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Abstractmdash The advantages arising from DC distribution

networks is related to the possibilities of achieving higher quality supply and easier reconfigurability of the system This paper presents the concept of introducing some DC islands interconnected with the AC distribution network This will make it easier to connect storage systems electrical drives power converters and renewable sources (ie photovoltaic panels) In order to realize the aforementioned goals a methodology for designing the control strategy of different power converters connected to a DC bus without a centralized system management control unit is proposed In this way a plug and play functionality for connecting new power converter interfaced elements in the DC network able to stabilize the voltage under different working conditions is realized In order to prove the advantages obtainable with such a network a 100 kW DC test facility has been realized at the laboratories of RSE Different working conditions were tested by means both of numerical and experimental results proving the effectiveness of the proposed strategy for voltage regulation continuity of service and the smart use of storage devices

Index Termsmdash DC distribution networks Smart grid Storage Systems

I INTRODUCTION

owadays distribution networks are changing substantially and rapidly Environmental constraints with

particular attention to the reduction of CO2 are leading the governments of major countries to use more and more renewable energy particularly from wind and solar sources [1]-[4] These sources are characterized by i) distribution in an area ii) low power density for land occupation and iii) discontinuity in power availability [5] Moreover power plants based on renewable energy are usually much smaller than traditional electrical generation plants and the use of storage systems is advisable to benefit from the generation during low power demand periods and reduce alternative power flows along transmission lines with consequent advantages in terms of system efficiency [5]-[6]

This scenario is causing a change in distribution networks

Manuscript received October 19 2012 revised January 15 2013 accepted

February 24 2013 S Grillo L Piegari and E Tironi are with the DEIB (Sipartimento di

Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria) of Politecnico di Milano I-20131 Milan Italy (email samuelegrillopolimiit luigipiegaripolimiit enricotironipolimiit)

V Musolino is with DIMAC RED Biassono MB Italy (e-mail vmusolinodimacredit)

C Tornelli is with the TampD technologies Department of RSE Via Rubattino 54 I-20134 Milan Italy (email carlotornellirse-webit)

from passive to active grids where the power flows fault currents and temporal power profile are quite different from the traditional ones [7] Power injection on low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) grids makes voltage regulation a difficult task For this reason different distribution system operators (DSOs) require mutual cooperation with the demand-side control because it is difficult to maintain the power quality using only supply-side control [8]-[10]

At the same time the great evolution in informatics and telecommunications is leading the transformation of the traditional grids into smart grids where the continuous dialogue between all of the devices connected to the network implies improvements in the overall efficiency and quality of the system Moreover it is also important to underline the wide diffusion of power electronic converters capable of decoupling the parameters (ie voltage and frequency) of the generators from the parameters of the network

In this scenario it could be convenient in some cases to substitute a DC grid for a traditional AC distribution network [11]-[13] Indeed a DC network besides its well-known advantages with respect to AC systems [14] offers a simplification in relation to the power electronic converters for all of the devices operating on DC ie photovoltaic (PV) systems and many storage systems Moreover it could eliminate all of the rectifiers present as a first stage in electrical drives and suppliers For this reason it is reasonable to imagine future smart grids realized using AC backbones and some DC leaves in the zones characterized by many small generation units storage facilities and users that are particularly susceptible to voltage disturbances In such a network it is possible to separate the backbones from the leaf regulation to ensure

high power quality of the DC network management of power fluxes exchanged between the AC

and DC sides with integrated ancillary services such as reactive power supply and harmonic compensation

no increase in the fault currents even in the presence of new generation units

the inhibition of disturbance propagation from the AC to DC side and vice-versa

Starting from the aforementioned considerations a DC test-facility has been realized with the aim of verifying the potentiality of a DC island interconnected with an AC distribution network The introduction of different power converters especially those interfaced with different storage and renewable resources requires a suitably designed management system in order to avoid uncontrolled power flows between the different elements In order to realize a

DC Islands in AC Smart Grids

S Grillo Member IEEE V Musolino L Piegari Member IEEE E Tironi C Tornelli

N

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omponents ushile Section V

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

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MODELING OF E

orrectly set uers of the DCdevices is re

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function in whpower requestving function

ver the requestference averagthe first funer charge and arious models

lumped modas seen from th

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attery model cs available in] and [19] leaimpedance spe

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k fault test

generative load

ELECTRICAL ST

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TORAGE

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

whco

Fig

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V CONTRO

ategy for the er to make the aims discgy should ensuation of the D

state for differeatic configurabe devices are uharge of the stl utilization of that to achiebe implemenan regulate th

y of splitting one controller

er to realize a mve separate coing independeproposed con

the four convedifferent devintegrated in

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current charge

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OL STRATEGY

network conthe DC net

cussed in the ure

DC voltage durent kind of loability of the

unavailable torage system

f all of the devve the first g

nted Howevehe DC voltage

the voltage rr or of coordmore robust coontrollers for tently from thntrol strategy erters The coices they conn

order to ensfferent systeml be shown in using traditioed One ofself-recharge f

mplement in of charge ar

mic responseseach device wthe stabilizati

ponse of each ntrolled devic

mic performanrom an operati

are independd only on thennection nodeationary DC brter otherwisred at the diwer flow frome of loads

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presents the rsquos datasheet used are unabrge of the devtake place at neglected wit

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

R

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Supercapac

The SCC is rhe high voltautput capacitane supercapaciCC is operatedhain controls tycle of the swgulates the DC

utput The cong 9 It differs the feedback

g 9 Control sche

The self-recholtage referencort of droop upercapacitors nyway if kSC slow if comp

nd the closed l

Sp

pSC

VksRC

kV

2

where VSC is

VI NU

In order to umerical and eollowing somave been choshanging the tusults for the dIn order to ac

ontrollers of thsing the paramnd (6) the spee load For

onverters chanC bus as repo

TABLE

FEC

kp ki k

001 0002 00

bib

i

Vks

Rk

1

he battery volt

citors converte

ealized using age side is conce while theitors by meansd with two nesthe current in witching comC voltage genentrol scheme o from the conon the superc

eme of SCC

harge functionce in function

action is instate of ch

is small enoupared to the dyoop transfer fu

SiSC

i

Vks

Rks

1

the supercapa

UMERICAL AND

test the prexperimental te results will sen to show uning of the

different applicchieve the requhe converters

meters reportedeed response o

this reasonnge as a functorted in fig 10

I PARAMETERS O

ZC

kp ki kb

005 001 05

tage

er

the same confonnected to the low voltage s of an inductsted feedback the inductance

mponents whilerating the refof the externalntrol scheme oapacitorsrsquo vol

n is obtainedn of supercapantroduce in arge around

ugh the actionynamic action function is

SC

acitorsrsquo voltage

D EXPERIMENT

roposed contrtests have beebe reported

how the samcontrollers c

cations discussuired bandwidthe PI regulat

d in Table I Aof the control the bandwition of the po0

OF CONVERTER RE

b SOCref

[] kp

5 90 001

figuration as thhe DC bus wside is connector In additionchains The ine acting on thle the externaference currenl loop is repor

of the ZC in retage

d changing thacitors voltageorder to keethe desired

n of the droopof the control

e

TAL RESULTS

rol strategy en performed

In particularme network wcan give verysed in Sectiondth separation tors have been

According to (3answer depen

idths of the ower supplied

EGULATORS

SC

ki kSC

1 01 0143

(5)

he ZC with an cted to n the nternal he duty al one

nt as an rted in elation

he DC e This ep the value

p chain l loop

(6)

many In the

these without y good n III

of the n tuned 3) (5) nds on

three to the

VSCref [V]

220

Fig

Afig somwhisecoaccoand the varichoTheconbeenof appan ais wthe reasquic

Inload

Inand The

Insimu

A

Tto drequThegridand

10 Bandwidths v

According to t10 the actio

me hundreds oile the interveonds The coount the maxi

d of the SoC obatteries con

iation of 10sen maximum

e desired SoCcerns the supn set to 220 V110 V (in

roximately to admissible DCworth noting tSCC has been

son why the cker than that n the followinds presented inn particular t

d experimentaley are summar

in the first tesystem A between aboin the secopower requcase a netwalmost lasts in the third to the systet1=32 s and t

n the followmulations and e

Pulsing loads

The pulsing lodevelop the nuested by the e test lasts 3 md is simulated d 11b the sim

vs power of three

the bandwidthon of the SCCof millisecondention of the onstants kb animum desirabof the two stonsidering a m equal to 3m depth of disC has been chpercapacitors V Considering

fact half frac34 of the stor

C voltage variathat the admisn chosen lower

supercapacitof the batterie

ng the results n Section III athree cases hally tested All rized in Table est the pulsindisconnection

out minutes 1 nd test the rest reported iwork failure for all three mtest the regenem A step lt2 = 46 s wing the reexperimental te

s

ad of fig 2 isnumerical simload is used i

min during wbetween abou

mulated and

e converters

hs of the convC will have ads the ZC wiFEC will be nd kSC are chble variation oorage devices

maximum allow38V in correscharge (76)hosen equal t

the desired vg the possibleof the volt

red energy) anation of 4 it ssible DC volr than that of ttors action ises obtained by

are analyzed ave been num

of these testsII and reporte

ng load of fig n of the AC and 2 response of tin fig 3 is poccurs at the

minutes nerative load oload variation

esults obtaineests are report

s applied to thmulations thein simulating hich a disconnut minutes 1 aexperimental

verters reportea time constanill act in secoslowed to tenhosen taking of the DC vol In particularwable DC volespondence of) it results kb=to 90 For wvoltage valuee voltage variatage corresp

nd associating t results kSC=1ltage variationthe ZC This is expected to

applying the t

merically simuls lasted 3 mined below 2 is applied togrid is simul

the system toperformed In e first instant

of fig 4 is appn occurs betw

ed in numeted and discus

he system In o measured pothe load behanection of theand 2 In figs

DC voltages

ed in nt of onds ns of

into ltage r for ltage f the =05 what

e has ation onds it to

7 It n for is the o be

three

lated nutes

o the lated

o the this and

plied ween

erical sed

order ower

avior e AC 11a s are

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

rep

C

P

F

Re

ACThexsim

diad

subasuthAfsusu

ported

TA

Case study

Pulsing load Pm

T =

Fault of AC network

ste

egenerative load

Fig 11 DC vo

The voltage eC grid is dische power suppxperimental remulations Even if a cenfferent conver

dapting it to thIndeed as i

upplied essenandwidth Thupplies only the first instantfter some sec

upplies the upercapacitors

ABLE II TEST CAS

Key feature

max = 19 kW Pmin = 25 s duty cycl

Pmax = 45 kWPmin = -45 kWTdisconn = 47

Treconn = 1635ep variations of D

Pmax =35 kWPmin = ndash17 kWPmean = 200 W

a

b

oltages

excursion is vconnected theplied by each esults match

ntralized contrrters are able

he characteristiis clear fromntially by thehe FEC prehe mean powts the SCC sconds as allo

mean pow

SES ANALYZED IN

es

= 8 kWe = 66

AC gr

Dreconn

iW W s 5 s

DC loads W W W

a 9 kW

a) simulated

b) measured

very limited (plusmne voltage dropdevice is repothose obtaine

rol action is noto split the l

ics of the diffem fig 19 the

e SCC becaesenting the

wer At the grisupplies the wowed by its

wer and als

N PAPER Notes

rid is disconnectet = 1 s to t = 2 sDisconnection annection times are in experimental te

W load is connectet = 32 s to t = 47

plusmn2) and whp is lower thaorted in fig 12ed in the num

ot implementeload power dierent devicese pulsing powause of its

lower bandid disconnecti

whole load debandwidth thso recharges

ed from s nd

lagged est

ed from s

hen the an 3 2 The

merical

ed the iagram

wer is higher

dwidth ion in emand he ZC s the

Fig

Aenerreaspowdroofig havdecrreferechWhtwoSimdesikeep

B

Inqualoadexp

Tcausbattto thacti

HDC

Tdiff

12 Power supplie

At the grid rrgy from the son why the Fwer request op action intro8 Indeed dure been dischreased The d

erence and theharging proceen the SoC o

o DC referenmilarly the supired value of 2p the desired v

Fault of AC n

n order to sholity energy sud condition prerimentally re

The voltage flused by the cteries change the load their Don necessary t

However the cvoltage is alw

The powers eferent devices

a)

b)

ed by different de

reconnection DC bus to recFEC supplies This self-rechoduced in the ring the main harged and t

difference betwe DC referencess occurring f the batteries

nces are equapercapacitors 220 V Fig 13value of the su

network

ow the ability upply even wheesented in fig

ealized In fig uctuation arouchanging SoCtheir SoC absoDC voltage reto realize the schoice of a lo

ways inside a vexchanged beare reported in

simulated

measured

evices

the ZC autcharge the bata power grea

harge action icontrol of thegrid disconnetheir DC refween the ratedce of the ZC i

at the netws reaches the al and the se

keeps their v3 shows the abupercapacitors

of the systemen a main grid 3 is numeric 14 the DC vound the rated C of the batorbing from oeference is chaself-recharge aow value for kvery tight bandetween the Dn fig 15

tomatically drtteries This isater than the is obtained bye ZC and showction the battference has d value of theis the cause o

work reconnecdesired value

elf-recharge evoltage aroundbility of the SCsrsquo SoC

m to ensure ad faults occursally simulatedoltage is reporvalue of 380

tteries Whiler supplying po

anged by the daction kb ensures thad DC bus and

rains s the load

y the wn in teries been

e DC f the

ction e the ends d the CC to

high s the d and rted V is

e the ower

droop

at the

d the

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

fucodiprwoanDCin go

coislthsyincostuthcowhfothan

ItawiPo

Fig

ully plug and pontrol unit a mfferent conve

resented in neorks without

nd the insertionC network do order to guar

oals obtained t Designing

storage desystem dyn

Designing converter i

Designing account th

Guarantee charge of t

In this way thonnected with lands to improe system the

ystem solutifrastructure

omponents is rudies are desce DC island i

omponents ushile Section V

or each convere results of n

nd discussed

The configuralian Researchith the Depolitecnico di M

g 1 Test facility

play solution wmethodology ferters based ext Sections exchanging i

n or disconneces not requirerantee the northrough this m a DC netwo

evices are connnamic respons disjoint contin order to avo the power co

he behavior of an embeddethe different sthe paper analythe introduct

ove the powermethodology

ion withoutThe descriptireported in Secribed in orderintroduction Ised for numeV proposes thrter of the DCnumerical and

II TES

ration of the th center on Enpartment of Milano is show

configuration

without a centrfor designing on traditionaThis means t

information wction of a sing

e a control sysrmal system o

methodology liork where diffnected in ordese performanctrol loop for oid control oveonverter contrthe controlled

ed self-regulattorage devicesyzes besides tion in a smarr quality and ey to design a t centralizedion of the tection II In Ser to demonstraIn Section IV

erical simulatihe methodologC network Find experimenta

ST FACILITY

test facility renergetic System

Electrical Ewn in fig 1

ralized managthe control lo

al PI controllthat each con

with the othergle element frostem reconfiguoperation Theie in ferent typologer to fulfill difces

each single erlapping

rol loops takind device tion of the sts the relevant art grid of somenergy efficienfully plug and communiest facility aection III somate the advant

