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Data Standards for UAS
Sensor Data
ASPRS Potomac Region GeoTech 2015
September 24, 2015
Sam A. Bacharach, WiSC Enterprises (sbacharach at wiscenterprises.com)
Scott Serich, Ph.D., JD, OGC Interoperability Program (sserich at opengeospatial.org)
OGC ®
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Why Open Standards?
• Prevents a single, self-interested party from controlling a
standard
• Lower systems and life cycle costs
• Encourage market competition
• Choose products based on functionality desired
• Avoid “lock in” to a proprietary architecture
• Stimulates innovation beyond the standard by companies
that seek to differentiate themselves
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
multilateral non-compete agreements
Source: Open Standards, Open Source, and Open Innovation: Harnessing the Benefits of
Openness, April 2006. Committee For Economic Development. www.ced.org
OGC ®
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Vision: A world in which everyone benefits from the use of
geospatial information and supporting technologies
• International voluntary
consensus standards
organization leading
development of geospatial
standards and best practice
• 21st year, 511 members, 40+
standards, ‘000’s of
implementations
• Alliances and collaborative
activities
• Wide variety of user
communities worldwide
The Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC ®
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Overview of the OGC Services Architecture
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Visualization / Decision Tools and Applications
GeoAPI
OpenLS
SLD
SE
Data Models
and Encodings WMC
FE
GML
GeoXACML
KML
CityGML OpenGeoSMS
IndoorGML GeoSparql
WaterML GeoPackage
NetCDF GMLJP2
Other
Data
Processing Services
OpenMI WPS TJS WCPS
Geospatially Enabled Metadata
Discovery Services
CSW OpenSearch
Geo ebRIM
WMS
WMTS WFS
Simple
Features
Access
Access Services
Geospatial
Feature Data
Geospatial Browse/Maps
Geospatial
Coverage Data
WCS
Other Services Workflow, Alerts,
Security
Sensors
Puck
SOS SPS O&M SensorML
Sensor Web Enablement
Discover Task Access
You are
here…
OGC ®
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OGC’s Approach to Advancing Interoperability
© 2015, Open Geospatial Consortium
• Interoperability Program (IP) - a global, innovative, hands-on rapid prototyping and testing program designed to unite users and industry in accelerating interface development and validation, and the delivery of interoperability to the market
• Standards Program –Consensus standards
process similar to other Industry consortia (World
Wide Web Consortium, OMA etc.).
• Outreach and Communications Program –
education and training, encourage take up of OGC
specifications, business development,
communications programs
• Compliance Testing and Certification
Program - allows organizations that implement an
OGC standard to test their implementations with the
mandatory elements of that standard
Rapid Interface
Development
Standards
Setting
Market
Adoption
Testing &
Certification
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Compliance Program Certifies Implementations
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Benefits:
• Product Differentiation (providers)
• Investment protection (buyers)
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Interoperability Program Pushes the Frontier
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Interoperability
Experiment
Plugfest
OGC Network
Pilot
Specifications
Implementations
Demonstrations
Types of Interoperability Program Initiatives
Testbed
Specification
Program
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Upcoming Demo of OGC Testbed 11 Results
• October 14, 1000-1200 (EDT)
• U.S. Geological Survey Auditorium, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA
• Register at: https://portal.opengeospatial.org/public_ogc/register/1509_tb11.php
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Sensor Web Enablement (SWE):
The OGC Answer to UAS
Challenges that Motivate
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC ®
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Challenges motivate the use of standards
• Diversity of alternatives in UAVs shows a lack of
standardization at all levels: sensors, platforms,
processing
• To advance, UASs need to increase use of
existing standards and in some cases new
standards will need to be developed.
• Standards for geographic observations are quite
mature and UASs benefit from using them
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC ®
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OGC Sensor Web Enablement
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium
Webcam
Environmental
Monitor
Airborne
Imaging
Device
Health Monitor
Vehicles
As Sensor Probe Satellite-borne
Imaging Device
• Sensors connected to and discoverable on the Web
• Sensors have position & generate observations
• Sensor descriptions available
• Services to task and access sensors
• Local, regional, national scalability
• Enabling the Enterprise
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OGC Sensor Web Enablement Standards
Discover / Task Sensors Access / Process Observations
• Sensor Model Language (SensorML)
• Observations & Measurements (O&M)
• Sensor Planning Service (SPS)
• Sensor Observation Service (SOS)
• Catalogue Service
• Sensor Alert Service (SAS)
• PUCK
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC ®
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Common Approach for Data Geoprocessing
• Open standards provide alternatives to “stove-pipe” vertical
integration of data collection, database management,
analysis, portrayal and user interface.
