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Bionomic of Mosquitoes
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Isna Indrawati
Department of Parasitology
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MOSQUITOES
2500 different species of mosquitoes throughout the world
All mosquitoes must have water in which to complete their life
cycle.
Each species has unique environmental requirements for the
maintenance of its life cycle.
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Mosquitoes
Belongs to Family Culicidae
divided into 2 subfamily (Anophelinae & Culicinae)
There are 3 tribes :
Anophelini
Culicini : Culex, Aedes, Mansonia
Toxorhynchitini
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Morphology
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haltere
Source: www.cdc.gov
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Morphology
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Life Cycle :
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Breeding places
The type of water in which the larvae is found can be an aid to
the identification of mosquitos species
show a very distinct preference for the types of sources in
which to lay their eggs, such as tree holes, rain water ponds,
polluted water
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Genus eggs egg deposit
Anopheles Laid singly, with air sac
on the water surface
Culex Accumulated in floating raft
on the water surface
Aedes Laid singly Slightly above the water line
Mansonia Accumulated in rosette
Under the leaves
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Larva
Consist of head, thorax and abdomen
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spiracle
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Feeding habits of mosquitoes
The male mosquitoes feed only on plant juices
Only adult females that bite man and animals, so she can develop
eggs.
Some female mosquitoes prefer to feed on only one type of animal
or they can feed on a variety of animals.
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Patterns of Feeding and Resting
Host specificity
Antropophilic
zoophilic
Feeding habits:
Night biters
Day biters
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Feeding place
Exophagic
Endophagic
Resting place:
Exophilic
endophilic
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The length of life
The length of life of the adult mosquito usually depends on
:
temperature,
humidity,
sex of the mosquito
males live about a week; and females live about a month
depending on the above factors.
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The flight habits of mosquitoes
Depend on the genus and species
Most domestic species remain fairly close to their point of
origin. Most mosquitoes stay within a mile or two of their
source.
The flight range for females is usually longer than that of
males.
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The flight habits
Wind is a factor which influence in the dispersal or migration
of mosquitoes.
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Anophelini
Culicini
Anopheles
Aedes
Culex
Mansonia
Coquilettidia
Malaria
Filariasis bancrofti rural type
Filariasis malayi
Filariasis timori
Dengue Haemorrhagic fever
Chikungunya
Yellow fever
Filariasis bancrofti rural type(Ae. Kochi)
Filariasis malayi tipe zoofilik
Filariasis malayi tipe zoofilik
Jap B encephalitis
Filariasis bancrofti
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Anopheles ( Vector of Malaria )
There are 25 species of Anopheles have been found positive
Plasmodium
Factors that influence Vectorial capacity :
feeding habits (anthrophilic vs zoophilic)
life expectancy of the mosquito
Vector density
Number of bites per person per day
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Climates is a key determinant in the geographic distribution and
the seasonality of malaria :
temperature, rainfall and relative humidity
Rainfall can create collections of water ("breeding sites")
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Breeding site
coastal lagoon : An. sundaicus
Inland / the rice cultivation areas, irrigation :
An. barbirostris, An. aconitus
in altitude area, plantation:
An.balabacensis
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Main vectors of Malaria in Indonesia
Jawa Bali : An. sundaicus
An. aconitus
Sumatra : An. sundaicus
An. maculatus
An. nigerrimus
Sulawesi : An.sundaicus
An.subpictus
An.barbirostris 19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
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VEKTOR MALARIA
Kalimantan : - An. balabacensis - An. letifer
Irian Jaya : - An.farauti - An.punctulatus
- An.bancrofti
NTT : - An. sundaicus - An. subpictus
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Morphology:
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Indoor residual spraying
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Insecticide Impregnated bed net
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Vector of Dengue Hemarrhagic Fever
Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus
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Aedes ( Vector of DHF )
Belongs to Culicine
is the most important transmitter or vector of dengue
viruses
the virus will require 8-12 days incubation before it can then
be transmitted to another human
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Ae.aegypti Ae.albopictus
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Geographic Distribution of Aedes aegypti
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Ae.aegypti
Lyre- shaped dorsal pattern
Occupies urban areas with or without vegetation
Main dengue vector worldwide
Bites, rests, and lays eggs both indoors and outdoors
Breeding places: Most containers with water within or in close
proximity to households
Ae.albopictus
single longitudinal silvery dorsal stripe
Associated with arboreal vegetation
mostly a secondary vector
Mostly an outdoor (garden) mosquito
Utilizes water-filled containers around or further away from
households
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Monitoring the density of Aedes
House index (HI) : percentage of houses positive for larvae
Breteau index (BI): number of positive containers per 100
houses) ; have become the most widely used indice
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Monitoring the density of Aedes
Container index : percentage of water-holding containers
infested with larvae or pupae
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