DECEMBER 2018 REGIONAL WORKFORCE STUDY€¦ · in North Carolina and Kershaw County in South Carolina. The north laborshed has a civilian labor force of 1. 3 million. The southern

DECEMBER 2018

REGIONAL WORKFORCE

STUDY SOUTH CAROLINA I-77 ALLIANCE

SOUTH CAROLINA I-77 ALLIANCE

REGIONAL WORKFORCE STUDY PAGE | i

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TIP would like to thank the following individuals and organizations for their participation in this planning process.

Rich Fletcher South Carolina I-77 Alliance

Karlisa Dean Chester County Economic Development

Chris Finn South Carolina I-77 Alliance

Ty Davenport Fairfield County Economic Development

Jamie Gilbert Lancaster County Economic Development

Jeff Ruble Richland County Economic Development

David Swenson York County Economic Development

TIP STRATEGIES, INC., is a privately held Austin and Seattle based economic development consulting firm committed to providing quality solutions for public and private sector clients. Established in 1995, the firm's primary focus is economic development strategic planning.

CONSULTING TEAM

Tom Stellman President & CEO

Caroline Alexander Senior Consultant

Allison Long Analyst

CONTACT

2905 San Gabriel St., Suite 309 Austin, TX 78705

PH: 512-343-9113 www.tipstrategies.com


REGIONAL WORKFORCE STUDY PAGE | ii

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1

KEY FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................................... 1 REGIONAL WORKFORCE ASSESSMENT ..................................................................................................... 3

WORKFORCE CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................................................... 4 LABOR AVAILABILITY .............................................................................................................................. 7 MIGRATION PATTERNS ....................................................................................................................... 15 LABOR MOBILITY ................................................................................................................................ 17 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................... 22 DEMAND DRIVERS .............................................................................................................................. 30 WORKFORCE-TARGET INDUSTRY ALIGNMENT ...................................................................................... 37

APPENDIX 1. TARGET DEFINITIONS.......................................................................................................... 59 APPENDIX 2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 66

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................. 66 DATA SOURCES ................................................................................................................................. 67


REGIONAL WORKFORCE STUDY PAGE | 1

INTRODUCTION The South Carolina I-77 Alliance region consists of York, Lancaster, Chester, Fairfield, and Richland Counties. The region added more than 50,000 jobs between 2012 and 2017, outperforming the US in terms of job growth in each of the last 6 years. Lodging, restaurants, and bars; healthcare; professional services; and construction have led this growth. Even with this success, the region has continued its commitment to economic development and attracting new investment to the region as a driver of sustained growth and economic prosperity.

Although labor has long been a consideration of corporate site location decisions, in the past few years the focus has been on the availability of skilled labor rather than the cost of labor. As a result, regions must understand the skills and strengths of their workforce and labor market to compete successfully for corporate investment.

In the fall of 2018, the South Carolina I-77 Alliance hired TIP Strategies to assess and profile the region’s workforce and examine the alignment of the region’s workforce with the I-77 Alliance target industries. The resulting study documents the depth and breadth of the regional workforce, highlights its strengths, and identifies key challenges that must be addressed to maintain the region’s competitive edge.

KEY FINDINGS Distinct and expansive laborsheds. As a region that is situated on the I-77 corridor between Charlotte, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina, the north and south sides of the region have distinct laborsheds. The northern counties – York, Lancaster, and Chester - draw from a laborshed that includes Mecklenburg, Union, and Gaston Counties in North Carolina and Kershaw County in South Carolina. The north laborshed has a civilian labor force of 1.3 million. The southern counties – Fairfield and Richland – draw from a laborshed that also extends to Mecklenburg County and draws from Kershaw, Lexington, Calhoun, Orangeburg, and Newberry Counties in South Carolina. The south laborshed has a civilian labor force of about 1.2 million.

Highly educated and young. The I-77 Alliance region has a highly educated labor force, with 32 percent of the population earning a bachelor’s degree or higher. In addition, the senior age cohort (age 65+) represents a smaller share of the population than in the US overall, signifying the relative youth of the regional labor force. Furthermore, the labor force participation rate in the region is demonstrative of a strong work ethic.

Destination for talent. The region has experienced healthy population growth over the last 10 years. Migration patterns demonstrate that the region is a destination for talent with high flows of migrants to York County and Lancaster County in South Carolina. Regional employers agreed that attracting talent to the region to fill open positions is relatively easy.

Mobile workforce. The region as a whole is a net importer of labor. However, more than 130,000 workers commute outside the region to work. Transportation & warehousing, management of companies & enterprises, and manufacturing are the three sectors with the largest outflow of workers, on net, out of the five-county region. The largest destination for the region’s commuters outside the five counties is Charlotte.

Strong middle-skill workforce. The occupational structure of the region is reflective of its strong manufacturing sector and growing healthcare sector. Employers in the region note the region’s history in manufacturing as one of its greatest workforce strengths.

Affordable labor costs. The regional median hourly wage rates compare well to the nation’s. Almost all the median hourly wages for major occupational groups are at or below the US median. The vast majority of the regional



median hourly wage rates for the high-demand occupations are also at or below the US median.

Robust network of education and training institutions. Within the region and surrounding communities are 33 colleges and universities that graduate about 30,000 students each year. The corridor is anchored by the University of South Carolina on the south end and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte to the north. York Technical College and Midlands Technical College are the primary 2-year institutions that service the area.

Access to veterans. With more than 800 soldiers separating from service annually and 46,000 retirees and family members served, Fort Jackson in Columbia, South Carolina, represents another source of skilled workers. Many of these workers have skills related to office and administrative functions, maintenance and repair, technical healthcare, and transportation and material moving.

CHALLENGES

The tightening labor market. The civilian labor force of the region has grown by almost 30,000 over the last 5 years while the number of jobs increased by 43,000. Unemployment declined to 4.3 percent in 2017 and continued to decline in 2018. This has led to a tightening of the labor market. In certain occupations, upward pressure on wages appear to be mounting. In production occupations, in particular, the regional median hourly wages for certain specialized machine workers or assemblers is more than 10 percent higher than the US median.

Continuing demand for more workers. Over the next 5 years, the region is expected to add more than 25,000 new jobs. Factoring in replacement positions, the region is expected to have almost 250,000 openings. Thirty-six percent of the openings will be for middle-skill occupations and 26 percent for high-skill occupations. A number of the employers in the region commented on the growing difficulty of finding local talent.

Employability. With the tightening of the labor market, the challenge that the employers voiced most often was a lack of applicants with basic employability attributes—passing a drug test and/or criminal background check and following basic workplace etiquette. This challenge is not unique to the region—it is a national challenge.

Aging workforce. Although the overall population is fairly young, more than 20 percent of workers are aged 55 and older. This near-term wave of retirees means that employers must not only fill today’s openings but also plan for the replacement of tenured individuals in their firms.

WORKFORCE-TARGET INDUSTRY ALIGNMENT

The industry-workforce alignment analysis demonstrated that the regional labor market and its laborshed areas should be able to accommodate growth in the target industries. However, if unemployment continues to decline, competition among employers for skilled workers will likely increase. As mentioned, the rising wages in some of the more specialized production occupations could indicate a need for shoring up the pipeline of local talent that feeds those occupations. Bringing employers together to raise awareness among potential employees of their future hiring needs could help accomplish this.

CONCLUSION

The South Carolina I-77 Alliance region has access to a large pool of skilled labor. As a destination for talent with a high-quality local workforce, the region is well positioned to continue its sustained growth. However, this continued success will likely exacerbate some of the workforce challenges that employers in the region currently face. While this phenomenon is not unique to the I-77 Alliance region, those regions that come together to address these workforce challenges collectively will likely be more competitive in the future.



REGIONAL WORKFORCE ASSESSMENT REGIONAL WORKFORCE ASSESSMENT



WORKFORCE CHARACTERISTICS

The South Carolina I-77 Alliance covers the five-county region along Interstate 77 between Charlotte, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina. The region includes York, Chester, Fairfield, Richland, and Lancaster Counties. Between 2010 and 2017, the five-county region grew by more than 81,200 residents, an increase of 11 percent. By 2025, the population in the region is expected to reach almost 890,000.

Regional population growth has been primarily driven by domestic migration. Unlike other demographic trends, which tend to shift incrementally, domestic migration tends to be much more volatile, often correlating with activities that are cyclical in nature, such as job growth and housing construction.

FIGURE 1. REGIONAL POPULATION TRENDS ESTIMATES (2010–2017) AND PROJECTION (2025)

FIGURE 2. COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE

Source: US Census Bureau, Population Estimates program. 2025 projection from Moody’s Analytics.

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ImmigrationDomestic migrationNatural increase (births minus deaths)



FIGURE 3. COMPARATIVE LABOR MARKET OVERVIEW 2017 ANNUAL AVERAGES (IN THOUSANDS)

The I-77 Alliance region has a civilian labor force of approximately 396,000. At 4.3 percent, the 2017 average unemployment rate was in line with both state and national numbers.

GEOGRAPHY CIVILIAN LABOR

FORCE EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED UNEMPLOYMENT

RATE

US 160,320 153,337 6,982 4.4%

South Carolina 2,313 2,214 99 4.3%

I-77 Alliance 396 379 17 4.3%

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics (state and local), Current Population Survey (national).

FIGURE 4. CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE 2010–2017

Between 2010 and 2017, the civilian labor force in the five-county region grew from 359,900 to 396,200, an increase of just over 36,000 workers or 10 percent. This growth rate was significantly higher than that of the state (7.3 percent) and the nation (4.2 percent) over the same period.

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS).

FIGURE 5. ANNUAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATES SEASONALLY ADJUSTED, 2000–2017

The unemployment rate in the I-77 Alliance region has largely mirrored the state rate for much of the last two decades. Prior to 2003, the state and the region tracked the national unemployment rate fairly closely. However, since that time, both the region and South Carolina have exceeded the national unemployment rate, with the largest gap seen during the Great Recession (2007–2009), when average unemployment in the region surpassed the nation by nearly 3 points. This gap has closed in recent years.

Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics (state and local), Current Population Survey (national).

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16

I-77 Alliance South Carolina US



FIGURE 6. LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE POPULATION AGE 16+

Labor force participation is an important component of economic growth. Rates are influenced by a range of demographic factors and economic conditions. Labor force participation rates in the region are similar to the US, at roughly 63 percent. However, when viewed by gender, lower rates by males are offset by slightly higher rates of participation by women. Sixty-six percent of males in the I-77 Alliance region participate in the labor force compared to 68 percent of males nationally.

Source: US Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 5-year averages for the period 2012–2016.

FIGURE 7. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT POPULATION AGE 25+

The I-77 Alliance region has high levels of educational attainment relative to the state and the US. Thirty-two percent of the region’s adult population has earned a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared with just 26 percent of South Carolina residents age 25+ years. Only 38 percent of the I-77 Alliance population has a high school diploma or less, which is considerably lower than the state (43 percent) and the nation (41 percent). The share of workers with some college is similar across the three geographies.


FIGURE 8. AGE DISTRIBUTION

The I-77 Alliance region’s age structure mirrors the US, with only minor differences. The region’s age distribution does vary from that of the state in significant ways, however. First, seniors comprise a smaller share of the region’s total population (13 percent compared to 16 percent of the state). Second, the region has a larger share of young adults (defined as age 20 to 34) than either the state or the US. The presence of young adults is likely a reflection of the urban areas and the higher education assets encompassed by the five-county region.


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I-77Alliance

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I-77Alliance

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Youth (0-19)Young adults (20-34)Experienced working age (35-64)Seniors (65+)



LABOR AVAILABILITY A comparison of the number of jobs by occupation in the five-county region with the estimated number of residents who work in the occupation suggests a high level of outbound commuting. Office & administrative support occupations have the largest imbalance, resulting in as many as 7,000 people commuting outside the region to work in these positions. Only farming, fishing, & forestry; production; and transportation & material moving occupations have more jobs than workers, suggesting that the region imports workers in these professions.

FIGURE 9. ESTIMATED WORKFORCE AVAILABILITY BY OCCUPATION, 2017 JOBS IN THE FIVE-COUNTY REGION RELATIVE TO RESIDENTS WHO WORK IN THE OCCUPATION

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Emsi’s resident worker series uses federal data to estimate employment by occupation based on place of residence. A comparison of resident worker data to traditional employment numbers (which are compiled by place of employment) suggests the size of the potential available workforce for a given occupation. SOC is the Standard Occupational Classification system, used by federal agencies to classify occupational categories.

SOC Code Description

Jobs in the Region

Residents Working in the

Occupation

43 Office & Administrative Support 58,033 64,997 +6,964

13 Business & Financial Operations 19,318 22,181 +2,863

29 Healthcare Practitioners & Technical 20,020 22,467 +2,447

33 Protective Service 9,372 11,726 +2,354

25 Education, Training, & Library 20,227 21,987 +1,760

11 Management 18,457 20,053 +1,596

21 Community & Social Service 6,626 8,085 +1,459

23 Legal 3,259 4,487 +1,228

47 Construction & Extraction 13,678 14,780 +1,102

35 Food Preparation & Serving Related 29,580 30,643 +1,063

39 Personal Care & Service 13,256 14,243 +987

15 Computer & Mathematical 9,724 10,588 +864

17 Architecture & Engineering 6,184 6,948 +764

27 Arts, Design, Entertainment, & Media 5,530 6,163 +633

49 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair 15,604 16,177 +573

31 Healthcare Support 9,221 9,768 +547

19 Life, Physical, & Social Science 2,110 2,568 +458

37 Building/Grounds Cleaning & Maintenance 13,166 13,575 +409

41 Sales & Related 37,304 37,582 +278

45 Farming, Fishing, & Forestry 1,386 1,251 -135

51 Production 27,226 24,955 -2,271

53 Transportation & Material Moving 25,957 23,001 -2,956

Potential available workforce



Construction & extraction occupations and office & administrative support positions make up the greatest share of unemployed workers in the region, representing 18 percent and 13 percent of the total, respectively (compared with 16 percent and 11 percent nationally). Other occupations that have a higher proportion of unemployment in the I-77 Alliance region relative to the US include computer & mathematical occupations (which comprise 8 percent of unemployment regionally versus just 2 percent nationally) and architecture & engineering (estimated at 4 percent of the region’s total unemployed, compared with 1 percent of unemployed workers in the US).

FIGURE 10. UNEMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION, 2017 I-77 ALLIANCE REGION (INCLUDING SHARE OF TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT FOR REGION AND US)

% OF TOTAL UNEMPLOYMENT

SOC DESCRIPTION UNEMPLOYED I-77 ALLIANCE

REGION US 47 Construction & Extraction 3,543 18% 16%

43 Office & Administrative Support 2,606 13% 11%

11 Management 1,903 9% 8%

15 Computer & Mathematical 1,652 8% 2%

41 Sales & Related 1,341 7% 7%

51 Production 1,280 6% 8%

13 Business & Financial Operations 1,187 6% 3%

17 Architecture & Engineering 787 4% 1%

35 Food Preparation & Serving Related 762 4% 6%

31 Healthcare Support 669 3% 3%

49 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair 604 3% 4%

53 Transportation & Material Moving 530 3% 8%

27 Arts, Design, Entertainment, & Media 513 3% 2%

37 Building/Grounds Cleaning & Maintenance 473 2% 5%

33 Protective Service 471 2% 1%

23 Legal 218 1% 0%

25 Education, Training, & Library 191 1% 2%

29 Healthcare Practitioners & Technical 183 1% 2%

39 Personal Care & Service 140 1% 2%

21 Community & Social Service 33 0% 1%

19 Life, Physical, & Social Science 10 0% 1%

45 Farming, Fishing, & Forestry <10 0% 2%

Sources: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed; US Bureau of Labor Statistics.