• Pick and choose components that work well together
because of open standards – “plug and play”
• Efficient processing and dissemination of the data achieved
using software and systems that implement open standards
• Gain full benefit of the explosion of UAV platforms and
sensors that will be interchangeable based on open
standards
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC ®
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Framework for UAS using OGC SWE
• UAV challenges – sensors publish data in
unpredictable manner
– proprietary access to data
• Need for integrated data
stream web publishing
• Framework to simplify
integration in an
interoperable way using
OGC SWE standards
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Source: Rieke, M., Foerster, T., Broering, A. 14th AGILE International Conference
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Framework to combine UAS with other sensors
• Precision farming: variety of vendor-specific sensor
systems, control units and processing software
• SWE-based infrastructure: control, access, transmission
and storage of of sensor data for web services
• Field trial proved applicability of the infrastructure.
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
SWE infrastructure for precision farming (Source: Geipel)
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UNCLASSIFIED Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium 16
Empire Challenge
OV-1
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Tigershark UAV in Empire Challenge 2008
• On-demand geolocation and
display of HD motion imagery
from Tigershark UAV
• Client:
– UAH Space Time Toolkit
• Services:
– SOS – Tigershark video and
navigation (ERDAS)
– SOS – Troop Movement
(Northrop Grumman)
– SensorML – On-demand
processing (Botts, Inc.)
– Virtual Earth – base maps
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Tigershark UAV-HD with SWE processing
OpenGL
SensorML-enabled Client
SLD
Tigershark
SOS
JP2
NAV
Tigershark SOS offerings served in O&M:
(1) time-tagged frames (in JP2)
(2) aircraft navigation (lat, lon, alt, pitch, roll, true heading)
SensorML process chain (using Community Sensor Model (CSM) frame
sensor model) geolocates streaming imagery on-the-fly Source: Mike Botts
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NASA and US Forest Service UAS missions
• Ikhana UAV with multispectral sensor
• Fire intelligence to management teams
• Web access to geospatial processing services
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Source: Ambrosia, G., Sullivan, D., Buechel, S., GSA Special Paper 482
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Using SensorML to manage UAS complexity
• Manage proliferation of sensors on UAV platforms
– Mission planning: after the most appropriate UAV is determined, it is
time to choose which kind of sensor will be used
• Using SensorML to manage specifications
– Platforms: helicopter, quadcopter, blimp and airplane
– Sensors: micro analog, HD camera, lowlight and thermal camera
– In a database to support processing, e.g., MATLAB, BPEL
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
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Figure 23: System 1 and 2- Cameras with Quad copter and Cameras with Blimp
For instance, in a mission that happens at night and if it takes a lot of time and it must be
fast, the UAV will probably be an aero plane with these four UAV and the camera must be
thermal or low light camera from five camera sensors.
Figure 24: System 3 and System 4-Cameras with aero plane and cameras with helicopter
Datasheets Including UAV and the general characteristics of camera sensors are used to
determine this situation. The Information Inside datasheets transform Into databases In XML
form by using SensorML. Basically, every UAV has five camera sensors and this makes these
databases hierarchic databases stored In XML form by using SensorML.
In the second part of the thesis, an interrogation system has been designed with the aim of
using the databases with the description of the sensors and the UAVs. The main concept of
Source: C. Avci,, Halmstad University
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OGC Point Cloud Working Group
• Established in July
2015
• Focus on all types of
point clouds:
LiDAR/laser,
bathymetric,
meteorologic,
photogrammetric…
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Challenges with UAS technology
• Image distortion with inexpensive digital cameras
• Sensors have low or no metadata which hinders use of
sensor data
• Limited accuracy of the exterior information: position,
orientation
• Need for smooth, fast workflow: raw to classified imagery
• Requirements for accountability increase requirements
on provenance in data processing
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC ®
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OGC SWE Standards Revisited
Discover and Task Sensors Access and process Observations
• Sensor Model Language (SensorML)
• Observations & Measurements (O&M)
• Sensor Planning Service (SPS)
• Sensor Observation Service (SOS)
• Catalogue Service
• Sensor Alert Service (SAS)
• PUCK
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
OGC ®
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NASA and US Forest Service UAS missions
• Ikhana UAV with multispectral sensor
• Fire intelligence to management teams
• Web access to geospatial processing services
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
Source: Ambrosia, G., Sullivan, D., Buechel, S., GSA Special Paper 482
OGC ®
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For Further Information
• OGC Standards freely available at
www.opengeospatial.org/standards
• …or contact Scott Serich: sserich at opengeospatial.org
Copyright © 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium
