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Ghana Geographical Association Conference THEME: THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHERS IN ACHIEVING THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) 1 AND 7:. DATE: 3-6 AUGUST, 2011 VENUE: UDS, WA. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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GGA 1
Ghana Geographical Association ConferenceTHEME: THE ROLE OF GEOGRAPHERS IN
ACHIEVING THE MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs) 1 AND 7:DATE: 3-6 AUGUST, 2011
VENUE: UDS, WA
3-6 August, 2011
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Reducing Rural Poverty towards Achieving the
MDG’s in Northern Ghana: Analysis of Strategies,
Impact and Challenges of NGO’s
PRINCE OSEI-WUSU ADJEI, PhDSETH AGYEMANG, PhD
PETER OHENE KYEI, PhD
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POVERTY KILLS
LET’S KILL EXTREME POVERTY TO ACHIEVE THE
MDG’s3-6 August, 2011
Introduction to presentation
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Introduction to Presentation: POVERTY KILLS, LET’S KILL EXTREME POVERTY TO ACHIEVE THE MDG’s
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Learning objective of this presentation
Overview of the MDG’s
Research problem and objective
Research methods and procedures
Results and discussion
Conclusion and recommendation
Limitation and acknowledgement
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Presentation Outline
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Provide an overview of the MDG’s
Expose Conference participants to poverty situation in rural and Northern Ghana
Expose Conference participants to the strategies, impact and challenges of selected NGO’s operating in Northern Ghana
Learning Objectives of Presentation
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Based on the global recognition that… The world of our time is so divided between the
rich and the poor as never before in human history
One-sixth of humanity particularly the young people, women, the aged and children continue to struggle for daily survival in a life and death battle against extreme poverty, diseases, hunger, and environmental catastrophe (UNCDF, 2003).
MDGs:BackgroundWhat informed the signing of the Millennium Declaration?
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E.g. Rio Summit in 1992 UNCED International community generally agreed on steps to
reduce poverty and achieve sustainable developmentWorld Summit for Social Development (Copenhagen 1995) Poverty eradication, employment and social inclusion Equity and equality
Shaping the 21st Century (1996) Halving absolute poverty by 2015
Geneva 2000 Better World for all
(Nelson, 2007)
UN Summits and Conferences of the 1990s (Precursors to MDG’s)
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On September 6-8, 2000, building upon a decade of major United Nations conferences and summits, world leaders (189 Member countries including Ghana) came together at United Nations Headquarters in New York to adopt the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
The Declaration committed nations to a new global partnership to reduce extreme poverty by setting out a series of time-bound targets –
with a deadline of 2015 - that have become known as the Millennium Development Goals.
Millennium Summit
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Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), are long term universally accepted global goals that aim at significantly improving human development by 2015.
The MDGs focus on reducing poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women
Initially contained 8 broad goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators.
Currently (after 2008 UN Review Summit) The 8 MDGs are broken down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators (UN MDG
REVIEW REPORT, 2008).
Baseline for MDGs 1990: Target for realization by 2015
What are MDGs?
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Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower
women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for
Development
THE MDGs
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that human development reaches everyone and everywhere.
That UN member nations including Ghanaian youth and children experience a more peaceful, prosperous and just world in which all humanity can live better and safer lives
If these goals are achieved, world poverty will be cut by half, tens of millions of lives will be saved, and billions more people will have the opportunity to benefit from the global economy (Sachs, 2005).
Hopes and vision of the MDG’s
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13
Region Proportion below the lower (extreme) poverty line
Proportion below the upper poverty line
1991/92 1998/99 2005/2006 1991/92 1998/99 2005/2006
Western 42.0 14.0 7.9 60.0 27.0 18.0
Central 24.0 31.0 9.7 44.0 48.0 20.0GreaterAccra 13.0 2.4 6.2 26.0 5.2 11.8
Eastern 35.0 30.4 6.6 48.0 44.0 15.1
Volta 42.0 20.4 15.2 57.0 38.0 31.4
Ashanti 25.016.4
11.2 41.0 28.0 20.0Brong Ahafo
46.0 18.8 14.9 65.0 36.0 29.0
Northern 54.0 57.4 38.7 63.0 69.2 52.3
Upper West 74.0 68.3 79.0 87.9 83.9 88.0
Upper East 53.0 88.0 60.1 67.0 88.0 70.0
Urban - - - 17.8 16.6 14.7
Rural - - - 82.2 83.4 85.7
National 36.5 26.4 18.2 51.7 39.5 28.5
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Ghana is making strides in poverty reduction; but there continues to be serious geographical and occupational disparities in the share of poverty reduction efforts
Reduction in Poverty in Ghana has not been geographically (spatially) equitable:
Poverty remains a predominantly Rural phenomenon
The Northern Regions Remain underserved in national poverty reduction agenda and actions
Upper West remains an endemic/ Poverty stricken geographical region needing investigation and policy attention
Research Problem
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The poverty situation in rural and northern Ghana has attracted the attention of many operational and advocacy NGO’s as partners in grassroots development
Are the strategies of these NGO’s making any impact on poverty and livelihood development to achieve the MDG’s in the underserved areas?