Underemployment, in this context, measures the number of workers with four-year degrees or higher who are employed in occupations that do not require a four-year degree. In the I-77 Alliance region, there are nearly 50,000 workers who are underemployed. About 19,000 of these workers are in low-skill occupations and 22,000 are in middle-skill occupations. The occupational category with the largest number of underemployed workers is office & administrative support, with almost 13,000 workers. Sales & related occupations are the second largest category of underemployed workers.

FIGURE 11. OCCUPATIONS BY UNDEREMPLOYMENT, 2017 I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

Source: JobsEQ 2018.2. Note: Underemployment is measured as the number of workers with four-year degrees or higher who are employed in occupations that do not require a four-year degree.

12,845

7,514

3,198

2,961

2,719

2,379

2,284

1,718

1,560

1,428

1,400

1,296

1,127

1,113

904

859

724

583

281

103

65

Office & Administrative Support

Sales & Related

Food Preparation & Serving Related

Protective Service

Management

Personal Care & Service

Business & Financial Operations

Production

Transportation & Material Moving

Healthcare Practitioners & Technical

Arts, Design, Entertainment, & Media

Computer & Mathematical

Healthcare Support

Installation, Maintenance, & Repair

Construction & Extraction

Building/Grounds Cleaning & Maint.

Legal

Education, Training, & Library

Architecture & Engineering

Farming, Fishing, & Forestry

Life, Physical, & Social Science



EDUCATION AND TRAINING

The I-77 Alliance region is home to 12 higher education institutions. The largest of these is the University of South Carolina (USC) in Columbia. The region is served by two technical colleges: York Technical College (which serves York and Chester Counties) and Midlands Technical College (which serves Richland, Fairfield, and Lexington Counties). In addition, there are 21 institutions in counties that border the region, including the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and multiple campuses of the USC system.

FIGURE 12. SELECTED HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS I-77 ALLIANCE REGION AND NEIGHBORING COUNTIES

INSTITUTION NAME COUNTY TYPE ENROLLMENT I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

University of South Carolina Richland Public, 4+ years 34,731

Winthrop University York Public, 4+ years 6,073

Midlands Technical College - Richland Richland Public, at least 2 but <4 years 5,551

York Technical College York Public, at least 2 but <4 years 4,338

Benedict College Richland Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 2,090

University of South Carolina - Lancaster Lancaster Public, at least 2 but <4 years 1,910

Columbia College Richland Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 1,514

Columbia International University Richland Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 966

Allen University Richland Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 590

York Technical College - Chester Chester Public, at least 2 but <4 years 200

Clinton College York Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 170

Midlands Technical College - Fairfield Fairfield Public, at least 2 but <4 years 16

NEIGHBORING COUNTIES University of North Carolina at Charlotte Mecklenburg Public, 4+ years 29,317

Central Piedmont Community College Mecklenburg Public, at least 2 but <4 years 19,100

Gaston College - Gaston Gaston Public, at least 2 but <4 years 5,172

Midlands Technical College - Lexington Lexington Public, at least 2 but <4 years 5,059

Gardner-Webb University Cleveland Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 3,818

Central Carolina Technical College Sumter Public, at least 2 but <4 years 3,720

Wingate University Union Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 3,620

South Carolina State University Orangeburg Public, 4+ years 2,942

Cleveland Community College Cleveland Public, at least 2 but <4 years 2,700

Limestone College Cherokee Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 2,661

Queens University of Charlotte Mecklenburg Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 2,507

Orangeburg Calhoun Technical College Orangeburg Public, at least 2 but <4 years 2,479

Claflin University Orangeburg Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 2,129

Davidson College Mecklenburg Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 1,810

Belmont Abbey College Gaston Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 1,555

Johnson C Smith University Mecklenburg Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 1,483

Newberry College Newberry Private not-for-profit, 4 or more years 1,181

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) Survey.



FIGURE 12. SELECTED HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED) I-77 ALLIANCE REGION AND NEIGHBORING COUNTIES

INSTITUTION NAME COUNTY TYPE ENROLLMENT Northeastern Technical College Chesterfield Public, at least 2 but <4 years 1,063

University of South Carolina - Sumter Sumter Public, at least 2 but <4 years 1,002

University of South Carolina - Union Union Public, at least 2 but <4 years 903 Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) Survey.

To illustrate the supply of graduates in the region, data on awards granted for credit by the institutions shown in Figure 12 (previous page) were analyzed. Over the past 3 years, these institutions have graduated between 30,000 and 34,000 students annually. Roughly one-half of these students earned a bachelor’s degree each year. Approximately one in three awards granted by the institutions analyzed were awards of 2 years or less. Between 16 percent and 18 percent of completions reported each year were advanced degrees.

FIGURE 13. DISTRIBUTION OF FOR-CREDIT COMPLETIONS BY AWARD LEVEL FOR-CREDIT COMPLETIONS BY SELECTED INSTITUTIONS FOR 3 MOST RECENT ACADEMIC YEARS

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).

14% 15% 13%

17% 17% 16%

51% 50% 51%

18% 18% 19%

2015(n=32,697

2016(n=34,036)

2017(n=34,008)

Adanced degree

Bachelor's degree

Associate's degree

Award of <2 academic years

ABOUT IPEDS DATA

Under the Higher Education Act of 1965, every college, university, and vocational or technical institution that participates in federal financial student aid programs (such as Pell Grants or federally backed student loans) is required to report annually to the US Department of Education on a range of indicators. Data are collected through a system of interrelated surveys and are made available through the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Each fall, institutions report the number of awards conferred for credit by field of study (as defined by Classification of Instructional Programs or CIP code), by degree (associate, bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral, and postsecondary certificates), and by the race or ethnicity and gender of the recipient. These data are referred to as “completions.”



By far, the most popular fields of study are liberal arts and business. The popular fields of study track to many of the high-demand occupations, including nursing, financial managers and analysts, patrol officers, and teachers.

FIGURE 14. 25 LARGEST FIELDS OF STUDY, 2017 RANKED BY AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMPLETIONS, ALL AWARD LEVELS

Source: National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). Notes: IPEDS data include only schools eligible to participate in federal financial aid programs. Numbers shown include first and second majors.

284

248

572

321

2,839

269

318

315

311

323

358

337

388

376

345

444

328

350

678

728

432

360

842

857

699

1,063

490

464

578

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Public Health, Other (51.2299)

Exercise Physiology (26.0908)

History (54.0101)

Sport and Fitness Admin./Management (31.0504)

Elementary Education and Teaching (13.1202)

Sociology (45.1101)

English Language and Literature (23.0101)

Early Childhood Education and Teaching (13.121)

Speech Communication and Rhetoric (9.0101)

Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Admin. (43.0103)

Mechanical Engineering (14.1901)

Political Science and Government (45.1001)

Information Technology (11.0103)

Educational Leadership and Admin. (13.0401)

Computer Science (11.0701)

Criminal Justice/Safety Studies (43.0104)

Marketing/Marketing Management (52.1401)

Psychology (42.0101)

Accounting (52.0301)

Social Work (44.0701)

Finance (52.0801)

Biology/Biological Sciences (26.0101)

Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (51.3801)

Business Administration & Management (52.0201)

Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies (24.0101)

Associate's degree or less Bachelor's degree Graduate degree



MILITARY PERSONNEL PROFILE

Fort Jackson serves as the US Army’s main production center for Basic Combat Training (BCT), with more than 48,000 personnel going through basic training at the post each year. This number amounts to 50 percent of all recruits and 60 percent of women entering the Army annually. An additional 12,000 soldiers complete Advanced Individual Training (AIT) at Fort Jackson. AIT schools provide hands-on training in specific career fields for those who have completed basic training.

Fort Jackson is also host to several schools, in addition to BCT and AIT. These include the Drill Sergeant School, (which trains all active and reserve instructors), the Soldier Support Institute (created to grow the number of leaders in human resource and financial management), Armed Forces Army Chaplaincy Center, and the National Center for Credibility Assessment (previously known as the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute). An additional 10,000 students attend these and other courses on the post annually.

MILITARY EXITS

With more than 800 soldiers separating from service annually through Fort Jackson and 46,000 retirees and family members in the region, the post represents a source of skilled workers. Information about military personnel separating from service in the state is captured as part of the Transition Assistance Program (TAP). TAP consists of a series of workshops designed to assist military personnel in transitioning to civilian careers. Service members attending TAP workshops are typically scheduled to leave active duty service within six months. As part of their out-processing, a one-page contact form solicits basic information from participants, including military occupation code, years of service, and intent to remain in the state after separation. Data for the most recent period available suggest that almost one-third of military personnel intend to remain in the state. Another 25 percent (one in four) are undecided. Leveraging this pool of labor should be a priority.

Chmura Economics & Analytics translates data on military exits into its civilian occupational classification equivalent. Data on military exits in fiscal year 2016 in the five-county region is used to help illustrate the skill sets of this potential workforce. Of the roughly 675 personnel who exited the military in the five-county region during the period, office and administrative support occupations (SOC 43-0000) represents the largest group of occupations, accounting for 19 percent of the total (Figure 16). Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (SOC 49-0000) is the next largest group of exits in the region, with 10 percent of exits. The other two industry groups that account for the majority

FIGURE 15. FORT JACKSON SNAPSHOT

ASSET #

Active duty personnel 3,500

Family members 12,000

Civilians 3,500

Retirees & family supported 46,000

Housing units (privatized) 850

Students (annual) 10,000

Acres 52,000

Source: Fort Jackson website.

FIGURE 16. MILITARY EXITS IN THE I-77 ALLIANCE REGION, FY 2016 BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUP

Sources: Chmura Economics & Analytics, TIP Strategies. Note: Does not include unclassified exits.

7%9%

10%

19%

54%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Remaining Groups

Office & Admin. Support

Installation, Maint., & Repair

Healthcare Practitioners & Tech.

Transportation & MaterialMoving



of military exits are healthcare practitioners and technical occupations (SOC 29-0000) and transportation and material moving occupations (SOC 53-0000), with roughly 9 percent and 7 percent of all exits, respectively.

Detailed occupation data is provided in Figure 17. Of the roughly 675 military exits reported in the Chmura Economics & Analytics data, nearly 1 in 10 had skills that most closely matched human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping (SOC 43-4161), a position that employed 480 people in the I-77 Alliance region. Another 8 percent of exits had skills that closely matched stock clerks and order fillers (SOC 43-5081), an occupation that represented nearly 4,500 jobs in the five-county region in 2017.

FIGURE 17. MILITARY EXITS BY DETAILED OCCUPATION, FY 2016 WITH COMPARISONS TO 2017 JOBS IN FIVE-COUNTY REGION

Sources: Chmura Economics & Analytics; TIP Strategies. Note: Figure 17 includes occupations with at least 10 military exits during the period.

DESCRIPTION #JOBS 2017

MED. HOURLY WAGE

43-4161 HR Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping 60 10% 480 $17.7643-5081 Stock Clerks and Order Fillers 45 8% 4,468 $10.9429-2041 Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics 24 4% 610 $16.5553-3032 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 24 4% 3,616 $19.3453-7072 Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers 16 3% <10 N/A43-2099 Communications Equipment Operators, All Other 11 2% 13 $18.7649-1011 Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, & Repairers 11 2% 1,602 $27.8549-2021 Radio, Cell., & Tower Equipment Install. & Repair. 11 2% 31 $23.3249-3023 Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics 11 2% 2,061 $18.54

MILITARY EXITS FY 2016

% OF TOTAL

I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

SOC CODE



MIGRATION PATTERNS Data compiled by the US Internal Revenue Service comparing year-over-year address changes on federal tax returns can be used to understand county-level migration patterns. Figure 18 shows total net migration flows by county (migration into the county minus outbound flows). These flows are fairly balanced across the region, with few exceptions. The most notable of these exceptions is the high levels of net out-of-state migration seen in Lancaster and York Counties, with each county averaging gains of roughly 1,000 or more households annually during the period analyzed. By contrast, Fairfield, Richland, and York Counties averaged modest net losses from migration flows with other South Carolina counties (including other I-77 Alliance counties). Only Richland and York Counties experienced net in-migration of residents from outside the US.

FIGURE 18. TOTAL NET MIGRATION BY COUNTY 3-YEAR AVERAGE (2014–2016)

Source: Internal Revenue Service, County-to-County Migration data (accessed via Missouri Census Data Center). Note: Figure 18 reflects the net number of households (returns), calculated as inbound flows minus outbound.

+5

-48

+4

-147

-18

+45+16

-50

+0 +0 +0

+56

+156

Chester Fairfield Lancaster Richland York

Same State Different State Outside US+1,637

+965

ABOUT IRS MIGRATION DATA

One of the most effective ways to understand migration patterns is the County-to-County Migration data collected as a byproduct of US Internal Revenue Service tax filings. Through this massive dataset, year-over-year comparisons of address changes by tax filers provide a basis for illustrating domestic population movements. Although not an exact match, tax returns are used to represent households; the number of exemptions filed is typically used as a proxy for population.



Figure 19 shows the mix of inbound and outbound migrants by source. The majority of migrants in Chester and Fairfield Counties are from South Carolina. In Richland County, about half are from South Carolina and half are from outside the state. In York County, more than 70 percent of migrants are from outside of South Carolina. However, a large portion of these out-of-state migrants is from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Lancaster County is similar to York County. More than half of migrants come from out-of-state, but most are from Mecklenburg County.

FIGURE 19. TOTAL MIGRATION FLOWS BY SOURCE 3-YEAR AVERAGE (2014–2016)

CHESTER

FAIRFIELD

LANCASTER

RICHLAND

YORK

Source: Internal Revenue Service, County-to-County Migration data. Notes: Tax years 2015–2016, 2014–2015, and 2013–2014. Figure 19 excludes counties that had fewer than 10 returns identified as entering or leaving the county from/to another county.

72% 78%

28% 22%

Inbound Outbound

Same State Different State Outside US

79% 85%

21% 15%

Inbound Outbound


27%44%

73%56%

Inbound Outbound


51% 52%

47% 47%

2% 1%

Inbound Outbound


22% 30%

76% 70%

3% <1%

Inbound Outbound




LABOR MOBILITY

FIGURE 20. NORTH LABORSHED DRAW AREA FOR YORK, LANCASTER, AND CHESTER COUNTIES

The northern counties – York, Lancaster, and Chester - draw from a laborshed that includes Mecklenburg, Union, and Gaston Counties in North Carolina and Kershaw County in South Carolina. The north laborshed has a civilian labor force of 1.3 million.

FIGURE 21. SOUTH LABORSHED DRAW AREA FOR FAIRFIELD AND RICHLAND COUNTIES

The southern counties – Fairfield and Richland – draw from a laborshed that also extends to Mecklenburg County and draws from Kershaw, Lexington, Calhoun, Orangeburg, and Newberry Counties in South Carolina. The south laborshed has a civilian labor force of 1.2 million.



FIGURE 22. INFLOW/OUTFLOW FOR I-77 ALLIANCE REGION, 2015 FLOW OF WORKERS TO/FROM THE REGION

The five-county I-77 Alliance region is a net importer of labor with 151,853 workers commuting into the region for work and 131,426 workers commuting out for work. Fifty-seven percent of workers live and work in the region.

Source: US Census Bureau, Local Employment Dynamics. Note: Overlay arrows are for illustrative purposes and do not indicate directionality of worker flow between home and employment locations.

FIGURE 23. COMMUTING FLOWS, 2005–2015 NUMBER OF JOBHOLDERS

Since 2005, the number of inbound and outbound commuters has climbed steadily. Following years of progressive declines, the number of workers who live and work in the region has risen sharply since 2012.

The region has consistently been a net importer of labor. The difference between the number of inbound and outbound commuters has stayed between 20,000 and 35,000 during the period analyzed.