V the models ions are disc

gy to set the cnally in Sectioal tests are re

ealized at RSms) in collabo

Engineering o

gement oops of lers is nverter r units om the uration e main

gies of fferent

power

ng into

tate of

aspects me DC ncy of d play ication

and its me case tage of of the

cussed control on VI

eported

E (the oration of the

Ttechthe opedevequ

Inof th

Tcomelem[15]

TkWleveSpacaseflowconvoltconwithcom32 kalonmodEacgridcharDCDC connTheflucpropgenpowbothPV genactihouare a to

The test facilihnical and eco

potentialitiesrated with suices connecteipped with dif

ensure the sAC grid is nDC networkstabilize theoccurs betwrealize a peor intermittethe AC gridimplement aregenerativerealize the that result fr

n the followinhe test facility

The LVDC mimposed of a fments a photo]

The front end which is a sel to connect tain Germanye of insufficiew in the case overter participtage and alsodition by comh their admiss

mposed of two kW capacity ng with two dules (30 kW ch Zebra batted through a 35rging and diDC converterbus will be i

nected to thee supercapacctuations in pagation fromeration chang

wer from the Ph space constrfield-emulato

erated powervity is not con

urs Finally twinstalled in th

otal load of 60

ity was realizonomic constrs of LVDC uitable controed to the netfferent storageecurity for denot available ak is insufficiene DC voltage

ween the powerak shaving acent loads thus an energy rece loads bridging and

rom the presenng a brief descy is given crogrid has a front end ACovoltaic field e

converter (Fignificant leveto an LV AC and so on) [1

ent or no genof a generationpates in the o detects the

mparing the ACsible ranges TZEBRA batteof 64 Ah andsupercapacitofor 4 s) with

ery and capac-kW DCDC bscharging pror interface betindicated by Ze supercapacitcitor banks

the DC vom the AC ges in the DCPV fields avaraints and meteor (PVC) has r can be connstrained by w

wo programmahe DC micro-g0 kW One ba

zed by takingraints with th

active distriol strategies twork The ne units in orderfined intervalsand the power

nt to cover the e level if a sr generated anction in the prs leveling the

overy action

energy manance of renewabcription of the

voltage level CDC converteemulator and

EC) has a rael compared wgrid in severa6] This allow

neration and n surplus Theregulation of e occurrence C grid voltageThe energy steries each witd open circuit or banks eachh a maximum itor bank is cbi-directional ocesses In thtween the ZEBZC while the tors will be in

compensate oltage causedgrid or sud

C grid Becauailable at the eorological cobeen chosen

ntrolled and weather condiable purely regrid these twoank of 30 kW

g into accounte aim of studibution netwofor the diffe

network has r to s of time whenr generated onpower deman

sudden imbalnd consumedresence of pulpower draine

in the presenc

agement functble sources main compon

of 400 V ander energy stocontrollable l

ated power of with the maximal countries (I

ws power flowalso the opp

e ACDC frontf the DC netw

of an islanes and frequentorage systemsth a rated powvoltage of 27

h made of novoltage of 38

coupled to theconverter to ahe followingBRA batteriesDCDC conv

ndicated by Sfor very

d by faults dden load anuse of the limsite as a resu

onditions a 35 In this waythe experim

itions and dayesistive load-bo units can pro

W can be regul

t the dying orks

ferent been

n the n the nd lance

lsing ed by

ce of

tions

nents

d it is orage loads

f 100 mum Italy

w in a osite t end work nding ncies s are

wer of 79 V o 24 84 V e DC allow the s and verter SCC

fast dip

ndor mited ult of 5-kW y the ental

ytime banks ovide lated

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wicoth

acse

A

tostepe

fapofalothpo

Fig

B

opto cothhat=steloex

C

anlocodr13

ith step changonnected to the fast regulati

In order to chieving the abet and analyzed

i Pulsii Faul

is coiii Reg

Pulsing load

A pulsing mography (CAep load varyineriod of 25 s a

The power rcility Howev

ower of the cilities Thusad has been prat of a real CA

ower absorbed

g 2 Pulsing load

Fault in AC

In the secondpening of the A the AC distr

onverter detecte converter

appens at tim=1635 s Meaeps simulatingads on the D

xperimental tes

Regenerativ

Usually elecnd braking opads For this r

onducted by aprive for a woo9 s with an a5 kW) consta

ges of 1 kWhe DC bus by on of the pow

III CA

test the capabove discussedd sing load lt of the AC nonnected to theenerative load

d

load is reprAT) scanner wng between aband a duty cycrequested by tver it can be s

different dev the DCDC crogrammed toAT although

d by the load d

d simulating powe

C network

d test an AC fAC breaker coribution netwots the AC-sidefrom the AC

me t=47 s wanwhile the lg the connectiDC bus In fst is reported

ve load

ctrical drives perations are reason the tespplying the reodworking plaacceleration pant speed pha

while the otmeans of a D

wer absorbed

ASE STUDY

abilities of thd goals three

network while e DC bus

d

resented by whose typicalbout 60 kW a

cle of 70 this load is toscaled by taki

vices connecteconverter conno absorb a pow

opportunely sduring the tests

er profile of CAT

fault is simulaonnecting the ork The contre lack of volta

C network Twhile the AC load demand ion and disconfig 3 the po

alternating bethe most di

t to simulate real power demant [17] The phase (maximuase (power ab

ther 30 kW bDCDC conver

he DC netwokinds of case

a step variabl

a computer l power diagraand 180 kW w

oo high for thing into accoued to the DCnected 30 kW

wer profile simscaled In fig s is reported

ated with the mfront-end con

rol algorithm age and disco

The simulatedreconnection

changes withnnection of difower profile

etween acceleiffused regeneregenerative lo

mand of an eleworking cyclum power abssorbed 700 W

bank is rter for

ork in s were

le load

axial am is a with a

he test unt the C test

W rated milar to

2 the

manual nverter of the nnects

d fault n is at h some fferent of the

eration erative oads is ectrical e lasts sorbed

W) and

brakmeaThecan insedrivconnexp

Fig

Fig

Indiffelecof toveopeapp

Insign

Agavdev

Tdynpartelec

king phase (man power absoerefore it is cl

lead to a sertion and discve has been nected at timeerimental pow

3 Load power du

4 Power diagram

IV M

n order to coferent convertctrical storage the model to rr the full dynrative workinlications are

an energy futhe average a peak shavabsorbdeliva certain ref

n general tnificantly loweAmong the vae attention toice behavior a

A ZEB

The ZEBRA banamic modelsticular in [18]ctrochemical i

maximum poworbed during olear how the ssignificant enconnection of simulated In

e t=32s and dwer diagram is

uring AC network

m of simulated reg

MODELING OF E

orrectly set uers of the DCdevices is re

represent the namic range ofng conditions

function in whpower requestving function

ver the requestference averagthe first funer charge and arious models

lumped modas seen from th

BRA battery m

attery model cs available in] and [19] leaimpedance spe

wer regeneratone cycle is lostorage action nergy recoveranother load in particular disconnected as reported in fi

k fault test

generative load

ELECTRICAL ST

up the controC system thequired In parbehavior of thf utilization iss of a storag

hich the deviceted by the app

n in which thted peak pow

ge power nction is chadischarge dyn available in

dels capable ohe terminals

model

comes from thn the literatuad acid batteryectroscopy (E

ted 17 kW) ower than 200of the DC sy

ry Moreoverin parallel witha 9 kW loa

at time t=47sig 4

TORAGE

l strategy fore modeling ofrticular the abhe electric stos needed Thege device in

e has to guaraplication he storage haer above or b

aracterized bnamic

the literaturef interpolating

he lead acid baure [18]-[21]y models base

EIS) are descri

The 0 W

ystem the h the ad is The

r the f the bility orage e two

grid

antee

as to elow

by a

e we g the

attery ] In ed on ibed

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

whco

Fig

(SthR1

thac

coeq

E

So

chnocu

A

dymin[2id

Fig

hile in [20] aompromise bet

The model us

g 5 ZEBRA batt

The ZEBRA SoC) represene state of char1 which takese device and

ccount the dynIn addition

onsidered to bquations descri

ESoCE )( 0

C

oCn

11

where

E0 is the opharged SoC isominal batteryurrent supplied

Supercapac

A supercapaynamics of th

mHz up to 10troduced in [2

24] where adentification w

g 6 Supercapacit

In this model Ri represen

available f C(u)=C0

RR

and [21] thirdtween complesed for our pur

tery model

battery is modnting the openrge (SoC) in ss into accountd the parallelnamic behavior

for our purpbe constant duibing the batte

SoCKe 1

dtib

pen circuit vos the state of

y capacity Ke d by the batter

citor model

acitor modele device in th

00 Hz is repr23] was intega simplified

was presented

tor model

l nts the high from the manu+KVyuml u wh

C(u)Ri

1

222

u

2

C

C(u)Ri

1

222

u

2

C

d-order modelxity and precirpose is repres

deled as an elen circuit voltaseries with thet the high freq branchR2-C2

r of the batterypose the batturing the workery device are

oltage when tf charge of this a voltage co

ry

l capable ofhe typical freqresented in f

grated in a moprocedure f

frequency resufacturerrsquos dathere C0 and

(222 Cn

u

)(

)(2 uC

u

2

)(u

2

)(uC

(222 Cn

u

)(

)(2 uC

u

2

)(u

2

)(uC

ls that show aision are descrsented in fig 5

ectromotive foage as a functe internal resisquency resista2 which takey tery temperatk cycle so th

the battery ishe battery Cn

onstant and ib

f representinquency range fig 6 This more general mofor the para

sistance whictasheet

KV are con

)(

)

uC vsc

isc

)(

)

uC vsc

isc

a good ribed 5[22]

orce E tion of stance

ance of es into

ture is hat the

(1)

(2)

s fully is the

b is the

ng the of 10

model odel in ameter

ch was

nstants

TreprFor lowsign

Adefiachithe 1

2

34

Itconconand

Tthe Howprefcapaotheconbe aand worquathessuitmodstorautovaluhas at thvoltto cooconconothevolt

Tassibetwwouano

evaluated byin [24] τ(u)=3yuml(Rdc-Rresistance re

The supercaparesent the redour purposes

w frequencies nificant error

A control strained In ordeieving all ofcontrol strateg

The stabilizaat a steady sThe automaone or moreThe self-recThe optimal

t is evident ttrol has to bverters that ca

d PVC The possibility

use of only owever in ordeferable to havable of workier units The trol laws for tadapted to the

d have to be rking conditiolity on the DCse laws can btably tuned difications conrage system onomously itue The tuningto be coordina

he same timetage Thus theoptimally exprdinated withverters On thtrols of the foer because thtage and curre

The duty of imigned only toween the voluld cause a cother even in

y a constant c

Ri)yumlC(u) wheported in the acitor and battistribution and

s these phenoalmost close t

V CONTRO

ategy for the er to make the aims discgy should ensuation of the D

state for differeatic configurabe devices are uharge of the stl utilization of that to achiebe implemenan regulate th

y of splitting one controller

er to realize a mve separate coing independeproposed con

the four convedifferent devintegrated in

ons for the difC bus As willbe obtained uand modifie

nsists in the shas to im

ts own state g of the dynamated to make e to guarantee e dynamic respploit the conh the dynamhe contrary frour converters hey are basedent at their conmposing a stao one converltages measurontinuous pown the absenc

current charge

here Rdc repmanufacturertery models ud self-discharmena which to DC can be

OL STRATEGY

network conthe DC net

cussed in the ure

DC voltage durent kind of loability of the

unavailable torage system

f all of the devve the first g

nted Howevehe DC voltage

the voltage rr or of coordmore robust coontrollers for tently from thntrol strategy erters The coices they conn

order to ensfferent systeml be shown in using traditioed One ofself-recharge f

mplement in of charge ar

mic responseseach device wthe stabilizati

ponse of each ntrolled devic

mic performanrom an operati

are independd only on thennection nodeationary DC brter otherwisred at the diwer flow frome of loads

e test as descr

presents the rsquos datasheet used are unabrge of the devtake place at neglected wit

nverters has twork capableprevious sect

ring transientsads control schem

ms vices goal DC volr there are e FEC ZC S

regulation requinated controlontrol it woulthe different u

he presence ofis to design

ontrol laws havnect to the DCsure both opt

ms and high pothe next Sect

onal control lf the innovafunction that

order to kround the des of the conve

work at its best ion of the DCconverter is tu

ce but it is nces of the oion viewpoint

dent one from e measuremen

bus voltage case the differfferent conve

m one convertThe stiff vol

ribed

DC

le to vices

very thout

been e of tions

s and

me if

ltage four

SCC

uires llers ld be units f the four

ve to C bus timal ower ions

loops ative each

keep sired

erters and

C bus uned also

other t the each

nt of

an be rence erters er to ltage

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reofenit imalgthreabnefureimchthSCsydethdufacoth

this suvoth

adpogrduwompebaofth

febavafinun

thAfoncoaranexan

gulation has bf energy in thnergy stored in

is not depmplements a gorithm in orde PV field It ached Indeed

bsorb the eneretwork is not ully charged)gulation but

mplemented Inharging actione state of charCC are depenystems respecefined as a fune optimal stat

uring the nightilure of the

overed by the e loads duringIn order to aey are close t

tuned to thupercapacitorsoltage) In thiey are far fromIn order to ac

dvisable that thossible feedinrid Moreoveruring transientork at time p

minutes The serformances oandwidths of tf different bane different devAs shown beledback chain

andwidth for aalues for the rend the closednits

A Fr

The FEC is ae FEC a phafter locking thn the rotating omponents of re implementend the switchixternal one hand the direct an

been committehe AC networkn the storage spendent on w

maximum pder to draw thshuts down if

d this happensrgy produced available and

The ZC ain order to enn particular i

n the droop isrge Thus the ndent on the ctively An opnction of the gte of charge fttime and loweAC network

PV field whig the nighttimeamplify the acto the optimalhe supercaparsquo energy (pros way their e

m the optimal chieve the opthe power suppng only the mr the supercts of a few seperiods ranginsplit of the pof each devicthe convertersndwidths impvices low each conand PI regula

a power unit egulator const

d loop transfe

ront end conve

a traditional acase lock loop he grid phasereference conthe current [2

ed The internaing componen

as the DC voltnd quadrature

ed to the FEC k is consistensystems and uweather condpower point e maximum pf a maximum s only if the sby the PV fi

d all of the sand SCC connsure stabilityin order to alss realized by voltage refereSoC values fptimal state ogoal of the netfor the batterer during the d

k during the le the PVC cae ction of the sul SoC the SCacitorsrsquo voltaoportional to energy contribstate of chargtimal use of thplied by the FE

mean power recapacitors shoeconds while ng from a fewpower accordie can be obtasrsquo controllers

plies different

nverter is contrator In order tit is necessarytants It is theer functions f

erter

ctive front end(PLL) algorith the control o

ntrolling the di25] Two nestal one uses thnt control signtage and react currents as ou

because the antly greater thunlike the PVditions The

tracking (Mpossible energy

voltage threshsystem is not aield (ie if thstorage systemntribute to vy a droop conso perform thtaking into ac

ences for the Zfor the two sof charge has twork For exaies could be daytime becau

daytime couannot give ene

upercapacitorsCC voltage ref

ge instead othe square o

bution is low e he devices it EC be the smoequest from thould supply the batteries sw seconds toing to the dyained based o Indeed the response tim

rolled by meanto obtain the dy to choose suerefore advisafor the three

d In order to chm is implemof the FEC opirect and quadted feedback

he currents as nals as outputive power as utputs In relat

amount han the V field

PVC MPPT) y from hold is able to he AC ms are voltage ntrol is e self-ccount

ZC and storage

to be ample higher

use the uld be ergy to

s when ference of the of the when

is also oothest he AC power should some

ynamic on the choice

mes for

ns of a desired uitable able to power

control mented perates drature chains inputs ts the inputs tion to

the If thcapathe

Fig

T

R2

wki arcaparepr

Asquareguof ththe

2

I

V

d

DC

Fglobresp

A

Tbidisidewhimeanestin tcomgensche

Fig

Tvoltof dcharslowcan tran

DC voltage che internal chaable of settingFEC can be dr

7 Control schem

The closed loop

dp

pd

VksC

skV

3

32

where Vd is there the constanacitance of thresenting the p

As shown in Fare of the DC ulator is easierhe DC voltagegrid current

2

3

RCs

RVd

d

C

From (3) it bally as a lowponse of the FE

Zebra conver

The ZC is reirectional stepe is connectedile the low voans of an induted feedback the inductance

mponents whierating the reeme of the ext

8 Control schem

The self-rechatage referencedroop action enrge around thw if compared

therefore bensfer function

control only tain is much fag the desired rawn as report

me of FEC

p transfer func

id

i

VksV

Rks

32

e direct compots of the PI reghe DC bus apower absorbeFig 7 the feevoltage In thr In fact in the directly depe

