Data Services in GSM I - midas1.e-technik.tu-ilmenau.demidas1.e-technik.tu-ilmenau.de/~webkn/Webdaten/Lehre/WS2017... · GPRS –Data Flow and Segmenting Communication Networks

Communication Networks Winter 2017/18

Prof. Jochen Seitz 1

Data Services in GSM I

• Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s

advanced coding allows 14.4 kbit/s

not enough for Internet and multimedia

applications

• HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)

mainly software update

bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR

(Air Interface User Rate, e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4

slots @ 14.4)

advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple

disadvantage: channels blocked for voice

transmission

Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 363

8.3 GPRS

AIUR [kbit/s]

TCH/F4.8 TCH/F9.6 TCH/F14.4

4.8 1

9.6 2 1

14.4 3 1

19.2 4 2

28.8 3 2

38.4 4

43.2 3

57.6 4

8.3 GPRS

Data Services in GSM II

• GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

packet switching

using free slots only if data packets ready to send (e.g., 50 kbit/s using 4 slots temporarily)

standardization 1998, introduction 2001

advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible

disadvantage: more investment needed (new hardware)

• GPRS network elements

GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN

GGSN (Gateway GSN)

interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)

SGSN (Serving GSN)

supports the MS (location, billing, security)

GR (GPRS Register)

user addresses




GPRS: Quality of Service


8.3 GPRS

Reliability ClassLost SDU

ProbabilityDuplicate SDU

Probability

Out of Sequence SDU

Probability

Corrupt SDU Probability

1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9

2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6

3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2

DelayClass

SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byte

mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile

1 < 0.5 s < 1.5 s < 2 s < 7 s

2 < 5 s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s

3 < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s

4 unspecified

Examples for GPRS Device Classes


8.3 GPRS

Class Receiving Slots Sending SlotsMaximum

Number of Slots

1 1 1 2

2 2 1 3

3 2 2 3

5 2 2 4

8 4 1 5

10 4 2 5

12 4 4 5



GPRS User Data Rates in kbit/s


8.3 GPRS

CodingScheme

1 Slot 2 Slots 3 Slots 4 Slots 5 Slots 6 Slots 7 Slots 8 Slots

CS-1 9.05 18.1 27.15 36.2 45.25 54.3 63.35 72.4

CS-2 13.4 26.8 40.2 53.6 67 80.4 93.8 107.2

CS-3 15.6 31.2 46.8 62.4 78 93.6 109.2 124.8

CS-4 21.4 42.8 64.2 85.6 107 128.4 149.8 171.2

GPRS Architecture and Interfaces


8.3 GPRS

MS BSS GGSNSGSN

MSC

Um

EIR

HLR/GR

VLR

PDN

Gb Gn Gi

SGSN

Gn



GPRS Protocol Architecture


8.3 GPRS

Anwend.

IP/X.25

LLC

GTP

MAC

Funk

MAC

FunkFR

RLC BSSGP

IP/X.25

FR

Um Gb Gn

L1/L2 L1/L2

MS BSS SGSN GGSN

UDP/TCP

Gi

SNDCP

RLC BSSGP IP IP

LLC UDP/TCP

SNDCP GTP

8.3 GPRS

GPRS – Session Management

• MN registers with GPRS network:

GPRS-Attach to SGSN

• MN receives Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity P-TMSI

• Then, MN gets a Packet Data Protocol Address (PDP-Address), e.g. an IP-Address

• Finally, the PDP context is created in MN, SGSN, GGSN:

PDP-Type (e.g. IPv4)

PDP-Address of MN (e.g. 129.187.222.10)

Desired Quality of Service (QoS Class)

GGSN address that serves as gateway to the external network




GPRS – PDP Context Activation


8.3 GPRS

MN SGSN GGSN

Security Functions

8.3 GPRS

GPRS – Location Management

• Main task: retrieving the current location of a mobile subscriber

• Periodical Location Update messages to SGSN special state model:


IDLE

READY

STANDBY

GPRSAttach

GPRSDetach

Ready Timer expiredor Force to Standby

Packetdelivery

Standby Timerexpired



GPRS – Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update


8.3 GPRS

Security Functions

MN BSS SGSN

GPRS – Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update


8.3 GPRS

Security Functions

MN BSSNewSGSN

OldSGSN

GGSN HLRMSC/VLR



GPRS – Data Flow and Segmenting


8.3 GPRS

Header

Header

Header Information

Segment Segment

Segment FCS

Segment Segment

Segment BCS

...