Source: US Census Bureau, Local Employment Dynamics.

177,023 Live and work

in the I-77 Alliance

region

151,853

Commute to jobs in the I-77 Alliance region from outside

Of the 328,876 workers who held jobs in the I-77 Alliance region in 2015, 46 percent lived outside the region.

131,426

Live in the I-77 Alliance region and commute to

jobs outside

Of the 308,449 residents employed in 2015, 43 percent commuted to jobs outside the region.

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

200,000

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Num

ber

of

jobhold

ers

OUTBOUND (Commute from region to jobs outside)INBOUND (Commute into region from outside)LIVE & WORK (Live & work in region)



PEOPLE WHO WORK IN THE I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

People who work in the region are traveling farther to work than they did in 2005. As of 2015, 41 percent of workers lived within 10 miles of their place of employment, a 6-percentage point drop from a decade earlier. Between 2005 and 2015, the share of jobholders who travel more than 50 miles increased by 3 percentage points, while the share of jobholders traveling 10 to 24 miles and 25 to 50 miles each increased 2 and 1 percentage points, respectively. Richland, York, and Lexington Counties are the top sources of labor.

FIGURE 24. DISTANCE TRAVELED, 2005 VS. 2015 SHARE OF JOBHOLDERS WORKING IN REGION

FIGURE 25. COUNTY OF RESIDENCE, 2015 WHERE REGIONAL WORKERS LIVE

EMPLOYED PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

Employed people who live in the region are also traveling farther to work. As of 2015, 43 percent of jobholders lived less than 10 miles from work, down from 49 percent in 2005. The share of jobholders who travel between 10 and 24 miles has increased from 29 percent to 32 percent, while the share of workers commuting 25 to 50 miles and greater than 50 miles increased by 2 percent and 1 percentage points, respectively. Richland, York, and Mecklenburg Counties are the top work destinations for employed people who live in the region.

FIGURE 26. DISTANCE TRAVELED, 2005 VS. 2015 SHARE OF JOBHOLDERS LIVING IN REGION

FIGURE 27. COUNTY OF EMPLOYMENT, 2015 WHERE EMPLOYED RESIDENTS WORK

Source (all figures this page): US Census Bureau, Local Employment Dynamics.

47%

27%

8%

19%

41%

29%

9%

22%

Less than 10miles

10 to 24miles

25 to 50miles

Greater than50 miles

2005 2015 County Count Share1 Richland County, SC 95,748 29.1%2 York County, SC 52,519 16.0%3 Lexington County, SC 43,729 13.3%4 Lancaster County, SC 15,031 4.6%5 Mecklenburg County, NC 13,650 4.2%6 Kershaw County, SC 9,341 2.8%7 Chester County, SC 8,095 2.5%8 Greenville County, SC 6,352 1.9%9 Fairfield County, SC 5,630 1.7%10 Charleston County, SC 5,608 1.7%

All Other Locations 73,173 22.2%Total 328,876 100.0%

49%

29%

7%

15%

43%

32%

9%

16%

Less than 10miles

10 to 24miles

25 to 50miles

Greater than50 miles

2005 2015 County Count Share1 Richland County, SC 99,084 32.1%2 York County, SC 53,718 17.4%3 Mecklenburg County, NC 40,502 13.1%4 Lexington County, SC 29,989 9.7%5 Lancaster County, SC 12,923 4.2%6 Greenville County, SC 8,257 2.7%7 Chester County, SC 6,252 2.0%8 Fairfield County, SC 5,046 1.6%9 Charleston County, SC 4,749 1.5%10 Spartanburg County, SC 4,081 1.3%

All Other Locations 43,848 14.2%Total 308,449 100.0%



Figure 28 shows the top 20 sources of workers for the I-77 Alliance region, along with the number of employed residents in the county and a calculation of the net flow of commuters. Richland and York Counties are the largest employment and residential centers within the region. Mecklenburg County is the largest employment center outside the region, with more than 40,000 residents of the I-77 Alliance region holding jobs in the county. To the south, Lexington County is a significant source of workers for I-77 Alliance employers, sending roughly 43,700 workers to the five-county region.

FIGURE 28. TOP 20 SOURCES OF WORKERS, 2015 COUNTIES WHERE REGIONAL WORKERS LIVE, WITH NET FLOW

Source: US Census Bureau, Local Employment Dynamics.

In 2015, jobs in public administration, finance & insurance, and administration & support drew the most workers (on a net basis) into the I-77 Alliance region (see Figure 29, next page). These sectors have consistently been net importers of workers.

Transportation & warehousing, management of companies & enterprises, and manufacturing were the sectors that drew the most workers out of the I-77 Alliance region. The region has consistently been a net exporter of workers in manufacturing and transportation & warehousing. However, the management of companies and enterprises sector changed from a net importer to a net exporter of workers in 2008.

People who WORK in the I-77 Alliance region and live in this county

People who LIVE in the I-77 Alliance region and work in this county Net flow

1 Richland County, SC 95,748 99,084 -3,336

2 York County, SC 52,519 53,718 -1,199

3 Lexington County, SC 43,729 29,989 +13,740

4 Lancaster County, SC 15,031 12,923 +2,108

5 Mecklenburg County, NC 13,650 40,502 -26,852

6 Kershaw County, SC 9,341 2,772 +6,569

7 Chester County, SC 8,095 6,252 +1,843

8 Greenville County, SC 6,352 8,257 -1,905

9 Fairfield County, SC 5,630 5,046 +584

10 Charleston County, SC 5,608 4,749 +859

11 Spartanburg County, SC 5,096 4,081 +1,015

12 Sumter County, SC 4,478 2,424 +2,054

13 Orangeburg County, SC 4,106 1,555 +2,551

14 Horry County, SC 4,093 1,728 +2,365

15 Florence County, SC 3,163 1,793 +1,370

16 Gaston County, NC 2,945 3,071 -126

17 Berkeley County, SC 2,926 976 +1,950

18 Newberry County, SC 2,867 1,640 +1,227

19 Aiken County, SC 2,786 1,819 +967

20 Union County, NC 2,713 2,962 -249



FIGURE 29. NET COMMUTING FLOWS BY NAICS INDUSTRY SECTOR, 2015 NET FLOWS = INBOUND - OUTBOUND FLOWS

Source: US Census Bureau, Local Employment Dynamics. Note: NAICS (pronounced “nakes”) is the North American Industry Classification System used for classifying business establishments.

+14,

559

+14,

668

+14,

044

+14,

389

+14,

983

+13,

918

+10,

815

+12,

983

+13,

432

+14,

211

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

-3,4

95

-3,3

72

-3,8

48

-3,5

88

-3,7

75

-3,9

88

-4,2

01

-4,7

36

-5,2

40

-5,3

17

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING

+9,8

68

+9,6

18

+7,8

43 +9,2

95

+9,6

93

+9,1

18

+9,0

48

+8,9

87

+9,1

48

+8,5

31

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

FINANCE AND INSURANCE

+114

+246

-80

-448 -308

-458

-877

-976

-1,4

37

-1,6

14

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

MANAGEMENT OF COMPANIES AND ENTERPRISES

+2,0

13

+1,5

94

+1,4

91

+615

+1,5

53 +2,4

50 +3,0

14

+2,6

37

+2,8

73 +3,4

20

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

ADMINISTRATION AND SUPPORT

-3,0

83

-3,2

24

-4,7

61 -3,9

51 -3,2

64

-2,8

47

-4,1

26

-4,2

55

-2,8

50

-2,9

73

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

MANUFACTURING



OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE Low-skill occupations are those occupations that require a high school diploma or less and no on the job training. Middle-skill occupations are those occupations that require at least a high school diploma and some additional training but less than a bachelor’s degree. High-skill occupations are those that require a bachelor’s degree or higher. The I-77 Alliance region has slightly more high- and middle-skill jobs than the US.

The number of openings includes both new jobs and replacement jobs. Replacement jobs are positions needed to replace existing workers who leave the occupation due to a variety of factors including retirement, career advancement, or exiting the workforce to raise children or attend school. Over the next 5 years, the region is expected to have more than 240,000 openings. Almost 90 percent of these openings will be replacement jobs. Thirty-six percent of the openings will be for middle-skill occupations and 26 percent for high-skill occupations.

FIGURE 30. OCCUPATIONS BY SKILL LEVEL, 2017


UNITED STATES

FIGURE 31. ESTIMATED OPENINGS BY SKILL LEVEL, 2017–2022


UNITED STATES

Source (all figures this page): Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed.

Low39%

Middle36%

High26%

Low40%

Middle35%

High25%

8% 11% 17%

92% 89% 83%

Low Middle High

New Replacement

8% 9% 15%

92% 91% 85%

Low Middle High

New Replacement



Three occupational categories—office & administrative support, sales & related, and food preparation & serving related—account for roughly one-third of total employment in the five-county region. Production workers and transportation & material moving occupations round out the top five, with each group representing nearly 25,000 jobs.

FIGURE 32. EMPLOYMENT BY OCCUPATION, 2017 I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Note: Excludes military and unclassified employment.

64,997

37,582

30,643

24,955

23,001

22,467

22,181

21,987

20,053

16,177

14,780

14,243

13,575

11,726

10,588

9,768

8,085

6,948

6,163

4,487

2,568

1,251

Office & Administrative Support

Sales & Related

Food Preparation & Serving Related

Production

Transportation & Material Moving

Healthcare Practitioners & Technical

Business & Financial Operations

Education, Training, & Library

Management

Installation, Maintenance, & Repair

Construction & Extraction

Personal Care & Service

Building/Grounds Cleaning & Maint.

Protective Service

Computer & Mathematical

Healthcare Support

Community & Social Service

Architecture & Engineering

Arts, Design, Entertainment, & Media

Legal

Life, Physical, & Social Science

Farming, Fishing, & Forestry



Figure 33 presents the same data as Figure 32 on a percentage basis and includes comparisons with the north and south laborsheds, the state, and the US. While the percentages vary slightly, the I-77 Alliance region’s occupational structure largely mirrors these geographies, with the same three occupational categories comprising the largest share of employment across the board. One place where the five-county region differs is in the share of production workers. At 6.4 percent, this important workforce comprises slightly more of the regional workforce than the national average. However, production workers account for nearly 9 percent of employment at the state level.

FIGURE 33. OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION (% OF TOTAL), 2017 COMPARISON OF I-77 ALLIANCE REGION WITH SELECTED GEOGRAPHIES AND US

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Excludes military and unclassified employment. Three largest occupations are highlighted.

SOC Code & Description

43 Office & Administrative Support 16.7% 15.7% 15.9% 14.6% 15.1%

41 Sales & Related 9.7% 10.7% 10.8% 10.6% 10.0%

35 Food Preparation & Serving Related 7.9% 8.1% 8.1% 9.2% 8.5%

51 Production 6.4% 6.0% 5.7% 8.9% 6.0%

53 Transportation & Material Moving 5.9% 7.1% 7.4% 6.9% 6.7%

29 Healthcare Practitioners & Technical 5.8% 5.3% 5.3% 5.6% 5.6%

13 Business & Financial Operations 5.7% 6.7% 6.5% 3.9% 5.1%

25 Education, Training, & Library 5.7% 4.8% 4.7% 5.4% 5.8%

11 Management 5.2% 5.4% 5.5% 4.8% 5.5%

49 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair 4.2% 4.0% 4.2% 4.6% 3.8%

47 Construction & Extraction 3.8% 4.1% 3.9% 4.3% 4.5%

39 Personal Care & Service 3.7% 3.5% 3.5% 3.6% 4.2%

37 Building/Grounds Cleaning & Maint. 3.5% 3.4% 3.3% 4.3% 3.8%

33 Protective Service 3.0% 2.6% 2.6% 2.3% 2.3%

15 Computer & Mathematical 2.7% 3.6% 3.6% 1.9% 2.9%

31 Healthcare Support 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.7% 2.8%

21 Community & Social Service 2.1% 1.5% 1.5% 1.6% 1.7%

17 Architecture & Engineering 1.8% 1.5% 1.5% 1.8% 1.7%

27 Arts, Design, Entertainment, & Media 1.6% 1.7% 1.6% 1.3% 1.8%

23 Legal 1.2% 0.9% 0.9% 0.7% 0.8%

19 Life, Physical, & Social Science 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.8%

45 Farming, Fishing, & Forestry 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.8%

I-77 Alliance Region

North Laborshed

South Laborshed

South Carolina US



A look at the concentration of workers by occupational group reveals few significant differences relative to the US. Only three categories have higher-than-expected levels of employment in the region: legal occupations, protective service workers, and community & social service positions. Notably, both laborsheds have higher concentrations in business & financial operations and computer & mathematical occupations. South Carolina’s manufacturing strength can be seen in the 1.50 LQ for production workers.

FIGURE 34. OCCUPATIONAL CONCENTRATION (LQ), 2017 COMPARISON OF I-77 ALLIANCE REGION WITH SELECTED GEOGRAPHIES AND US

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Excludes military and unclassified employment. LQs greater than 1.25 are presumed to show competitive advantage and are highlighted.

SOC Code & Description23 Legal 1.39 1.07 1.07 0.84 1.0033 Protective Service 1.34 1.17 1.17 1.00 1.0021 Community & Social Service 1.26 0.93 0.93 0.99 1.0013 Business & Financial Operations 1.11 1.30 1.26 0.76 1.0043 Office & Administrative Support 1.11 1.04 1.05 0.97 1.0049 Installation, Maintenance, & Repair 1.09 1.06 1.08 1.19 1.0051 Production 1.08 1.00 0.96 1.50 1.0017 Architecture & Engineering 1.08 0.93 0.93 1.08 1.0029 Healthcare Practitioners & Technical 1.04 0.95 0.95 1.01 1.0025 Education, Training, & Library 0.98 0.83 0.82 0.94 1.0041 Sales & Related 0.96 1.07 1.08 1.06 1.0015 Computer & Mathematical 0.95 1.27 1.26 0.67 1.0011 Management 0.94 0.99 0.99 0.87 1.0035 Food Preparation & Serving Related 0.93 0.95 0.95 1.08 1.0037 Building/Grounds Cleaning & Maint. 0.92 0.89 0.88 1.14 1.0031 Healthcare Support 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.96 1.0053 Transportation & Material Moving 0.89 1.07 1.11 1.04 1.0039 Personal Care & Service 0.88 0.83 0.83 0.85 1.0027 Arts, Design, Entertainment, & Media 0.87 0.91 0.88 0.74 1.0047 Construction & Extraction 0.84 0.90 0.87 0.95 1.0019 Life, Physical, & Social Science 0.82 0.64 0.62 0.62 1.0045 Farming, Fishing, & Forestry 0.42 0.39 0.46 0.62 1.00


North Laborshed

South Laborshed

South Carolina US

ABOUT LOCATION QUOTIENTS (LQS) Location quotient (LQ) is a way of quantifying how concentrated a particular occupation is in a region as compared to the nation. LQs are calculated as an occupation’s share of total local employment divided by the same occupation’s share of employment at the national level.

(local employment in occupation x / total local employment—all occupations

(national employment in occupation x / total national employment—all occupations)

If the local occupation and national occupation are perfectly proportional, the LQ will be 1.00. LQs greater than 1.25 are presumed to indicate a comparative advantage; those below 0.75 suggest areas of weakness.



The I-77 Alliance region has a number of unique occupational strengths when analyzed at the detailed occupation level. At the top of the list is the region’s specialized workforce related to the nuclear industry. In addition, a range of production occupations are present in this list, in particular, machine operators of various types.

FIGURE 35. I-77 ALLIANCE REGION OCCUPATIONAL STRENGTHS, 2017 TOP 30 LOCATION QUOTIENTS, DETAILED OCCUPATION LEVEL

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Excludes occupations with fewer than 50 jobs in the I-77 Alliance region in 2017. Wage premiums that are more than 10 percent above the national average are highlighted.

