Муниципальное образовательное учреждение .

Гимназия №2.

Исследовательская работа:в рамках программы «Шаг в будущее» «Процесс исчезновения языков как глобальная проблема человечества»“The process of language ext inc t ion as a g lobal problem of Mankind”.Автор: Викторова СофьяНаучный руководитель: преподаватель английского языкаСвидерская Валентина Анатольевна

Директор: Кучмай Наталья Ивановна.

г . Сургут 2005-06 г .

Project : “The process of language ext inct ion as a g lobal problem of Mankind ”

The person wi thout cul ture i s a sp ir i tual skele ton. The person wi thout language i s the person wi thout cul ture .

Content .

1. In t roduct ion . 2 . The d ia logue of cul tures as the foundat ion of

new humanis t ic menta l i ty .2 .1 . Indo-European fami ly of languages2.2 . Dead and dying out languages3. Endangered language revi ta l iza t ion and reviva l .3 .1 . Na t ive languages of America are under

pressure of languages dying.3 .2 . The threa t of language ext inc t ion in Siber ia .4 . Conclus ionBibl iographyAppendix 1 : The 12 most spoken world languages .Appendix 2 : Table of wor ld languages .Appendix 3 : The Indo-European Family of

Languages .Appendix 4 : Nat ional s t ruc ture of a grammar

school №2Appendix 5 Nat ional content of our d ius t r ic t .

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1 . Introduction: “There i s no one who would be an i s land in i t se l f : each person i s a par t of the Cont inent , a part of the Land; and i f the Wave takes down the coas ta l Rock to the sea , Europe wi l l be less . . . ; the death of every person also reminds me that I am alone wi th a l l Mankind. That i s why I never ask for whom the Bel l to l l s : i t to l l s on thee “ . (G. Donnas , wr i ter)

. . .Undoubtedly , we can say these words about languages of na t ional minor i t ies , a re rare languages of people occupying our cont inent . About the i r h is tory , a modern condi t ion , s t ruggle for a survival which is s imul taneous ly a s t ruggle for the cul tura l and l inguis t ic var ie ty Europe. In Europe f rom the At lant ic up to the Ura ls minori ty languages tends to car ry the i r l inguis t ic equal i ty and us ing of the i r language a t the same level wi th government . However , even when author i t ies support minori t ies of languages , i t i s a suppor t ; i t f requent ly i s ins igni f icant or insuf f ic ient for the i r preservat ion and free deve lopment . As a resul t , some European languages appear on the verge of ext inc t ion and disappearance . The exper ience of publ ic organiza t ions and separa te enthus ias ts is more valuable . From 6 thousand languages of the wor ld in

fo l lowing century approximate ly , ha l f can pass in a ca tegory "dead" . Technologica l achievements though enable people worldwide constant ly and f ree ly to communicate wi th each o ther , but for th is d ia logue the most widespread languages are used. The main one now is Engl i sh . Linguis t s of the var ious count r ies ca l l the governments to use the i r bes t e f for t s for the preservat ion of languages of minori t ies of people . Otherwise , they wi l l be comple te ly absorbed, for example , Engl ish , Arabian or Spanish by languages .

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The problem of ext inc t ion of languages in the modern wor ld becomes ac tual nowadays when modern processes of g lobal iza t ion and in tegra t ion of cul tures become s t ronger and as the resul t , a bas is for cul tura l development of language d isappears .

I t i s important to f ind a harmonious combinat ion in d ia logue of cul tures when the former cul ture , which does not res is t to in tegra t ion , i s kept . The bas ic a im of the g iven projec t i s to show the

opportuni t ies of language, as t reasur ies of cul ture in condi t ions of new humanis t ic menta l i ty . Objec t : the process of communica t ion between

di f ferent cul tures Subjec t : the process of language ext inc t ion Hypothesis : The process of ext inc t ion of languages

as awful d isas ter in the d ia logue of cul tures wi l l be suspended i f :

dialogue of cul tures wi l l be const ructed on a humanis t ic bas is ( in tegra t ion and preservat ion)

in educat ional process of genera l educat ional es tabl i shments wi l l be an ac tual iza t ion of knowledge about l ingual learning of count r ies knowledge t ra ined

condi t ions for preserva t ion of language, as means of d ia logue, wi l l be crea ted

The a im, objec t , subjec t and hypothesis caused the fo l lowing tasks of research:

to s tudy the condi t ion of the problem of d isappearance of languages , as the g lobal problem of mankind.

to ana lyze ava i lable sources of the informat ion on the g iven theme.

to lead in ter rogat ion of indigenous popula t ion wi th the purpose of reveal ing of quant i ty of na t ive speakers .

to def ine opportuni t ies of language as a mora l va lue of cul tures .

Methology:There are two main methods of ga ther ing informat ion: col lec t ing secondary data , informat ion tha t a l ready exis t s , and pr imary data , informat ion col lec ted for the spec i f ic purpose a t hand. Making the projec t , we should remember tha t any humani tar ian knowledge has been ideologised , and

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language as the conductor of ideology br ings in th is p lan a specia l loading 2 . The dialogue of cul tures as the foundation of new humanist ic mental i ty .

(2)The problem of d isposal of present and fu ture genera t ions f rom disas ters of war ge ts acqui res a spec ia l urgency on a boundary of mi l lennia .I t i s necessary to make such changes for the decis ion

of th is problem in cul ture , which would implant idea of protec t ion of the peace in minds and hear ts of people . In o ther words , the main condi t ion of maintenance of the p iece in our p lanet i s educat ion of the person through the cul tures of the world . (2) Because of th is fac t , the concept and the term

«cul ture of the wor ld» have not rece ived a wide c i rcula t ion yet ; i t i s represented per t inent to warn readers and l i s teners agains t in terpre ta t ion of th is concept as «wor ld cul ture " . S imila r in te rpre ta t ion i s qui te na tura l , in fac t fami l iar iz ing wi th cul ture of the world (world cul ture) na tura l ly conducts to such condi t ion of human consciousness , which i s def ined as “ the cul ture of the world” . For the Russian-speaking audience perce iv ing as due concurrence on sounding of two words ( the wor ld - a condi t ion oppos i te to war , and the wor ld - a p lanet ) , the homonymy of two words has deep phi losophica l sense : our p lanet wi l l not survive , i f people , who l ive on, i t wi l l not refuse war .The Russ ians have suf fered th is idea dur ing numerous wars of 20- th century . The Ideas of cul ture of the wor ld are deeply

conformable to sp i r i t and h is tor ica l t radi t ions of Russia as the count ry , which has been an a l ly of o ther na t ional i t ies and as any other count ry has tes ted d isas ters of war . I t i s obvious only for th is reason; the Russian