1C

R

is clear that w-pass filter wEC

rter

ealized with p-downstep-ud to the DC boltage side is

uctor In additichains The ine acting on thile the externaeference currternal loop is r

me of ZC

arge function e in function onsures that thehe desired vald to the dyname neglected in

the external chaster than the ecurrents the ted in fig 7

ction is

dV

onent of the ggulator C is thand R is a reed by the DC bedback chain is way indeed

he frequency dends on the di

the control whose bandwid

one inverter up converter bus with an os connected toion the ZC is nternal one cohe duty cycleal one regulaterent as an oureported in fig

is obtained of the state ofe battery tries lue In any ca

mic action of thn formulating

hain is interesexternal one ancontrol schem

rid voltage kp

he total equivaesistive parambus is realized on

d the tuning odomain the sqirect compone

system operdth limits the

leg acting The high volutput capacitao the ZEBRAoperated with

ontrols the cue of the switces the DC vol

utput The cog 8

changing the f charge Thisto keep its staase this actio

he control loopg the closed

sting nd is

me of

(3)

p and alent

meter

n the of the quare ent of

(4)

rates time

as a ltage ance A by h two urrent ching ltage ntrol

DC s sort ate of on is p and loop

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

R

B

ThouthSCchcyreoufigto

Fig

vososuAnis an

R

nufohachre

cousanthcoDC

k

00

bp

pb

VksRC

skV

2

where Vb is th

Supercapac

The SCC is rhe high voltautput capacitane supercapaciCC is operatedhain controls tycle of the swgulates the DC

utput The cong 9 It differs the feedback

g 9 Control sche

The self-recholtage referencort of droop upercapacitors nyway if kSC slow if comp

nd the closed l

Sp

pSC

VksRC

kV

2

where VSC is

VI NU

In order to umerical and eollowing somave been choshanging the tusults for the dIn order to ac

ontrollers of thsing the paramnd (6) the spee load For

onverters chanC bus as repo

TABLE

FEC

kp ki k

001 0002 00

bib

i

Vks

Rk

1

he battery volt

citors converte

ealized using age side is conce while theitors by meansd with two nesthe current in witching comC voltage genentrol scheme o from the conon the superc

eme of SCC

harge functionce in function

action is instate of ch

is small enoupared to the dyoop transfer fu

SiSC

i

Vks

Rks

1

the supercapa

UMERICAL AND

test the prexperimental te results will sen to show uning of the

different applicchieve the requhe converters

meters reportedeed response o

this reasonnge as a functorted in fig 10

I PARAMETERS O

ZC

kp ki kb

005 001 05

tage

er

the same confonnected to the low voltage s of an inductsted feedback the inductance

mponents whilerating the refof the externalntrol scheme oapacitorsrsquo vol

n is obtainedn of supercapantroduce in arge around

ugh the actionynamic action function is

SC

acitorsrsquo voltage

D EXPERIMENT

roposed contrtests have beebe reported

how the samcontrollers c

cations discussuired bandwidthe PI regulat

d in Table I Aof the control the bandwition of the po0

OF CONVERTER RE

b SOCref

[] kp

5 90 001

figuration as thhe DC bus wside is connector In additionchains The ine acting on thle the externaference currenl loop is repor

of the ZC in retage

d changing thacitors voltageorder to keethe desired

n of the droopof the control

e

TAL RESULTS

rol strategy en performed

In particularme network wcan give verysed in Sectiondth separation tors have been

According to (3answer depen

idths of the ower supplied

EGULATORS

SC

ki kSC

1 01 0143

(5)

he ZC with an cted to n the nternal he duty al one

nt as an rted in elation

he DC e This ep the value

p chain l loop

(6)

many In the

these without y good n III

of the n tuned 3) (5) nds on

three to the

VSCref [V]

220

Fig

Afig somwhisecoaccoand the varichoTheconbeenof appan ais wthe reasquic

Inload

Inand The

Insimu

A

Tto drequThegridand

10 Bandwidths v

According to t10 the actio

me hundreds oile the interveonds The coount the maxi

d of the SoC obatteries con

iation of 10sen maximum

e desired SoCcerns the supn set to 220 V110 V (in

roximately to admissible DCworth noting tSCC has been

son why the cker than that n the followinds presented inn particular t

d experimentaley are summar

in the first tesystem A between aboin the secopower requcase a netwalmost lasts in the third to the systet1=32 s and t

n the followmulations and e

Pulsing loads

The pulsing lodevelop the nuested by the e test lasts 3 md is simulated d 11b the sim

vs power of three

the bandwidthon of the SCCof millisecondention of the onstants kb animum desirabof the two stonsidering a m equal to 3m depth of disC has been chpercapacitors V Considering

fact half frac34 of the stor

C voltage variathat the admisn chosen lower

supercapacitof the batterie

ng the results n Section III athree cases hally tested All rized in Table est the pulsindisconnection

out minutes 1 nd test the rest reported iwork failure for all three mtest the regenem A step lt2 = 46 s wing the reexperimental te

s

ad of fig 2 isnumerical simload is used i

min during wbetween abou

mulated and

e converters

hs of the convC will have ads the ZC wiFEC will be nd kSC are chble variation oorage devices

maximum allow38V in correscharge (76)hosen equal t

the desired vg the possibleof the volt

red energy) anation of 4 it ssible DC volr than that of ttors action ises obtained by

are analyzed ave been num

of these testsII and reporte

ng load of fig n of the AC and 2 response of tin fig 3 is poccurs at the

minutes nerative load oload variation

esults obtaineests are report

s applied to thmulations thein simulating hich a disconnut minutes 1 aexperimental

verters reportea time constanill act in secoslowed to tenhosen taking of the DC vol In particularwable DC volespondence of) it results kb=to 90 For wvoltage valuee voltage variatage corresp

nd associating t results kSC=1ltage variationthe ZC This is expected to

applying the t

merically simuls lasted 3 mined below 2 is applied togrid is simul

the system toperformed In e first instant

of fig 4 is appn occurs betw

ed in numeted and discus

he system In o measured pothe load behanection of theand 2 In figs

DC voltages

ed in nt of onds ns of

into ltage r for ltage f the =05 what

e has ation onds it to

7 It n for is the o be

three

lated nutes

o the lated

o the this and

plied ween

erical sed

order ower

avior e AC 11a s are

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

rep

C

P

F

Re

ACThexsim

diad

subasuthAfsusu

ported

TA

Case study

Pulsing load Pm

T =

Fault of AC network

ste

egenerative load

Fig 11 DC vo

The voltage eC grid is dische power suppxperimental remulations Even if a cenfferent conver

dapting it to thIndeed as i

upplied essenandwidth Thupplies only the first instantfter some sec

upplies the upercapacitors

ABLE II TEST CAS

Key feature

max = 19 kW Pmin = 25 s duty cycl

Pmax = 45 kWPmin = -45 kWTdisconn = 47

Treconn = 1635ep variations of D

Pmax =35 kWPmin = ndash17 kWPmean = 200 W

a

b

oltages

excursion is vconnected theplied by each esults match

ntralized contrrters are able

he characteristiis clear fromntially by thehe FEC prehe mean powts the SCC sconds as allo

mean pow

SES ANALYZED IN

es

= 8 kWe = 66

AC gr

Dreconn

iW W s 5 s

DC loads W W W

a 9 kW

a) simulated

b) measured

very limited (plusmne voltage dropdevice is repothose obtaine

rol action is noto split the l

ics of the diffem fig 19 the

e SCC becaesenting the

wer At the grisupplies the wowed by its

wer and als

N PAPER Notes

rid is disconnectet = 1 s to t = 2 sDisconnection annection times are in experimental te

W load is connectet = 32 s to t = 47

plusmn2) and whp is lower thaorted in fig 12ed in the num

ot implementeload power dierent devicese pulsing powause of its

lower bandid disconnecti

whole load debandwidth thso recharges

ed from s nd

lagged est

ed from s

hen the an 3 2 The

merical

ed the iagram

wer is higher

dwidth ion in emand he ZC s the

Fig

Aenerreaspowdroofig havdecrreferechWhtwoSimdesikeep

B

Inqualoadexp

Tcausbattto thacti

HDC

Tdiff

12 Power supplie

At the grid rrgy from the son why the Fwer request op action intro8 Indeed dure been dischreased The d

erence and theharging proceen the SoC o

o DC referenmilarly the supired value of 2p the desired v

Fault of AC n

n order to sholity energy sud condition prerimentally re

The voltage flused by the cteries change the load their Don necessary t

However the cvoltage is alw

The powers eferent devices

a)

b)

ed by different de

reconnection DC bus to recFEC supplies This self-rechoduced in the ring the main harged and t

difference betwe DC referencess occurring f the batteries

nces are equapercapacitors 220 V Fig 13value of the su

network

ow the ability upply even wheesented in fig

ealized In fig uctuation arouchanging SoCtheir SoC absoDC voltage reto realize the schoice of a lo

ways inside a vexchanged beare reported in

simulated

measured

evices

the ZC autcharge the bata power grea

harge action icontrol of thegrid disconnetheir DC refween the ratedce of the ZC i

at the netws reaches the al and the se

keeps their v3 shows the abupercapacitors

of the systemen a main grid 3 is numeric 14 the DC vound the rated C of the batorbing from oeference is chaself-recharge aow value for kvery tight bandetween the Dn fig 15

tomatically drtteries This isater than the is obtained bye ZC and showction the battference has d value of theis the cause o

work reconnecdesired value

elf-recharge evoltage aroundbility of the SCsrsquo SoC

m to ensure ad faults occursally simulatedoltage is reporvalue of 380

tteries Whiler supplying po

anged by the daction kb ensures thad DC bus and

rains s the load

y the wn in teries been

e DC f the

ction e the ends d the CC to

high s the d and rted V is

e the ower

droop

at the

d the

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

wicoth

acse

A

tostepe

fapofalothpo

Fig

B

opto cothhat=steloex

C

anlocodr13

ith step changonnected to the fast regulati

In order to chieving the abet and analyzed

i Pulsii Faul

is coiii Reg

Pulsing load

A pulsing mography (CAep load varyineriod of 25 s a

The power rcility Howev

ower of the cilities Thusad has been prat of a real CA

ower absorbed

g 2 Pulsing load

Fault in AC

In the secondpening of the A the AC distr

onverter detecte converter

appens at tim=1635 s Meaeps simulatingads on the D

xperimental tes

Regenerativ

Usually elecnd braking opads For this r

onducted by aprive for a woo9 s with an a5 kW) consta

ges of 1 kWhe DC bus by on of the pow

III CA

test the capabove discussedd sing load lt of the AC nonnected to theenerative load

d

load is reprAT) scanner wng between aband a duty cycrequested by tver it can be s

different dev the DCDC crogrammed toAT although

d by the load d

d simulating powe

C network

d test an AC fAC breaker coribution netwots the AC-sidefrom the AC

me t=47 s wanwhile the lg the connectiDC bus In fst is reported

ve load

ctrical drives perations are reason the tespplying the reodworking plaacceleration pant speed pha

while the otmeans of a D

wer absorbed

ASE STUDY

abilities of thd goals three

network while e DC bus

d

resented by whose typicalbout 60 kW a

cle of 70 this load is toscaled by taki

vices connecteconverter conno absorb a pow

opportunely sduring the tests

er profile of CAT

fault is simulaonnecting the ork The contre lack of volta

C network Twhile the AC load demand ion and disconfig 3 the po

alternating bethe most di

t to simulate real power demant [17] The phase (maximuase (power ab

ther 30 kW bDCDC conver

he DC netwokinds of case

a step variabl

a computer l power diagraand 180 kW w

oo high for thing into accoued to the DCnected 30 kW

wer profile simscaled In fig s is reported

ated with the mfront-end con

rol algorithm age and disco

The simulatedreconnection

changes withnnection of difower profile

etween acceleiffused regeneregenerative lo

mand of an eleworking cyclum power abssorbed 700 W

bank is rter for

ork in s were

le load

axial am is a with a

he test unt the C test

W rated milar to

2 the

manual nverter of the nnects

d fault n is at h some fferent of the

eration erative oads is ectrical e lasts sorbed

W) and

brakmeaThecan insedrivconnexp

Fig

Fig

Indiffelecof toveopeapp

Insign

Agavdev

Tdynpartelec

king phase (man power absoerefore it is cl

lead to a sertion and discve has been nected at timeerimental pow

3 Load power du

4 Power diagram

IV M

n order to coferent convertctrical storage the model to rr the full dynrative workinlications are

an energy futhe average a peak shavabsorbdeliva certain ref

n general tnificantly loweAmong the vae attention toice behavior a

A ZEB

The ZEBRA banamic modelsticular in [18]ctrochemical i

maximum poworbed during olear how the ssignificant enconnection of simulated In

e t=32s and dwer diagram is

uring AC network

m of simulated reg

MODELING OF E

orrectly set uers of the DCdevices is re

represent the namic range ofng conditions

function in whpower requestving function

ver the requestference averagthe first funer charge and arious models

lumped modas seen from th

BRA battery m

attery model cs available in] and [19] leaimpedance spe

wer regeneratone cycle is lostorage action nergy recoveranother load in particular disconnected as reported in fi

k fault test

generative load

ELECTRICAL ST

up the controC system thequired In parbehavior of thf utilization iss of a storag

hich the deviceted by the app

n in which thted peak pow

ge power nction is chadischarge dyn available in

dels capable ohe terminals

model

comes from thn the literatuad acid batteryectroscopy (E

ted 17 kW) ower than 200of the DC sy

ry Moreoverin parallel witha 9 kW loa

at time t=47sig 4

TORAGE

l strategy fore modeling ofrticular the abhe electric stos needed Thege device in

e has to guaraplication he storage haer above or b

aracterized bnamic

the literaturef interpolating

he lead acid baure [18]-[21]y models base

EIS) are descri

The 0 W

ystem the h the ad is The

r the f the bility orage e two

grid

antee

as to elow

by a

e we g the

attery ] In ed on ibed

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

whco

Fig

(SthR1

thac

coeq

E

So

chnocu

A

dymin[2id

Fig

hile in [20] aompromise bet

The model us

g 5 ZEBRA batt

The ZEBRA SoC) represene state of char1 which takese device and

ccount the dynIn addition

onsidered to bquations descri

ESoCE )( 0

C

oCn

11

where

E0 is the opharged SoC isominal batteryurrent supplied

Supercapac

A supercapaynamics of th

mHz up to 10troduced in [2

24] where adentification w

g 6 Supercapacit

In this model Ri represen

available f C(u)=C0

RR

and [21] thirdtween complesed for our pur

tery model

battery is modnting the openrge (SoC) in ss into accountd the parallelnamic behavior

for our purpbe constant duibing the batte

SoCKe 1

dtib

pen circuit vos the state of

y capacity Ke d by the batter

citor model

acitor modele device in th

00 Hz is repr23] was intega simplified

was presented

tor model

l nts the high from the manu+KVyuml u wh

C(u)Ri

1

222

u

2

C

C(u)Ri

1

222

u

2

C

d-order modelxity and precirpose is repres

deled as an elen circuit voltaseries with thet the high freq branchR2-C2

r of the batterypose the batturing the workery device are

oltage when tf charge of this a voltage co

ry

l capable ofhe typical freqresented in f

grated in a moprocedure f

frequency resufacturerrsquos dathere C0 and

(222 Cn

u

)(

)(2 uC

u

2

)(u

2

)(uC

(222 Cn

u

)(

)(2 uC

u

2

)(u

2

)(uC

ls that show aision are descrsented in fig 5

ectromotive foage as a functe internal resisquency resista2 which takey tery temperatk cycle so th

the battery ishe battery Cn

onstant and ib

f representinquency range fig 6 This more general mofor the para

sistance whictasheet

KV are con

)(

)

uC vsc

isc

)(

)

uC vsc

isc

a good ribed 5[22]

orce E tion of stance

ance of es into

ture is hat the

(1)