SOC CODE DESCRIPTION

19-4051 Nuclear Technicians 426 24.80 $40.51 1.0651-8011 Nuclear Power Reactor Operators 307 17.75 $42.37 0.9717-2161 Nuclear Engineers 511 10.20 $44.42 0.9321-1029 Social Workers, All Other 955 5.83 $20.35 0.7051-6064 Textile Winding, Twisting, & Drawing Machine 360 4.76 $11.35 0.8627-4012 Broadcast Technicians 369 4.67 $16.46 0.8951-9196 Paper Goods Machine Workers 1,004 4.34 $24.34 1.3719-2043 Hydrologists 67 4.00 $26.73 0.6951-4023 Rolling Machine Workers, Metal/Plastic 257 3.57 $21.14 1.0831-1015 Orderlies 495 3.46 $11.03 0.8651-4061 Model Makers, Metal/Plastic 56 3.41 $19.25 0.8251-6063 Textile Knitting & Weaving Machine 178 3.38 $14.47 1.1017-1021 Cartographers & Photogrammetrists 109 3.35 $24.21 0.8153-3011 Ambulance Drivers & Attendants, Except EMTs 145 3.21 $13.68 1.1951-6091 Extruding/Forming Machine, Synth. & Glass Fibers 154 3.10 $19.22 1.1651-6061 Textile Bleaching & Dyeing Machine 83 3.01 $12.60 0.9649-3022 Automotive Glass Installers & Repairers 160 2.83 $15.08 0.9911-9161 Emergency Management Directors 67 2.68 $23.97 0.7145-4011 Forest & Conservation Workers 81 2.68 $12.13 0.9329-9011 Occupational Health & Safety Specialists 543 2.66 $27.45 0.8023-2011 Paralegals & Legal Assistants 1,812 2.47 $21.16 0.8811-3131 Training & Development Managers 211 2.41 $40.60 0.8013-1161 Market Research Analysts & Mktng. Specialists 3,555 2.33 $28.11 0.9411-9131 Postmasters & Mail Superintendents 82 2.30 $39.51 1.1549-9051 Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers 697 2.28 $26.25 0.8143-9111 Statistical Assistants 65 2.26 $19.63 0.8723-1023 Judges, Magistrate Judges, & Magistrates 155 2.22 $27.85 0.4643-3011 Bill & Account Collectors 1,695 2.20 $16.87 0.9951-4192 Layout Workers, Metal/Plastic 50 2.20 $23.38 1.0629-2051 Dietetic Technicians 185 2.17 $11.01 0.87

I-77 Alliance RegionWage

Premium over US Average

Median Hourly

Earnings2017 Jobs

2017LQ

(US=1.00)



Figure 36, on the following two pages, shows the region’s top occupations based on various indicators.

FIGURE 36. TOP 10 OCCUPATIONS, I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Excludes military and unclassified employment. Excludes occupations with fewer than 50 jobs in the I-77 Alliance region in 2017.

Employment in 2017 LARGEST Median hourly earnings

10,399 Retail Salespersons $10.75

9,786 Combined Food Prep. & Servers, Incl. Fast Food $8.83

9,491 Cashiers $9.21

9,336 Customer Service Representatives $15.95

8,654 Secretaries/Admin. Asst., Exc. Legal, Med., & Exec. $16.24

8,645 Laborers/Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $13.46

7,588 Registered Nurses $29.14

6,912 Office Clerks, General $13.00

6,786 Janitors & Cleaners, Exc. Maids & Housekeepers $11.07

5,858 First-Line Supvsr., Office & Admin. Support $24.02

Employment in 2017 HIGHEST-PAYING ($) Median hourly earnings

224 Internists, General $109.02

69 Surgeons $104.76

562 Family & General Practitioners $103.50

77 Anesthesiologists $102.66

897 Physicians & Surgeons, All Other $94.24

77 Psychiatrists $87.87

873 Chief Executives $82.67

355 Dentists, General $81.17

115 Nurse Anesthetists $79.69

68 Obstetricians & Gynecologists $62.47

Net change FASTEST-GROWING, 2017-2022 (#) Median hourly earnings

+949 Combined Food Prep. & Servers, Incl. Fast Food $8.83

+775 Customer Service Representatives $15.95

+703 Laborers/Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $13.46

+576 Market Research Analysts & Mktng. Specialists $28.11

+563 Personal Care Aides $10.46

+560 Registered Nurses $29.14

+539 Security Guards $12.12

+504 Team Assemblers $16.17

+493 General & Operations Managers $45.39

+436 Retail Salespersons $10.75



FIGURE 36. TOP 10 OCCUPATIONS, I-77 ALLIANCE REGION—CONTINUED

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Excludes military and unclassified employment. Excludes occupations with fewer than 50 jobs in the I-77 Alliance region in 2017.

% change FASTEST-GROWING, 2017-2022 (%) Median hourly earnings

+42% CNC Machine Operators, Metal/Plastic $19.51

+41% Highway Maintenance Workers $14.00

+35% Environmental Scientists & Specialists, Incl. Health $31.40

+31% Electrical Power-Line Installers & Repairers $26.25

+30% Telecomm. Line Installers & Repairers $21.33

+24% Parking Lot Attendants $11.76

+23% First-Line Supvsr., Correctional Officers $27.54

+23% Eligibility Interviewers, Govt. Programs $18.58

+22% Env. Science & Protection Techs., Incl. Health $24.59

+22% Actuaries $41.69

Net change FASTEST-DECLINING, 2017-2022 (#) Median hourly earnings

-95 Cooks, Fast Food $8.92

-70 Paper Goods Machine Workers $24.34

-60 Tellers $14.08

-52 Telecomm. Equip. Install./Repair, Exc. Line Install. $29.40

-50 Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers $15.31

-47 Postal Service Mail Carriers $27.27

-47 Psychiatric Technicians $11.67

-44 Pressers, Textile, Garment, & Related $9.19

-38 Postal Service Mail Sorters & Processors $27.78

-36 Switchboard Operators, Incl. Answering Service $13.15

% change FASTEST-DECLINING, 2017-2022 (%) Median hourly earnings

-32% Psychiatric Technicians $11.67

-24% Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, & Wall $24.68

-21% Drywall & Ceiling Tile Installers $15.31

-20% Pressers, Textile, Garment, & Related $9.19

-19% Power Plant Operators $32.54

-17% Locksmiths & Safe Repairers $14.09

-16% Logging Equipment Operators $17.77

-13% Brickmasons & Blockmasons $17.61

-11% Telecomm. Equip. Install./Repair, Exc. Line Install. $29.40

-11% Switchboard Operators, Incl. Answering Service $13.15



For most occupational groups, regional wages are at or below the US median. Only two groups exceed national wage rates—farming, fishing, & forestry and production occupations—each of which have median hourly wage rates that are 8 percent higher than the US median. Of the occupational categories that pay less than the US median, legal occupations have the widest disparity, with the regional median being almost 25 percent lower than the US median hourly wage.

FIGURE 37. I-77 ALLIANCE REGION WAGES IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL WAGE RATES BY MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUP Line = US wage range from the 10th to the 90th percentile.

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Note: Excludes military and unclassified employment.

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DEMAND DRIVERS

FIGURE 38. TOTAL JOBS, I-77 ALLIANCE REGION 2007–2017

During the past decade, employment in the I-77 Alliance region has grown from roughly 367,000 jobs to more than 400,000, an increase of nearly 8 percent. Although the region lost 2 percent of its job base during the Great Recession and its aftermath, employment levels had recovered to prerecession levels by 2014.

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed.

FIGURE 39. EMPLOYMENT TRENDS PERCENT CHANGE FROM PRIOR YEAR, 2007–2017

Employment trends in the I-77 Alliance region largely mirrored national patterns during the Great Recession, while the state, as a whole, experienced steeper declines. During the recovery, however, regional employment growth rates lagged behind the state and nation until 2012 when the region caught up with state trends. Employment growth has slowed across all three geographies in recent years.


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I-77 Alliance RegionSouth CarolinaUS



Healthcare & social assistance, education, and retail trade are the largest industry sectors in the I-77 Alliance region, representing more than 120,000 workers combined. Manufacturing is the fifth largest sector, employing more than 27,000 workers in the region. Over the next 5 years, the healthcare sector is expected to add the most jobs followed by manufacturing and professional services.

FIGURE 40. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY, JOB BASE 2017 + PROJECTED 5-YEAR CHANGE

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. * Includes related public sector employment (e.g., education includes public schools, colleges, and universities. Healthcare includes public hospitals. Transportation and warehousing includes US Postal Service workers).

-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000

Healthcare & social assistance*

Education*

Retail trade

Lodging, restaurants, & bars

Manufacturing

Administrative & support services

Finance & insurance

State government

Professional services

Personal & other services

Construction

Wholesale trade

Local government

Transportation & warehousing*

Federal government (civilian)

Property sales & leasing

Information

Arts, entertainment, & recreation

Corporate & regional offices

Utilities

Agriculture & forestry

Mining (incl. oil & gas)

2017 Projected Change 2017-2022



When viewed on a percentage basis, slight differences can be seen among the I-77 Alliance region and the comparison geographies. While healthcare & social assistance represents the largest share of employment for each geography, the education sector comprises a much larger share of total employment in the region than in the state and US. Once again, the state’s strength in manufacturing is evident, with one in nine workers in the state employed in this group. Utilities, agriculture & forestry, and mining represent the smallest share of employment in the region.

FIGURE 41. INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTION (% OF TOTAL), 2017 COMPARISON OF I-77 ALLIANCE REGION WITH STATE AND NATION

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. * Includes related public sector employment (e.g., education includes public schools, colleges, and universities. Healthcare includes public hospitals. Transportation and warehousing includes US Postal Service workers). Note: Three largest occupations are highlighted.

NAICS Code & Description

62 Healthcare & social assistance* 11.1% 10.7% 10.9% 11.5% 13.5%

61 Education* 10.2% 7.4% 7.4% 8.9% 9.3%

44-45 Retail trade 9.8% 9.8% 9.9% 11.5% 10.4%

72 Lodging, restaurants, & bars 8.7% 8.5% 8.6% 10.1% 8.7%

31-33 Manufacturing 7.5% 7.2% 6.8% 10.9% 8.0%

56 Administrative & support services 7.0% 7.9% 7.8% 8.0% 6.3%

52 Finance & insurance 6.6% 7.0% 7.0% 3.3% 3.9%

9029 State government 5.8% 1.9% 2.1% 2.1% 1.4%

54 Professional services 5.5% 6.6% 6.5% 4.9% 6.5%

81 Personal & other services 5.3% 4.9% 4.9% 5.1% 4.9%

23 Construction 4.6% 5.5% 5.2% 5.6% 5.5%

42 Wholesale trade 3.2% 4.5% 4.6% 3.3% 3.8%

9039 Local government 3.1% 3.3% 3.3% 3.4% 3.6%

48-49 Transportation & warehousing* 2.2% 4.0% 4.4% 3.5% 3.9%

9011 Federal government (civilian) 2.2% 0.9% 0.9% 1.2% 1.4%

53 Property sales & leasing 1.5% 1.8% 1.8% 1.6% 1.7%

51 Information 1.5% 2.3% 2.4% 1.3% 1.9%

71 Arts, entertainment, & recreation 1.4% 2.0% 1.9% 1.5% 1.7%

55 Corporate & regional offices 1.1% 2.7% 2.7% 0.9% 1.4%

22 Utilities 0.8% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% 0.4%

11 Agriculture & forestry 0.5% 0.4% 0.6% 0.7% 1.2%

21 Mining (incl. oil & gas) 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.4%


North Laborshed

South Laborshed

South Carolina US



State government comprises a significantly higher share of employment in the region than the national average, as evidenced by its 3.96 LQ. This is not unexpected, as Richland County includes the South Carolina State capital city. Other sectors in which employment is highly concentrated in the region relative to the US include utilities, finance & insurance, and federal government. Employment in corporate & regional offices and information-related industries have significantly smaller representation in the region than in the laborsheds. Manufacturing jobs have a lower concentration than the state as a whole.

FIGURE 42. INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION LQ, 2017 COMPARISON OF I-77 ALLIANCE REGION WITH STATE AND NATION

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. * Includes related public sector employment (e.g., education includes public schools, colleges, and universities. Healthcare includes public hospitals. Transportation and warehousing includes US Postal Service workers). Note: LQs greater than 1.25 are presumed to show competitive advantage and are highlighted.

NAICS Code & Description

9029 State government 3.96 1.35 1.45 1.46 1.00

22 Utilities 2.27 1.28 1.66 1.58 1.00

52 Finance & insurance 1.66 1.80 1.78 0.83 1.00

9011 Federal government (civilian) 1.48 0.64 0.64 0.81 1.00

61 Education* 1.09 0.79 0.79 0.95 1.00

56 Administrative & support services 1.09 1.25 1.23 1.25 1.00

81 Personal & other services 1.07 1.02 1.01 1.04 1.00

72 Lodging, restaurants, & bars 0.98 0.98 0.99 1.15 1.00

31-33 Manufacturing 0.93 0.91 0.85 1.35 1.00

44-45 Retail trade 0.92 0.94 0.95 1.09 1.00

53 Property sales & leasing 0.90 1.05 1.06 0.96 1.00

9039 Local government 0.86 0.93 0.91 0.94 1.00

54 Professional services 0.84 1.02 1.00 0.75 1.00

42 Wholesale trade 0.83 1.19 1.20 0.86 1.00

62 Healthcare & social assistance* 0.83 0.80 0.81 0.85 1.00

23 Construction 0.82 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00

71 Arts, entertainment, & recreation 0.82 1.12 1.07 0.88 1.00

51 Information 0.78 1.25 1.25 0.68 1.00

55 Corporate & regional offices 0.78 1.88 1.87 0.61 1.00

48-49 Transportation & warehousing* 0.56 1.02 1.12 0.90 1.0011 Agriculture & forestry 0.43 0.35 0.46 0.60 1.0021 Mining (incl. oil & gas) 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.18 1.00


North Laborshed

South Laborshed

South Carolina US



Figure 43, Figure 44, and Figure 45 show the top 20 high-demand occupations for each skill level: low, middle, and high. Many of the middle-skill and high-skill, high-demand occupations are facing a wave of retirements, with more than 25 percent of the workers in those occupations age 55 or older. While low-skill occupations in the I-77 Alliance region are not likely to pay more than the US median, middle-skill and high-skill jobs can pay well above the US median.

FIGURE 43. DEMAND FACTORS BY SKILL LEVEL: LOW-SKILL OCCUPATIONS EST. OPENINGS (THROUGH 2022) WITH NET JOB CHANGE, RELATIVE WAGE RATES, AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Highlights: %55+ = 20% or higher; %65+ = 10% or higher. Indicates significant share of workforce is reaching retirement age. Notes: Replacement demand is an estimate of the number of workers required to replace existing workers who leave the occupation due to a variety of factors, including retirement, career advancement, or exiting the workforce to raise children or attend school.