Federa t ion became the f i rs t count ry , which has put problems of c rea t ion of cul ture of the wor ld . Refusing f rom idea of the war , i t does not mean tha t

person wi l l be in the s ta te of peace forever . The cul ture of the peace cannot appear automat ica l ly , unfor tunate ly in condi t ion of ant iwar , because pref ix “ant i” i s a s t ruggle , conf l ic t for speeding-up in people’s consciousness and to warn problems. I t i s necessary to br ing up ideals of ant iv io lence , respecta t ion to r ights and f reedom of the person,

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mutual unders tanding, to lerant re la t ionships be tween nat ions and cul tures . Language i s the ins t rument of cul ture . I t , forming i t s

car r ier , imposes to i t the v is ion of the world incorpora ted in language , menta l i ty , tha t i s cul ture of the g iven people . To surpr is ingly shor t te rm, we send in tere thnic

d ia logue " th is t ra in ing was d i rec ted on concre te , c lear purpose” the d ia logue of cul tures" . However , th is problem had not been s tadyed and we could not car ry on the d ia logue yet . . . (3)The Miss ion of the d ia logue of cul tures cons is t s on

i t s abi l i ty to warn occurrence of wars and conf l ic ts , to remove in tens i ty , to c rea te condi t ions of t rus t and mutual unders tanding. (3)

2.1 .The Indo-Europea Family of Languages . (8)

The most widely s tudied language fami ly in the wor ld i s the Indo-European . There are a number of reasons for th is : Many of the most impor tant languages of the world

are Indo-European. These languages are of f ic ia l or co-off ic ia l in many count r ies and a re impor tant in academic , technica l and wor ld organiza t ions . Examples : Engl i sh , Spanish , French , German,

Russian . Indeed, more than hal f the world ' s popula t ion speaks

one or more of these languages e i ther as a mother tongue or as a bus iness language. Languages tha t i s essent ia l in mul t ina t ional contexts

or wi th large numbers of speakers . Examples : Por tuguese , Hindi , German, Benga l i . Some of the grea t c lass ica l languages of re l ig ion,

cul ture and phi losophy were Indo-European. Examples : Lat in , Greek , Pers ian , Sanskr i t , Pa l i . Languages tha t a re sca t tered around the world as the i r

speakers are par t of Diasporas . Examples : Greek , Yiddish , Pol ish , Armenian ,

Romany, Kurdish , I ta l ian , Punjabi , Gujara t i . The Indo-European languages tend to be inf lec ted

(verbs and nouns have d i f ferent endings depending on the i r par t in a sentence) . Some languages ( Engl ish) have los t many of the inf lec t ions dur ing the i r evolut ion .

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The Indo-European languages s t re tch f rom the Amer icas through Europe to Nor th India . The Indo-European Family i s thought to have

or ig inated in the fores ts nor th of the Black Sea ( in what i s now Ukra ine) dur ing the Neol i th ic per iod (about 7000BC). These people bagan to migra te be tween 3500BC and 2500BC, spreading west to Europe, south to the Medi ter ranean, nor th to Scandinavia , and eas t to India . The Indo-European Family i s d iv ided in to twelve

branches , ten of which conta in exis t ing languages . I wi l l descr ibe each of these branches separa te ly . (Appendix 3) There are 11 branches in Indo-European fami ly of

languages . As you see , prac t ica l ly every branch has i t s own dead languages . There are 22 dead languages in th is fami ly . Dead languages number in the thousands and the subjec t opens ent i re new se ts of c lass i f ica t ion and def in i t ional problems. What i s a " language," and what d i f ferent ia tes a dead language f rom dead dia lec t , dead argot , dead s lang, dead grammar , or even s ingle dead words? Is Lat in t ru ly "dead," or was Lat in mere ly subsumed by Romance languages?A handful of l inguis t s say languages jus t d ie , as

spoken Lat in d id , and then are reborn as French, Spanish and I ta l ian . No big deal .Lat in d id not d ie . I t grew, i t developed, i t gradual ly

spl i t in to French, Spanish , I ta l ian , and the o ther Romance languages , and i t i s s t i l l wi th us under those guises .For the s tudent who wishes to unders tand the

Romance languages , Lat in i s fundamenta l . S tudying a Romance language wi thout any knowledge of La t in i s l ike bui ld ing a house wi thout a foundat ion . L ikewise , knowledge of these "dead" c iv i l iza t ions , which have cont r ibuted so much to our modern way of l i fe , i s bas ic for the s tudent of our socia l or cul tura l h is tory . One does not s tar t the s tudy of the Civi l War wi th For t Sumter .For an apprecia t ion of much of the wor ld’s mus ic , a r t

and l i te ra ture , knowledge of c lass ica l mythology i s indispensable . Mythologica l themes are numerous , and mythologica l a l lus ions are innumerable . This leaves one o ther f requent ques t ion unanswered: why should

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not a l l these th ings be taught in courses of "c lass ics in t rans la t ion ," e l imina t ing the ordeal of learning the language i t se l f? Some of i t can be done th is way, but not a l l of i t . Poet ry and humor are two very f ragi le subs tances tha t shat ter when moved from one language to another . For example , two young lovers are behaving l ike amentes , not amantes . The f i rs t of these words means people out of the ir minds; the second means people in love . In Engl i sh , the l ine fa l l s f la t , for we do not have two words , which can have these meanings by the change of a s ingle le t te r .

"In my opinion, a c lass ical educat ion, of which Lat in must necessar i ly be the core , is the very best preparat ion for a col lege course in the soc ia l sc iences . I t he lps s tudents to th ink, g ives them a r ich background, he lps them to wri te good Engl ish and inculcates a sense of s ty le . . . Fur thermore , the knowledge of Lat in has been one of my greates t p leasures in l i fe . Horace i s cons tant ly a t my bedside and the Aeneid a lways goes to sea wi th me." (Samuel El io t Professor Emeri tus of Morrison, His tory Harvard Univers i ty)

Lat in…The language of ancient Rome . When Rome became an empire , the language spread throughout southern and wes tern Europe . The modern Romance languages—French, Spanish , I ta l ian , Por tuguese , and a few others—are a l l de r ived f rom Lat in . Dur ing the Middle Ages and the Renaissance , Lat in was the universa l language of learning. Even in modern Engl ish , many schola r ly , technica l , and legal te rms , such as per se and habeas corpus , re ta in the i r Lat in form. 2 .2 . But can we state i t “Death sentence”? "Death sentence" can bе t rans la ted as "capi ta l

punishment” and " the offer of death” . So, i t сan bе in terpre ted two ways : оnе i s punishment bу death and

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the o ther refers to "sentence” аs а language fea ture . So, i t i s poss ib le to suppose tha t th is projec t wi l l bе about languages and wi l l probably be connected wi th dying languages . A language d ies only when the las t person who

speaks i t d ies . There i s nothing unusual about a s ingle language dying. Communi t ies have come and gone throughout of h is tory , taking the i r languages wi th them. But what i s happening today is ext raordinary . I t i s

language ext inc t ion on a massive sca le . According to the bes t es t imates , there a re now about ha l f a re going to d ie out dur ing the next century . This means tha t , on average , there i s a language dying out somewhere in the wor ld every to weeks or so . Even a language wi th 100000 speakers i s not necessar i ly safe . I t wi l l not d ie next week or next year ; but there i s no guarantee tha t i t wi l l s t i l l ex is t in a couple of genera t ions’ t ime. Many th ings can k i l l a language, f rom natura l d isas ters to cul tura l ass imi la t ion and genocide . (1)

