Dawn Cychosz

Marie Dove

Melanie Pryor

Julie Ryan

Brooke Tryan

BACK TO BASICSPhilosophy that focuses on what we should

teach:

EssentialismTheory of how learning occurs:

Behaviorism

PART I

One philosophy that focuses on

what we should teach:

Essentialism

Key Proponents of Essentialism 

Theodore Sizer Diane Ravitch Chester Finn Arthur Bestor

William Bagley E.D. Hirsch

William Bagley  (1874-1946)1896 began studying at University of

Chicago in education and learning field.Earned doctorate degree in education

and psychology from Cornell University in 1900.

Introduction of essentialism in education in the 1930’s.

Author of textbook, Classroom Management (1907).~ text described effectives ways for beginning teachers to effectively control the classroom.

~ text was viewed as a strict chain-of- command.

Social efficiency was the ultimate aim in Bagley’s point of view.

E.D. Hirsch (1928-present) Earned a doctorate degree from Yale in 1957. Hirsch began his teaching career as an English

Professor and was a scholar of the romantic poets. Wordsworth and Schelling were two of his early

publications. Core Knowledge Series were published in 1997. Books focused on the content that needed to be taught

to the different elementary grade levels. “Learning builds on learning.”

The more a person knows,the more a person can learn.

Existing knowledge is “mental vecro” that allows additional knowledgeto become attached to it.

Essentialism in the classroom…

Followed on the heels of the 1960-1970’s educational direction of humanistic

“Equality”

and became the 1980’s educational direction of

“Excellence”

Emphasizes intellect and moral

standards

Schools prepare students to be valuable

members of society

Students should be taught respect for

authority, discipline and hard work

Essentialism in the classroom…

What is the focus of the curriculum?

Rigorous academics that focused on core

subjects

Reading,‘Riting and‘Rithmetic

Subjects like art, music, P.E.,

some science, and

social studies suffered

Reading

Arithmetic

Writing

Students are taught

factual information

, leaving little place

for vocational training.

What is the focus of the curriculum?

The teacher and

administrators decide

what is best for the

student…limiting student

creativity.

What is the focus of the curriculum?

Students are rated

academically by testing.

What is the focus of the curriculum?

Schools with this philosophy encourage

academic competition, leading

to longer school days, school years, and

more challenging text books.

The philosophy of essentialism increased as schools had to comply with state mandated testing requirements.

What is the focus of the curriculum?

PART II

One theory of how learning occurs:

BEHAVIORISM

Key Proponents of Behaviorism 

John Watson B.F. Skinner E.L. Thorndike

Albert Bandura Ivan Pavlov

Albert Bandura  (1925-present) 

Psychology degree from University of British Columbia in 1949.  Ph. D. from University of Iowa in 1952.

Behaviorist tradition and learning theory

Theory of personality: one’s environment causes one’s behavior.

Environment causes behavior, but behavior also influences environment. 

Coined the term “Reciprocal determinism:” the world and a person’s behavior cause each other.

Observational Learning or modeling, the “bobo doll studies.”

His theory is called social learning theory.

“Of the many cues that influence behavior, at any point in time, none is more common that the action of others”

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) 

Russian researcher Professor of physiology

at the Military MedicalAcademy in Germany.

1900’s began studyingthe salivary response reflexes.

Pavlovian/classical conditioning builds on reflexes.

Behaviorism…

Behavior in a classroom is controlled by the consequences of

that behavior.

Uses positive reinforcersto increase the likelihood that behavior will bedisplayed again.

Behaviorism…

Observational learning: learning by copying the

behavior of a model such as a teacher, friend, peer, etc.

Behavior is shaped by nature and the forces of the environment.

Behaviorism…

Behavior is not determinedby own free will,but by others. 

Morality and informationis learned by shaping

desirable behavior.

In a nutshell, Behaviorist believe that most behavior is learned, and it can be unlearned or relearned.

This learning theory is used to achieve a desired behavior.

Students learn to change their behavior to satisfy what they have learned to be valuable.

Students learn to avoid behaviors that led to unpleasant consequences.

Behavior that goes unrewarded will often be extinguished.

Character Development

Two Teaching Methods of Behaviorism

1. Contracts…The teacher and student design a contract that will give details of what is expected of the student (i.e. behavior or homework) and what the consequences will be if the contract is not met.

2. Consequences… occur immediately after behavior .

Positive reinforcement use to increase good work or behavior. For example, smiling at a response, praising student s’ ability to parents, commending for work well done.

Negative reinforcement is not a bad consequence, but a negative reaction to good work or behavior. For example, no spelling test if you make 100 on pretest, or drop lowest grade if all work is completed on time.

Punishment is a strong stimulus that decreases the undesirable behavior.

Extinction is eliminating undesirable behaviors by simply following policy that holds student accountable.

Teachers model what they teach

student learns to be late, because he observes his teacher

is always late.

Teachers use shaping to change the quality of a

response rewards for class coming in and

sitting quietly.

Teachers use cueing methods raise your hand before you answer

Teaching Method

Uses repetition to aid in learning. Uses repetition to aid in learning.

Uses repetition to aid in learning.

Teaching Method

Group Conclusion on Essentialism and Behaviorism

It is our opinion that essentialism, combined with other approaches, can create stronger academic students with strong character and work ethics.

Our group agrees that learning is far more complicated than sticking to a routine, or following a set of responses .

The theory of how we learn, behaviorism, can be beneficial as a short term tool…but, for the long term, an interesting curriculum and attention to individual learning needs will maintain and sustain learning.

References http://www.enotes.com/1980-education-american-decades http://www.bookrags.com/biography/william-chandler-bagley/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._D._Hirsch,_Jr. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/beh.html http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Hirsch.html http://www.helium.com/items/424989-the-five-key-educational-philosophies http://www.skillstart.com/ncemlyn%20lathe%20sm.jpg http://community.thetimes-tribune.com/cfs-filesystemfile.ashx/__key/Communi

tyServer.Components.UserFiles/00.00.00.21.06/121208coletoon.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://blog.syracuse.com/family/200

8/08/mathtest.jpg&imgrefurl=http://blog.syracuse.com/family/2008/08/dumb_idea_standardized_test_fo.html&usg

http://projects.coe.ugs.edu/epltt/index.php?title=Behaviorism http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_QdHn8FT7SdY/R6vvK11vgPI/AAAAAAAABDk/-bIOw9

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