2017 Jobs

Projected Openings

(2017-2022)

Net Job Change (2017-2022) W

age

Pre

miu

m

ove

r U

S

LOW-SKILL (High school or less)

35-3021 Combined Food Prep. & Servers, Incl. Fast Food 9,786 10,256 949 0.94 6% 3%

41-2011 Cashiers 9,491 9,243 228 0.95 10% 4%

41-2031 Retail Salespersons 10,399 8,172 436 0.97 14% 8%

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 9,336 6,899 775 1.02 15% 3%

53-7062 Laborers/Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand 8,645 6,789 703 1.07 13% 3%

43-6014 Secretaries/Admin. Asst., Exc. Legal, Med., & Exec. 8,654 4,979 290 0.97 25% 9%

35-3031 Waiters & Waitresses 4,686 4,977 395 0.96 4% 1%

37-2011 Janitors & Cleaners, Exc. Maids & Housekeepers 6,786 4,786 223 0.94 21% 10%

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 6,912 4,559 416 0.88 19% 8%

33-9032 Security Guards 4,284 3,504 539 0.97 19% 11%

43-5081 Stock Clerks & Order Fillers 4,468 3,206 294 0.95 14% 5%

39-9021 Personal Care Aides 2,999 2,856 563 1.00 21% 12%

47-2061 Construction Laborers 3,590 2,268 339 0.91 13% 3%

39-9011 Childcare Workers 2,732 2,155 131 1.00 16% 6%

37-2012 Maids & Housekeepers 2,759 2,085 223 0.87 19% 6%

37-3011 Landscaping & Groundskeeping Workers 2,581 1,781 200 0.90 19% 11%

43-4171 Receptionists & Information Clerks 2,292 1,709 172 0.96 15% 8%

31-1011 Home Health Aides 1,795 1,449 358 0.86 18% 7%

35-2021 Food Preparation Workers 1,471 1,438 146 0.98 9% 4%

53-3033 Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers 2,175 1,355 168 0.93 19% 10%

SOC CODE DESCRIPTION %

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DEMAND FACTORS



FIGURE 44. DEMAND FACTORS BY SKILL LEVEL: MIDDLE-SKILL OCCUPATIONS EST. OPENINGS (THROUGH 2022) WITH NET JOB CHANGE, RELATIVE WAGE RATES, AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Highlights: Wage premium = 10% or higher than US wages; %55+ = 20% or higher; %65+ = 10% or higher. Indicates significant share of workforce is reaching retirement age. Notes: Replacement demand is an estimate of the number of workers required to replace existing workers who leave the occupation due to a variety of factors, including retirement, career advancement, or exiting the workforce to raise children or attend school.

2017 Jobs

Projected Openings

(2017-2022)


age

Pre

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m

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MIDDLE-SKILL (More than high school, less than four years)

43-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Office & Admin. Support 5,858 3,219 304 0.92 21% 4%

51-2092 Team Assemblers 4,395 3,191 504 1.11 17% 3%

43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 4,452 2,587 -21 0.97 24% 10%

49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 4,152 2,324 266 0.99 23% 6%

35-2014 Cooks, Restaurant 2,631 2,289 344 0.89 7% 2%

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 3,616 2,254 276 1.00 20% 7%

31-1014 Nursing Assistants 3,431 2,229 247 0.89 16% 5%

35-1012 First-Line Supvsr., Food Prep. & Servers 2,584 2,127 232 0.91 8% 2%

41-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Retail Sales Workers 3,733 2,116 94 1.04 14% 4%

41-4012 Sales Reps., Whls. & Mfg., Exc. Tech. & Scientific 3,112 1,877 254 1.11 21% 6%

25-9041 Teacher Assistants 2,740 1,611 176 0.89 21% 6%

39-5012 Hairdressers, Hairstylists, & Cosmetologists 2,045 1,503 239 1.03 8% 10%

41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 2,440 1,288 95 0.95 21% 9%

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 1,679 1,210 166 0.98 21% 5%

31-9092 Medical Assistants 1,815 1,208 203 0.99 9% 1%

47-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Constr. Trades & Extraction 2,007 1,118 99 0.92 22% 6%

51-9111 Packaging & Filling Machine Workers 1,598 1,096 141 1.01 15% 3%

49-3023 Automotive Service Technicians & Mechanics 2,061 1,084 104 1.12 14% 3%

41-3099 Sales Reps., Services, All Other 1,497 1,071 143 0.75 18% 5%

33-3051 Police & Sheriff's Patrol Officers 2,792 1,040 135 0.71 9% 2%


55

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DEMAND FACTORS



FIGURE 45. DEMAND FACTORS BY SKILL LEVEL: HIGH-SKILL OCCUPATIONS EST. OPENINGS (THROUGH 2022) WITH NET JOB CHANGE, RELATIVE WAGE RATES, AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Highlights: %55+ = 20% or higher; %65+ = 10% or higher. Indicates significant share of workforce is reaching retirement age. Notes: Replacement demand is an estimate of the number of workers required to replace existing workers who leave the occupation due to a variety of factors, including retirement, career advancement, or exiting the workforce to raise children or attend school.

2017 Jobs

Projected Openings

(2017-2022)


age

Pre

miu

m

ove

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S

HIGH-SKILL (Four-year degree or above)

11-1021 General & Operations Managers 5,812 2,917 493 0.96 19% 4%

29-1141 Registered Nurses 7,588 2,539 560 0.89 22% 4%

13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Mktng. Specialists 3,555 2,399 576 0.94 9% 3%

13-2011 Accountants & Auditors 3,738 1,962 277 0.87 20% 7%

25-1099 Teachers, Postsecondary 3,948 1,747 204 0.99 18% 12%

13-1111 Management Analysts 2,456 1,518 405 0.90 20% 8%

25-2021 Teachers, Elementary (Except Special Ed.) 3,166 1,362 203 0.88 20% 4%

25-2031 Teachers, Secondary (Exc. Special Ed. & CTE) 2,418 1,008 148 0.87 19% 5%

25-2022 Teachers, Middle School (Exc. Special Ed. & CTE) 2,169 907 116 0.87 20% 4%

13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other 1,331 814 183 0.88 21% 5%

13-1071 Human Resources Specialists 1,426 787 85 0.96 17% 3%

17-2051 Civil Engineers 1,500 664 109 0.80 21% 7%

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 1,394 664 196 0.83 19% 3%

13-1151 Training & Development Specialists 1,115 628 79 0.88 19% 4%

11-3031 Financial Managers 1,426 626 93 0.94 19% 4%

25-3098 Substitute Teachers 962 612 71 0.86 18% 10%

21-1021 Child, Family, & School Social Workers 967 572 69 0.81 21% 5%

13-2072 Loan Officers 1,241 571 38 1.05 14% 2%

11-9199 Managers, All Other 1,228 571 127 0.81 25% 9%

21-1012 Educ., Guidance, School, & Vocational Counselors 952 557 55 0.88 19% 5%


55

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DEMAND FACTORS



WORKFORCE-TARGET INDUSTRY ALIGNMENT Four target industries were identified by the I-77 Alliance. These industry sectors were selected as the “best fit” for the region’s strengths and assets. The definition of each target can be found in the overview of each industry profile later in this section.

FIGURE 46. TARGETS

ADVANCED MATERIALS

AUTOMOTIVE OEM AND PARTS

BUSINESS/FINANCIAL SERVICES

AEROSPACE OEM AND PARTS

As part of this regional workforce assessment, TIP Strategies examined the staffing patterns associated with each target industry to identify critical occupations. For each of these occupations, the team looked at demand factors, select demographics, and wage rates. Team members also looked at real-time labor market information for each industry sector to identify which employers in the region are currently hiring and what occupations, skills, and certifications they seek. This information is presented in the industry profiles that follow.

Figure 47 (next page) lists the top 25 occupations across the target industries, based on regional staffing patterns. Team assemblers is the most common occupation and is critical to all but one of the target industries. Machinists along with inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers are the next highest-ranked occupations. First-line supervisors and general managers are among the management occupations within the top 25 occupations. The other top occupations include analysts, engineers, maintenance and repair workers, administrative staff, and various types of laborers.



FIGURE 47. TOP OCCUPATIONS ACROSS INDUSTRY SECTORS BASED ON REGIONAL STAFFING PATTERNS, PERCENTAGES REPRESENT SHARE OF INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT

Sources: 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed; TIP Strategies.

SOC Description Adva

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d M

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51-2092 Team Assemblers 8.2% 0.1% 27.2% 4.3%51-4041 Machinists 4.4% 0.0% 4.4% 10.4%51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 3.8% 0.2% 4.3% 8.6%17-2112 Industrial Engineers 1.7% 0.2% 2.8% 8.9%43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1.1% 11.1% 0.7% 0.2%17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 1.0% 0.1% 1.8% 6.3%51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers 3.2% 0.0% 4.7% 1.2%51-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers 3.9% 0.1% 3.2% 1.5%53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand 2.8% 0.6% 2.9% 1.0%51-4033 Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, & Buffing Machine Setters & Operators 1.2% 0.0% 1.2% 4.5%13-1161 Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists 0.7% 4.0% 0.6% 1.2%11-1021 General and Operations Managers 1.6% 2.7% 1.0% 0.7%41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 0.0% 5.2% 0.0% 0.0%49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 2.1% 0.0% 1.5% 1.5%43-5061 Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 1.0% 0.4% 1.3% 2.4%49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.0%13-2011 Accountants and Auditors 0.6% 3.5% 0.5% 0.3%51-4031 Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters and Operators 1.9% 0.0% 2.1% 0.7%51-9111 Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders 3.2% 0.1% 1.1% 0.2%43-1011 First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers 0.5% 3.2% 0.4% 0.2%49-9071 Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 1.7% 0.4% 1.4% 0.7%13-1081 Logisticians 0.4% 0.3% 0.6% 3.0%43-6014 Secretaries and Administrative Assistants (excl. Legal, Medical, & Exec.) 0.8% 2.4% 0.5% 0.3%41-4012 Sales Reps., Wholesale and Mfg., (excl. Tech.and Scientific Products) 2.1% 0.3% 1.1% 0.2%43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks 1.7% 0.2% 1.4% 0.5%43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks 0.7% 2.1% 0.5% 0.2%13-1111 Management Analysts 0.1% 2.7% 0.2% 0.5%11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 1.2% 0.1% 1.1% 1.0%53-2012 Commercial Pilots 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.2%43-9061 Office Clerks, General 0.8% 1.8% 0.5% 0.2%



OVERVIEW. The advanced materials sector includes metals, plastics, composites, glass, textiles, and wood product manufacturing. The sector serves the automotive, aerospace, construction, and medical device industries of a much greater economic region. After contracting during the Great Recession, the sector increased steadily for several years with a steep decline in 2017. Currently, more than 11,000 workers are employed in the sector as defined here.

FIGURE 48. EMPLOYMENT TRENDS, 2007–2017 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN RELATED INDUSTRIES

FIGURE 49. COMPARATIVE GROWTH, 2007–2017 PERCENT CHANGE FROM PRIOR YEAR


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I-77 Alliance-Advanced Materials I-77 Alliance-Total US-Advanced Materials US-Total

ADVANCED MATERIALS



ADVANCED MATERIALS CONTINUED

KEY OCCUPATIONS. Team assemblers account for the largest share of industry employment. Machinists account for the next largest share, followed by first-line supervisors. The occupations with the highest concentration of employment relative to the US are rolling machine workers and paper goods machine workers. Nine of the key occupations have median hourly wages more than 10 percent above the US median. These occupations are team assemblers; welders, cutters, solderers, & brazers; sales reps; industrial machinery mechanics; cutting, punching, & press machine workers; paper goods machine workers; grinding & buffing machine workers; extruding & drawing machine workers; and molding, coremaking, & casting workers.

FIGURE 50. KEY OCCUPATIONS BASED ON STAFFING PATTERNS IN THE I-77 ALLIANCE REGION

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: LQs greater than 1.25 are highlighted. Marker indicates median hourly wages ≥110% of US () or ≤80% of US ().


Share of Industry

Employment2017 Jobs

LQ (US= 1.00)

Median Hourly

Earnings

Relative to US

(US=1.00)

51-2092 Team Assemblers 8.2% 4,395 1.55 16.17 1.11

51-4041 Machinists 4.4% 1,211 1.22 20.91 1.04

51-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Production & Operating Workers 3.9% 1,628 1.04 28.84 1.05

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers 3.8% 1,679 1.25 17.64 0.98

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 3.2% 1,241 1.22 20.52 1.10

51-9111 Packaging & Filling Machine Workers 3.2% 1,598 1.61 13.72 1.01

53-7062 Laborers/Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand 2.8% 8,645 1.29 13.46 1.07

51-9011 Chemical Equipment Workers 2.6% 330 1.78 22.44 0.98

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 2.3% 3,616 0.74 19.34 1.00

41-4012 Sales Reps., Whls. & Mfg., Exc. Tech. & Scientific 2.1% 3,112 0.84 29.75 1.11

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 2.1% 1,164 1.32 26.40 1.11

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine, Metal/Plastic 1.9% 456 0.96 19.62 1.26

17-2112 Industrial Engineers 1.7% 844 1.30 38.65 0.95

43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 1.7% 1,652 0.95 14.60 0.97

51-4023 Rolling Machine Workers, Metal/Plastic 1.7% 257 3.57 21.14 1.08

49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 1.7% 4,152 1.11 17.56 0.99

11-1021 General & Operations Managers 1.6% 5,812 1.02 45.39 0.96

51-9023 Mixing & Blending Machine Workers 1.6% 277 0.83 16.80 0.98

51-9196 Paper Goods Machine Workers 1.3% 1,004 4.34 24.34 1.37

51-4033 Grinding & Buffing Machine, Metal/Plastic 1.2% 328 1.78 19.97 1.26

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 1.2% 424 0.97 49.95 1.08

51-8091 Chemical Plant & System Operators 1.2% 155 1.87 23.00 0.80

51-4021 Extruding & Drawing Machine, Metal/Plastic 1.1% 205 1.15 20.16 1.24

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 1.1% 9,336 1.34 15.95 1.02

51-4072 Molding, Coremaking, & Casting, Metal/Plastic 1.1% 244 0.68 16.45 1.12



ADVANCED MATERIALS CONTINUED.

DEMAND. Although they represent only 1 percent of industry employment, customer service representatives are the occupation with the highest number of openings across the region. Laborers and team assemblers are also expected to be in high demand. In 13 of the 25 occupations, more than 20 percent of the workers are 55 years or older.

FIGURE 51. DEMAND FACTORS AND DEMOGRAPHICS KEY OCCUPATIONS

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Highlights: Wage premium = 10% or higher than US wages; %55+ = 20% or higher. Indicates significant share of workforce is reaching retirement age. Notes: Openings are an estimate of job openings due to net change in employment and replacement needs (e.g., turnover, retirement).

2017 Jobs

Projected Openings

(2017-2022)

Net Job Change (2017-2022)

Wa

ge

Pre

miu

m

ove

r U

S



51-2092 Team Assemblers 4,395 3,191 504 1.11 17% 3%



53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 3,616 2,254 276 1.00 20% 7%




43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 1,652 964 108 0.97 17% 3%

51-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Production & Operating Workers 1,628 942 125 1.05 22% 3%

51-4041 Machinists 1,211 845 191 1.04 23% 5%

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers 1,241 844 146 1.10 15% 2%

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics 1,164 667 143 1.11 24% 4%

51-9196 Paper Goods Machine Workers 1,004 506 -70 1.37 24% 2%

17-2112 Industrial Engineers 844 367 83 0.95 21% 4%

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine, Metal/Plastic 456 300 28 1.26 20% 4%

51-9011 Chemical Equipment Workers 330 196 11 0.98 18% —

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers 424 194 40 1.08 23% 3%

51-9023 Mixing & Blending Machine Workers 277 189 27 0.98 17% —

51-4033 Grinding & Buffing Machine, Metal/Plastic 328 186 4 1.26 21% 4%

51-4023 Rolling Machine Workers, Metal/Plastic 257 148 12 1.08 21% —

51-4021 Extruding & Drawing Machine, Metal/Plastic 205 120 11 1.24 17% —

51-8091 Chemical Plant & System Operators 155 83 -2 0.80 20% —

51-4072 Molding, Coremaking, & Casting, Metal/Plastic 244 156 10 1.12 20% —


DEMAND FACTORS

% 5

5-6

4 Y

ears

% 6

5+

Yea

rs




REAL-TIME LABOR MARKET INFORMATION. The information in this section is derived from a database of more than a million unique postings that are mined and aggregated for valuable, real-time labor market insights. The charts and tables represent the analytics for job postings related to the key industries that support the advanced materials sector.