3. Endangered language revi ta l izat ion and revival . 3 .1 .Native Languages of the America.

Endangered Language Revi ta l iza t ion and Revival .Many American Indian languages are undergoing

something ca l led "reviva l" or " revi ta l iza t ion ." What exact ly , i s th is? Wel l , to unders tand the terms " revival" and "revi ta l iza t ion ," f i r s t you have to unders tand the cur rent s ta te of these languages . L inguis t s have a var ie ty of gr im-sounding terms for languages wi th few or no na t ive speakers . A language , which has no na t ive speakers (people who grew up speaking the language as a chi ld) , i s ca l led "dead" or "ext inc t ." A language , which has no nat ive speakers in the youngest genera t ion , i s ca l led "moribund." A language tha t has very few na t ive speakers i s ca l led "endangered" or " imper i led ." Of the 800+ Amerindian languages , f ive hundred are endangered or worse . Most of the o thers are in Cent ra l and South America ; in North Amer ica , only Navajo usage i s increas ing, and even the re la t ive ly "heal thy" languages l ike Cherokee- -spoken by 22,000 people are threa tened by low percentages of chi ldren learning the languages . I t i s t rue tha t in the natura l course of th ings ,

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languages , l ike everything e lse , somet imes d ie . People choose , for a var ie ty of va l id socia l reasons , not to teach the i r chi ldren the i r own mother tongue. In the case of American Indian languages , however , the language drop-off has been ar t i f ic ia l ly induced and prec ip i tous , and jus t as wi th the human-caused endangered species c r i s i s , i t i s worth doing something about i t . Amerindian languages were de l ibera te ly des t royed, par t icular ly in Nor th Amer ica . In the ear l ie r days of European contac t , Indians were separa ted f rom thei r l inguis t ic k in and rese t t led hundreds of mi les away wi th individuals f rom other t r ibes who could not unders tand each o ther . His tor ica l ly , th is i s the s ingle most effec t ive way to

e l iminate minor i ty languages ( for obvious reasons) . Even as recent ly as the 50 's , Indian chi ldren were being forc ib ly removed from non-Engl ish-speaking households and sent to boarding schools to be "soc ia l ized ." They were rout ine ly punished there for speaking the i r languages , and Indian-speaking parents began hid ing the i r languages in hopes of keeping the i r chi ldren in the ir houses or a t leas t making school l i fe eas ier for them. The percentage of Cherokee chi ldren being ra ised b i l ingual ly fe l l f rom 75% to 5% during the US boarding-school -pol icy days . Other languages , wi th smal ler use r bases and no l i te rary t radi t ions l ike Cherokee ' s to buoy them, have d ied ent i re ly . This was not a na tura l death . Exis t ing l inguis t ic communi t ies do not normal ly lose the i r languages af ter los ing a war , even af ter be ing conquered and colonized, the way immigrant groups do. The usua l pa t tern i s b i l ingual i sm, which may be s tably mainta ined indef in i te ly (most West Afr icans have been ra ised b i l ingual ly ever s ince coloniza t ion there ; so have many South Amer ican nat ives , where the l inguis t ica l ly des t ruct ive pol ic ies used by the US and Canada were never implemented. In Paraguay, for example , more than 90% of the popula t ion is b i l ingual in Spanish and Guarani , and has been for centur ies . ) (5) Now that the Amer indian languages of Nor th Amer ica are in the precar ious s i tua t ion they are , though, s imply leaving them alone wi l l not cause the i r ext inc t ion t rends to end. Once the major i ty of the young people in a communi ty do not unders tand a language anymore , i t s usage dec l ines rapidly . This is

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where language revival and language revi ta l iza t ion come in . Language revival i s the resur rec t ion of a "dead" language, one wi th no exis t ing na t ive speakers . Language revi ta l iza t ion is the rescue of a "dying" language. There has only been one successful ins tance to da te of a comple te language revival , c rea t ing a new genera t ion of na t ive speakers wi thout even one l iv ing nat ive speaker to he lp . (That ins tance was the re incarna t ion of Hebrew in modern Israe l , and there were many extenuat ing c i rcumstances assoc ia ted wi th i t . ) However , there have been successful par t ia l reviva ls- -where a no- longer-spoken language has been revived as a second language suff ic ient ly for re l ig ious , cul tura l , and l i te rary purposes . There have a lso been successful language revi ta l iza t ions , where languages in decl ine have recovered. I t may sound s i l ly and New Agey to say tha t the pres t ige of a language and the se l f -es teem of i t s speakers p lays a p ivota l ro le in revi ta l iza t ion , but i t has been proven repeatedly . Navajo , for ins tance , was in s teep decl ine unt i l the 40 's , when the language, once deemed wor th less , was used by the Navajo Code Talkers to s tymie the Germans and Japanese in World War I I . Wi th Navajo ' s va l id i ty as a rea l , complex, and useful language suddenly na t iona l ly acknowledged, i t s usage shot up , and today th is language, once on the br ink of ext inc t ion , i s in good heal th . By inspi r ing the younger genera t ions to take an in teres t and pr ide in the i r ances t ra l languages , and by providing the means for them to learn i t (something we hope th is websi te can he lp cont r ibute towards , ) i t i s poss ib le to reverse downward l inguis t ic t rends . The t rue revival of a "dead" language i s something I am more re luctant to ra ise hopes about , but to revive such a language enough for chi ldren to have access to t radi t ional l i te ra ture , to use i t for cul tura l and re l ig ious purposes , even to speak i t a s a second language in l imi ted fashion? Certa in ly! Kids can learn Kl ingon or Tolkien 's Elvish i f i t su i t s them, and they can jus t as eas i ly learn Miami or Sius law. Lat in , the most famously "dead" language of a l l , i s lea rned by mi l l ions of schoolchi ldren wel l enough tha t they can read Virgi l (or sn igger over Catul lus ) , and i s used l i turgica l ly by Cathol ics worldwide . I t may be t rue tha t once a language i s dead i t i s dead forever , but

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some kinds of dead are c lear ly preferable to o thers . I f the los t languages of the Amer icas can a l l be as dead as La t in , then, wel l , as we say in my own successful ly revived ancest ra l language : dayenu tha t would be enough.