(2)

s fully is the

b is the

ng the of 10

model odel in ameter

ch was

nstants

TreprFor lowsign

Adefiachithe 1

2

34

Itconconand

Tthe Howprefcapaotheconbe aand worquathessuitmodstorautovaluhas at thvoltto cooconconothevolt

Tassibetwwouano

evaluated byin [24] τ(u)=3yuml(Rdc-Rresistance re

The supercaparesent the redour purposes

w frequencies nificant error

A control strained In ordeieving all ofcontrol strateg

The stabilizaat a steady sThe automaone or moreThe self-recThe optimal

t is evident ttrol has to bverters that ca

d PVC The possibility

use of only owever in ordeferable to havable of workier units The trol laws for tadapted to the

d have to be rking conditiolity on the DCse laws can btably tuned difications conrage system onomously itue The tuningto be coordina

he same timetage Thus theoptimally exprdinated withverters On thtrols of the foer because thtage and curre

The duty of imigned only toween the voluld cause a cother even in

y a constant c

Ri)yumlC(u) wheported in the acitor and battistribution and

s these phenoalmost close t

V CONTRO

ategy for the er to make the aims discgy should ensuation of the D

state for differeatic configurabe devices are uharge of the stl utilization of that to achiebe implemenan regulate th

y of splitting one controller

er to realize a mve separate coing independeproposed con

the four convedifferent devintegrated in

ons for the difC bus As willbe obtained uand modifie

nsists in the shas to im

ts own state g of the dynamated to make e to guarantee e dynamic respploit the conh the dynamhe contrary frour converters hey are basedent at their conmposing a stao one converltages measurontinuous pown the absenc

current charge

here Rdc repmanufacturertery models ud self-discharmena which to DC can be

OL STRATEGY

network conthe DC net

cussed in the ure

DC voltage durent kind of loability of the

unavailable torage system

f all of the devve the first g

nted Howevehe DC voltage

the voltage rr or of coordmore robust coontrollers for tently from thntrol strategy erters The coices they conn

order to ensfferent systeml be shown in using traditioed One ofself-recharge f

mplement in of charge ar

mic responseseach device wthe stabilizati

ponse of each ntrolled devic

mic performanrom an operati

are independd only on thennection nodeationary DC brter otherwisred at the diwer flow frome of loads

e test as descr

presents the rsquos datasheet used are unabrge of the devtake place at neglected wit

nverters has twork capableprevious sect

ring transientsads control schem

ms vices goal DC volr there are e FEC ZC S

regulation requinated controlontrol it woulthe different u

he presence ofis to design

ontrol laws havnect to the DCsure both opt

ms and high pothe next Sect

onal control lf the innovafunction that

order to kround the des of the conve

work at its best ion of the DCconverter is tu

ce but it is nces of the oion viewpoint

dent one from e measuremen

bus voltage case the differfferent conve

m one convertThe stiff vol

ribed

DC

le to vices

very thout

been e of tions

s and

me if

ltage four

SCC

uires llers ld be units f the four

ve to C bus timal ower ions

loops ative each

keep sired

erters and

C bus uned also

other t the each

nt of

an be rence erters er to ltage

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

reofenit imalgthreabnefureimchthSCsydethdufacoth

this suvoth

adpogrduwompebaofth

febavafinun

thAfoncoaranexan

gulation has bf energy in thnergy stored in

is not depmplements a gorithm in orde PV field It ached Indeed

bsorb the eneretwork is not ully charged)gulation but

mplemented Inharging actione state of charCC are depenystems respecefined as a fune optimal stat

uring the nightilure of the

overed by the e loads duringIn order to aey are close t

tuned to thupercapacitorsoltage) In thiey are far fromIn order to ac

dvisable that thossible feedinrid Moreoveruring transientork at time p

minutes The serformances oandwidths of tf different bane different devAs shown beledback chain

andwidth for aalues for the rend the closednits

A Fr

The FEC is ae FEC a phafter locking thn the rotating omponents of re implementend the switchixternal one hand the direct an

been committehe AC networkn the storage spendent on w

maximum pder to draw thshuts down if

d this happensrgy produced available and

The ZC ain order to enn particular i

n the droop isrge Thus the ndent on the ctively An opnction of the gte of charge fttime and loweAC network

PV field whig the nighttimeamplify the acto the optimalhe supercaparsquo energy (pros way their e

m the optimal chieve the opthe power suppng only the mr the supercts of a few seperiods ranginsplit of the pof each devicthe convertersndwidths impvices low each conand PI regula

a power unit egulator const

d loop transfe

ront end conve

a traditional acase lock loop he grid phasereference conthe current [2

ed The internaing componen

as the DC voltnd quadrature

ed to the FEC k is consistensystems and uweather condpower point e maximum pf a maximum s only if the sby the PV fi

d all of the sand SCC connsure stabilityin order to alss realized by voltage refereSoC values fptimal state ogoal of the netfor the batterer during the d

k during the le the PVC cae ction of the sul SoC the SCacitorsrsquo voltaoportional to energy contribstate of chargtimal use of thplied by the FE

mean power recapacitors shoeconds while ng from a fewpower accordie can be obtasrsquo controllers

plies different

nverter is contrator In order tit is necessarytants It is theer functions f

erter

ctive front end(PLL) algorith the control o

ntrolling the di25] Two nestal one uses thnt control signtage and react currents as ou

because the antly greater thunlike the PVditions The

tracking (Mpossible energy

voltage threshsystem is not aield (ie if thstorage systemntribute to vy a droop conso perform thtaking into ac

ences for the Zfor the two sof charge has twork For exaies could be daytime becau

daytime couannot give ene

upercapacitorsCC voltage ref

ge instead othe square o

bution is low e he devices it EC be the smoequest from thould supply the batteries sw seconds toing to the dyained based o Indeed the response tim

rolled by meanto obtain the dy to choose suerefore advisafor the three

d In order to chm is implemof the FEC opirect and quadted feedback

he currents as nals as outputive power as utputs In relat

amount han the V field

PVC MPPT) y from hold is able to he AC ms are voltage ntrol is e self-ccount

ZC and storage

to be ample higher

use the uld be ergy to

s when ference of the of the when

is also oothest he AC power should some

ynamic on the choice

mes for

ns of a desired uitable able to power

control mented perates drature chains inputs ts the inputs tion to

the If thcapathe

Fig

T

R2

wki arcaparepr

Asquareguof ththe

2

I

V

d

DC

Fglobresp

A

Tbidisidewhimeanestin tcomgensche

Fig

Tvoltof dcharslowcan tran

DC voltage che internal chaable of settingFEC can be dr

7 Control schem

The closed loop

dp

pd

VksC

skV

3

32

where Vd is there the constanacitance of thresenting the p

As shown in Fare of the DC ulator is easierhe DC voltagegrid current

2

3

RCs

RVd

d

C

From (3) it bally as a lowponse of the FE

Zebra conver

The ZC is reirectional stepe is connectedile the low voans of an induted feedback the inductance

mponents whierating the reeme of the ext

8 Control schem

The self-rechatage referencedroop action enrge around thw if compared

therefore bensfer function

control only tain is much fag the desired rawn as report

me of FEC

p transfer func

id

i

VksV

Rks

32

e direct compots of the PI reghe DC bus apower absorbeFig 7 the feevoltage In thr In fact in the directly depe

1C

R

is clear that w-pass filter wEC

rter

ealized with p-downstep-ud to the DC boltage side is

uctor In additichains The ine acting on thile the externaeference currternal loop is r

me of ZC

arge function e in function onsures that thehe desired vald to the dyname neglected in

the external chaster than the ecurrents the ted in fig 7

ction is

dV

onent of the ggulator C is thand R is a reed by the DC bedback chain is way indeed

he frequency dends on the di

the control whose bandwid

one inverter up converter bus with an os connected toion the ZC is nternal one cohe duty cycleal one regulaterent as an oureported in fig

is obtained of the state ofe battery tries lue In any ca

mic action of thn formulating

hain is interesexternal one ancontrol schem

rid voltage kp

he total equivaesistive parambus is realized on

d the tuning odomain the sqirect compone

system operdth limits the

leg acting The high volutput capacitao the ZEBRAoperated with

ontrols the cue of the switces the DC vol

utput The cog 8

changing the f charge Thisto keep its staase this actio

he control loopg the closed

sting nd is

me of

(3)

p and alent

meter

n the of the quare ent of

(4)

rates time

as a ltage ance A by h two urrent ching ltage ntrol

DC s sort ate of on is p and loop

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

R

B

ThouthSCchcyreoufigto

Fig

vososuAnis an

R

nufohachre

cousanthcoDC

k

00

bp

pb

VksRC

skV

2

where Vb is th

Supercapac

The SCC is rhe high voltautput capacitane supercapaciCC is operatedhain controls tycle of the swgulates the DC

utput The cong 9 It differs the feedback

g 9 Control sche

The self-recholtage referencort of droop upercapacitors nyway if kSC slow if comp

nd the closed l

Sp

pSC

VksRC

kV

2

where VSC is

VI NU

In order to umerical and eollowing somave been choshanging the tusults for the dIn order to ac

ontrollers of thsing the paramnd (6) the spee load For

onverters chanC bus as repo

TABLE

FEC

kp ki k

001 0002 00

bib

i

Vks

Rk

1

he battery volt

citors converte

ealized using age side is conce while theitors by meansd with two nesthe current in witching comC voltage genentrol scheme o from the conon the superc

eme of SCC

harge functionce in function

action is instate of ch

is small enoupared to the dyoop transfer fu

SiSC

i

Vks

Rks

1

the supercapa

UMERICAL AND

test the prexperimental te results will sen to show uning of the

different applicchieve the requhe converters

meters reportedeed response o

this reasonnge as a functorted in fig 10

I PARAMETERS O

ZC

kp ki kb

005 001 05

tage

er

the same confonnected to the low voltage s of an inductsted feedback the inductance

mponents whilerating the refof the externalntrol scheme oapacitorsrsquo vol

n is obtainedn of supercapantroduce in arge around

ugh the actionynamic action function is

SC

acitorsrsquo voltage

D EXPERIMENT

roposed contrtests have beebe reported

how the samcontrollers c

cations discussuired bandwidthe PI regulat

d in Table I Aof the control the bandwition of the po0

OF CONVERTER RE

b SOCref

[] kp

5 90 001

figuration as thhe DC bus wside is connector In additionchains The ine acting on thle the externaference currenl loop is repor

of the ZC in retage

d changing thacitors voltageorder to keethe desired

n of the droopof the control

e

TAL RESULTS

rol strategy en performed

In particularme network wcan give verysed in Sectiondth separation tors have been

According to (3answer depen

idths of the ower supplied

EGULATORS

SC

ki kSC

1 01 0143

(5)

he ZC with an cted to n the nternal he duty al one

nt as an rted in elation

he DC e This ep the value

p chain l loop

(6)

many In the

these without y good n III

of the n tuned 3) (5) nds on

three to the

VSCref [V]

220

Fig

Afig somwhisecoaccoand the varichoTheconbeenof appan ais wthe reasquic

Inload

Inand The

Insimu

A

Tto drequThegridand

10 Bandwidths v

According to t10 the actio

me hundreds oile the interveonds The coount the maxi

d of the SoC obatteries con

iation of 10sen maximum

e desired SoCcerns the supn set to 220 V110 V (in

roximately to admissible DCworth noting tSCC has been

son why the cker than that n the followinds presented inn particular t

d experimentaley are summar

in the first tesystem A between aboin the secopower requcase a netwalmost lasts in the third to the systet1=32 s and t

n the followmulations and e

Pulsing loads

The pulsing lodevelop the nuested by the e test lasts 3 md is simulated d 11b the sim

vs power of three

the bandwidthon of the SCCof millisecondention of the onstants kb animum desirabof the two stonsidering a m equal to 3m depth of disC has been chpercapacitors V Considering

fact half frac34 of the stor

C voltage variathat the admisn chosen lower

supercapacitof the batterie

ng the results n Section III athree cases hally tested All rized in Table est the pulsindisconnection

out minutes 1 nd test the rest reported iwork failure for all three mtest the regenem A step lt2 = 46 s wing the reexperimental te

s

ad of fig 2 isnumerical simload is used i

min during wbetween abou

mulated and

e converters

hs of the convC will have ads the ZC wiFEC will be nd kSC are chble variation oorage devices

maximum allow38V in correscharge (76)hosen equal t

the desired vg the possibleof the volt

red energy) anation of 4 it ssible DC volr than that of ttors action ises obtained by

are analyzed ave been num

of these testsII and reporte

ng load of fig n of the AC and 2 response of tin fig 3 is poccurs at the

minutes nerative load oload variation

esults obtaineests are report

s applied to thmulations thein simulating hich a disconnut minutes 1 aexperimental

verters reportea time constanill act in secoslowed to tenhosen taking of the DC vol In particularwable DC volespondence of) it results kb=to 90 For wvoltage valuee voltage variatage corresp

nd associating t results kSC=1ltage variationthe ZC This is expected to

applying the t

merically simuls lasted 3 mined below 2 is applied togrid is simul

the system toperformed In e first instant

of fig 4 is appn occurs betw

ed in numeted and discus

he system In o measured pothe load behanection of theand 2 In figs

DC voltages

ed in nt of onds ns of

into ltage r for ltage f the =05 what

e has ation onds it to

7 It n for is the o be

three

lated nutes

o the lated

o the this and

plied ween

erical sed

order ower

avior e AC 11a s are

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

rep

C

P

F

Re

ACThexsim

diad

subasuthAfsusu

ported

TA

Case study

Pulsing load Pm

T =

Fault of AC network

ste

egenerative load

Fig 11 DC vo

The voltage eC grid is dische power suppxperimental remulations Even if a cenfferent conver

dapting it to thIndeed as i

upplied essenandwidth Thupplies only the first instantfter some sec

upplies the upercapacitors

ABLE II TEST CAS

Key feature

max = 19 kW Pmin = 25 s duty cycl

Pmax = 45 kWPmin = -45 kWTdisconn = 47

Treconn = 1635ep variations of D

Pmax =35 kWPmin = ndash17 kWPmean = 200 W

a

b

oltages

excursion is vconnected theplied by each esults match

ntralized contrrters are able

he characteristiis clear fromntially by thehe FEC prehe mean powts the SCC sconds as allo

mean pow

SES ANALYZED IN

es

= 8 kWe = 66

AC gr

Dreconn

iW W s 5 s

DC loads W W W

a 9 kW

a) simulated

b) measured

very limited (plusmne voltage dropdevice is repothose obtaine

rol action is noto split the l

ics of the diffem fig 19 the

e SCC becaesenting the

wer At the grisupplies the wowed by its

wer and als

N PAPER Notes

rid is disconnectet = 1 s to t = 2 sDisconnection annection times are in experimental te