FIGURE 52. SUMMARY FOR JOB POSTINGS IN KEY OCCUPATIONS

Current job openings Direct employers competing Average posting duration (in days)

191 40 37

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION SALARY RANGE Share of postings by city (Jan.-Jun. 2018)

TOP 10 COUNTS (BASED ON POSTINGS FROM 01-01-2018 TO 06-30-2018)

Source: Gartner TalentNeuron.

Percentile 10th 25th Median 75th 90thRegional $40,750 $54,650 $70,100 $85,550 $99,450National $41,650 $56,000 $71,950 $87,900 $102,250US=1.00 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97

Columbia, SC

Fort Mill, SC

Chester, SC

Rock Hill, SC

Richburg, SC

York, SC

Employers # postingsDomtar 138Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited 66DAK Americas, LLC 63FN America, LLC 54Giti Tire Manufacturing (USA) Ltd 52Spirax Sarco, Inc. 42Dave & Buster's 41MacLean-Fogg Company 41Newell Rubbermaid 33Vulcan Materials Company 26

Occupations # postingsFirst-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating W 98Industrial Engineers 91Maintenance and Repair Workers, General 60First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Re 35Computer Systems Analysts 34Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers 32Customer Service Representatives 27Mechanical Engineers 22Industrial Engineering Technicians 20Marketing Managers 20

Hard Skills # postingsMicrosoft Office 222Preventive maintenance 103Microsoft PowerPoint 86Forklifts 79Lean Manufacturing 60Blueprints 60Power system modeling 57Quality control 51Enterprise Resource Planning Software 47Six Sigma 44

Certifications # postingsDriver's License 60Class A Commercial Drivers License 36Occupational Safety & Health Administration Certific 35Commercial Driver's License 23Accounting 23Certified Public Accountant 18Six Sigma Green Belt 16Mining Safety & Health Administration Certification 12HAZMAT 12EPA certification 11




EDUCATION AND TRAINING. The wage ranges and the education and training requirements for each occupation are listed in Figure 53.

FIGURE 53. EDUCATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS REGIONAL MEDIAN HOURLY EARNINGS, WITH COMPARISON TO SELECTED PERCENTILES

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Median hourly earnings above the US median are highlighted. OJT is on-the-job training.

10th 90th Edu. Exp.11-3051 Industrial Production Managers $49.95 $30.32 $78.10 Bachelor's 5 years + None

11-1021 General & Operations Managers $45.39 $22.97 $98.78 Bachelor's < 5 years None

17-2112 Industrial Engineers $38.65 $25.33 $55.57 Bachelor's None None

41-4012 Sales Reps., Whls. & Mfg., Exc. Tech. & Scientific $29.75 $14.92 $55.72 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives $15.95 $10.26 $25.82 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks $14.60 $9.58 $21.58 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

49-9041 Industrial Machinery Mechanics $26.40 $16.95 $37.37 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT

49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $17.56 $11.30 $27.71 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT

51-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Production & Operating Workers $28.84 $16.54 $45.70 Non-deg. award < 5 years None

51-2092 Team Assemblers $16.17 $9.91 $24.84 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4021 Extruding & Drawing Machine, Metal/Plastic $20.16 $11.75 $28.96 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4023 Rolling Machine Workers, Metal/Plastic $21.14 $13.74 $28.37 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine, Metal/Plastic $19.62 $11.58 $30.22 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4033 Grinding & Buffing Machine, Metal/Plastic $19.97 $12.77 $26.05 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4041 Machinists $20.91 $13.10 $30.48 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT

51-4072 Molding, Coremaking, & Casting, Metal/Plastic $16.45 $11.48 $23.55 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4121 Welders, Cutters, Solderers, & Brazers $20.52 $14.32 $31.15 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-8091 Chemical Plant & System Operators $23.00 $15.33 $37.52 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT

51-9011 Chemical Equipment Workers $22.44 $14.01 $32.88 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-9023 Mixing & Blending Machine Workers $16.80 $11.20 $25.01 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-9061 Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, & Weighers $17.64 $10.27 $29.25 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-9111 Packaging & Filling Machine Workers $13.72 $9.83 $26.11 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-9196 Paper Goods Machine Workers $24.34 $15.49 $35.09 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

53-3032 Heavy & Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers $19.34 $13.03 $31.32 Non-deg. award None Short-term OJT

53-7062 Laborers/Freight, Stock, & Material Movers, Hand $13.46 $9.15 $20.78 Less than HS None Short-term OJT

Training required

forcompetency


Hourly Earnings

(percentiles)

Typical req. for entry into occupation

Median Hourly

Earnings



OVERVIEW. The business/financial services sector includes finance, insurance, and back-office functions. It also includes emerging industries, such as financial technology and logistics planning and software. The sector suffered its largest job losses relatively late in the Great Recession (2009–2010). Since employment growth started upward in 2011, the sector has made impressive gains, adding nearly 5,700 jobs (an increase of 14 percent). Over the next 5 years, an additional 4,200 jobs are expected in the region, raising the total employment from roughly 46,000 jobs in 2017 to more than 50,500 by 2022.




36,000

38,000

40,000

42,000

44,000

46,000

48,000

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

I-77 Alliance-Business/Financial Services I-77 Alliance-TotalUS-Business/Financial Services US-Total




BUSINESS/FINANCIAL SERVICES CONTINUED

KEY OCCUPATIONS. Customer service representatives account for the largest share of industry employment, followed by insurance sales agents and market research analysts. Together, these three occupations account for one in five workers in the sector. The occupations with the highest concentration of employment relative to the US are market research analysts and bill & account collectors. Median hourly wages are at or below the US median for all but a handful of the key occupations. However, none of the occupations have median hourly earnings more than 10 percent above the US median. Two occupations have median hourly wages more than 25 percent below the US median: sales representatives and software developers, systems software.


Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: LQs greater than 1.25 are highlighted. Marker indicates ≤80% of US ().


Share of Industry

Employment2017 Jobs

LQ (US= 1.00)

Median Hourly

Earnings

Relative to US

(US=1.00)43-4051 Customer Service Representatives 11.1% 9,336 1.34 15.95 1.02

41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 5.2% 2,440 1.68 22.36 0.95

13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Mktng. Specialists 4.0% 3,555 2.33 28.11 0.94

13-2011 Accountants & Auditors 3.5% 3,738 1.05 27.85 0.87

43-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Office & Admin. Support 3.2% 5,858 1.55 24.02 0.92


13-1111 Management Analysts 2.7% 2,456 1.18 32.58 0.90

43-9041 Insurance Claims & Policy Processing Clerks 2.6% 1,260 1.79 15.59 0.84

43-6014 Secretaries/Admin. Asst., Exc. Legal, Med., & Exec. 2.4% 8,654 1.25 16.24 0.97

43-3011 Bill & Account Collectors 2.3% 1,695 2.20 16.87 0.99

43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 2.1% 4,452 1.02 17.86 0.97

43-4131 Loan Interviewers & Clerks 1.9% 1,103 1.90 19.91 1.07

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists 1.8% 2,095 1.20 23.58 0.99

13-2072 Loan Officers 1.8% 1,241 1.56 32.24 1.05

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 1.8% 6,912 0.82 13.00 0.88

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 1.7% 1,394 0.92 34.16 0.83

13-1031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, & Investigators 1.6% 987 1.37 30.92 1.02

15-1131 Computer Programmers 1.5% 1,178 1.62 37.91 1.02

15-1132 Software Developers, Applications 1.4% 955 0.45 41.74 0.88

11-3031 Financial Managers 1.4% 1,426 0.97 53.76 0.94

29-1141 Registered Nurses 1.3% 7,588 1.02 29.14 0.89

41-3099 Sales Reps., Services, All Other 1.3% 1,497 0.58 18.54 0.75

11-3021 Computer & Info. Systems Managers 1.3% 1,050 1.12 55.41 0.86

15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Admin. 1.1% 1,184 1.21 35.67 0.94

15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software 1.1% 771 0.72 38.38 0.75




DEMAND. Customer service representatives are expected to have the highest number of openings over the next 5 years, with almost 7,000 openings. Secretaries and office clerks are also anticipated to have strong demand. In 6 of the 25 key occupations, more than 20 percent of the workers are 55 years of age or older.


Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Annual openings are an estimate of job openings due to net change in employment and replacement needs (e.g., turnover, retirement). Highlights: %55+ = 20% or higher; %65+ = 10% or higher. Indicates significant share of workforce is reaching retirement age.

2017 Jobs

Projected Openings

(2017-2022)


Wa

ge

Pre

miu

m

ove

r U

S


43-6014 Secretaries/Admin. Asst., Exc. Legal, Med., & Exec. 8,654 4,979 290 0.97 25% 9%

43-9061 Office Clerks, General 6,912 4,559 416 0.88 19% 8%

43-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Office & Admin. Support 5,858 3,219 304 0.92 21% 4%


43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks 4,452 2,587 -21 0.97 24% 10%

29-1141 Registered Nurses 7,588 2,539 560 0.89 22% 4%


13-2011 Accountants & Auditors 3,738 1,962 277 0.87 20% 7%

13-1111 Management Analysts 2,456 1,518 405 0.90 20% 8%

41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents 2,440 1,288 95 0.95 21% 9%

41-3099 Sales Reps., Services, All Other 1,497 1,071 143 0.75 18% 5%

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists 2,095 920 139 0.99 14% 2%

43-3011 Bill & Account Collectors 1,695 920 10 0.99 13% 3%

43-9041 Insurance Claims & Policy Processing Clerks 1,260 724 82 0.84 19% 3%

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts 1,394 664 196 0.83 19% 3%

11-3031 Financial Managers 1,426 626 93 0.94 19% 4%

43-4131 Loan Interviewers & Clerks 1,103 605 46 1.07 10% 2%

13-2072 Loan Officers 1,241 571 38 1.05 14% 2%

13-1031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, & Investigators 987 544 119 1.02 19% 4%

15-1132 Software Developers, Applications 955 543 211 0.88 13% 2%

11-3021 Computer & Info. Systems Managers 1,050 512 114 0.86 18% 2%

15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Admin. 1,184 437 65 0.94 13% 2%

15-1131 Computer Programmers 1,178 408 -1 1.02 17% 3%

15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software 771 350 93 0.75 13% 2%


DEMAND FACTORS

% 5

5-6

4 Y

ears

% 6

5+

Yea

rs




REAL-TIME LABOR MARKET INFORMATION. The information in this section is derived from a database of more than a million unique postings that are mined and aggregated for valuable, real-time labor market insights. The charts and tables represent the analytics for job postings related to the key industries that support the business/financial services sector.



1,137 232 34





Columbia, SC

Fort Mill, SC

Rock Hill, SC

Lancaster, SC

Blythewood, SC

Chester, SC

Employers # postingsLPL Financial Corporation 429Globalpundits Inc 331American Express 244Sears Holdings Corporation 175DXC Technology 168Unum 155Centene 139Compass Group 135Wells Fargo 129Gentiva Health Services 126

Occupations # postingsInsurance Sales Agents 277Computer Systems Analysts 251Computer Occupations, All Other 247Registered Nurses 230Management Analysts 223Customer Service Representatives 207First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Sup 148Computer User Support Specialists 146Network and Computer Systems Administrators 130Accountants and Auditors 130

Hard Skills # postingsMicrosoft Office 904Microsoft PowerPoint 354Structured query language 255Quality Assurance 255Technical support 207Salesforce CRM SFDC 184Microsoft Office Visio 180Medicaid 155Java 151Information security 150

Certifications # postingsDriver's License 609Certified Registered Nurse 173FINRA Series 7 137Associate in Reinsurance 133Accounting 124Continuing Education 119Certification in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 110State insurance license 97Commercial Driver's License 94Class A Commercial Drivers License 83





FIGURE 59. EDUCATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS REGIONAL MEDIAN HOURLY EARNINGS, WITH COMPARISON TO SELECTED PERCENTILES NATIONALLY

Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Note: Median hourly earnings above the US median are highlighted.

10th 90th Edu. Exp.11-3021 Computer & Info. Systems Managers $55.41 $32.31 $82.62 HS or equiv. 5 years + None

11-3031 Financial Managers $53.76 $31.23 $104.37 Bachelor's 5 years + None


13-1031 Claims Adjusters, Examiners, & Investigators $30.92 $16.27 $40.87 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT

13-1111 Management Analysts $32.58 $20.24 $60.26 Bachelor's < 5 years None

13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Mktng. Specialists $28.11 $14.58 $53.73 Bachelor's None None

13-2011 Accountants & Auditors $27.85 $18.07 $44.54 Bachelor's None None

13-2072 Loan Officers $32.24 $16.48 $70.33 Bachelor's None Mod.-term OJT

15-1121 Computer Systems Analysts $34.16 $17.06 $53.66 Bachelor's None None

15-1131 Computer Programmers $37.91 $24.87 $59.79 Bachelor's None None

15-1132 Software Developers, Applications $41.74 $26.86 $61.49 Bachelor's None None

15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software $38.38 $21.15 $60.81 Bachelor's None None

15-1142 Network & Computer Systems Admin. $35.67 $21.80 $58.22 Bachelor's None None

15-1151 Computer User Support Specialists $23.58 $13.63 $35.86 Some college None Mod.-term OJT

29-1141 Registered Nurses $29.14 $21.05 $39.02 Associate's None None

41-3021 Insurance Sales Agents $22.36 $12.79 $43.39 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

41-3099 Sales Reps., Services, All Other $18.54 $11.51 $37.01 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

43-1011 First-Line Supvsr., Office & Admin. Support $24.02 $16.18 $37.78 HS or equiv. < 5 years None

43-3011 Bill & Account Collectors $16.87 $12.57 $24.02 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

43-3031 Bookkeeping, Accounting, & Auditing Clerks $17.86 $12.66 $25.38 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

43-4051 Customer Service Representatives $15.95 $10.26 $25.82 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

43-4131 Loan Interviewers & Clerks $19.91 $14.58 $26.39 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

43-6014 Secretaries/Admin. Asst., Exc. Legal, Med., & Exec $16.24 $11.03 $23.52 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

43-9041 Insurance Claims & Policy Processing Clerks $15.59 $10.41 $23.18 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

43-9061 Office Clerks, General $13.00 $8.94 $20.89 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

Training required

forcompetency


Hourly Earnings

(percentiles)


Median Hourly

Earnings



OVERVIEW. The automotive original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and parts sector includes segments that support automotive vehicle manufacturing. The sector has declined 10 percent since 2012. Currently, the sector employs almost 2,000 workers.




0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

I-77 Alliance-Automotive I-77 Alliance-Total US-Automotive US-Total




AUTOMOTIVE CONTINUED

KEY OCCUPATIONS. Team assemblers account for the largest share of industry employment, representing more than one-quarter of the total workforce (27 percent). Three occupations—welders, cutters, solderers, & brazers; machinists; and inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, & weighers—each account for approximately 4.5 percent of automotive employment. The occupations with the highest concentration of employment relative to the US include a number of specialized machine operators, most notably rolling machine workers, metal/plastic, with an LQ of 3.57. Nine of the twenty-five key occupations shown have median hourly wages more than 10 percent above the US median. These occupations encompass a variety of positions ranging from team assemblers to industrial machinery mechanics to sales representatives. Only one key occupation has a median hourly wage that falls below 80 percent of the US median: electrical & electronic equipment assemblers.