...

IP-Packet

SNDCP-Layer

LLC Frame LLC-Layer

RLC/MAC-Block

RLC/MAC-Layer

Internet


GPRS – Routing and Address Translation (I)

SGSN

SGSN

GGSNBSC

IP Packet(IP Source,IP Destination)

1.) Address translationaccording to PDP-context:IP-Destination TID+SGSN-Address

GTP (SGSN-Address,TID, IP Packet)

2.) Address translationaccording to PDP-context:TID TLLI + NSAPI (+CI)

SNDCP (TLLI,NSAPI, IP Packet)

IP Packet




GPRS – Routing and Address Translation (II)

SGSN

SGSN

GGSNBSC

IP Packet(IP Source,IP Destination)

1.) Address translationaccording to PDP-context:IP Source TLLI + NSAPI

SNDCP (TLLI,NSAPI, IP Packet)

2.) Address translationaccording to PDP-context: TLLI + NSAPI TID + GGSN

GTP (GGSN-Address,TID, IP Packet)

IP PacketInternet

GPRS – Air Interface

• GSM-based FDMA/TDMA-combination with 8 time slots per TDMA frame

• More flexible channel assignment scheme for GPRS:

Multi-slot operations

Separate assignment of uplink and downlink for asymmetric traffic

• Available channels dynamically assigned to both kinds of traffic (“Capacity on Demand”)

• Multiplexing several users over one physical GPRS channel

• GPRS „steals“ TCH capacity not used by CS traffic (https://www.slideshare.net/Pfedya/gprs-40919387):


8.3 GPRS

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00

Number of CS Channels in Use(in Cell)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Number of CS channels in use



GPRS – Logical Channels


8.3 GPRS

Group Channel Function Direction

Traffic Channels Packet DataTraffic Channel

PDTCH Packet Data Traffic MS BSS

Signaling Channels Packet BroadcastControl Channel

PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control MS BSS

Packet Common

Control Channel

(PCCCH)

PRACH Packet Random Access MS BSS

PAGCH Packet Access Grant MS BSS

PPCH Packet Paging MS BSS

PNCH Packet Notification MS BSS

Packet DedicatedControl Channels

PACCH Packet Associated Control MS BSS

PTCCH Packet Timing Advance Control MS BSS

Interworking with IP Networks


8.3 GPRS

DNS DHCP

GPRS internalIP Network

Fire-wall

Intra-PLMNGPRS Backbone

InternetRou-ter

Gn Gn

Gi

SGSN GGSN



8.4 WAP

WAP - Wireless Application Protocol

• Goals

Internet contents and enhanced services available for mobile end devices like cell phones or PDAs

Independent standards for wireless networks

Open standards: everybody may submit proposals for standardization

Applications should be scalable and future-proof

• Platforms

Many platforms must be supported:

E.g. GSM (900, 1800, 1900), CDMA IS-95, TDMA IS-136, IMT-2000, UMTS, W-CDMA

• Forum

WAP Forum, founded by (among others) Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Unwired Planet

see http://www.wapforum.org


WAP – Standardization

• Browser

„Micro-Browser”, comparable to familiar Internet browser

• Scripting Language

Comparable to Java-Script, adapted to mobile enviroment

• WTA/WTAI

Wireless Telephony Application (Interface): Access to telephone functionality

• Contents Formats

Business cards (vCard)

Calendar entries (vCalender)

• Protocol Stack

Transport, Security and Session Layer

• Working Groups

WAP Architecture Working Group

WAP Wireless Protocol Working Group

WAP Wireless Security Working Group

WAP Wireless Application Working Group


8.4 WAP

http://www.wapforum.org/



WAP 1.x – Layers and Protocols


8.4 WAP

WAE includes e.g. WML (Wireless Markup Language), WML Script, WTAI

Bearer Services (GSM, Cellular Digital Packet Data, ...)

Security Layer (WTLS)

Session Layer (WSP)

Application Layer (WAE)

Transport Layer (WDP)TCP/IP,UDP/IP,

Phys. Media

SSL/TLS

HTML, Java

HTTP

Internet WAP

Transaction Layer (WTP)

Additional servicesand protocols

WCMP

A-SAP

S-SAP

TR-SAP

SEC-SAP

T-SAP

WAP – Network Elements


8.4 WAP

Mobile NetworkFixed Network

WAPProxy

WTAServer

Filter/WAPProxyWeb

Server

Filter

TelephoneNetwork

Internet

Binary WML: Binary data format for clients

Binary WML

Binary WML

Binary WML

HTML

HTML

HTML WML

WMLHTML



Wireless Application Environment: Logical Model


8.4 WAP

Original Server

webserver

otherservers

Gateway Client

otherWAE

user agents

WMLuser agent

WTAuser agent

Coder&

Decoder

codedrequest

request

coded reply

reply

pushcontents

codedpushcontents

Wireless Telephony Application: Logical Architecture


8.4 WAP

AdditionalServer

Client

Repository

WTA-User-Agent

WTA-Gateway

Coder&

Decoder

Other TelephoneNetworks

WTA-Server

WTA & WMLServer

WML-Scripts

WML-Stack

WTA-Services

MobileNetwork

ExternalServer

Secure ProviderNetwork

Device Spec.Functions

Fire-wall



Example Voice Box


8.4 WAP

Service Indication

WTA-User-Agent WTA-Server Mobile Network Voice Box

Create Content

Presentation; User Selection

Connection Setup

Accept Call

Voice connection

Indicate new voice message

Request to deliver voice message

Connection establishment

Call acceptance Call acceptance

WTA-Gateway

Push URL

Indication; User Selection

WSP GetHTTP Get

Reply with ContentWMLBinary WML

WSP GetHTTP Get

Reply with Card for CallWMLBinary WML

Waiting for Call

Connection establishment

Possible Protocol Stacks for WAP 1.x


8.4 WAP

WAE

WSP

WTP

UDP

IP(GPRS, ...)

WDP

non IP(SMS, ...)

WTLS

WAE user agentWAP Standard

Not part of WAP

WTP

UDP

IP(GPRS, ...)

WDP

non IP(SMS, ...)

WTLS

UDP

IP(GPRS, ...)

WDP

non IP(SMS, ...)

WTLS

Transaction-basedApplications

Datagram-basedApplications

typical WAP Application based on complete protocol stack

Simple data transfer with or without security mechanisms



8.4 WAP

WAP 2.0 (July 2001)

• New XHTML

TCP with „Wireless Profile“

HTTP

• Innovative Applications Color graphics

Animation

Download of big files

Location-based services

Synchronization with PIMs

Pop-up/context-sensitive menus

• Goal Integration of WWW, Internet, WAP, i-mode


WAP 2.0 Architecture


8.4 WAP

ServiceLocalization

SecurityServices

Ap

plic

atio

nFr

ame

wo

rkP

roto

col F

ram

ew

ork

External Services

EFI

Provisio-ning

NavigationDiscovery

ServiceLookup

Crypto-Libraries

Authenti-cation

Identifica-tion

PKI

SecureTransport

SecureBearers

Sess

ion

Tran

sfer

Tran

spo

rtB

eare

r

Multimedia Messaging (Email)

WAE/WTA User Agent (WML, XHTML)

ContentFormats

Push

IPv4

IPv6

CSD

SMS

USSD

FLEX

GUTS

MPAK

...

