W H I L L or K N O C K N A C L L R A L I I S U M M E R V I L L E S U N L A Y N

T A L L A C O O L B E G T A L L A C O O L M O R E T A L L O W T A L L O W B R I D G E L A N D S T A N E A R O S T O Y N T E M P L E M I C H A E L T E M P L E Y V R l C K TERRY S S T A N G T l CUR T I G R O E T I K I N C O R LOWER T l K I N C O R U P P E R T I KNOCK T l N A K l L L Y o r YOOOHOUSE T I N A L l R A T l N H A L L A T I N N A B I N N A T l N N A G R O U N T I N N A L Y R A . T l N N A S C A R T T I N T U R T I R C U L L E N LOWER

TOBERAGOOLE T O B E R N A H U L L A TONTEHEIGE TOOR TOOR TOOR TOOR TOORACURRAGH TOORAOOO T O O R A L A TOORANARAHEEN TOORANEENA TOOREEN E A S T T O O R E E N M O U N T A l N TOOREEN Y E S T TOORNAGEEHA

1 DDRNAGOPPOGL T 0 0 R MORTH TOORRE AGM TOOR SOUTH TOORTANl TOURIN TOURIN OCMCSNC TOURNORE TOW ERCARE TOYNPARKS TOWNPARKS EAST TOWNPARKS EAST TOYNPARKS YE57

TOWNPARKS YES7 TRAMORE BURROW T RAHORI EAST TRAHORE WEST TRECNEARLA COMMONS T R I N I T Y WITHOUT T U B B R I D TURBEHA TWOHlLCBRlDCE

VICARSTOYN NORTH VICARSTOYN SOUTH VILLERSTOWN

Y t S l l O Y N YHITECHURCH Y H l T C F l E L D YHITEHOUSCQUARTER YHlTESFORT WHITESTOYN YHITESTOYN EAST YHITCSTOYN YES7 Y H l T F I E L D NORTH Y H I T F I E L D SOUTH Y1LLIAMSTOWN YILL IAWSTOYN YINOGAP YINOGAP o r ARDWORE YOODHOUSE YOOOHOUSl YOODHOUSE o r T I N A K I L L Y YOOOSTOCK YOODSTOYN YOODSTOYN YOODSTOYN LOWER YOOOSTOYN UPPER YOODVlLLE

C o . Y a t e r f o r d - D e t a c h e d P o r t i o n s - 1 s t E d i t i o n ( a s i n T d . l n d e x 1

TOYNLAND

A f f a n e

B a l l i n a s p i c k S o u t h

B a l l y d u f f W o r e

B a l l y r a n d l e

B u r g e r y

Commons

F a r r a n g a r r e t

K n o c k a c u l l e n

L t s s a r o w

L o s k e r a n

Monea

M o u n t r i v e r s I s l a n d s

S i o n

S p r t n g ( D u k e )

T a l l o w b r i d g e L a n d s

T i n n a l y r a

T o u r n o r e

A c r e s R o o d s P e r c h e s D e t a c h e d P o r t i o n ( s 1

4 A 1 R

SA 0 R

SA OR

9A 2 R

14A 3R

8A 3R

0 A 1 R

7A 3R

2 2A 1 R

35A 1 R

2A 3R

F o u r I s l a n d s i n B l a c k w a t e r R i v e r

8A 1 R

6 A 1 R

1 A 3R

2 2A 3 R

11A 3R

D.P.

D.P.

D.P.

D.P.

O.P.

D . P . ' s

D . P ' s

O.P.

O.P.

D.P.

D.P.

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D.P.

O.P.

D . P ' s

D.P.

D . P e s