Share of Industry

Employment2017 Jobs

LQ (US= 1.00)

Median Hourly

Earnings

Relative to US

(US=1.00)

51-2092 Team Assemblers 27.2% 4,395 1.55 16.17 1.11


51-4041 Machinists 4.4% 1,211 1.22 20.91 1.04





51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine, Metal/Plastic 2.1% 456 0.96 19.62 1.26

17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 1.8% 733 1.01 33.58 0.83

51-4081 Multiple Machine Tool Workers, Metal/Plastic 1.6% 200 0.67 19.61 1.18


49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General 1.4% 4,152 1.11 17.56 0.99

43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 1.4% 1,652 0.95 14.60 0.97

43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks 1.3% 1,033 1.22 25.19 1.12

51-2022 Electrical & Electronic Equip. Assemblers 1.3% 222 0.41 11.29 0.75


51-9111 Packaging & Filling Machine Workers 1.1% 1,598 1.61 13.72 1.01

51-4023 Rolling Machine Workers, Metal/Plastic 1.1% 257 3.57 21.14 1.08

51-2031 Engine & Other Machine Assemblers 1.1% 52 0.55 20.57 1.04

41-4012 Sales Reps., Whls. & Mfg., Exc. Tech. & Scientific 1.1% 3,112 0.84 29.75 1.11


51-4072 Molding, Coremaking, & Casting, Metal/Plastic 1.0% 244 0.68 16.45 1.12


51-2099 Assemblers & Fabricators, All Other 0.9% 347 0.59 13.14 0.95

51-4111 Tool & Die Makers 0.9% 137 0.76 24.74 1.01




DEMAND. Over the next 5 years, laborers/freight movers are projected to have the most openings and also the largest net job change with nearly 7,000 total openings and just over 700 net new jobs. Team assemblers are projected to have more than 3,000 openings. In 11 of the 25 occupations, more than 20 percent of the workers are 55 years of age or older, reflecting a high degree of retirement exposure.


Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Annual openings are an estimate of job openings due to net change in employment and replacement needs (e.g., turnover, retirement). Highlights: Wage premium = 10% or higher than US wages; %55+ = 20% or higher. Indicates significant share of workforce is reaching retirement age.

2017 Jobs

Projected Openings

(2017-2022)


Wa

ge

Pre

miu

m

ove

r U

S


51-2092 Team Assemblers 4,395 3,191 504 1.11 17% 3%






43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks 1,652 964 108 0.97 17% 3%


51-4041 Machinists 1,211 845 191 1.04 23% 5%



43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks 1,033 620 81 1.12 20% 4%


17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 733 320 80 0.83 18% 5%

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine, Metal/Plastic 456 300 28 1.26 20% 4%

51-2099 Assemblers & Fabricators, All Other 347 260 46 0.95 16% 3%


51-2022 Electrical & Electronic Equip. Assemblers 222 192 48 0.75 23% —


51-4072 Molding, Coremaking, & Casting, Metal/Plastic 244 156 10 1.12 20% —

51-4023 Rolling Machine Workers, Metal/Plastic 257 148 12 1.08 21% —

51-4081 Multiple Machine Tool Workers, Metal/Plastic 200 144 30 1.18 20% —

51-2031 Engine & Other Machine Assemblers 52 41 12 1.04 — —

51-4111 Tool & Die Makers 137 85 17 1.01 32% —


DEMAND FACTORS

% 5

5-6

4 Y

ears

% 6

5+

Yea

rs




REAL-TIME LABOR MARKET INFORMATION. The information in this section is derived from a database of more than a million unique postings that are mined and aggregated for valuable, real-time labor market insights. The charts and tables represent the analytics for job postings related to the key industries that support the automotive OEM and parts sector.



21 9 31





Fort Mill, SC

Richburg, SC

York, SC

Clover, SC

Columbia, SC

Chester, SC

Employers # postingsDaimler 77Giti Tire Manufacturing (USA) Ltd 52Meritor 11Performance Friction 9Giti Tire Mfg 6CMAC Inc 4Fab FOurs 3GITI TIRE Group 3CMC 1Cummins Inc. 1

Occupations # postingsIndustrial Engineers 24Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists 14Logisticians 11Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers 8Financial Analysts 7Accountants and Auditors 7Marketing Managers 7Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers 6Supervisors of Office and Admin. Support Workers 6Management Analysts 5

Hard Skills # postingsMicrosoft Office 66Microsoft PowerPoint 27Light trucks 25Structured query language 19Six Sigma 17Tableau Software 14Quality control 12IBM Cognos 11Lean Manufacturing 8Data warehousing 7

Certifications # postingsISO TS16949 12Accounting 10Certified Public Accountant 6Six Sigma Black Belt 5Occupational Safety & Health Administration Certific 3Certified Association Executive 2Cisco Certified Network Associate 2Certified in Production and Inventory Management 2Design for Manufacturability and Assembly 2Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer 2





FIGURE 65. EDUCATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS REGIONAL MEDIAN HOURLY EARNINGS, WITH COMPARISON TO SELECTED PERCENTILES


10th 90th Edu. Exp.11-3051 Industrial Production Managers $49.95 $30.32 $78.10 Bachelor's 5 years + None



17-2141 Mechanical Engineers $33.58 $20.10 $53.29 Bachelor's None None

41-4012 Sales Reps., Whls. & Mfg., Exc. Tech. & Scientific $29.75 $14.92 $55.72 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks $25.19 $15.11 $32.79 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, & Traffic Clerks $14.60 $9.58 $21.58 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT


49-9071 Maintenance & Repair Workers, General $17.56 $11.30 $27.71 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT


51-2022 Electrical & Electronic Equip. Assemblers $11.29 $9.55 $19.40 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT

51-2031 Engine & Other Machine Assemblers $20.57 $13.52 $32.07 HS or equiv. None Short-term OJT


51-2099 Assemblers & Fabricators, All Other $13.14 $8.89 $20.10 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4023 Rolling Machine Workers, Metal/Plastic $21.14 $13.74 $28.37 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4031 Cutting, Punching, & Press Machine, Metal/Plastic $19.62 $11.58 $30.22 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT


51-4041 Machinists $20.91 $13.10 $30.48 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT

51-4072 Molding, Coremaking, & Casting, Metal/Plastic $16.45 $11.48 $23.55 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4081 Multiple Machine Tool Workers, Metal/Plastic $19.61 $13.07 $28.33 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4111 Tool & Die Makers $24.74 $15.98 $33.29 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT



51-9111 Packaging & Filling Machine Workers $13.72 $9.83 $26.11 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT


Training required

forcompetency


Hourly Earnings

(percentiles)


Median Hourly

Earnings



OVERVIEW. The aerospace original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and parts sector includes aircraft, guided missile, and spacecraft assembly and parts manufacturing, both for commercial and defense-related applications. The sector has seen tremendous growth since 2007. The sector currently employs almost 200 workers.




0

50

100

150

200

250

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6

201

7

I-77 Alliance-Aerospace I-77 Alliance-Total US-Aerospace US-Total

The I-77 Alliance-Aerospace data exhibits wide percentage variations in the early portion of the analysis due to low employment levels. As a result, this part of the series is not shown prior to 2014 to allow for display of US-Aerospace trends.




AEROSPACE CONTINUED

KEY OCCUPATIONS. Machinists account for the largest share of industry employment, followed by industrial engineers and inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, & weighers. The occupations with the highest concentration of employment relative to the US are market research analysts and electrical/electronics repairers. Six of the top twenty-five occupations have a median hourly wage more than 10 percent above the US median, including grinding & buffing machine operators, who make 26 percent above the US median.




Share of Industry

Employment2017 Jobs

LQ (US= 1.00)

Median Hourly

Earnings

Relative to US

(US=1.00)51-4041 Machinists 10.4% 1,211 1.22 20.91 1.04



17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 6.3% 733 1.01 33.58 0.83

49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 5.0% 148 0.44 27.20 0.94


51-2092 Team Assemblers 4.3% 4,395 1.55 16.17 1.11

53-2012 Commercial Pilots 3.2% 85 0.81 40.55 1.11

13-1081 Logisticians 3.0% 546 1.41 33.12 0.93

43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks 2.4% 1,033 1.22 25.19 1.12

51-2011 Aircraft Systems Assemblers 2.0% 5 0.09 — —

51-4011 CNC Machine Operators, Metal/Plastic 2.0% 138 0.37 19.51 1.07

17-2071 Electrical Engineers 1.6% 317 0.67 42.03 0.93


15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software 1.5% 771 0.72 38.38 0.75



13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Mktng. Specialists 1.2% 3,555 2.33 28.11 0.94

11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Mgrs. 1.2% 448 0.98 59.59 0.92

17-3013 Mechanical Drafters 1.0% 164 0.99 25.31 0.96



13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Exc, Whls., Retail, & Farm 0.9% 711 0.91 24.95 0.83

49-2094 Elec./Electronics Repair, Commercial & Ind. Equip. 0.8% 368 2.11 27.93 1.03

51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters 0.8% 243 1.25 16.54 0.91



AEROSPACE CONTINUED

DEMAND. Laborers/freight, stock, & material movers and team assemblers are the occupations with the largest number of openings projected over the next 5 years. In 11 of the occupations, more than 20 percent of the workers are 55 years of age or older.


Source: Emsi 2018.2—QCEW Employees, Non-QCEW Employees, and Self-Employed. Notes: Annual openings are an estimate of job openings due to net change in employment and replacement needs (e.g., turnover, retirement). Highlights: Wage premium = 10% or higher than US wages; %55+ = 20% or higher. Indicates significant share of workforce is reaching retirement age.

2017 Jobs

Projected Openings

(2017-2022)


Wa

ge

Pre

miu

m

ove

r U

S


51-2092 Team Assemblers 4,395 3,191 504 1.11 17% 3%




51-4041 Machinists 1,211 845 191 1.04 23% 5%



43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks 1,033 620 81 1.12 20% 4%


13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Exc, Whls., Retail, & Farm 711 358 41 0.83 25% 5%

15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software 771 350 93 0.75 13% 2%

13-1081 Logisticians 546 335 60 0.93 14% 3%

17-2141 Mechanical Engineers 733 320 80 0.83 18% 5%

11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Mgrs. 448 201 41 0.92 25% 5%



49-2094 Elec./Electronics Repair, Commercial & Ind. Equip. 368 175 10 1.03 18% —

51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters 243 167 28 0.91 18% —

51-4011 CNC Machine Operators, Metal/Plastic 138 139 58 1.07 18% —

17-2071 Electrical Engineers 317 129 24 0.93 23% 6%

17-3013 Mechanical Drafters 164 83 11 0.96 18% —

49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians 148 64 6 0.94 16% —

53-2012 Commercial Pilots 85 43 2 1.11 21% —

51-2011 Aircraft Systems Assemblers 5 5 7 N/A — —


DEMAND FACTORS

% 5

5-6

4 Y

ears

% 6

5+

Yea

rs



AEROSPACE CONTINUED

REAL-TIME LABOR MARKET INFORMATION. The information in this section is derived from a database of more than a million unique postings that are mined and aggregated for valuable, real-time labor market insights. The charts and tables represent the analytics for job postings related to the key industries that support the aerospace sector.



9 3 26

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION SALARY RANGE Share of postings by city Jan.-Jun. 2018)




Clover, SC

Columbia, SC

Occupations # postingsSupervisors of Production and Operating Workers 34Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders 8Team Assemblers 7Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks 6Packers and Packagers, Hand 4Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers 4Security Guards 4Prepress Technicians and Workers 3Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians 3Computer User Support Specialists 3

Hard Skills # postingsQuality Systems 29Lean Manufacturing 28Mathematics 26EPDM Rubber 6Microsoft Office 6Pressure washers 4Filtering equipment 4Enterprise Resource Planning Software 4Work order 4ISO 9000 4

Certifications # postingsSix Sigma Green Belt 4National Fire Protection Association Standards 3Software Testing Expert 2Scaled Agile Framework 2

Employers # postingsHoneywell 102Precoat Metals 7Pratt & Whitney 2



AEROSPACE CONTINUED


FIGURE 71. EDUCATION AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS INCLUDES MEDIAN HOURLY EARNINGS, WITH COMPARISON TO SELECTED PERCENTILES NATIONALLY


10th 90th Edu. Exp.51-4041 Machinists $20.91 $13.10 $30.48 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT



17-2141 Mechanical Engineers $33.58 $20.10 $53.29 Bachelor's None None

49-3011 Aircraft Mechanics & Service Technicians $27.20 $14.44 $44.51 Non-deg. award None None



53-2012 Commercial Pilots $40.55 $20.17 $69.17 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

13-1081 Logisticians $33.12 $20.94 $56.99 Bachelor's None None

43-5061 Production, Planning, & Expediting Clerks $25.19 $15.11 $32.79 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-2011 Aircraft Systems Assemblers — — — HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

51-4011 CNC Machine Operators, Metal/Plastic $19.51 $14.50 $30.99 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

17-2071 Electrical Engineers $42.03 $30.68 $65.92 Bachelor's None None


15-1133 Software Developers, Systems Software $38.38 $21.15 $60.81 Bachelor's None None



13-1161 Market Research Analysts & Mktng. Specialists $28.11 $14.58 $53.73 Bachelor's None None

11-9041 Architectural & Engineering Mgrs. $59.59 $37.48 $87.63 HS or equiv. < 5 years None

17-3013 Mechanical Drafters $25.31 $15.90 $40.20 Associate's None None


11-3051 Industrial Production Managers $49.95 $30.32 $78.10 Bachelor's 5 years + None

13-1023 Purchasing Agents, Exc, Whls., Retail, & Farm $24.95 $16.14 $41.29 HS or equiv. None Long-term OJT

49-2094 Elec./Electronics Repair, Commercial & Ind. Equip. $27.93 $19.79 $37.05 Non-deg. award None Long-term OJT

51-2041 Structural Metal Fabricators & Fitters $16.54 $11.49 $25.55 HS or equiv. None Mod.-term OJT

Training required

forcompetency


Hourly Earnings

(percentiles)


Median Hourly

Earnings



APPENDIX 1. TARGET DEFINITIONS The I-77 Alliance has identified four industry sectors to target for the region’s business attraction efforts. The tables in Appendix 1 list the industry codes (NAICS) that define each of the four sectors.