This study sought to investigate the NGO’s Strategies
find out their impact and challenges from beneficiaries’ perspectives
Research Problem
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RESEARCHER INTERVIEWING A RESPONDENTPoverty is a visible
condition in rural Ghana3-6 August, 2011
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Sample Selection: The Study focused on Four Operational NGO’s
purposively selected from the Wa West and Tain districts based on their organizational type (whether operational or advocacy NGO) and their number of years of operation
The Four NGO’s selected were PLAN Ghana, Rural Action Alliance Program (RAAP) in Wa West district together with Action Aid and Social Development and Improvement Agency (SODIA) in Tain district.
A sample of 198 beneficiaries were randomly selected for the study from the NGO’s projects’ communities
Research Methods and Procedure
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104 beneficiary respondents were selected from Wa West District and 94 from Tain based on total number of beneficiaries in the two districts.
In all, 12 villages were involved in the study; eight from Wa West serving as project sites for Plan Ghana and RAAP and four from Tain serving as project sites for Action Aid and SODIA
Wa West Communities selected included: Chebare, Dalanyiri, Dornye, Tampienni, Buli, Chogsia, Wechiau and Woloyiri
Tain communities selected included: Nassana, Bepoase, Nsuhunu and Kwame Tenten
Research Methods conti’
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Data Collection Techniques included questionnaires with both close and open-ended questions, structured interview guide, focus group discussions and participant observation
The mixed methods allowed for triangulation and authentication of data collected
Data analyses were done with descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages and supported with cross-tabulation, correlation significant at (< 0.01) and transcription of interview data and focus group discussions
Results were generated with the Version 16 of the SPSS Software and presented in the form of text, tables, line and bar graphs
Research Methods cont’
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Strategies of the NGO’s Basic Means strategies targeting individual households’
livelihood development.
Basic Needs strategies targeting communities’ access to basic social services
Thus, generally, the NGO’s employ an integration of Livelihood development and social service access improvement strategies for poverty reduction in the study communities.
Results and Discussion
BENEFICIARY RESPONDENTS
CASH LOAN
INPUT LOAN MARKETING AID
STORAGE AID
TRAINING/ EXTENSION SERVICE
TOTAL
FREQUENCY 90 27 23 9 49 198
PERCENTAGES 45.5 13.5 11.5 4.5 25.0 100
NGO’s Social Service Action Areas in the Study CommunitiesFACILITIES Health Water Education Sanitation
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Respondents Perceptions on the effectives of NGO’s strategies
Effectiveness of NGO’s strategies as perceived by respondents
Effectiveness of NGO’s strategies as perceived by respondents
0102030405060
Tain
Tain
very
effect
ive
not e
ffective
0
10
20
30
40
Wa West
Wa West
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Impact of NGO’s Strategies on Respondents’ ProductivityGenerally respondents perceive
improvement in their productivity levels due to NGO’s interventions
Very High High Low Very Low0
10
20
30
40
50
60
BeforeAfter
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Impact of NGO’s Strategies on Respondents’ Income levelsGenerally respondents perceive
improvement in their income levels due to NGO’s interventions
Below GHc 50
GHc 50-80 GHc 80-100
Above GHc100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
BeforeAfter
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Living condition Education Health
Water and Sanitation
Productivity and Income
Community participation
Living ConditionPearson CorrelationSig. (2-tailed)Frequency(N)
Productivity and income Pearson correlationSig. (2-tailed)Frequency(N)
1
198
.781**
.000
198
.650**
.000 198
.920**
.000 198
.806**
.000 198
. 898**
.000 198
.840**
.000 198
.819**
.000 198
.781**
. 000 198
1
198
.834**
.000
198
.875**
.000 198
Generally there is significant and positive association between the NGO’s social service and Livelihood development interventions and Respondents’ living conditions
Correlation coefficients of selected variables
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Rate of Respondents’ participation in NGO’s Projects’ design
Percentage
Those participating through NGO’s Needs assessment and Workshops
42 per cent
Those not participating in any form. 58 per cent
In a focus group discussion at Dornye, a respondent asserted,
‘Plan Ghana renovated our old primary school block without the knowledge of the school management team. All the planning processes were done with only the headmaster who is not a member of our community.’
Greater percentage of respondents are not involved in the design of the NGO’s poverty reduction intervention which can lead to misplaced priorities and unsustainable project impact
NGO’s and Community Participation
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Strict adherence of communities to certain cultural practices inimical to community advancement and poverty reduction such as land tenure systems and gender role differentiation rooted within the rural milieu
Transportation and communication barriers to project sites affect project implementation
Inadequate and delays in the release of donor funds affect timely service delivery in the project sites
Key challenges of the NGO’s
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The study has been revealed that improved income, productivity levels of beneficiary households are significant impact of operational NGO’s in the study areas.
However, low level of participation of beneficiaries in the NGO’s strategies’ design and delays in donor funds are among the major challenges inhibiting the effectiveness of NGO’s activities t in the districts.
It is recommended that local government institutions should create enabling environment through infrastructural provision for the NGO’s to combat the manifestations of poverty at the grassroots levels to actualize the MDG’s in rural communities in northern Ghana.
Conclusions and Recommendation
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Limitation: The key methodological limitation was the problem of
recall of actual values of respondents’ income and productivity levels. To avoid bias, four point likert-scale was used to assess the situation before and after NGO’s interventions
Acknowledgement:
The authors acknowledge the contributions of the staff of the selected NGO’s and all beneficiary respondents for their data. We also acknowledge the efforts of Mr. Emmanuel Kullo and Joel Onuro who assisted in the collection of data from the study areas to make this paper possible.
Study Limitation and Acknowledgement
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THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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