3.2 . The threat of language ext inct ion in Siber ia .« Cul tura l var ie ty i s one of the bas ic va lues of EU»«If Russ ia s tar t s to render grea ter respect to the minori t ies of people , i t wi l l promote the peace and s tabi l i ty of the region and, hence , i t wi l l make the count ry a be t ter par tner and the neighbour of EU». (Guil lermo Mar t inez Erades , EU)

MANSI ("person") , voguls , the-name of people of the Russ ian Federa t ion , indigenous popula t ion of Hunty-Mancyisk 's autonomous region in the Tyumen Region ( in the r iver Ob, mainly on i t s le f t inf lows - Konda, Northern Sosva , e tc . ) . Nearby 100 persons l ive in Sverdlovsk Dis t r ic t . Number in Russia i s 8 ,3 thousands person, f rom them in our d is t r ic t there l ives over 6 ,5 thousand person. They are re la ted to Khunts wi th which they are uni ted under the name "ob 's ugry" . Over 60 % Mansi cons ider Russian as the nat ive language. KHANTS, hunt , hunde , kantek ("person") -people of

the Russian Federa t ion (22,3 thousand s person) .They l ive across Ob, I r tysh and the i r inf lows in in Hunts-Manciysky 's autonomous d is t r ic t (11 ,9 thousands person) , Yamalo -Nenets autonomous d is t r ic t (7 ,2 thousand person) and Aleksandrovsk areas Kargasokskom of Tomsk area (804 persons) . The genera l number-(22,5 thousand person) . They

are speaking language of a Ugr ian subgroup of Finno-Ugric group of the Ura l language fami ly . There are 38 ,5 % of Khants consider Russian as the nat ive language. (5) In Russia , according to d i f ferent es t imates , f rom 40

to 60 nat ional i t ies are minor i t ies of North Siber ia and the Far Eas t of the Russ ian Federa t ion . The resul t s of

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census of 2002 show thei r to ta l number makes about 250 thousand people (a ga in of about 17 % in compar ison wi th 1989) . The a t t i tude of minori t ies in North i s the ac tual problem of language ass imi la t ion i s . The Sovie t censuses showed tha t the minor i t ies of Nor th t radi t ional languages there are rea l ly subjec ts to process of replacement by dominat ing languages , f i r s t ly , by Russ ian . From resul t s of the 1989 census i t i s known, tha t on the average language ass imila t ion i s not less than 35 % - the share of those nat ives who does not know language of the nat ional i ty i s those or does not recognize as i t s "nat ive language" . Real sca les of ass imi la t ion are even more , as census , by v i r tue of the l imi ted opportuni t ies , cannot f ind out a degree of the language competence of the popula t ion . At some groups as , for example , a t I te lmens , Nivhs , Oroch loss of language has a l ready occurred or has reached grea te r s izes . The aborig inals of the Nor th are los ing the i r sk i l l s of t radi t ional housekeeping forge ts the cul ture , a l i fe and language. Even cross ing to c i ty , des i re to f ind the par tner in marr iage f rom persons of not minor i ty’s na t ional i ty , can lead to i so la t ion f rom t r iba l communi ty tha t leads to loss of language. Because of a h igh share of missed marr iages a t Saam ( i t makes 80-90 %), and a t Ket , Nganasan, Selcup, Avenc, Mansi representa t ives of these people forget the i r na t ive language. There fore , wi th 1959 on 1989 re la t ive densi ty of people of the Nor th consider ing nat ive language of the na t iona l i ty has decreased wi th 75, 9 to 52 , 3 %. Business wi th s tudying the nat ive language a t nomadic people – I te lmens , Nanaians , Negi l , Oroch, Nivh, Udegei , Ulch. The s tudents ac t ing on facul ty of people of the Far Nor th of the Russian s ta te pedagogica l univers i ty , in 94 % of cases do not own the nat ive language. Moreover , in fac t the fu ture teachers who are to keep cul ture of ancestors , to t ransfer language re lay race to the fu ture genera t ions . A person, who loses the language, ceases to be

independent e thnos . That i s why we need to improve the sys tem of na t iona l educat ion of people of the Far North , f i r s t of a l l nomadic . Moreover , these schools should g ive not only in i t ia l knowledge of the wor ld , but a l so t ransfer exper ience of t radi t ional managing of

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the o lder genera t ions without which s tudying the nat ive language, in fac t , i s imposs ib le . So, in Nene ts language up to 30 terms types of snow exis t . In Russian , there i s no te rminology for the t radi t ional t rade of re indeer breeding, t rade fac i l i t ies in condi t ions of the Far North .

The Example of the g iven problem. Lukashkin Yar , Russia . Lubov’ Parnuk has passed

thousand of mi les a long the f rozen bogs to ask the o ld woman to s ing for her , but the sun a l ready sa t down, and the f i lm in a Dic taphone a t the phi lo logis t was s t i l l empty . The f rozen dr iver of a snowmobi le , who has brought her here , was angry . "Wel l p lease , - asked Luba, - only one song " . Near to i t in the thrown log 71-years El izabeth Sigi le tova , hut one of few nowadays- l iv ing car r ie rs of rare hunt ’s d ia lec t prac t ica l ly superseded by the Slavic major i ty sa t . From the school she has been forced to speak Russ ian , and now granny hardly recol lec ts the nat ive language. At las t , touching the ends of a sca rf , she s tar t s s inging: " Auml-kel ua iyah k imlen semkan la l ten pa k i t ’ kaskin n inet" . "The eagle owl wi th sad eyes s ings tha t a l l of the man and women send away " . Parnuk joyful ly wri tes down new words and asks the mis t ress to s ing some more songs . I t was presented achievement for 22-years for the post -graduate s tudent , who has overcome long road and ta iga’s bad weather to have t ime to wr i te down l i t t le -known languages before they wi l l d ie out . S tudents of Tomsk’s pedagogica l univers i ty are

concerned by g lobal epidemic: according by es t imat ions of l inguis ts , two- th i rds f rom 6500 languages exis t ing now wi l l d isappear in th is century . The g loba l cul ture and economy promote a l loca t ion of severa l dominat ing languages . There i s no t ime the Siber ian woods was on cross ing of ways of migra t ing t r ibes f rom the Stone Age, were d isc losed by songs and legends of saams, kare l ians , veps , maris and tens o ther t r ibes . The i so la ted posi t ion helped them to keep cul tura l t radi t ions dur ing centur ies , but russ i f ica t ion of S iber ia las t 50 years has led to tha t , la s t genera t ions of carr iers more than 30 languages now are in process of ext inc t ion . Much, even among aborig inals of S iber ia , a t tempt to keep local d ia lec ts are represented vain . But each t ime when any language d ies , wi th i t the cul ture , re l ig ious exper ience , medica l knowledge

14

together d ies . L inguis t s regre t for d isappearance of languages Pongiong ( in Nepal ) , Arabama ( in Aust ra l ia) , and bot tom-Germany’s d ia lec ts . «In two years i t wi l l be la te " , - speaks Parnuk,

s i t t ing for a cup of tea on k i tchen in the house of hunt ’s fami ly . (7) Khant ’s language co ncerns to Finno-Ugric group –