W load is connectet = 32 s to t = 47

plusmn2) and whp is lower thaorted in fig 12ed in the num

ot implementeload power dierent devicese pulsing powause of its

lower bandid disconnecti

whole load debandwidth thso recharges

ed from s nd

lagged est

ed from s

hen the an 3 2 The

merical

ed the iagram

wer is higher

dwidth ion in emand he ZC s the

Fig

Aenerreaspowdroofig havdecrreferechWhtwoSimdesikeep

B

Inqualoadexp

Tcausbattto thacti

HDC

Tdiff

12 Power supplie

At the grid rrgy from the son why the Fwer request op action intro8 Indeed dure been dischreased The d

erence and theharging proceen the SoC o

o DC referenmilarly the supired value of 2p the desired v

Fault of AC n

n order to sholity energy sud condition prerimentally re

The voltage flused by the cteries change the load their Don necessary t

However the cvoltage is alw

The powers eferent devices

a)

b)

ed by different de

reconnection DC bus to recFEC supplies This self-rechoduced in the ring the main harged and t

difference betwe DC referencess occurring f the batteries

nces are equapercapacitors 220 V Fig 13value of the su

network

ow the ability upply even wheesented in fig

ealized In fig uctuation arouchanging SoCtheir SoC absoDC voltage reto realize the schoice of a lo

ways inside a vexchanged beare reported in

simulated

measured

evices

the ZC autcharge the bata power grea

harge action icontrol of thegrid disconnetheir DC refween the ratedce of the ZC i

at the netws reaches the al and the se

keeps their v3 shows the abupercapacitors

of the systemen a main grid 3 is numeric 14 the DC vound the rated C of the batorbing from oeference is chaself-recharge aow value for kvery tight bandetween the Dn fig 15

tomatically drtteries This isater than the is obtained bye ZC and showction the battference has d value of theis the cause o

work reconnecdesired value

elf-recharge evoltage aroundbility of the SCsrsquo SoC

m to ensure ad faults occursally simulatedoltage is reporvalue of 380

tteries Whiler supplying po

anged by the daction kb ensures thad DC bus and

rains s the load

y the wn in teries been

e DC f the

ction e the ends d the CC to

high s the d and rted V is

e the ower

droop

at the

d the

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

whco

Fig

(SthR1

thac

coeq

E

So

chnocu

A

dymin[2id

Fig

hile in [20] aompromise bet

The model us

g 5 ZEBRA batt

The ZEBRA SoC) represene state of char1 which takese device and

ccount the dynIn addition

onsidered to bquations descri

ESoCE )( 0

C

oCn

11

where

E0 is the opharged SoC isominal batteryurrent supplied

Supercapac

A supercapaynamics of th

mHz up to 10troduced in [2

24] where adentification w

g 6 Supercapacit

In this model Ri represen

available f C(u)=C0

RR

and [21] thirdtween complesed for our pur

tery model

battery is modnting the openrge (SoC) in ss into accountd the parallelnamic behavior

for our purpbe constant duibing the batte

SoCKe 1

dtib

pen circuit vos the state of

y capacity Ke d by the batter

citor model

acitor modele device in th

00 Hz is repr23] was intega simplified

was presented

tor model

l nts the high from the manu+KVyuml u wh

C(u)Ri

1

222

u

2

C

C(u)Ri

1

222

u

2

C

d-order modelxity and precirpose is repres

deled as an elen circuit voltaseries with thet the high freq branchR2-C2

r of the batterypose the batturing the workery device are

oltage when tf charge of this a voltage co

ry

l capable ofhe typical freqresented in f

grated in a moprocedure f

frequency resufacturerrsquos dathere C0 and

(222 Cn

u

)(

)(2 uC

u

2

)(u

2

)(uC

(222 Cn

u

)(

)(2 uC

u

2

)(u

2

)(uC

ls that show aision are descrsented in fig 5

ectromotive foage as a functe internal resisquency resista2 which takey tery temperatk cycle so th

the battery ishe battery Cn

onstant and ib

f representinquency range fig 6 This more general mofor the para

sistance whictasheet

KV are con

)(

)

uC vsc

isc

)(

)

uC vsc

isc

a good ribed 5[22]

orce E tion of stance

ance of es into

ture is hat the

(1)

(2)

s fully is the

b is the

ng the of 10

model odel in ameter

ch was

nstants

TreprFor lowsign

Adefiachithe 1

2

34

Itconconand

Tthe Howprefcapaotheconbe aand worquathessuitmodstorautovaluhas at thvoltto cooconconothevolt

Tassibetwwouano

evaluated byin [24] τ(u)=3yuml(Rdc-Rresistance re

The supercaparesent the redour purposes

w frequencies nificant error

A control strained In ordeieving all ofcontrol strateg

The stabilizaat a steady sThe automaone or moreThe self-recThe optimal

t is evident ttrol has to bverters that ca

d PVC The possibility

use of only owever in ordeferable to havable of workier units The trol laws for tadapted to the

d have to be rking conditiolity on the DCse laws can btably tuned difications conrage system onomously itue The tuningto be coordina

he same timetage Thus theoptimally exprdinated withverters On thtrols of the foer because thtage and curre

The duty of imigned only toween the voluld cause a cother even in

y a constant c

Ri)yumlC(u) wheported in the acitor and battistribution and

s these phenoalmost close t

V CONTRO

ategy for the er to make the aims discgy should ensuation of the D

state for differeatic configurabe devices are uharge of the stl utilization of that to achiebe implemenan regulate th

y of splitting one controller

er to realize a mve separate coing independeproposed con

the four convedifferent devintegrated in

ons for the difC bus As willbe obtained uand modifie

nsists in the shas to im

ts own state g of the dynamated to make e to guarantee e dynamic respploit the conh the dynamhe contrary frour converters hey are basedent at their conmposing a stao one converltages measurontinuous pown the absenc

current charge

here Rdc repmanufacturertery models ud self-discharmena which to DC can be

OL STRATEGY

network conthe DC net

cussed in the ure

DC voltage durent kind of loability of the

unavailable torage system

f all of the devve the first g

nted Howevehe DC voltage

the voltage rr or of coordmore robust coontrollers for tently from thntrol strategy erters The coices they conn

order to ensfferent systeml be shown in using traditioed One ofself-recharge f

mplement in of charge ar

mic responseseach device wthe stabilizati

ponse of each ntrolled devic

mic performanrom an operati

are independd only on thennection nodeationary DC brter otherwisred at the diwer flow frome of loads

e test as descr

presents the rsquos datasheet used are unabrge of the devtake place at neglected wit

nverters has twork capableprevious sect

ring transientsads control schem

ms vices goal DC volr there are e FEC ZC S

regulation requinated controlontrol it woulthe different u

he presence ofis to design

ontrol laws havnect to the DCsure both opt

ms and high pothe next Sect

onal control lf the innovafunction that

order to kround the des of the conve

work at its best ion of the DCconverter is tu

ce but it is nces of the oion viewpoint

dent one from e measuremen

bus voltage case the differfferent conve

m one convertThe stiff vol

ribed

DC

le to vices

very thout

been e of tions

s and

me if

ltage four

SCC

uires llers ld be units f the four

ve to C bus timal ower ions

loops ative each

keep sired

erters and

C bus uned also

other t the each

nt of

an be rence erters er to ltage

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

reofenit imalgthreabnefureimchthSCsydethdufacoth

this suvoth

adpogrduwompebaofth

febavafinun

thAfoncoaranexan

gulation has bf energy in thnergy stored in

is not depmplements a gorithm in orde PV field It ached Indeed

bsorb the eneretwork is not ully charged)gulation but

mplemented Inharging actione state of charCC are depenystems respecefined as a fune optimal stat

uring the nightilure of the

overed by the e loads duringIn order to aey are close t

tuned to thupercapacitorsoltage) In thiey are far fromIn order to ac

dvisable that thossible feedinrid Moreoveruring transientork at time p

minutes The serformances oandwidths of tf different bane different devAs shown beledback chain

andwidth for aalues for the rend the closednits

A Fr

The FEC is ae FEC a phafter locking thn the rotating omponents of re implementend the switchixternal one hand the direct an

been committehe AC networkn the storage spendent on w

maximum pder to draw thshuts down if

d this happensrgy produced available and

The ZC ain order to enn particular i

n the droop isrge Thus the ndent on the ctively An opnction of the gte of charge fttime and loweAC network

PV field whig the nighttimeamplify the acto the optimalhe supercaparsquo energy (pros way their e

m the optimal chieve the opthe power suppng only the mr the supercts of a few seperiods ranginsplit of the pof each devicthe convertersndwidths impvices low each conand PI regula

a power unit egulator const

d loop transfe

ront end conve

a traditional acase lock loop he grid phasereference conthe current [2

ed The internaing componen

as the DC voltnd quadrature

ed to the FEC k is consistensystems and uweather condpower point e maximum pf a maximum s only if the sby the PV fi

d all of the sand SCC connsure stabilityin order to alss realized by voltage refereSoC values fptimal state ogoal of the netfor the batterer during the d

k during the le the PVC cae ction of the sul SoC the SCacitorsrsquo voltaoportional to energy contribstate of chargtimal use of thplied by the FE

mean power recapacitors shoeconds while ng from a fewpower accordie can be obtasrsquo controllers

plies different

nverter is contrator In order tit is necessarytants It is theer functions f

erter

ctive front end(PLL) algorith the control o

ntrolling the di25] Two nestal one uses thnt control signtage and react currents as ou

because the antly greater thunlike the PVditions The

tracking (Mpossible energy

voltage threshsystem is not aield (ie if thstorage systemntribute to vy a droop conso perform thtaking into ac

ences for the Zfor the two sof charge has twork For exaies could be daytime becau

daytime couannot give ene

upercapacitorsCC voltage ref

ge instead othe square o

bution is low e he devices it EC be the smoequest from thould supply the batteries sw seconds toing to the dyained based o Indeed the response tim

rolled by meanto obtain the dy to choose suerefore advisafor the three

d In order to chm is implemof the FEC opirect and quadted feedback

he currents as nals as outputive power as utputs In relat

amount han the V field

PVC MPPT) y from hold is able to he AC ms are voltage ntrol is e self-ccount

ZC and storage

to be ample higher

use the uld be ergy to

s when ference of the of the when

is also oothest he AC power should some

ynamic on the choice

mes for

ns of a desired uitable able to power

control mented perates drature chains inputs ts the inputs tion to

the If thcapathe

Fig

T

R2

wki arcaparepr

Asquareguof ththe

2

I

V

d

DC

Fglobresp

A

Tbidisidewhimeanestin tcomgensche

Fig

Tvoltof dcharslowcan tran

DC voltage che internal chaable of settingFEC can be dr

7 Control schem

The closed loop

dp

pd

VksC

skV

3

32

where Vd is there the constanacitance of thresenting the p

As shown in Fare of the DC ulator is easierhe DC voltagegrid current

2

3

RCs

RVd

d

C

From (3) it bally as a lowponse of the FE

Zebra conver

The ZC is reirectional stepe is connectedile the low voans of an induted feedback the inductance

mponents whierating the reeme of the ext

8 Control schem

The self-rechatage referencedroop action enrge around thw if compared

therefore bensfer function

control only tain is much fag the desired rawn as report

me of FEC

p transfer func

id

i

VksV

Rks

32

e direct compots of the PI reghe DC bus apower absorbeFig 7 the feevoltage In thr In fact in the directly depe

1C

R

is clear that w-pass filter wEC

rter

ealized with p-downstep-ud to the DC boltage side is

uctor In additichains The ine acting on thile the externaeference currternal loop is r

me of ZC

arge function e in function onsures that thehe desired vald to the dyname neglected in

the external chaster than the ecurrents the ted in fig 7

ction is

dV

onent of the ggulator C is thand R is a reed by the DC bedback chain is way indeed

he frequency dends on the di

the control whose bandwid

one inverter up converter bus with an os connected toion the ZC is nternal one cohe duty cycleal one regulaterent as an oureported in fig

is obtained of the state ofe battery tries lue In any ca

mic action of thn formulating

hain is interesexternal one ancontrol schem

rid voltage kp

he total equivaesistive parambus is realized on

d the tuning odomain the sqirect compone

system operdth limits the

leg acting The high volutput capacitao the ZEBRAoperated with

ontrols the cue of the switces the DC vol

utput The cog 8

changing the f charge Thisto keep its staase this actio

he control loopg the closed

sting nd is

me of

(3)

p and alent

meter

n the of the quare ent of

(4)

rates time

as a ltage ance A by h two urrent ching ltage ntrol

DC s sort ate of on is p and loop

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

R

B

ThouthSCchcyreoufigto

Fig

vososuAnis an

R

nufohachre

cousanthcoDC

k

00

bp

pb

VksRC

skV

2

where Vb is th

Supercapac

The SCC is rhe high voltautput capacitane supercapaciCC is operatedhain controls tycle of the swgulates the DC

utput The cong 9 It differs the feedback

g 9 Control sche

The self-recholtage referencort of droop upercapacitors nyway if kSC slow if comp

nd the closed l

Sp

pSC

VksRC

kV

2

where VSC is

VI NU

In order to umerical and eollowing somave been choshanging the tusults for the dIn order to ac

ontrollers of thsing the paramnd (6) the spee load For

onverters chanC bus as repo

TABLE

FEC

kp ki k

001 0002 00

bib

i

Vks

Rk

1

he battery volt

citors converte

ealized using age side is conce while theitors by meansd with two nesthe current in witching comC voltage genentrol scheme o from the conon the superc

eme of SCC

harge functionce in function

action is instate of ch

is small enoupared to the dyoop transfer fu

SiSC

i

Vks

Rks

1

the supercapa

UMERICAL AND

test the prexperimental te results will sen to show uning of the

different applicchieve the requhe converters

meters reportedeed response o

this reasonnge as a functorted in fig 10

I PARAMETERS O

ZC

kp ki kb

005 001 05

tage

er

the same confonnected to the low voltage s of an inductsted feedback the inductance

mponents whilerating the refof the externalntrol scheme oapacitorsrsquo vol

n is obtainedn of supercapantroduce in arge around

ugh the actionynamic action function is

SC

acitorsrsquo voltage

D EXPERIMENT

roposed contrtests have beebe reported

how the samcontrollers c

cations discussuired bandwidthe PI regulat

d in Table I Aof the control the bandwition of the po0

OF CONVERTER RE

b SOCref

[] kp

5 90 001

figuration as thhe DC bus wside is connector In additionchains The ine acting on thle the externaference currenl loop is repor

of the ZC in retage

d changing thacitors voltageorder to keethe desired

n of the droopof the control

e

TAL RESULTS

rol strategy en performed

In particularme network wcan give verysed in Sectiondth separation tors have been

According to (3answer depen

idths of the ower supplied

EGULATORS

SC

ki kSC

1 01 0143

(5)

he ZC with an cted to n the nternal he duty al one

nt as an rted in elation

he DC e This ep the value

p chain l loop

(6)

many In the

these without y good n III

of the n tuned 3) (5) nds on

three to the

VSCref [V]

220

Fig

Afig somwhisecoaccoand the varichoTheconbeenof appan ais wthe reasquic

Inload

Inand The

Insimu

A

Tto drequThegridand

10 Bandwidths v

According to t10 the actio

me hundreds oile the interveonds The coount the maxi

d of the SoC obatteries con

iation of 10sen maximum

e desired SoCcerns the supn set to 220 V110 V (in

roximately to admissible DCworth noting tSCC has been

son why the cker than that n the followinds presented inn particular t

d experimentaley are summar

in the first tesystem A between aboin the secopower requcase a netwalmost lasts in the third to the systet1=32 s and t

n the followmulations and e

Pulsing loads

The pulsing lodevelop the nuested by the e test lasts 3 md is simulated d 11b the sim

vs power of three

the bandwidthon of the SCCof millisecondention of the onstants kb animum desirabof the two stonsidering a m equal to 3m depth of disC has been chpercapacitors V Considering

fact half frac34 of the stor

C voltage variathat the admisn chosen lower

supercapacitof the batterie

ng the results n Section III athree cases hally tested All rized in Table est the pulsindisconnection

out minutes 1 nd test the rest reported iwork failure for all three mtest the regenem A step lt2 = 46 s wing the reexperimental te

s

ad of fig 2 isnumerical simload is used i

min during wbetween abou

mulated and

e converters

hs of the convC will have ads the ZC wiFEC will be nd kSC are chble variation oorage devices

maximum allow38V in correscharge (76)hosen equal t

the desired vg the possibleof the volt

red energy) anation of 4 it ssible DC volr than that of ttors action ises obtained by

are analyzed ave been num

of these testsII and reporte

ng load of fig n of the AC and 2 response of tin fig 3 is poccurs at the

minutes nerative load oload variation

esults obtaineests are report

s applied to thmulations thein simulating hich a disconnut minutes 1 aexperimental

verters reportea time constanill act in secoslowed to tenhosen taking of the DC vol In particularwable DC volespondence of) it results kb=to 90 For wvoltage valuee voltage variatage corresp

nd associating t results kSC=1ltage variationthe ZC This is expected to

applying the t

merically simuls lasted 3 mined below 2 is applied togrid is simul

the system toperformed In e first instant

of fig 4 is appn occurs betw

ed in numeted and discus

he system In o measured pothe load behanection of theand 2 In figs

DC voltages

ed in nt of onds ns of

into ltage r for ltage f the =05 what

e has ation onds it to

7 It n for is the o be

three

lated nutes

o the lated

o the this and

plied ween

erical sed

order ower

avior e AC 11a s are

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

rep

C

P

F

Re

ACThexsim

diad

subasuthAfsusu

ported

TA

Case study

Pulsing load Pm

T =

Fault of AC network

ste

egenerative load

Fig 11 DC vo

The voltage eC grid is dische power suppxperimental remulations Even if a cenfferent conver

dapting it to thIndeed as i

upplied essenandwidth Thupplies only the first instantfter some sec

upplies the upercapacitors

ABLE II TEST CAS

Key feature

max = 19 kW Pmin = 25 s duty cycl

Pmax = 45 kWPmin = -45 kWTdisconn = 47

Treconn = 1635ep variations of D

Pmax =35 kWPmin = ndash17 kWPmean = 200 W

a

b

oltages

excursion is vconnected theplied by each esults match

ntralized contrrters are able

he characteristiis clear fromntially by thehe FEC prehe mean powts the SCC sconds as allo

mean pow

SES ANALYZED IN

es

= 8 kWe = 66

AC gr

Dreconn

iW W s 5 s

DC loads W W W

a 9 kW

a) simulated

b) measured

very limited (plusmne voltage dropdevice is repothose obtaine

rol action is noto split the l

ics of the diffem fig 19 the

e SCC becaesenting the

wer At the grisupplies the wowed by its

wer and als

N PAPER Notes

rid is disconnectet = 1 s to t = 2 sDisconnection annection times are in experimental te

W load is connectet = 32 s to t = 47

plusmn2) and whp is lower thaorted in fig 12ed in the num

ot implementeload power dierent devicese pulsing powause of its

lower bandid disconnecti

whole load debandwidth thso recharges

ed from s nd

lagged est

ed from s

hen the an 3 2 The

merical

ed the iagram

wer is higher

dwidth ion in emand he ZC s the

Fig

Aenerreaspowdroofig havdecrreferechWhtwoSimdesikeep

B

Inqualoadexp

Tcausbattto thacti

HDC

Tdiff

12 Power supplie

At the grid rrgy from the son why the Fwer request op action intro8 Indeed dure been dischreased The d

erence and theharging proceen the SoC o

o DC referenmilarly the supired value of 2p the desired v

Fault of AC n

n order to sholity energy sud condition prerimentally re

The voltage flused by the cteries change the load their Don necessary t

However the cvoltage is alw

The powers eferent devices

a)

b)

ed by different de

reconnection DC bus to recFEC supplies This self-rechoduced in the ring the main harged and t

difference betwe DC referencess occurring f the batteries

nces are equapercapacitors 220 V Fig 13value of the su

network

ow the ability upply even wheesented in fig

ealized In fig uctuation arouchanging SoCtheir SoC absoDC voltage reto realize the schoice of a lo

ways inside a vexchanged beare reported in

simulated

measured

evices

the ZC autcharge the bata power grea

harge action icontrol of thegrid disconnetheir DC refween the ratedce of the ZC i

at the netws reaches the al and the se

keeps their v3 shows the abupercapacitors

of the systemen a main grid 3 is numeric 14 the DC vound the rated C of the batorbing from oeference is chaself-recharge aow value for kvery tight bandetween the Dn fig 15

tomatically drtteries This isater than the is obtained bye ZC and showction the battference has d value of theis the cause o

work reconnecdesired value

elf-recharge evoltage aroundbility of the SCsrsquo SoC

m to ensure ad faults occursally simulatedoltage is reporvalue of 380

tteries Whiler supplying po

anged by the daction kb ensures thad DC bus and

rains s the load

y the wn in teries been

e DC f the

ction e the ends d the CC to

high s the d and rted V is

e the ower

droop

at the

d the

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

reofenit imalgthreabnefureimchthSCsydethdufacoth

this suvoth

adpogrduwompebaofth

febavafinun

thAfoncoaranexan

gulation has bf energy in thnergy stored in

is not depmplements a gorithm in orde PV field It ached Indeed

bsorb the eneretwork is not ully charged)gulation but

mplemented Inharging actione state of charCC are depenystems respecefined as a fune optimal stat

uring the nightilure of the

overed by the e loads duringIn order to aey are close t

tuned to thupercapacitorsoltage) In thiey are far fromIn order to ac

dvisable that thossible feedinrid Moreoveruring transientork at time p

minutes The serformances oandwidths of tf different bane different devAs shown beledback chain

andwidth for aalues for the rend the closednits

A Fr

The FEC is ae FEC a phafter locking thn the rotating omponents of re implementend the switchixternal one hand the direct an

been committehe AC networkn the storage spendent on w

maximum pder to draw thshuts down if

d this happensrgy produced available and

The ZC ain order to enn particular i

n the droop isrge Thus the ndent on the ctively An opnction of the gte of charge fttime and loweAC network

PV field whig the nighttimeamplify the acto the optimalhe supercaparsquo energy (pros way their e

m the optimal chieve the opthe power suppng only the mr the supercts of a few seperiods ranginsplit of the pof each devicthe convertersndwidths impvices low each conand PI regula

a power unit egulator const

d loop transfe

ront end conve

a traditional acase lock loop he grid phasereference conthe current [2

ed The internaing componen

as the DC voltnd quadrature

ed to the FEC k is consistensystems and uweather condpower point e maximum pf a maximum s only if the sby the PV fi

d all of the sand SCC connsure stabilityin order to alss realized by voltage refereSoC values fptimal state ogoal of the netfor the batterer during the d

k during the le the PVC cae ction of the sul SoC the SCacitorsrsquo voltaoportional to energy contribstate of chargtimal use of thplied by the FE

mean power recapacitors shoeconds while ng from a fewpower accordie can be obtasrsquo controllers

plies different

nverter is contrator In order tit is necessarytants It is theer functions f

erter

ctive front end(PLL) algorith the control o

ntrolling the di25] Two nestal one uses thnt control signtage and react currents as ou

because the antly greater thunlike the PVditions The

tracking (Mpossible energy

voltage threshsystem is not aield (ie if thstorage systemntribute to vy a droop conso perform thtaking into ac

ences for the Zfor the two sof charge has twork For exaies could be daytime becau

daytime couannot give ene

upercapacitorsCC voltage ref

ge instead othe square o

bution is low e he devices it EC be the smoequest from thould supply the batteries sw seconds toing to the dyained based o Indeed the response tim

rolled by meanto obtain the dy to choose suerefore advisafor the three

d In order to chm is implemof the FEC opirect and quadted feedback

he currents as nals as outputive power as utputs In relat

amount han the V field

PVC MPPT) y from hold is able to he AC ms are voltage ntrol is e self-ccount

ZC and storage

to be ample higher

use the uld be ergy to

s when ference of the of the when

is also oothest he AC power should some

ynamic on the choice

mes for

ns of a desired uitable able to power

control mented perates drature chains inputs ts the inputs tion to

the If thcapathe

Fig

T

R2

wki arcaparepr

Asquareguof ththe

2

I

V

d

DC

Fglobresp

A

Tbidisidewhimeanestin tcomgensche

Fig

Tvoltof dcharslowcan tran

DC voltage che internal chaable of settingFEC can be dr

7 Control schem

The closed loop

dp

pd

VksC

skV

3

32

where Vd is there the constanacitance of thresenting the p

As shown in Fare of the DC ulator is easierhe DC voltagegrid current

2

3

RCs

RVd

d

C

From (3) it bally as a lowponse of the FE

Zebra conver

The ZC is reirectional stepe is connectedile the low voans of an induted feedback the inductance

mponents whierating the reeme of the ext

8 Control schem

The self-rechatage referencedroop action enrge around thw if compared

therefore bensfer function

control only tain is much fag the desired rawn as report

me of FEC

p transfer func

id

i

VksV

Rks

32

e direct compots of the PI reghe DC bus apower absorbeFig 7 the feevoltage In thr In fact in the directly depe

1C

R

is clear that w-pass filter wEC

rter

ealized with p-downstep-ud to the DC boltage side is

uctor In additichains The ine acting on thile the externaeference currternal loop is r

me of ZC

arge function e in function onsures that thehe desired vald to the dyname neglected in

the external chaster than the ecurrents the ted in fig 7

ction is

dV

onent of the ggulator C is thand R is a reed by the DC bedback chain is way indeed

he frequency dends on the di

the control whose bandwid

one inverter up converter bus with an os connected toion the ZC is nternal one cohe duty cycleal one regulaterent as an oureported in fig

is obtained of the state ofe battery tries lue In any ca

mic action of thn formulating

hain is interesexternal one ancontrol schem

rid voltage kp

he total equivaesistive parambus is realized on

d the tuning odomain the sqirect compone

system operdth limits the

leg acting The high volutput capacitao the ZEBRAoperated with

ontrols the cue of the switces the DC vol

utput The cog 8

changing the f charge Thisto keep its staase this actio

he control loopg the closed

sting nd is

me of

(3)

p and alent

meter

n the of the quare ent of

(4)

rates time

as a ltage ance A by h two urrent ching ltage ntrol

DC s sort ate of on is p and loop

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

R

B

ThouthSCchcyreoufigto

Fig

vososuAnis an

R

nufohachre

cousanthcoDC

k

00

bp

pb

VksRC

skV

2

where Vb is th

Supercapac

The SCC is rhe high voltautput capacitane supercapaciCC is operatedhain controls tycle of the swgulates the DC

utput The cong 9 It differs the feedback

g 9 Control sche

The self-recholtage referencort of droop upercapacitors nyway if kSC slow if comp

nd the closed l

Sp

pSC

VksRC

kV

2

where VSC is

VI NU

In order to umerical and eollowing somave been choshanging the tusults for the dIn order to ac

ontrollers of thsing the paramnd (6) the spee load For

onverters chanC bus as repo

TABLE

FEC

kp ki k

001 0002 00

bib

i

Vks

Rk

1

he battery volt

citors converte

ealized using age side is conce while theitors by meansd with two nesthe current in witching comC voltage genentrol scheme o from the conon the superc

eme of SCC

harge functionce in function

action is instate of ch

is small enoupared to the dyoop transfer fu

SiSC

i

Vks

Rks

1

the supercapa

UMERICAL AND

test the prexperimental te results will sen to show uning of the

different applicchieve the requhe converters

meters reportedeed response o

this reasonnge as a functorted in fig 10

I PARAMETERS O

ZC

kp ki kb

005 001 05

tage

er

the same confonnected to the low voltage s of an inductsted feedback the inductance

mponents whilerating the refof the externalntrol scheme oapacitorsrsquo vol

n is obtainedn of supercapantroduce in arge around

ugh the actionynamic action function is

SC

acitorsrsquo voltage

D EXPERIMENT

roposed contrtests have beebe reported

how the samcontrollers c

cations discussuired bandwidthe PI regulat

d in Table I Aof the control the bandwition of the po0

OF CONVERTER RE

b SOCref

[] kp

5 90 001

figuration as thhe DC bus wside is connector In additionchains The ine acting on thle the externaference currenl loop is repor

of the ZC in retage

d changing thacitors voltageorder to keethe desired

n of the droopof the control

e

TAL RESULTS

rol strategy en performed

In particularme network wcan give verysed in Sectiondth separation tors have been

According to (3answer depen

idths of the ower supplied

EGULATORS

SC

ki kSC

1 01 0143

(5)

he ZC with an cted to n the nternal he duty al one

nt as an rted in elation

he DC e This ep the value

p chain l loop

(6)

many In the

these without y good n III

of the n tuned 3) (5) nds on

three to the

VSCref [V]

220

Fig

Afig somwhisecoaccoand the varichoTheconbeenof appan ais wthe reasquic

Inload

Inand The

Insimu

A

Tto drequThegridand

10 Bandwidths v

According to t10 the actio

me hundreds oile the interveonds The coount the maxi

d of the SoC obatteries con

iation of 10sen maximum

e desired SoCcerns the supn set to 220 V110 V (in

roximately to admissible DCworth noting tSCC has been

son why the cker than that n the followinds presented inn particular t

d experimentaley are summar

in the first tesystem A between aboin the secopower requcase a netwalmost lasts in the third to the systet1=32 s and t

n the followmulations and e

Pulsing loads

The pulsing lodevelop the nuested by the e test lasts 3 md is simulated d 11b the sim

vs power of three

the bandwidthon of the SCCof millisecondention of the onstants kb animum desirabof the two stonsidering a m equal to 3m depth of disC has been chpercapacitors V Considering

fact half frac34 of the stor

C voltage variathat the admisn chosen lower

supercapacitof the batterie

ng the results n Section III athree cases hally tested All rized in Table est the pulsindisconnection

out minutes 1 nd test the rest reported iwork failure for all three mtest the regenem A step lt2 = 46 s wing the reexperimental te

s

ad of fig 2 isnumerical simload is used i

min during wbetween abou

mulated and

e converters

hs of the convC will have ads the ZC wiFEC will be nd kSC are chble variation oorage devices

maximum allow38V in correscharge (76)hosen equal t

the desired vg the possibleof the volt

red energy) anation of 4 it ssible DC volr than that of ttors action ises obtained by

are analyzed ave been num

of these testsII and reporte

ng load of fig n of the AC and 2 response of tin fig 3 is poccurs at the

minutes nerative load oload variation

esults obtaineests are report

s applied to thmulations thein simulating hich a disconnut minutes 1 aexperimental

verters reportea time constanill act in secoslowed to tenhosen taking of the DC vol In particularwable DC volespondence of) it results kb=to 90 For wvoltage valuee voltage variatage corresp

nd associating t results kSC=1ltage variationthe ZC This is expected to

applying the t

merically simuls lasted 3 mined below 2 is applied togrid is simul

the system toperformed In e first instant

of fig 4 is appn occurs betw

ed in numeted and discus

he system In o measured pothe load behanection of theand 2 In figs

DC voltages

ed in nt of onds ns of

into ltage r for ltage f the =05 what

e has ation onds it to

7 It n for is the o be

three

lated nutes

o the lated

o the this and

plied ween

erical sed

order ower

avior e AC 11a s are

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

rep

C

P

F

Re

ACThexsim

diad

subasuthAfsusu

ported

TA

Case study

Pulsing load Pm

T =

Fault of AC network

ste

egenerative load

Fig 11 DC vo

The voltage eC grid is dische power suppxperimental remulations Even if a cenfferent conver

dapting it to thIndeed as i

upplied essenandwidth Thupplies only the first instantfter some sec

upplies the upercapacitors

ABLE II TEST CAS

Key feature

max = 19 kW Pmin = 25 s duty cycl

Pmax = 45 kWPmin = -45 kWTdisconn = 47

Treconn = 1635ep variations of D

Pmax =35 kWPmin = ndash17 kWPmean = 200 W

a

b

oltages

excursion is vconnected theplied by each esults match

ntralized contrrters are able

he characteristiis clear fromntially by thehe FEC prehe mean powts the SCC sconds as allo

mean pow

SES ANALYZED IN

es

= 8 kWe = 66

AC gr

Dreconn

iW W s 5 s

DC loads W W W

a 9 kW

a) simulated

b) measured

very limited (plusmne voltage dropdevice is repothose obtaine

rol action is noto split the l

ics of the diffem fig 19 the

e SCC becaesenting the

wer At the grisupplies the wowed by its

wer and als

N PAPER Notes

rid is disconnectet = 1 s to t = 2 sDisconnection annection times are in experimental te

W load is connectet = 32 s to t = 47

plusmn2) and whp is lower thaorted in fig 12ed in the num

ot implementeload power dierent devicese pulsing powause of its

lower bandid disconnecti

whole load debandwidth thso recharges

ed from s nd

lagged est

ed from s

hen the an 3 2 The

merical

ed the iagram

wer is higher

dwidth ion in emand he ZC s the

Fig

Aenerreaspowdroofig havdecrreferechWhtwoSimdesikeep

B

Inqualoadexp

Tcausbattto thacti

HDC

Tdiff

12 Power supplie

At the grid rrgy from the son why the Fwer request op action intro8 Indeed dure been dischreased The d

erence and theharging proceen the SoC o

o DC referenmilarly the supired value of 2p the desired v

Fault of AC n

n order to sholity energy sud condition prerimentally re

The voltage flused by the cteries change the load their Don necessary t

However the cvoltage is alw

The powers eferent devices

a)

b)

ed by different de

reconnection DC bus to recFEC supplies This self-rechoduced in the ring the main harged and t

difference betwe DC referencess occurring f the batteries

nces are equapercapacitors 220 V Fig 13value of the su

network

ow the ability upply even wheesented in fig

ealized In fig uctuation arouchanging SoCtheir SoC absoDC voltage reto realize the schoice of a lo

ways inside a vexchanged beare reported in

simulated

measured

evices

the ZC autcharge the bata power grea

harge action icontrol of thegrid disconnetheir DC refween the ratedce of the ZC i

at the netws reaches the al and the se

keeps their v3 shows the abupercapacitors

of the systemen a main grid 3 is numeric 14 the DC vound the rated C of the batorbing from oeference is chaself-recharge aow value for kvery tight bandetween the Dn fig 15

tomatically drtteries This isater than the is obtained bye ZC and showction the battference has d value of theis the cause o

work reconnecdesired value

elf-recharge evoltage aroundbility of the SCsrsquo SoC

m to ensure ad faults occursally simulatedoltage is reporvalue of 380

tteries Whiler supplying po

anged by the daction kb ensures thad DC bus and

rains s the load

y the wn in teries been

e DC f the

ction e the ends d the CC to

high s the d and rted V is

e the ower

droop

at the

d the

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

R

B

ThouthSCchcyreoufigto

Fig

vososuAnis an

R

nufohachre

cousanthcoDC

k

00

bp

pb

VksRC

skV

2

where Vb is th

Supercapac

The SCC is rhe high voltautput capacitane supercapaciCC is operatedhain controls tycle of the swgulates the DC

utput The cong 9 It differs the feedback

g 9 Control sche

The self-recholtage referencort of droop upercapacitors nyway if kSC slow if comp

nd the closed l

Sp

pSC

VksRC

kV

2

where VSC is

VI NU

In order to umerical and eollowing somave been choshanging the tusults for the dIn order to ac

ontrollers of thsing the paramnd (6) the spee load For

onverters chanC bus as repo

TABLE

FEC

kp ki k

001 0002 00

bib

i

Vks

Rk

1

he battery volt

citors converte

ealized using age side is conce while theitors by meansd with two nesthe current in witching comC voltage genentrol scheme o from the conon the superc

eme of SCC

harge functionce in function

action is instate of ch

is small enoupared to the dyoop transfer fu

SiSC

i

Vks

Rks

1

the supercapa

UMERICAL AND

test the prexperimental te results will sen to show uning of the

different applicchieve the requhe converters

meters reportedeed response o

this reasonnge as a functorted in fig 10

I PARAMETERS O

ZC

kp ki kb

005 001 05

tage

er

the same confonnected to the low voltage s of an inductsted feedback the inductance

mponents whilerating the refof the externalntrol scheme oapacitorsrsquo vol

n is obtainedn of supercapantroduce in arge around

ugh the actionynamic action function is

SC

acitorsrsquo voltage

D EXPERIMENT

roposed contrtests have beebe reported

how the samcontrollers c

cations discussuired bandwidthe PI regulat

d in Table I Aof the control the bandwition of the po0

OF CONVERTER RE

b SOCref

[] kp

5 90 001

figuration as thhe DC bus wside is connector In additionchains The ine acting on thle the externaference currenl loop is repor

of the ZC in retage

d changing thacitors voltageorder to keethe desired

n of the droopof the control

e

TAL RESULTS

rol strategy en performed

In particularme network wcan give verysed in Sectiondth separation tors have been

According to (3answer depen

idths of the ower supplied

EGULATORS

SC

ki kSC

1 01 0143

(5)

he ZC with an cted to n the nternal he duty al one

nt as an rted in elation

he DC e This ep the value

p chain l loop

(6)

many In the

these without y good n III

of the n tuned 3) (5) nds on

three to the

VSCref [V]

220

Fig

Afig somwhisecoaccoand the varichoTheconbeenof appan ais wthe reasquic

Inload

Inand The

Insimu

A

Tto drequThegridand

10 Bandwidths v

According to t10 the actio

me hundreds oile the interveonds The coount the maxi

d of the SoC obatteries con

iation of 10sen maximum

e desired SoCcerns the supn set to 220 V110 V (in

roximately to admissible DCworth noting tSCC has been

son why the cker than that n the followinds presented inn particular t

d experimentaley are summar

in the first tesystem A between aboin the secopower requcase a netwalmost lasts in the third to the systet1=32 s and t

n the followmulations and e

Pulsing loads

The pulsing lodevelop the nuested by the e test lasts 3 md is simulated d 11b the sim

vs power of three

the bandwidthon of the SCCof millisecondention of the onstants kb animum desirabof the two stonsidering a m equal to 3m depth of disC has been chpercapacitors V Considering

fact half frac34 of the stor

C voltage variathat the admisn chosen lower

supercapacitof the batterie

ng the results n Section III athree cases hally tested All rized in Table est the pulsindisconnection

out minutes 1 nd test the rest reported iwork failure for all three mtest the regenem A step lt2 = 46 s wing the reexperimental te

s

ad of fig 2 isnumerical simload is used i

min during wbetween abou

mulated and

e converters

hs of the convC will have ads the ZC wiFEC will be nd kSC are chble variation oorage devices

maximum allow38V in correscharge (76)hosen equal t

the desired vg the possibleof the volt

red energy) anation of 4 it ssible DC volr than that of ttors action ises obtained by

are analyzed ave been num

of these testsII and reporte

ng load of fig n of the AC and 2 response of tin fig 3 is poccurs at the

minutes nerative load oload variation

esults obtaineests are report

s applied to thmulations thein simulating hich a disconnut minutes 1 aexperimental

verters reportea time constanill act in secoslowed to tenhosen taking of the DC vol In particularwable DC volespondence of) it results kb=to 90 For wvoltage valuee voltage variatage corresp

nd associating t results kSC=1ltage variationthe ZC This is expected to

applying the t

merically simuls lasted 3 mined below 2 is applied togrid is simul

the system toperformed In e first instant

of fig 4 is appn occurs betw

ed in numeted and discus

he system In o measured pothe load behanection of theand 2 In figs

DC voltages

ed in nt of onds ns of

into ltage r for ltage f the =05 what

e has ation onds it to

7 It n for is the o be

three

lated nutes

o the lated

o the this and

plied ween

erical sed

order ower

avior e AC 11a s are

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

rep

C

P

F

Re

ACThexsim

diad

subasuthAfsusu

ported

TA

Case study

Pulsing load Pm

T =

Fault of AC network

ste

egenerative load

Fig 11 DC vo

The voltage eC grid is dische power suppxperimental remulations Even if a cenfferent conver

dapting it to thIndeed as i

upplied essenandwidth Thupplies only the first instantfter some sec

upplies the upercapacitors

ABLE II TEST CAS

Key feature

max = 19 kW Pmin = 25 s duty cycl

Pmax = 45 kWPmin = -45 kWTdisconn = 47

Treconn = 1635ep variations of D

Pmax =35 kWPmin = ndash17 kWPmean = 200 W

a

b

oltages

excursion is vconnected theplied by each esults match

ntralized contrrters are able

he characteristiis clear fromntially by thehe FEC prehe mean powts the SCC sconds as allo

mean pow

SES ANALYZED IN

es

= 8 kWe = 66

AC gr

Dreconn

iW W s 5 s

DC loads W W W

a 9 kW

a) simulated

b) measured

very limited (plusmne voltage dropdevice is repothose obtaine

rol action is noto split the l

ics of the diffem fig 19 the

e SCC becaesenting the

wer At the grisupplies the wowed by its

wer and als

N PAPER Notes

rid is disconnectet = 1 s to t = 2 sDisconnection annection times are in experimental te

W load is connectet = 32 s to t = 47

plusmn2) and whp is lower thaorted in fig 12ed in the num

ot implementeload power dierent devicese pulsing powause of its

lower bandid disconnecti

whole load debandwidth thso recharges

ed from s nd

lagged est

ed from s

hen the an 3 2 The

merical

ed the iagram

wer is higher

dwidth ion in emand he ZC s the

Fig

Aenerreaspowdroofig havdecrreferechWhtwoSimdesikeep

B

Inqualoadexp

Tcausbattto thacti

HDC

Tdiff

12 Power supplie

At the grid rrgy from the son why the Fwer request op action intro8 Indeed dure been dischreased The d

erence and theharging proceen the SoC o

o DC referenmilarly the supired value of 2p the desired v

Fault of AC n

n order to sholity energy sud condition prerimentally re

The voltage flused by the cteries change the load their Don necessary t

However the cvoltage is alw

The powers eferent devices

a)

b)

ed by different de

reconnection DC bus to recFEC supplies This self-rechoduced in the ring the main harged and t

difference betwe DC referencess occurring f the batteries

nces are equapercapacitors 220 V Fig 13value of the su

network

ow the ability upply even wheesented in fig

ealized In fig uctuation arouchanging SoCtheir SoC absoDC voltage reto realize the schoice of a lo

ways inside a vexchanged beare reported in

simulated

measured

evices

the ZC autcharge the bata power grea

harge action icontrol of thegrid disconnetheir DC refween the ratedce of the ZC i

at the netws reaches the al and the se

keeps their v3 shows the abupercapacitors

of the systemen a main grid 3 is numeric 14 the DC vound the rated C of the batorbing from oeference is chaself-recharge aow value for kvery tight bandetween the Dn fig 15

tomatically drtteries This isater than the is obtained bye ZC and showction the battference has d value of theis the cause o

work reconnecdesired value

elf-recharge evoltage aroundbility of the SCsrsquo SoC

m to ensure ad faults occursally simulatedoltage is reporvalue of 380

tteries Whiler supplying po

anged by the daction kb ensures thad DC bus and

rains s the load

y the wn in teries been

e DC f the

ction e the ends d the CC to

high s the d and rted V is

e the ower

droop

at the

d the

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

rep

C

P

F

Re

ACThexsim

diad

subasuthAfsusu

ported

TA

Case study

Pulsing load Pm

T =

Fault of AC network

ste

egenerative load

Fig 11 DC vo

The voltage eC grid is dische power suppxperimental remulations Even if a cenfferent conver

dapting it to thIndeed as i

upplied essenandwidth Thupplies only the first instantfter some sec

upplies the upercapacitors

ABLE II TEST CAS

Key feature

max = 19 kW Pmin = 25 s duty cycl

Pmax = 45 kWPmin = -45 kWTdisconn = 47

Treconn = 1635ep variations of D

Pmax =35 kWPmin = ndash17 kWPmean = 200 W

a

b

oltages

excursion is vconnected theplied by each esults match

ntralized contrrters are able

he characteristiis clear fromntially by thehe FEC prehe mean powts the SCC sconds as allo

mean pow

SES ANALYZED IN

es

= 8 kWe = 66

AC gr

Dreconn

iW W s 5 s

DC loads W W W

a 9 kW

a) simulated

b) measured

very limited (plusmne voltage dropdevice is repothose obtaine

rol action is noto split the l

ics of the diffem fig 19 the

e SCC becaesenting the

wer At the grisupplies the wowed by its

wer and als

N PAPER Notes

rid is disconnectet = 1 s to t = 2 sDisconnection annection times are in experimental te

W load is connectet = 32 s to t = 47

plusmn2) and whp is lower thaorted in fig 12ed in the num

ot implementeload power dierent devicese pulsing powause of its

lower bandid disconnecti

whole load debandwidth thso recharges

ed from s nd

lagged est

ed from s

hen the an 3 2 The

merical

ed the iagram

wer is higher

dwidth ion in emand he ZC s the

Fig

Aenerreaspowdroofig havdecrreferechWhtwoSimdesikeep

B

Inqualoadexp

Tcausbattto thacti

HDC

Tdiff

12 Power supplie

At the grid rrgy from the son why the Fwer request op action intro8 Indeed dure been dischreased The d

erence and theharging proceen the SoC o

o DC referenmilarly the supired value of 2p the desired v

Fault of AC n

n order to sholity energy sud condition prerimentally re

The voltage flused by the cteries change the load their Don necessary t

However the cvoltage is alw

The powers eferent devices

a)

b)

ed by different de

reconnection DC bus to recFEC supplies This self-rechoduced in the ring the main harged and t

difference betwe DC referencess occurring f the batteries

nces are equapercapacitors 220 V Fig 13value of the su

network

ow the ability upply even wheesented in fig

ealized In fig uctuation arouchanging SoCtheir SoC absoDC voltage reto realize the schoice of a lo

ways inside a vexchanged beare reported in

simulated

measured

evices

the ZC autcharge the bata power grea

harge action icontrol of thegrid disconnetheir DC refween the ratedce of the ZC i

at the netws reaches the al and the se

keeps their v3 shows the abupercapacitors

of the systemen a main grid 3 is numeric 14 the DC vound the rated C of the batorbing from oeference is chaself-recharge aow value for kvery tight bandetween the Dn fig 15

tomatically drtteries This isater than the is obtained bye ZC and showction the battference has d value of theis the cause o

work reconnecdesired value

elf-recharge evoltage aroundbility of the SCsrsquo SoC

m to ensure ad faults occursally simulatedoltage is reporvalue of 380

tteries Whiler supplying po

anged by the daction kb ensures thad DC bus and

rains s the load

y the wn in teries been

e DC f the

ction e the ends d the CC to

high s the d and rted V is

e the ower

droop

at the

d the

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

Fig

Fig

powois fro

g 13 Supercapac

g 14 DC voltage

For the diffeower change orth noting tha load becau

om the DC bu

a

b

citorsrsquo voltages

a

b

e

ferent bandwidthe first devic

hat during the se it supplies

us

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

dths of the cce to take actiabsence of thits auxiliaries

controllers ation is the SCC

he AC grid ths by drawing

t each C It is e FEC power

Fig

C

Fsimuamopredrealworis re

InIt iesselowthe assoSCCcon

Itbefois lo

Tconnthe avaiencovoltshavprofas lobtamic

15 Simulated po

Regenerative

Finally the cmulated and ex

ount of energdominant actiolized by the hrk as the main eported n fig 17 the pis clear that entially by the

wer than 1 secoSCC (see f

ociated with tC keeps suptribution to tht is worth notiore the time inower than the r

The wide diffunected to distr

regulation ilability of ourages their tage stabilizativing and the files In this scleaves to an ain a high qcro-grid not on

a)

b)

wer supplied by d

loads

case of a regxperimentally gy is exchanon of the supehigher bandwpower source

powers supplithe alternativ

e supercapaciond where thefig 10) In the load step

pplying the ahe transient powing that the ZCnstant of 32 s breference one

VII CON

usion of distribribution netwoof distributionew techno

use in power ion and regulamatching of

cenario the usAC backbone

quality distribnly allows the

simulated

measured

different devices

generative loatested In th

nged and forercapacitors is

width of the Se In fig 16 th

ied by each deve power deitors because e predominantaddition durvariation (at

alternative power request

C drains powebecause the So

NCLUSIONS

buted renewaborks presents aon networksologies for systems to ac

ation continuigenerated and

se of DC micre is an effecbution networ

easier connec

ad is numerichis case no lr this reasons advisable ThSCC that makhe DC bus vol

evice are repoemand is covit occurs in tt answer is thring the trantime t=32 s)

ower beyond

er from the DCoC of the batt

ble energy soua new scenario Moreover storage sys

chieve the goaity of service d requested poo-grids connetive possibilit

rk Indeed action of renew

cally large the his is kes it ltage

orted vered times hat of nsient the

the

C bus teries

urces o for

the stems als of peak ower ected ty to

DC wable

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

soelidrACse

Fig

Fig

kinbe

ources and stoiminate all ofrives and suppC+DC distribu

ervice but also

g 16 DC voltage

g 17 Power supp

In order to cnd of distribu

een realized a

orage systemsf the input repliers Thus tution system ithe efficiency

a

b

es

a

b

plied by different

conduct some ution schemeat RSE in Mi

s but also mctifiers installthe advantageinvolve not ony of the overal

a) simulated

b) measured

a) simulated

b) measured

devices

preliminary e a 100-kW Dilan Italy Th

makes it possiled inside ele

es of using a hnly the qualityll system

experiments oDC test facilihis facility has

ible to ectrical hybrid of the

on this ty has s been

usedinteunit

Incona DpowstraconIn osimuconncarrbeenconand effecondynworstoreffe

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

d to set up aerconnecting dt storage systen this paper atrol strategy h

DC micro-gridwer quality levategy does noverter control

order to set up mulations were

nected to the nried out in ordn achieved Ttinuity of serv

d voltage staectively perfortrol of the c

namic responserk at its best rage systems wectively achiev

Hadjsaid N Caelectrical disresourcesPoweIEEE pp1-4 26

Soni A Ozvere42nd InternationUPEC 2007 pp

Song Yun-weiinspiration InEngineering (IC

Sarikprueck PDeveloping imPower and Ener

Carrasco JMGuisado RCPPower-ElectronEnergy SourceElectronics vol

Hopkins MDDistributed Renvol3 no2 pp1

Mamo X MallThe cornerstoneSociety General

Standard for IntSystems IEEE S

Reference technconsumers to tCompany CEI 0

Reference technto the LV electri

Baran ME Mopportunities aApplications v

a control stradevices to a Dems loads) after a descriphas been propod in terms of vel and energot need a cen

acts only on tthe proposed performed afnetwork Then

der to verify thThe reported evice when a abilization anrmed by the converters ales of the diffepotential Fin

was integratedved as shown

REFER

aire R Raison Bstribution systeramp Energy Soci6-30 July 2009

en CS Renewnal Universities 717-720 4-6 Sep

American pnternational ConfCMSE) 2010 pp

P Korkua SKmportant renewabgy Society Gener

Franquelo LP Prats MaAnic Systems for es A Survey53 no4 pp1002

Pahwa A Enewable Resource1047-1054 June 2

let S Coste T e for smart grid d Meeting 2009 P

terconnecting DisStandard 1547 20

nical rules for tthe HV and M0-16 fasc 9251 2

nical rules for theical Utilities CEI

Mahajan NR and challengesvol39 no6 pp 1

ategy for all DC bus (AC ne

tion of the tesosed to show

f the continuigy saving Thentral intelligenthe basis of thstrategy prel

fter modeling n some exper

hat all of the reexperimental rfault occurred

nd regeneratiDC micro-gr

llowed the derent units mnally the self-d into the contby the experim

RENCES B Decentralizetems with iety General Me

wable energy marPower Engineeri

pt 2007

policy on renewference on Man1513-1519 24-26

K Wei-Jen Leble energies in Tral Meeting pp1-

G BialasiewicM Leon JI

r the Grid Integ IEEE Transa2-1016 June 2006

Easton T Intes IEEE Transa2012

Grenard S Ddevelopment stratePES 09 IEEE p

stributed Resourc003

the connection oV electrical net

2008

e connection of acI 0-21 fasc 11666

DC distribution IEEE Trans

1596- 1601 Nov-

of the conveetwork genera

st facility a rothe capabilitiety of the sere proposed conce because he DC bus voliminary numeall of the dev

rimental tests wequested goalsresults showedd on the AC ive actions wrid Moreoverdecoupling of

making each de-recharging oftrol logic andmental results

ed operating moddistributed e

eeting 2009 PES

rket potential in Uing Conference

wable energy anagement Science

6 Nov 2010

ee Lumyong Thailand 2011 -8 24-29 July 201

cz JT GalvanMoreno-Alfonso

gration of Reneactions on Indu6

telligent Dispatcactions on Smart

Distribution automegy Power amp Ep1-6 26-30 July

es with Electric P

of active and patworks of distrib

ctive and passive6 2011

for industrial syssactions on Ind-Dec 2003

erters ation

obust es of

rvice ntrol each tage

erical vices were s had d the grid were the

f the evice f the

d was s

des for energy S 09

UK 2007

nd its e and

P IEEE

11

n E o N wable ustrial

h for Grid

mation Energy y 2009

Power

assive bution

users

stems dustry

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity

Copyright (c) 2013 IEEE Personal use is permitted For any other purposes permission must be obtained from the IEEE by emailing pubs-permissionsieeeorg

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal but has not been fully edited Content may change prior to final publication

[12

[13

[14

[15

[16

[17

[18

[19

[20

[21

[22

[23

[24

[25

2] Kwasinski AStabilization Loads IEEE 834 March 20

3] Lago J Heldof a Power Coof DC ActiveElectronics vo

4] Xu CD ChAC versus DConference opp1-12 8-10

5] Musolino VTornelli C applications o14th Internati(ICHQP) 201

6] I Stadler ldquoStSmall DistribhttpwwwamStandards-for-University-GI

7] Musolino VQuality level International C2012 pp1-7

8] P Mauracherusing impedanJournal of Pow

9] H Anderssonimpedance daElectrochemis

0] N Moubayedidentification Specialists Co

1] MCeraolo ldquoNTransaction on

2] Einhorn M Cand ParameteApplicationspp1429-1437

3] S Buller Edynamic behaIndustry Appl

4] Musolino VSupercapacitoTransactions 2013

5] Piegari L Tsmart-grids fInternational C2010 pp1-7

A Onwuchekwof DC MicrogriTransactions on

011

dwein ML Oonverter for Curre Distribution Nol26 no3 pp87

eng KWE ADC distributed pon Power Electro

June 2011

Piegari L T Simulations

of LV DC distribional Conference0 pp1-6 26-29

tudy about Internbuted Generatormericadosolorgw-the-connection-oIZ-2011pdf

Piegari L TiroDC distribution

Conference on HaJune 2012

r E Karden ldquoDnce spectroscopy wer Sources 67 6

n I Petersson Eata for semi-bipolastry 31 1-11 (200

d J Kouta A EI-of the leadacid

onference 2008 P

New Dynamical n Power Systems

Conte F V Kraerization of Elec IEEE Transacti March 2013

E Karden D Koavior of supercaplications Conferen

Piegari L Tior Model With on Industrial Ele

Tricoli P A cofor providing uConference on Ha26-29 Sept 2010

S GrildquoLaureaengineepower Genoarespect

Currwith DE

wa CN Dids With InstantPower Electronic

Operation and Corent Balancing an

Networks IEEE 77-885 March 20

A survey of distrpower system

onics Systems an

Tironi E Marts and field tesbution network te on Harmonics Sept 2010

national Standardrs to the powewp-contentuploadof-Small-Distri-G

oni Tornelli C n system for woarmonics and Qu

Dynamic modellinfor parameter ide

69-84 (1997)

E Ahlberg ldquoMoar lead acid batte01)

-AIi H Dernaykabattery modelrdquo

PVSC 08 pp 16

Models of Lea VOL 15 NO 4

al C Fleig J ctrical Battery Mions on Power E

ok R W De Dpacitors using imnce Vol 4 2001

ironi E NewEasy Identifica

ectronics vol60

ontrol algorithm uninterruptible anarmonics and Qu

0

illo (Srsquo05ndashMardquo degree ering and thesystems from Genoa Italyively

rently he is AEIB Politecni

Dynamic Behavitaneous Constancs vol26 no3

ontrol-Oriented Mnd Stability Impro

Transactions on11

ributed power sy2011 4th Inter

nd Applications (

tini L Brambist results for pto reduce flicker

and Quality of

ds for the connecer gridrdquo Availds201107Intern

Generators-Cologn

Villa A Highoodworking plantuality of Power (I

ng of leadacid bentificationrdquo ELS

odelling electroceriesrdquo Journal of

a R Outbib ldquoPa33rd IEEE Phot (2008)

adAcid Batteriesrdquo4 November 2000

Comparison SeModels for AutoElectronics vol2

Doncker ldquo Modelmpedance spectro pp 2500 ndash 2504

w Full-Frequencyation Procedure no1 pp112-12

of power convencillary services

uality of Power (I

Mrsquo09) receivein elec

e PhD degrm the Univers in 2004 and

Assistant Proico di Milano

ior and nt-Power

pp822-

Modeling ovement n Power

stem mdash rnational (PESA)

illa A potential

effect f Power

ction of able at

national-ne-

h Power ts 15th CHQP)

batteries SEVIER

chemical Applied

arameter tovoltaic

rdquo IEEE 0

election omotive 8 no3

ling the oscopyrdquo 4

y-Range IEEE 20 Jan

erters in 14th CHQP)

ed the ctronic ree in sity of

2008

ofessor Italy

His conto pgen

syst

Italymacrene

powP

(CENatSys

Smaresothe

research intetrol techniquepower systemeration manag

tems in transp

y His currchines high-ewable energy

wer quality andProf Tironi iEI) Italian tional Researchtem

art Grids incluources informelectrical pow

erests includees and neural

ms (ie securigement)

V Musoreceived engineeriPolitecni

ActualDimac Rcompanyinterests devices managem

ortation and st

L Piegareceived electricalUniversitNaples respectiv

CurrenDEIB P

rent research-efficiency p

y sources and s

E TironElectricaPolitecni1972 heElectricadi Milano

At preDEIB Pof resear

d distributed gs a member Electrical Ash Council (CN

C TorneElectroniPolitecniHe workDistributof RSElocated several pcontrol oon techn

uding power emation and cower system and

smart grids networks andity assessment

olino was borthe PhD de

ing in 20ico di Milano lly he is a projRed Srl (a

y in Biassoinclude e

and power ement and intetationary appl

ri (Mrsquo04) wasthe MS and

l engineerity of Napl

Italy in 1vely ntly he is AssPolitecnico dih interests ipower electrstorage system

ni received thal Engineeriico di Milanoe joined theal Engineeringo esent he is olitecnico di rch include p

generation of Italian St

ssociation (ANR) group o

elli received tic Engineeringico di Milano (ks for the tion Technolo a National in Milan (Itaprojects abouof microgrids ologies for aclectronics for ommunicationd standards for

optimization d their applicat local and s

rn in 1982 anegree in elect012 from Milano Italyject coordinata private owono Italy) electrical stoelectronics foregrations of tlications

s born in 1975d PhD degreeng from les Federico 1999 and 2

sistant Professi Milano Minclude electronic conver

ms modeling

he MS degreing from Italy in 197e Department of the Politec

Full ProfessoMilano His a

power electro

tandard AuthAEI) and Itaof Electrical Po

the MS degreg in 1986 from(Italy) ldquoTransmission

ogies DepartmResearch Ce

aly) Involveut automation

he actually wctive networksdistributed en

n technologiesr interoperabil

n and ation small

nd he trical

the tor in wned

His orage r the these

5 He es in

the II

2003

sor at Milan

trical rters

ee in the

2 In t of cnico

or at areas

onics

hority alian ower

ee in m the

n amp mentrdquo entre d in and

works s and nergy s for lity