...

Datagrams(WDP, UDP)

Connections(TCP with

wireless profile)

Hypermedia Transfer

(WTP+WSP, HTTP)

Strea-ming

MMSMessa-

ges

Push OTA

Capability Negotiation

Synchronization

Cookies



WAP 2.0 Protocol Stacks


8.4 WAP

TrägerWDPWTLSWTPWSPWAE

WAP Device

TrägerWDPWTLSWTPWSP

IPTCPTLS

HTTP

IPTCPTLS

HTTP

WAEWeb ServerWAP Gateway

WAP 1.x Server/Gateway/Client

IPTCP‘TLS

HTTPWAE

WAP Device

IPTCP‘

IPTCP

IPTCPTLS

HTTPWAE

Web ServerWAP Proxy

WAP Proxy with TLS-Tunneling

IPTCP‘HTTPWAE

WAP Device

IPTCP‘

IPTCP

IPTCP

WAEWeb ServerWAP Proxy

WAP HTTP Proxy with adapted TCP

HTTP HTTP HTTP

IPTCP‘HTTPWAE

WAP Device

IP IP IPTCP

WAEWeb-Server

IP Router

WAP direct access

HTTP

8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000

UMTS and IMT-2000

• Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI

• UMTS UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)

enhancements of GSM EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s

CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)

VHE (Virtual Home Environment)

fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI

requirements min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s)

min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s)

up to 2 Mbit/s urban




Frequencies for IMT-2000


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

IMT-2000

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

MSS

ITU allocation(WRC 1992)

IMT-2000MSS

Europe

China

Japan

NorthAmerica

UTRAFDD

UTRAFDD

TDD

TDD

MSS

MSS

DECT

GSM1800

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

IMT-2000MSS

IMT-2000MSS

GSM1800

cdma2000W-CDMA

MSS

MSS

MSS

MSS

cdma2000W-CDMA

PHS

PCS rsv.

IMT-2000 Family


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

IMT-DS(Direct Spread)

UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)

3GPP

IMT-TC(Time Code)

UTRA TDD(TD-CDMA);TD-SCDMA

3GPP

IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)

cdma2000

3GPP2

IMT-SC(Single Carrier)

UWC-136(EDGE)

UWCC/3GPP

IMT-FT(Freq. Time)

DECT

ETSI

GSM(MAP)

ANSI-41(IS-634)

IP-NetworkIMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T

IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R

Interface for Internetworking

Flexible assignment ofCore Network and Radio Access

Initial UMTS(R99 w/ FDD)



8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

GSM and UMTS Releases

• Stages

(0: feasibility study)

1: service description from a service-user’s point of view

2: logical analysis, breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information

flows amongst them

3: concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the

functional elements have been mapped

(4: test specifications)

• Additional information:

www.3gpp.org/releases

www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/ SpecReleaseMatrix.htm


3GPP Releases (I)


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

3GPP RELEASES

3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS

Phase 1 1992 Basic GSM

Phase 2 1995 GSM features including EFR Codec

Release 96 Q1 1997 GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data

Release 97 Q1 1998 GSM additional features, GPRS

Release 98 Q1 1999 GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE

Release 99 Q1 2000 3G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access

Release 4 Q2 2001 UMTS all-IP Core Network

Release 5 Q1 2002 IMS and HSDPA

Release 6 Q4 2004 HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over Cellular, operation with WLAN

http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/SpecReleaseMatrix.htm



3GPP Releases (II)


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

3GPP RELEASES


Release 7 Q4 2007 Improvements in QoS & latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC integration, EDGE Evolution

Release 8 Q4 2008 Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA

Release 9 Q4 2009 WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual Cell HSUPA, LTE HeNB

Release 10 Q1 2011 LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE), Multi-Cell HSDPA

Release 11 Q3 2012 Heterogeneous networks (HetNet), Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), In device Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP interconnection of Services

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

3GPPP Releases (III)

3GPP RELEASES


Release 12 March 2015 Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation(2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrieraggregation), MIMO (3D channel modelling, elevationbeamforming, massive MIMO), MTC - UE Cat 0 introduced, D2D communication, eMBMS enhancements.

Release 13 Scheduled for March 2016 LTE-U / LTE-LAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming / Full Dimension MIMO, Indoor positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4MHz & Cat 200kHz introduced

Release 14 Mid 2017 Elements on road to 5G

Release 15 End 2018 5G Phase 1 specification

Release 16 2020 5G Phase 2 specification




UMTS Releases and the Path Towards 5G


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

http://www.3gpp.org/images/articleimages/ongoing_releases_900px.JPG

Licensing Example: UMTS in Germany, August 18, 2000

• UTRA-FDD:

Uplink 1920-1980 MHz

Downlink 2110-2170 MHz

duplex spacing 190 MHz

12 channels, each 5 MHz

• UTRA-TDD:

1900-1920 MHz,

2010-2025 MHz;

5 MHz channels

• Coverage of the population

25% until 12/2003

50% until 12/2005


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Sum: 50.81 billion €



8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Architecture (Release 99 used here!)

• UTRAN (UTRA Network)

Cell level mobility

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks

• UE (User Equipment)

• CN (Core Network)

Inter system handover

Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN


UTRANUE CN

IuUu

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Domains and Interfaces I

• User Equipment Domain Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services

• Infrastructure Domain Shared among all users

Offers UMTS services to all accepted users


USIMDomain

MobileEquipment

Domain

AccessNetworkDomain

ServingNetworkDomain

TransitNetworkDomain

HomeNetworkDomain

Cu Uu Iu

User Equipment Domain

ZuYu

Core Network Domain

Infrastructure Domain



8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Domains and Interfaces II

• Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

Functions for encryption and authentication of users

Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device

• Mobile Equipment Domain

Functions for radio transmission

User interface for establishing/maintaining end-to-end connections

• Access Network Domain

Access network dependent functions

• Core Network Domain

Access network independent functions

Serving Network Domain

Network currently responsible for communication

Home Network Domain

Location and access network independent functions


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Spreading and Scrambling of User Data

• Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s

• Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors

higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa

• User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes

users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes

much simpler management of codes: each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes

precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal


data1 data2 data3

scramblingcode1

spr.code3

spr.code2

spr.code1

data4 data5

scramblingcode2

spr.code4

spr.code1

sender1 sender2



OVSF Coding


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

1

1,1

1,-1

1,1,1,1

1,1,-1,-1

X

X,X

X,-X 1,-1,1,-1

1,-1,-1,1

1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1

1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1

1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1

1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1

1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1

1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1

1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1

SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8

SF=n SF=2n

...

...

...

...

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS FDD Frame Structure

W-CDMA

• 1920-1980 MHz uplink

• 2110-2170 MHz downlink

• chipping rate: 3.840 Mchip/s

• soft handover

• QPSK

• complex power control (1500 power control cycles/s)

• spreading: UL: 4-256 DL:4-512


0 1 2 12 13 14...

Radio frame

Pilot FBI TPC

Time slot

666.7 µs

10 ms

Data

Data1

uplink DPDCH

uplink DPCCH

downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot

666.7 µs

666.7 µs

DPCCH DPDCH

2560 chips, 10 bits

2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...6)

TFCI

2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k = 0...7)

Data2

DPDCH DPCCH

FBI: Feedback InformationTPC: Transmit Power ControlTFCI: Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel

Slot structure NOT for user separation but synchronization for periodic functions!



8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000

Typical UTRA-FDD Uplink Data Rates

User data rate [kbit/s] 12.2 (voice) 64 144 384

DPDCH [kbit/s] 60 240 480 960

DPCCH [kbit/s] 15 15 15 15

Spreading 64 16 8 4


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS TDD Frame Structure (Burst Type 2)

TD-CDMA

• 2560 chips per slot

• spreading: 1-16

• symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to UL/DL(min. 1 per direction)

• tight synchronization needed

• simpler power control(100-800 power control cycles/s)


0 1 2 12 13 14...

Radio frame

Data1104 chips

Midample256 chips

Data1104 chips

Time slot

666.7 µs

10 ms

Traffic burstGP

GP: guard period96 chips2560 chips



UTRAN Architecture

• UTRAN comprises several RNSs

• Node B can support FDD or TDD or both

• RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE

• Cell offers FDD or TDD

RNC: Radio Network Controller

RNS: Radio Network Subsystem


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Node B

Node B

RNC

Iub

Node B

UE1

RNS

CN

Node B

Node B

RNC

Iub

Node B

RNS

Iur

Node B

UE2

UE3

Iu

UTRAN Functions

• Admission control

• Congestion control

• System information broadcasting

• Radio channel encryption

• Handover

• SRNS moving

• Radio network configuration

• Channel quality measurements

• Macro diversity

• Radio carrier control

• Radio resource control

• Data transmission over the radio interface

• Outer loop power control (FDD and TDD)

• Channel coding

• Access control


8.5 UTMS/IMT-2000



Core Network: Protocols


8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000

MSC

RNS

SGSN GGSN

GMSC

HLR

VLR

RNS

Layer 1: PDH, SDH, SONET

Layer 2: ATM

Layer 3: IPGPRS backbone (IP)

SS 7

GSM-CSbackbone

PSTN/ISDN

PDN (X.25),Internet (IP)

UTRAN

CN

Core Network: Architecture


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

BTS

Node B

BSC

Abis

BTS

BSS

MSC

Node B

Node B

RNC

Iub

Node BRNS

Node BSGSN GGSN

GMSC

HLR

VLR

IuPS

IuCS

Iu

CN

EIR

GnGi

PSTN

AuC

GR



8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Core Network

The Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu, too, are separated into two logical domains:

• Circuit Switched Domain (CSD) Circuit switched service incl. signaling

Resource reservation at connection setup

GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR)

IuCS

• Packet Switched Domain (PSD) GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN)

IuPS

• Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new radio access! Helps to save a lot of money …

Much faster deployment

Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6)


UMTS Protocol Stacks (User Plane)

Circuit Switched Packet Switched


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

apps. &protocols

MAC

radio

MAC

radio

RLC SAR

UuIuCSUE UTRAN 3G

MSC

RLC

AAL2

ATM

AAL2

ATM

SAR

apps. &protocols

MAC

radio

MAC

radio

PDCP GTP

Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN

RLC

AAL5

ATM

AAL5

ATM

UDP/IP

PDCP

RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP

Gn

GTP GTP

L2

L1

UDP/IP

L2

L1

GTP

3GGGSN

IP, PPP,…

IP, PPP,…

IP tunnel



8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Support of Mobility: Macro Diversity

• Multicasting of data via several physical channels

Enables soft handover

FDD mode only

• Uplink

simultaneous reception of UE data at several Node Bs

Reconstruction of data at Node B, SRNC or DRNC

• Downlink

Simultaneous transmission of data via different cells

Different spreading codes in different cells


CNNode B RNC

Node BUE

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Support of Mobility: Handover

• From and to other systems (e.g., UMTS to GSM)

This is a must as UMTS coverage will be poor in the beginning

• RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)

• RNS offering additional resources (e.g., for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)

• End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS

Change of SRNS requires change of Iu

Initiated by the SRNS

Controlled by the RNC and CN


SRNC

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Node BIub



Example Handover Types in UMTS/GSM


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

RNC1

UE1

RNC2

Iur

3G MSC1

Iu

Node B1

IubNode B2

Node B3 3G MSC2

BSCBTS 2G MSC3

AAbis

UE2

UE3

UE4

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Breathing Cells

• GSM

Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station

Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size

• UMTS

Cell size closely correlated to the cell capacity

Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity

Noise generated by interference from other cells and other users of the same cell