Khants have been connec ted wi th Finns , Es tonians and Hungar ians . Some l inguis t s f ind out a l so para l le l s be tween them and indigenous popula t ion of America . During centur ies hunts , l ived on Ob, were engaged in f i sh ing and hunt ing. They did not have an a lphabet , but there was a se t of legends about mammoths , shaman and pagan gods . For the bears borrowing in a l i fe of hunts the b ig p lace , in the i r language there is a separa te d ic t ionary , wi th var ious names of th is animal . “ Ih" by th is word hunt ’s hunters named a bear ; "pupy" -so speak about a bear by the women; kaky" - a caress ing n ickname of the bear , meaning "brother" ; "vorong ku " - a bear in the meaning " the wood person" . In XVIII century in Siber ia , there were Chr is t ian

preachers f rom Russ ia . There was a revolut ion , which has caused new changes . Chi ldren of Khunts have been sent in boarding schools , adul t s - in col lec t ive farms where they have been forced to speak Russian . When in Siber ia in 1960-th years have found out o i l , m i l l ions Russian workers have capt iva ted the grounds of Khunts , s tee l to work in there chinks and to bui ld the c i t ies . Demoral ized hunts e i ther have adapted and ass imi la ted , or got drunk. (7)"Some people speak, tha t we were i l l i te ra te , were

not able to read and wr i te . Wel l , Russian have brought to us cul ture , l i te racy, format ion, but they have dest royed our t radi t ions " , - Claudia Demko, the ac t ive worker speaks; she had organized the s t ream of Khants , and organized research t r ip of Luba Parnuk. In a p lace w i th the popula t ion only 600 person where

tempera ture i s the minus 40 on Cels ius , Parnuk goes f rom the house to the house by a snowmobi le . I t has found out a l l three car r iers of a local d ia lec t . They have helped i t to make cor rec t ions to i t s records and have to ld se t of legends . Having drunk tea , she sends to o ther e lder ly informant , the former o i lman wi th which las t t ime she has had vas t conversa t ion . This

15

t ime he i s in to smithereens drunk, and, having unders tood what to ta lk to i t i s use less , Luba leaves t o i t a package wi th mea l and leaves h is p lace . L inguis t s f rom Tomsk expect to f in ish work above the d ic t ionary of hunt ’s d ia lec t by 2008. Claudia Demko suggests col lec t ing money for the edi t ion of the d ic t ionary by local Khants . "Al l of us are count ing on Luba " , - she speaks . But even i t sees , tha t young Khants , inc luding Claudia’s nephew (he i s the programmer by a t rade) are in teres ted in Engl i sh language, than Khant’s much more . Lubov Parnuk speaking Khant’s language bet ter , than many f rom i t s informants , does not feed i l lus ions in occasion of va lue of the work. I t doubts tha t the dying out d ia lec t can be res tored . However , she adds , tha t hunts have the amazing be l ie f in an opportuni ty of updat ing d is t inguishes . " When they bury somebody put in a tomb the broken th ings , - she te l l s , - They t rus t , tha t in a fo l lowing l i fe a l l the broken th ings again wi l l become the whole "(«Urgent work above the d ic t ionary of d i ing out

language in Siber ia» , a r t ic le by Gin Valen (7) ) "Russ ia opens many doors and for s tudying too . But

your na t ive language and t radi t ions are your roots . I f you lose them, you wi l l lose yourse l f " . ( Olga Kurtugashova the ca rr ier of the Al tay language) Mi l l ions radica l S iber ians have been compel led to

move in the c i t ies and as the i r for mer se t t lements d isappeared under a wheel posi t ions , the ir communicat ions wi th ancestors , usual ly nomadic hunters or ca t t le breeders col lapsed. "Many people were los t in the Second wor ld war , and tha t who has re turned, author i t ies have to ld , tha t our v i l lages wi l l not survive . They have c losed them, people have been moved and dissolved in the Russian socie ty , - Vladimir Dani lov te l l s - dur ing genera t ions we grew up ca t t le , and in c i t ies , we became c leaners and yard keepers and have s tar ted to dr ink . Our sp i r i t has been dest royed, and we have broken laws of our ances tors , having lef t the ir tombs unprotec ted " . In Bi isk , nearby to border of Al tay ter r i tory wi th

wi lder republ ic Al ta i , 76-years Dani lov l i s tens , as some teenagers hardly speak on the nat ive langu age. They speak, to keep i t , but i t i s se ldom used a t home, in fac t , now mainly Russ ian occupies the region, and las t shaman has d ied severa l decades ago.

16

From the Cent ra l As ia up to the Far North and the Far Eas t , radica l people hardly can be kept on the nat ive ground. The government wishes to move hundred thousand

people f rom remote regions in count ry towns and to cease to spend poor resources for inhospi table regions to which Sovie t Union has come in search of o i l and meta ls . In Al tay te rr i tory where th e Siber ian woods pass in

arable lands and low hi l l s , the Sovie t author i ty has prac t ica l ly achieved the The Al tay language d ies out , and century bel iefs and t radi t ions by next decade can d isappear . But , as the road c l imbs up the south to republ ic Al ta i , something comes to l i fe . At spr ings , hanged out p ieces and coins the g if t s to k ind spi r i t s a re sca t tered . On pla ins h igh-cheekboned mongol-vide persons are more , than Russ ians are , and Turkic speech muff les the language brought by imperia l a rmies… What has a l ready been done? (7)In 1995, the Genera l assembly of the Uni ted Nat ions

has declared the beginning of decade of radica l na t ions of the world . Northern ter r i tor ies of the world are «pant r ies of the re l ic cul tures los t by our c iv i l iza t ion of technocra t ic type " . To keep exper ience of the t radi t ional managing, spar ing wi ld l i fe management and cul tura l t radi t ions of na t iona l minori t ies - means to t ransfer our grea t -grandsons exper ience of a survival in ext reme condi t ions of envi ronment . In harmonious commonweal th of people of var ious cul tures among themselves and wi th the nature , the genera t ion of XXI century a lso wi l l grow. Financia l and power cr ises have shown that wi thout the help of the s ta te to people of the Russ ian North a t t ransi t ion to market a t t i tu des are not to survival . On the o ther hand, the indigenous popula t ion of the Nor th should not exis t only due to constant s ta te budgetary grants . The decis ion of a problem lays in the mechanism of t ransi t ion of t radi t ional branches of managing minor i t ies of fe red by authors on a way of se l f -support and se l f -development . I t i s obvious , tha t wi thout ass is tance of the federa l author i t ies th is hard problem of Nor th minori t ies wi l l not be solved. I t proves an impor tance of preservat ion nat ional to

t radi t ion and customs, the impor tant e lements of

17

nat ional cul ture , not the admiss ion of in tervent ion in cul ture of people for exis tence of separa te independent people . There i s a posi t ion of representa t ives of nor thern

people , engaged re indeer breeding. This branch i s an economic-cul tura l phenomenon and a way of l i fe of many nor therners . Constant in tervent ion of author i ty dur ing a l i fe of t radi t ional communi t ies does not lead to improvement of a s i tua t ion . Indus t r ia l development of te r r i tor ies where l ive smal l people of the Nor th , has led to degradat ion and reduct ion deer ’s pas tures . Because of indust r ia l development of the grounds the th in fer t i le layer of ground i s des t royed, there i s sand on which the moss does not grow, and deers s tarve to death . Except for a na tura l feed , today deers are depr ived a lso pure sources of water . The Russian Nor th person borrows two th i rds of

te rr i tory of the count ry wi th the popula t ion of 11 mi l l ion . From them only 200 thousand person concern to 30 language minor i t ies , 3 /4 f rom which l ive in a count rys ide .The marke t reforms painful ly s t ruck them, which have depr ived the i r habi tua l cent ra l ized supply and se l l ing of made product ion through system of Consumpt ion ,bar te r through t rading s ta t ions , col lec t ive farms. Dur ing Sovie t had been made a lo t of measures for preservat ion of North minor i t ies - many bless ings of a c iv i l iza t ion send in addi t ion up to ur ts , l iv ing condi t ions have been improved, th e t ransport infras t ructure , the sys tem of heal th services and school educat ion , inc luding through boarding schools had been crea ted . Many people have received wri t ing , books and textbooks have been pr in ted on nat ional languages , there was a na t iona l in te l l igence . The indica tor of wel l -be ing became an increase in popula t ion; the fac tor of b i r th ra te has exceeded average across the USSR. On the o ther hand, such sys tem of t rus teeship has genera ted a t nor therners minori t ies fee l ing of dependence , conf idence tha t a l l problems should solve the federa l author i t ies . We a lso should br ing up in chi ld’s charac ter to le rant

communicat ion wi th o ther na t ions . We are to unders tand tha t each fore ign person has moved in Russia in order to s tay between kind, generous and hospi tab le people , to learn about our h is tory , t radi t ions , and characters . (8)

18

Conclusion :

19

Проведенное исследование позволило нам ваявит истоки данной проблемы, и найти пути её решения.

The main reasons of language disappearance: Absence of genetic protection at people of the North from many

infectious diseases, which proceed at them much more hard, than usually, because of centuries-old isolation;

Distribution of the tuberculosis among indigenous population; An alcoholic poisoning and the alcoholism as consequence of

absence of genetic protection; Migration (violent during Soviet times and voluntary presently)

and the urbanization.

There are three conditions, necessary for a survival of language:

the larger cul ture of which i t i s a par t needs to have a respect for minor i ty languages ;

there needs to be a budget for courses ; the means for maintenance with materials and teachers should be

allocated

The g iven research cannot be considered f in ished as the

fur ther work on the g iven theme is in the long term planned.

3 . Bibl iography:

20

The l i s t s of sources and l i te ra tures have been wr i t ten in a lphabet ic order . *

1. O.L.Groza . , O.B.Dvoretskaja , New Mil lenium Engl ish-s tudent ’s & teacher ’s books . (Br i t i sh Couci l -2003) .

**1. E .V.Sokolov, Cul tura l sc ience , sketches of theor ies

of cul ture (Moscow, INTERPRACT, 1994) **2. Jankina N.V. , the Grant for format ion of readiness

of the s tudent of univers i ty to the in te l lec tual communicat ions . (Orenburg-1999) **3.J .N.Kul ju tk ina , E.B.Spasskoj , Educat ional

technologies f rom exper ience of development of g lobal th inking of pupi l s . (S t . -Petersburg , КАRО 2001)**3.Scient i f ica l ly-methodica l magazine «Engl ish

language a t school»((Join t -Stock Company " Publ ish ing house " the TITLE " 2001. )4 .The col lec t ion: « the Modern grammar school -

through universa l i ty to var ie ty . »( (Moscow, Open Company «Charley»1996) **5.The h is tor ica l informat ion ( the Ethnographic

d ic t ionary in V.Kurikov 's book))

Elec tronic grants :6 . Zaimka. ru7. Mai l to : in ternet@itar tass .ur . ru8 . uran1955@yahoo.com <uran1955@yahoo.com>9. Archimedes Projec t Web s i te10. bruces@wel l .com

*Engl ish-Russ ian l i te ra ture**Russian l i te ra ture

Appendix 1: The 12 most spoken world languages .

21

0100200300400500600700800900

Manda

rin C

hines

eHind

i

Spanis

h

Englis

h

Benga

li

Arabic

Russia

n

Portug

ese

Japa

nese

German

French

Malay

in millions

22

Tme most widespread languages in the world(by percentage)

47,6

2,3

2,6

3,1

3,5

4,2

5,2

5,5

7,69,6

English Russian Portuguese ItalianFrench Korean Spanish GermanChinese Japanese

Appendix 2: Table of world languages .

Famil ies

Are i so la ted

Not c lass i f ied

In to ta l Langu-ages

Euras ia 21 4 12 37 1695Afr ica 27 5 3 35 1689Aust ra l ia 101 32 133 2349S.Amerika 42 30 6 78 602J.Amer ika 55 43 77 175 470In to ta l 246 114 98 458 6805

23

In the Uni ted Nat ions are only s ix off ic ia l languages : Engl i sh , French, Arabian , Chinese , Russ ian and Spanish

Appendix 3: The Indo-European Family of Languages . The Cel t ic BranchThis i s now the smal les t branch. The languages or ig inated

in Cent ra l Europe and once domina ted Weste rn Europe (a round 400BC). The people migra ted across to the Br i t i sh Is les over 2000 years ago. Later , when the Germanic speaking Anglo Saxons arr ived, the Ce l t ic speakers were pushed in to Wales ( Welsh) , I re land ( I r i sh Gael ic ) and Scot land (Scot t i sh Gael ic ) . One group of Cel t s moved back to France . Thei r language

became Breton spoken in the Bri t tany region of France . Bre ton i s c loser to Welsh than to French. Other Ce l t ic languages have become ext inc t . These inc lude

Cornish (Cornwal l in England) , Gaulish (France) , Cumbrian (Wales) , Manx ( I s le of Man) , Pict ish (Scot land) and Galatian (spoken in Anatol ia by the Gala t ians ment ioned in the Chr is t ian New Tes tament) . Welsh has the word order Verb-Subjec t -Object in a

sentence . I r ish has the th i rd o ldes t l i te ra ture in Europe (a f ter Greek and La t in) . The Germanic BranchThese languages or ig ina te f rom Old Norse and Saxon . Due

to the inf luence of ea r ly Chris t ian miss ionar ies , the vas t major i ty of the Cel t ic and Germanic languages use the Lat in Alphabe t . They inc lude Engl ish , the second most spoken language in

the wor ld , the most widespread, the language of technology, and the language wi th the larges t vocabulary . A useful language to have as your mother tongue . Dutch and German a re the c loses t major languages re la ted

to Engl i sh . An even c loser re la t ive i s Fr i s ian . F lemish and Afr ikaans are var ie t ies of Dutch whi le

Yiddish i s a var ie ty of German. Yiddish i s wr i t ten us ing the Hebrew scr ip t . Three of the four (mainland) Scandinavian languages

belong to this branch: ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) . Swedish has tones , unusual in European languages . The fourth Scandinavian language, Finnish , be longs to a d i f ferent fami ly .

