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Day 2 – 10401130 Tracheostomies and the Aerodigestive Management of Mechanically Ventilated Patients R. Paul Boesch, DO, MS Assistant Professor, Pulmonary Medicine Mayo Clinic Childrens Center

Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

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Page 1: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Day 2 – 1040‐1130Tracheostomies and the Aerodigestive Management 

of Mechanically Ventilated Patients

R. Paul Boesch, DO, MSAssistant Professor, Pulmonary Medicine

Mayo Clinic Children’s Center

Page 2: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

The tracheostomy, the ventilator, and the child

• “Appropriate” tracheostomy considerations:– At the current time the trach:

• Sits well on the skin• Tip does not impact airway wall• Big enough to decrease plugging risk• Big enough to allow adequate ventilation

– Balance between breathing through and around tube

• Small enough to allow PMV if/when possible• Length considerations

– Need to support tracheomalacia or want to stop supporting malacia– Need to have tip beyond or above vascular compression or TEF pouch

Page 3: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

“Appropriate” tracheostomy considerations

• How it looks in airway not good enough• Need to understand where child is in terms of:

– Weaning or windowing from vent support– Secretion control– Tolerance of infections– Respiratory physiology

• Pulmonologist potentially best suited to tracheostomy‐related decision‐making for ventilated patients– Or at very least should be closely partnered with ENT– OR presence is best as findings can result in on‐the‐spot decisions

• ie: how will removal of granuloma affect ventilation

Page 4: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Extended‐style tracheostomy tubes

Days with PU

Days w/o PU

Extended 5 1118

Standard 385 6354

Patients with PU

Patients w/o PU

Extended 0 72

Standard 27 484

P< 0.0001 P= 0.038

Page 5: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Boesch RP et al. Prevention of tracheostomy-related pressure ulcers in children. Pediatrics 2012 March; 129 (3)

1. Skin and device assessments2. Mepilex3. Extended trach tubes

Page 6: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Cuff considerations

• In general prefer uncuffed tubes• Cuffed tubes can allow child to live in 2 worlds

– Cuff up when need vent more– Cuff down when need more leak for PMV, etc

• Differences between air‐filled and water‐filled cuffs

Page 7: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Air‐filled cuffs allow direct measurement of cuff pressureWhen deflated resistance around cuff remains

Measuring cuff pressure in an air cuff‐

Pressure here

Equals pressure here

Page 8: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Pressure here is elastic recoil pressure of cuff bladder

Make pressure here 20 cm H2O

Pressure here becomes 20 cm H2O

If pressure here <20 cm H2O…

Water‐filled cuffs deflate fully Cuff pressure not directly measured

Page 9: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

One way valves

• Benefits:– Restore PEEP– Improved secretion management– Improved cough clearance– Improved swallow– Improved smell

• Risks:– Dryness/plugging– Inadvertent PEEP build‐up

Page 10: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

It’s all a simple mechanical issue

Vocal cords

INHALE EXHALE

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Speaking Valve Pressure Test = Expiratory pressure <10 cm H20 pressure during quiet breathing

Exhaled pressure with quiet breathing essentially PEEP

1/16 in. holes

Page 12: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Exhaled pressure at rest is PEEP…

This child wore a PMV all day for a year with a pressure > 30!

Page 13: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

In‐line PMV

• May hold PEEP above PEEP set on ventilator but ventilator will be unaware

• Will prevent ventilator from measuring Vte– Will have to disable low minute ventilation alarm

• Requires a patent enough airway and a leak that simultaneously is enough to allow PMV but not too much as to affect ventilation– Not generally achievable in young kids

Page 14: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Chronic Vent Management

• Goals:1. Minimize work of breathing to foster growth and 

development2. Prevent/minimize other pulmonary insults3. Minimize ventilator‐induced lung injury 4. Prevent trach/vent accidents5. Identification of readiness to wean6. Weaning protocol and timeline based on 

underlying cause for respiratory failure

Page 15: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Longitudinal AssessmentRespironics NM3

• Continuously measures:– SpO2, Pulse, Mvexp, Mvalv. Vti, Vte, PIF. PEF, freq– PIP, MAP, PEEP, Raw‐i, Raw‐e, Cdyn, ETCO2, VCO2, PeCO2 Vd/Vt

• Measures Vte more accurately than vent• All can be trended and downloaded into Excel• Leak% and Vte/kg can be easily calculated/trended

– Vti‐Vte/Vti = % Leak– Goal: <20% (but >zero)

• Relationships can be evaluated• Means, correlations, etc can be calculated 

Page 16: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

‐0.40

‐0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

701 32 63 94 125

156

187

218

249

280

311

342

373

404

435

466

497

528

559

590

621

652

683

714

745

776

807

838

869

900

931

962

993

1024

1055

1086

1117

1148

1179

1210

1241

1272

1303

1334

1365

1396

1427

ETCO2

Vte/kg

Leak%

24 weeker, CPAP/PS, cuffed trach

Page 17: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Variable leak associated with variable tidal volume

Page 18: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

• Leak% and ETCO2, sorted by Leak% and graphed

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105

113

121

129

137

145

153

161

169

177

185

193

201

209

217

225

233

241

249

257

265

273

281

289

297

305

313

321

329

337

ETCO2

Leak %

Page 19: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Rate increased to 30: 4am CBG: 7.36/37/+3Increased rate to 40

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

<30 30-34 35-40 41-45 46-50 >50

Page 20: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Liberation from chronic vent

Edwards JD, J Pediatr 2010

Lung/Airway diseases

Neuromuscular diseasesCentral hypoventilation

Page 21: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014
Page 22: Day2 1040-1130 Boesch TrachVent - Amazon Web Services€¦ · Microsoft PowerPoint - Day2_1040-1130_Boesch_TrachVent [Compatibility Mode] Author: bernarem Created Date: 12/8/2014

Decannulation of the un‐weanable child

• Transition from invasive to non‐invasive ventilation– Most often: Isolated central apnea with sleep

• Usually school‐aged child or older• Prove mask acceptance first• Prove ability to ventilate non‐invasively… if possible• Secretion handling will differ between pressure applied above vs below glottis