ADVANCED MATERIALS

NAICS DESCRIPTION 212325 Clay and Ceramic and Refractory Minerals Mining

313230 Nonwoven Fabric Mills

325110 Petrochemical Manufacturing

325120 Industrial Gas Manufacturing

325130 Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing

325180 Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

325193 Ethyl Alcohol Manufacturing

325194 Cyclic Crude, Intermediate, and Gum and Wood Chemical Manufacturing

325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

325211 Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing

325212 Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing

325220 Artificial and Synthetic Fibers and Filaments Manufacturing

325991 Custom Compounding of Purchased Resins

325998 All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing

327410 Lime Manufacturing

327420 Gypsum Product Manufacturing

331110 Iron and Steel Mills and Ferroalloy Manufacturing

331313 Alumina Refining and Primary Aluminum Production

331314 Secondary Smelting and Alloying of Aluminum

331410 Nonferrous Metal (except Aluminum) Smelting and Refining

331492 Secondary Smelting, Refining, and Alloying of Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum)

335991 Carbon and Graphite Product Manufacturing

313310 Textile and Fabric Finishing Mills

313320 Fabric Coating Mills

314994 Rope, Cordage, Twine, Tire Cord, and Tire Fabric Mills

321114 Wood Preservation

321213 Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing

322220 Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing

324121 Asphalt Paving Mixture and Block Manufacturing

324122 Asphalt Shingle and Coating Materials Manufacturing

324191 Petroleum Lubricating Oil and Grease Manufacturing

324199 All Other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing

325311 Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing

325312 Phosphatic Fertilizer Manufacturing

325314 Fertilizer (Mixing Only) Manufacturing

325320 Pesticide and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing



NAICS DESCRIPTION 325510 Paint and Coating Manufacturing

325520 Adhesive Manufacturing

325611 Soap and Other Detergent Manufacturing

325612 Polish and Other Sanitation Good Manufacturing

325613 Surface Active Agent Manufacturing

325620 Toilet Preparation Manufacturing

325910 Printing Ink Manufacturing

325920 Explosives Manufacturing

325992 Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing

326111 Plastics Bag and Pouch Manufacturing

326112 Plastics Packaging Film and Sheet (including Laminated) Manufacturing

326113 Unlaminated Plastics Film and Sheet (except Packaging) Manufacturing

326121 Unlaminated Plastics Profile Shape Manufacturing

326122 Plastics Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing

326130 Laminated Plastics Plate, Sheet (except Packaging), and Shape Manufacturing

326140 Polystyrene Foam Product Manufacturing

326150 Urethane and Other Foam Product (except Polystyrene) Manufacturing

326160 Plastics Bottle Manufacturing

326191 Plastics Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing

326199 All Other Plastics Product Manufacturing

326211 Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading)

326212 Tire Retreading

326220 Rubber and Plastics Hoses and Belting Manufacturing

326291 Rubber Product Manufacturing for Mechanical Use

326299 All Other Rubber Product Manufacturing

327110 Pottery, Ceramics, and Plumbing Fixture Manufacturing

327120 Clay Building Material and Refractories Manufacturing

327211 Flat Glass Manufacturing

327212 Other Pressed and Blown Glass and Glassware Manufacturing

327213 Glass Container Manufacturing

327215 Glass Product Manufacturing Made of Purchased Glass

327310 Cement Manufacturing

327320 Ready-Mix Concrete Manufacturing

327331 Concrete Block and Brick Manufacturing

327332 Concrete Pipe Manufacturing

327390 Other Concrete Product Manufacturing

327910 Abrasive Product Manufacturing

327991 Cut Stone and Stone Product Manufacturing

327992 Ground or Treated Mineral and Earth Manufacturing

327993 Mineral Wool Manufacturing

327999 All Other Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Product Manufacturing

331210 Iron and Steel Pipe and Tube Manufacturing from Purchased Steel

331221 Rolled Steel Shape Manufacturing



NAICS DESCRIPTION 331222 Steel Wire Drawing

331315 Aluminum Sheet, Plate, and Foil Manufacturing

331318 Other Aluminum Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding

331420 Copper Rolling, Drawing, Extruding, and Alloying

331491 Nonferrous Metal (except Copper and Aluminum) Rolling, Drawing, and Extruding

331511 Iron Foundries

331512 Steel Investment Foundries

331513 Steel Foundries (except Investment)

331523 Nonferrous Metal Die-Casting Foundries

331524 Aluminum Foundries (except Die-Casting)

331529 Other Nonferrous Metal Foundries (except Die-Casting)

332111 Iron and Steel Forging

332112 Nonferrous Forging

332114 Custom Roll Forming

332117 Powder Metallurgy Part Manufacturing

332119 Metal Crown, Closure, and Other Metal Stamping (except Automotive)

332311 Prefabricated Metal Building and Component Manufacturing

332312 Fabricated Structural Metal Manufacturing

332313 Plate Work Manufacturing

332322 Sheet Metal Work Manufacturing

332323 Ornamental and Architectural Metal Work Manufacturing

332410 Power Boiler and Heat Exchanger Manufacturing

332420 Metal Tank (Heavy Gauge) Manufacturing

332431 Metal Can Manufacturing

332439 Other Metal Container Manufacturing

332510 Hardware Manufacturing

332613 Spring Manufacturing

332618 Other Fabricated Wire Product Manufacturing

332710 Machine Shops

332721 Precision Turned Product Manufacturing

332722 Bolt, Nut, Screw, Rivet, and Washer Manufacturing

332911 Industrial Valve Manufacturing

332912 Fluid Power Valve and Hose Fitting Manufacturing

332913 Plumbing Fixture Fitting and Trim Manufacturing

332919 Other Metal Valve and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing

332991 Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturing

332996 Fabricated Pipe and Pipe Fitting Manufacturing

332999 All Other Miscellaneous Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing

334412 Bare Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing

334413 Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing

334416 Capacitor, Resistor, Coil, Transformer, and Other Inductor Manufacturing

334417 Electronic Connector Manufacturing



ADVANCED MATERIALS–CONTINUED

NAICS DESCRIPTION 334418 Printed Circuit Assembly (Electronic Assembly) Manufacturing

334419 Other Electronic Component Manufacturing

335921 Fiber Optic Cable Manufacturing

335929 Other Communication and Energy Wire Manufacturing


NAICS DESCRIPTION 336111 Automobile Manufacturing 336112 Light Truck and Utility Vehicle Manufacturing 336120 Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturing 336213 Motor Home Manufacturing 336214 Travel Trailer and Camper Manufacturing 326211 Tire Manufacturing (except Retreading) 333611 Turbine and Turbine Generator Set Units Manufacturing 333612 Speed Changer, Industrial High-Speed Drive, and Gear Manufacturing 333613 Mechanical Power Transmission Equipment Manufacturing 333618 Other Engine Equipment Manufacturing 334310 Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing 336211 Motor Vehicle Body Manufacturing 336310 Motor Vehicle Gasoline Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336320 Motor Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Equipment Manufacturing 336330 Motor Vehicle Steering and Suspension Components (except Spring) Manufacturing 336340 Motor Vehicle Brake System Manufacturing 336350 Motor Vehicle Transmission and Power Train Parts Manufacturing 336360 Motor Vehicle Seating and Interior Trim Manufacturing 336370 Motor Vehicle Metal Stamping 336390 Other Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing


NAICS DESCRIPTION 521110 Monetary Authorities-Central Bank 522210 Credit Card Issuing 522220 Sales Financing 522291 Consumer Lending 522292 Real Estate Credit 522293 International Trade Financing 522294 Secondary Market Financing 522298 All Other Nondepository Credit Intermediation 522310 Mortgage and Nonmortgage Loan Brokers 522320 Financial Transactions Processing, Reserve, and Clearinghouse Activities 522390 Other Activities Related to Credit Intermediation



BUSINESS/FINANCIAL SERVICES–CONTINUED

NAICS DESCRIPTION 523110 Investment Banking and Securities Dealing 523120 Securities Brokerage 523130 Commodity Contracts Dealing 523140 Commodity Contracts Brokerage 523210 Securities and Commodity Exchanges 523910 Miscellaneous Intermediation 523920 Portfolio Management 523930 Investment Advice 523991 Trust, Fiduciary, and Custody Activities 523999 Miscellaneous Financial Investment Activities 524113 Direct Life Insurance Carriers 524114 Direct Health and Medical Insurance Carriers 524126 Direct Property and Casualty Insurance Carriers 524127 Direct Title Insurance Carriers 524128 Other Direct Insurance (except Life, Health, and Medical) Carriers 524130 Reinsurance Carriers 524210 Insurance Agencies and Brokerages 524291 Claims Adjusting 524292 Third Party Administration of Insurance and Pension Funds 524298 All Other Insurance Related Activities 525110 Pension Funds 525120 Health and Welfare Funds 525190 Other Insurance Funds 525910 Open-End Investment Funds 525920 Trusts, Estates, and Agency Accounts 525990 Other Financial Vehicles 541211 Offices of Certified Public Accountants 541213 Tax Preparation Services 541214 Payroll Services 541219 Other Accounting Services 551111 Offices of Bank Holding Companies 551112 Offices of Other Holding Companies 551114 Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices 561330 Professional Employer Organizations 561440 Collection Agencies 561450 Credit Bureaus 454110 Electronic Shopping and Mail-Order Houses 511210 Software Publishers 515210 Cable and Other Subscription Programming 517311 Wired Telecommunications Carriers 517312 Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite) 517410 Satellite Telecommunications



BUSINESS/FINANCIAL SERVICES–CONTINUED

NAICS DESCRIPTION 517911 Telecommunications Resellers 517919 All Other Telecommunications 518210 Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services 519130 Internet Publishing and Broadcasting and Web Search Portals 519190 All Other Information Services 532420 Office Machinery and Equipment Rental and Leasing 541511 Custom Computer Programming Services 541512 Computer Systems Design Services 541513 Computer Facilities Management Services 541519 Other Computer Related Services 541611 Administrative Management and General Management Consulting Services 541612 Human Resources Consulting Services 541613 Marketing Consulting Services 541614 Process, Physical Distribution, and Logistics Consulting Services 541618 Other Management Consulting Services 541810 Advertising Agencies 541820 Public Relations Agencies 541830 Media Buying Agencies 541840 Media Representatives 541850 Outdoor Advertising 541860 Direct Mail Advertising 541870 Advertising Material Distribution Services 541890 Other Services Related to Advertising 541910 Marketing Research and Public Opinion Polling 541930 Translation and Interpretation Services 541990 All Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 561110 Office Administrative Services 561210 Facilities Support Services 561311 Employment Placement Agencies 561312 Executive Search Services 561410 Document Preparation Services 561421 Telephone Answering Services 561422 Telemarketing Bureaus and Other Contact Centers 561431 Private Mail Centers 561499 All Other Business Support Services 813910 Business Associations 813920 Professional Organizations 813930 Labor Unions and Similar Labor Organizations




NAICS DESCRIPTION 336411 Aircraft Manufacturing 336414 Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Manufacturing 336412 Aircraft Engine and Engine Parts Manufacturing 336413 Other Aircraft Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing 336415 Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Propulsion Unit and Propulsion Unit Parts Manufacturing 336419 Other Guided Missile and Space Vehicle Parts and Auxiliary Equipment Manufacturing



APPENDIX 2. DATA AND METHODOLOGY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS Much of the analysis presented in this report relies on three separate classification systems. A brief overview of each is presented.

The Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system is used by federal statistical agencies to classify workers into categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data. This system groups all occupations in which work is performed for pay or profit according to the type of work performed and, in some cases, on the skills, education, or training needed to perform the work at a competent level. Under the 2018 SOC system, which was finalized in late November 2017, workers are classified into one of 867 detailed occupations, which are combined to form 459 broad occupations, 98 minor groups, and 23 major groups. Federal agencies began implementing the newly updated SOC system in 2018.

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS, pronounced nakes) was developed under the direction and guidance of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) as the standard for use by federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the collection, tabulation, presentation, and analysis of statistical data describing the US economy. The classification system was developed jointly with government agencies in Canada and Mexico to allow for a high level of comparability in business statistics among the North American countries. NAICS classifies industries into 20 sectors based on production processes. These sectors are broken into subsectors, industry groups, and individual industries, with an additional level of detail to accommodate industry codes specific to the three countries. The most recent version, 2017 NAICS, was finalized in 2016 and will continue to be implemented by agencies over the next several years.

The Classification of Instructional Programs

FIGURE 72. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS STRUCTURE STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

EXAMPLE: Major group 51-0000 Production occupations

Minor group 51-2000 Assemblers & fabricators Broad occupation 51-2090 Miscellaneous

assemblers & fabricators Detailed occupation 51-2092 Team

assemblers NORTH AMERICAN INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

EXAMPLE: Sector 31-33 Manufacturing

Subsector 336 Transportation equipment manufacturing Industry group 3361 Motor vehicle

manufacturing Industry 33611 Automobiles & light duty

motor vehicles, incl. chassis ⚬ Country-specific 336111 Automobiles

& light duty motor vehicles, incl. chassis

Major group

Minor group

Broad occupation

Detailed occupation

Sector

Subsector

Industry group

Industry

Country-specific



(CIP) is the accepted federal government statistical standard on instructional program classifications. Developed in 1980 by the National Center for Education Statistics, the CIP is used by state agencies, national associations, academic institutions, and employment counseling services for collecting, reporting, and analyzing instructional program data. The 2010 CIP is the current version of this classification system.

The CIP titles and program descriptions are intended to be generic categories into which program completions data can be placed and are not exact duplicates of specific major or field of study titles used by individual institutions. The vast majority of CIP titles correspond to academic and occupational instructional programs offered for credit at the postsecondary level. These programs result in recognized completion points and awards, including degrees, certificates, and other formal awards. The CIP also includes other types of instructional programs, such as residency programs in various dental, medical, podiatry, and veterinary specialties that might lead to advanced professional certification, personal improvement and leisure programs, and instructional programs that lead to diplomas and certificates at the secondary level only.

DATA SOURCES

EMPLOYMENT The industry and occupational data presented in this report were prepared using Emsi’s foundational dataset, which integrates economic, labor market, demographic, and education data from over 90 government and private sector sources, creating a comprehensive and current database that includes both published data and detailed estimates with full coverage of the United States.

For a complete list of Emsi data sources, see: https://www.economicmodeling.com/data-sources/.

The company’s core data consists of jobs (historical and projected) and earnings (current year) by industry and occupation for every ZIP code, metropolitan statistical area, and county in the United States. Emsi data are annual averages of jobs (not workers); full-time and part-time jobs are counted equally. There are three classes of workers that are included in the core dataset.

QCEW Employees: A form of the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (BLS QCEW) dataset that has been modified slightly by Emsi. Suppressions have been removed, public sector employment has been reorganized, and county and NAICS changes have been modified in past years for consistency. This dataset is designed to match QCEW in almost all cases and should be used in analyses where it is important to match official sources.

Non-QCEW Employees: Attempts to cover jobs that fall under an employer-employee relationship but are not covered by QCEW. The major types of employment covered in this set include military jobs, railroad jobs, many nonprofit and religious workers, certain salespersons, miscellaneous federal government and some other government workers.

Self-Employed: Covers people who, when responding to US Census Bureau surveys, consider self-employment to be a significant part of their income or time spent working. Most people normally considered “self-employed” would fall into this dataset.

With occupational data, beginning with its 2017.3 data run, Emsi uses the new BLS “occupational separations” methodology in its calculation of replacements and therefore openings. The BLS updated its methodology for

https://www.economicmodeling.com/data-sources/



calculating replacements because the old methodology (known as the “replacements” methodology) significantly undercounted the number of workers leaving occupations. This resulted in an artificially low number of replacements and openings. The BLS new methodology corrects the problem and provides a better estimate of true replacement needs. See https://kb.economicmodeling.com/how-does-emsi-calculate-job-openings/.

REAL-TIME LABOR MARKET INFORMATION/JOB POSTING ANALYTICS Gartner’s TalentNeuron is an online talent market intelligence portal with real-time labor market insights, including custom role analytics and executive-ready dashboards and presentations. Supply-and-demand data is gathered by location, occupation, skill set, which competitors are hiring, and what roles are being posted most often. This data aggregates three million+ weekly jobs ads collected by TalentNeuron from over 25,000 websites (excludes staffing agencies and anonymous employers).

EDUCATION AND TRAINING Under the Higher Education Act of 1965, every college, university, and vocational or technical institution that participates in federal financial student aid programs, such as Pell Grants or federally backed student loans, is required to report annually to the US Department of Education on a range of indicators. Data are collected through a system of interrelated surveys and are made available through the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).

Each fall, institutions report on the number of awards conferred for credit by field of study, by award level, and by the gender and race or ethnicity of the recipient. These data are referred to as “completions.” Data on completions for the most recent academic year available was downloaded from IPEDS for all schools in the region that participate in IPEDS surveys, except for schools in which training was limited to cosmetology.

https://kb.economicmodeling.com/how-does-emsi-calculate-job-openings/

Documents

DECEMBER 2018 REGIONAL WORKFORCE STUDY€¦ · in North Carolina and Kershaw County in South Carolina. The north laborshed has a civilian labor force of 1. 3 million. The southern