24

Ice landic i s the leas t changed of the Germanic Languages - be ing c lose to Old Norse . Another o ld language i s Faroese . Gothic (Cent ra l Europe) , Frankish (France) , Lombardo

(Danube region) , Visigoth ( Iber ian Peninsula) and Vandal (Nor th Afr ica) are ext inc t languages f rom th is branch. German has a sys tem of four cases and three genders for

i t s nouns. Case i s the proper ty where a noun takes a d i f ferent ending depending on i t s ro le in a sentence . An example in Engl i sh would be the forms: lady , lady 's , l adies and ladies ' . The genders a re mascul ine , feminine and neuter . German has three d ia lec ts spoken in nor thern Germany, southern Germany and Aus tr ia , and a very d i f ferent form spoken in Swi tzer land. Engl ish has los t gender and case . Only a few words form

thei r p lura ls l ike German ( ox , oxen and chi ld , chi ldren) . Most now add an s , having been inf luenced by Norman French. The Lat in BranchAlso ca l led the I ta l ic or Romance Languages . These languages are a l l der ived f rom Lat in . Lat in i s one of

the most impor tant c lass ica l languages . Many languages of the wor ld use i ts a lphabet (der ived f rom the Greek a lphabet ) . Lat in was long used by the sc ient i f ic es tabl i shment and the Cathol ic Church as the ir means of communicat ion . Ital ian and Portuguese a re the c loses t modern major

languages to Lat in . Arabic and Basque have inf luenced Spanish . French has moved far thes t f rom Lat in in pronunc ia t ion , only i t s spel l ing g ives a c lue to i t s or ig ins . French has many Germanic and Cel t ic inf luences . Romanian has p icked up Slavic inf luences because i t i s a Lat in Language surrounded by a sea of S lavic speakers . Por tuguese and Spanish have been separa te for over 1000 years . The most widely spoken of these languages i s Spanish . Apar t f rom Spa in , i t i s spoken in most of Lat in Amer ica (apar t f rom Por tuguese speaking Braz i l , and a few smal l count r ies l ike Bel ize and Guyana) . Romansh i s a minori ty language in Swi tzer land. Ladino

was the language spoken by Spain ' s Jewish popula t ion when they were expel led in 1492. Most of them now l ive in Turkey and Israe l . Provincia l and Cata lan are c lose ly re la ted languages spoken in the south of France and the nor theast of Spa in , respect ive ly .

25

Note tha t Basque (spoken in par t s of Spain and France) i s not an Indo-European language - in fac t , i t i s to ta l ly unre la ted to any other language of the world . Gal ic ian i s a Por tuguese d ia lec t wi th Cel t ic inf luences

spoken in the nor th wes t of Spain . F inal ly , Moldavian i s a d ia lec t of Romanian spoken in the Moldova. Under the Sovie ts , the Moldavians had to use the Cyr i l l ic a lphabet . Now they have rever ted to the La t in a lphabet . Apar t f rom Lat in , o ther ext inc t languages inc lude

Dalmat ian , Oscan , Fal i scan , Sabine and Umbrian . Lat in had three genders and a t leas t s ix cases for i t s nouns

and a Subjec t -Object -Verb sentence s t ruc ture . Most modern Romance languages have only two genders , no cases and a Subjec t -Verb-Object s t ruc ture . The Slavic BranchThese languages are conf ined to Eas tern Europe. In genera l , the Ca thol ic peoples use the La t in a lphabet

whi le the Or thodox uses the Cyri l l ic a lphabet , which i s der ived f rom the Greek. Indeed some of the languages are very s imi lar d i f fer ing only in the scr ip t used ( Croat ian and Serbian are v i r tua l ly the same language) . One of the o ldest of these languages i s Bulgarian . The

most impor tant is Russ ian . Others inc lude Pol ish , Kashubian (spoken in par t s of Poland) , Sorbian (spoken in par ts of eas tern Germany) , Czech , Slovak , Slovene , Macedonian , Bosnian , Ukrainian and Byelorussian . The Slavic l anguages are famed for the i r consonant

c lus ters and large number of cases for nouns (up to seven) . Macedonian has three def in i te ar t ic les indica t ing d is tance; a l l a re suf f ixes : VOL (ox) , VOLOT ( the ox ) , VOLOV ( the ox here ) , and VOLON ( the ox there ) . The Bal t ic BranchThree Bal t ic s ta tes but only two Bal t ic Languages

(Estonian i s re lated to Finnish ) . Lithuanian i s one of the o ldest of the Indo-European

languages . I t s s tudy i s impor tant in de termining the or ig ins and evolut ion of the fami ly . L i thuanian and Latvian both use the Lat in scr ip t and have tones . Li thuanian has three numbers : s ingular , dual and p lura l . Prussian i s an ext inc t language f rom th is branch The Hel lenic BranchThe only extant language in th is branch i s Modern Greek . Greek i s one of the o ldes t Indo-European languages .

Mycenaean dates f rom 1300BC. The Ancient Greek of Homer was wri t ten f rom around 700BC. The major forms

26

were Doric (Spar ta ) , Ionic (Cos) , Aeol ic (Lesbos) , and At t ic (Athens) . The la t te r i s Class ica l Greek. The New Tes tament of the Chris t ian Bible was wr i t ten in a

form of 1s t Century AD Greek ca l led Koine . This developed in to the Greek of the Byzant ine Empire . Modern Greek has developed from th is . Greek has three genders and four cases for nouns but no

form of the verb inf in i t ive . The language has i t s own scr ip t , der ived f rom Phoenic ian wi th the addi t ion of symbols for vowels . I t i s one of the o ldes t a lphabe ts in the world and has led to the Lat in and Cyr i l l ic a lphabets . The Greek Alphabet i s s t i l l used in sc ience and mathemat ics . Unt i l the 1970s, Greek was a Digloss ic language. This

means tha t the re were two forms: Katharevoussa used in off ic ia l documents and news broadcasts and Demot ic used in common speech. The Greek spoken in Cyprus inc ludes many Turkish ,

Arabic and Venet ian words and has a d i f ferent pronunc ia t ion to the of f ic ia l Greek of Greece . The I l lyr ic BranchAnother s ingle language branch. Only Albanian (ca l led

Shqip by i t s speakers ) be longs to th is branch. I t has been wri t ten in the Lat in sc r ip t s ince 1909; th is replaced the Arabic scr ip t . Albanian has many avoidance words . Ins tead of saying wolf , the phrase may God c lose i t s mouth i s used. The def in i te ar t ic le i s shown by a suff ix : BUK (bread) BUKA ( the bread) . Many noun plura ls are i r regular . There are two dia lec ts tha t have been diverging for 1000

years . They are most ly mutual ly in te l l ig ib le . Geg i s spoken in the nor th of Albania and Kosovo (Kosova) . Tosk i s spoken in southern Albania and nor th west Greece . Dacian (or Daco-Mysian) and I l lyr ian are ext inc t

languages f rom th is branch. The Anatol ian BranchThis branch inc ludes the language of the Hi t t i te

c iv i l i sa t ion , which once ru led cent ra l Anatol ia , fought the Ancient Egypt ians and was ment ioned in the Chr is ta in Bible ' s Old Testament . Other languages were Lydian (spoken by a people who ru led the south coas t of Anatol ia) , Lycian (spoken by a Hel lenic cul ture a long the western coas ta l regions) , Luwian (spoken in ancient Troy) and Pala ic . Al l languages in th is branch are ext inc t . The Thracian Branch

27

A s ingle modern language, Armenian, represents th is branch. I t has i t s own scr ip t . Armenian i s spoken in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh

(an enclave in Azerbai jan) . The language i s r ich in consonants and has borrowed much of i t s vocabulary f rom Fars i ( I ranian) . Nouns have 7 cases and the pas t tense of verbs take an E pref ix l ike Greek. Two ext inc t languages f rom th is branch are Thracian

(spoken by Spar tacus) and Phrygian (spoken in ancient Troy) . The I ranian BranchThese languages are descended f rom Ancient Pers ian , the

l i te rary language of the Pers ian Empire and one of the grea t c lass ica l languages . The main language of th is branch i s Fars i (a l so ca l led

I ranian and Pers ian) , the main language of I ran and much of Afghanis tan . Kurdish i s a c lose re la t ion . Kurdish i s spoken in Turkey, Syr ia , I ran and Iraq by the Kurds . I t i s the second largest of the I ranian languages a f ter Fars i . In Turkey i t was banned unt i l recent ly . Pashto (a l so ca l led Pushtu or Pakhto) i s spoken in

Afghanis tan and par t s of Nor th West Pakis tan . Baluchi i s spoken in the deser t regions be tween I ran , Afganis tan and Pakis tan . These languages are wri t ten in the Nas ta l iq scr ip t , a der iva t ive of Arabic wr i t ing . I t i s in teres t ing tha t you cannot te l l which fami ly a language belongs to by the way i t i s wr i t ten . Osset ian i s found in the Caucasus Mounta ins , nor th of

Georgia . Tadzhik i s a c lose re la t ive of Fars i , wri t ten in Cyr i l l ic and spoken in Tadzhikis tan (of the former USSR) as wel l as nor thern Afghanis tan . Avestan i s the ext inc t language of the Zoroast r ian

re l ig ion. Scythian i s an ext inc t language of a warr ior people who once l ived nor th of the Black Sea . The Indic BranchThis branch has the most languages . Most are found in

North India . They are der ived f rom Sanskr i t ( the c lass ica l language of Hinduism dat ing f rom 1000BC). This gave r i se to Pal i ( the language of Buddhism) , Ardhamagadhi ( the language of Ja in ism) and the ancestors of the modern Nor th Indian languages . Of the modern Nor th Indian languages , Hindi and Urdu are

very s imi lar but d i f fer in the scr ip t . The Hindi speakers are Hindus and use the Sanskr i t wri t ing sys tem cal led Devanagar i (wr i t ing of the Gods) . The Musl ims so uses the

28

Arabic Nasta l iq scr ip t speak Urdu. These two languages are found in nor th and cent ra l India and Pakis tan . Nepal i i s c lose ly re la ted to Hindi . HindiIn India , most of the s ta tes have the i r own language. These

languages use e i ther Devanagar i scr ip t or a der iva t ion ( i f the people are Hindus) or the Arabic Nas ta l iq scr ip t ( i f the people are Musl ims) . Bengal i (West Bengal as wel l as Bangladesh) , Bhi l i

(Cent ra l India) , Oriya ( in Or issa) , Marath i ( in Maharasht ra ) , Assamese ( in Assam) , Punjabi and Lahnda ( f rom the Punjab) , Mai th i l i and Maghadi ( f rom Bihar ) , Kashmir i (Kashmir - wr i t ten mainly in Nasta l iq) , S indhi ( the Pakis tan province of S indh - a l so wri t ten in Nasta l iq) , Gujara t i (Gujara t in western India) , Konkani ( in Goa , an ex Portuguese colony, uses the Lat in scr ip t ) , S inhalese (Sr i Lanka - uses i t s own scr ip t der ived f rom Pal i ) , Maldivian (Maldives - wi th i t s own scr ip t based on Arabic) .

29

Appendix 4:Nat ional s tructure of a grammar school №2.

form

Rus

sian

Ukr

aini

anB

yelo

russ

iA

rmen

ian

Kaz

akhs

Tat

ars

Aze

rbai

jaG

agau

zsG

erm

ans

Kha

kase

sG

eorg

ians

Ingu

shs

Kor

enia

nsU

zbek

sM

ordv

inia

Dag

esta

niC

hine

ses

Aba

zins

Jew

sC

hech

ens

Mol

davi

anB

ashk

irs

Chu

vash

sH

unty

Mun

cy

1а

21 1 2 1

1б

20 2 1 2

2а

15 5 1 1 2

2б

11 11 1 1 1

3а

20 3 1 1

3б

19

3в

16 1 1 1 1

4а

22 1 3 1 1

4б

24 1

4в

20 2 1 1 1

30

In

tota

118

826 1 3 1 12 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0

5а

18 4 15

б

12 1 1 1 1

6а

21 2 1 1

6б

22 2 1

6в

18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7а

22 1 1 1 17

б

18 1 4 1 1 1

7в

22 1 1 1 1

8а

18 2 1

8б

23 2 2 1 1

8в

20 2 2

31

9а

19 1 1 1 1

9б

25 1 1 1 1

9в

21 2 2 2

In

tota

l28

421 3 5 0 15 0 0 0 0 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 0 4 6 0 0 0 0

10а

16 1 1 1

10б

15 6 1 1 2

10в

15 5 1 3

11а

13 4 2 1 1

11б

20 1

11в

13 1 1 1 1

In

tota

l92 17 3 0 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0

32

In

genera l

564

64 7 11 1 33 2 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 7 4 2 0 0

33

National content of our gymnasium

564

64

7

11

1

33

2

1

1

1

4

1

3

1

2

2

1

2

1

4

7

4

2

0

0

0 200 400 600

Russians

Ukrainian

Byelorussians

Armenian

Kazakhs

Tatars

Azerbaijans

Gagauzs

Germans

Khakases

Georgians

Ingushs

Korenians

Uzbeks

Mordvinians

Dagestanian

Chineses

Abazins

Jews

Chechens Oset.

Moldavians

Bashkirs

Chuvashs

Khants

Munci

Ряд1

34

National content of our district

66,06%

8,60%

7,51%

2,50%

1,75%

1,43%

1,20%

Russians Ukraine’s TatariansBashkirs Azerbaijanians ByelorussiansKhants

35