Interference increases noise level

Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max. power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible

Limitation of the max. number of users within a cell required

Cell breathing complicates network planning




Breathing Cells: Example


8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000

8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS Services (Originally)

• Data transmission service profiles

• Virtual Home Environment (VHE) Enables access to personalized data independent of location, access network, and device

Network operators may offer new services without changing the network

Integration of existing IN services


Service Profile Bandwidth Transport Mode Comments

High Interactive MM 128 kb/s Circuit-switched Bidirectional, Video Telephony

High MM 2 Mb/s Packet-switched Low Coverage, max. 6 km/h

Medium MM 384 kb/s Packet-switched Asymmetrical, MM, Downloads

Switched Data 14.4 kb/s Circuit-switched

Simple Messaging 14.4 kb/s Packet-switched SMS Successor, E-Mail

Voice 16 kb/s Circuit-switched



Example 3G Networks: Japan

FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimedia

Access) in Japan

Examples for FOMA Phones


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Isle of Man –Start of UMTS in Europe as Test


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000



UMTS in Monaco


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

UMTS in Europe


8.5 UMTS/IMT-2000

Vodafone/Germany

Orange/UK

?rm=show_details&modell=1261



8.6 HSPA

Enhancements I

• GSM

Enhanced Message Service EMS / Multimedia Messaging Service MMS

EMS: 760 characters possible by chaining SMS, animated icons, ring tones, was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)

MMS: transmission of images, video clips, audio

see WAP 2.0

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was: GSM] Evolution)

8-PSK instead of GMSK, up to 384 kbit/s

new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS

MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 8.8/11.2/14.8/17.6 kbit/s

MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 22.4/29.6/44.8/54.4/59.2 kbit/s


8.6 HSPA

Enhancements II

• UMTS

HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

initially up to 10 Mbit/s for the downlink, later > 20 Mbit/s using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas

can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally > 13 Mbit/s)

user rates e.g. 3.6 or 7.2 Mbit/s

HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)

initially up to 5 Mbit/s for the uplink

user rates e.g. 1.45 Mbit/s

HSPA+ with 28-84 Mbit/s for downstream




HSDPA – Transmission Rates


8.6 HSPA

Source: http://www.elektronik-kompendium.de/sites/kom/1301141.htm

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 3.6 MBit/s

HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 7.2 MBit/s

HSDPA, 2. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 1.8 MBit/s


HSDPA, 1. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 384 kBit/s


UMTS, Uplink: 64 kBit/s

UMTS, Downlink: 384 kBit/s

Data Rates for Different HSDPA Expansion Stages

8.6 LTE

Enhancements III

• LTE (Long Term Evolution)

Generation 3.9

Peak data rates of 300 Mb/s (downlink) and 75 Mb/s (uplink)

• LTE Advanced / LTE +

increased peak data rate, downlink 3 Gbit/s, uplink 1.5 Gbit/s

higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of 16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/Hz in R10

increased number of simultaneously active subscribers

improved performance at cell edges, e.g. for DL 2x2 MIMO at least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell.




Development of HSDPA / HSUPA


8.6 HSPA

Source: http://www.ltemobile.de/HSPA.46.0.html TTI: Transmission Time Interval

8.6 HSPA

HSPA+

• Goal of 3GPP Specification HSPA+ Release 7: increase of data rate

• Higher frequency spectrum efficiency

64QAM in downlink

16QAM in uplink

MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)

• Maximum data rate:

HSPA+ Release 7: 28.0 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink)






8.7 LTE

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

• Current standard for high-rate mobile data communication

Migration from UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA to LTE

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Multiple Input/Multiple Output antenna technology(MIMO)

Decrease of latency for IP-based voice communication

Expected data rate of up to 300 Mb/s (downlink)and 75 Mb/s (uplink)


8.7 LTE

LTE Netzaufbau

• eNB = E-UTRAN Node B

• MME = Mobility Management Entity

• S-GW = Serving Gateway


Source: http://www.slideshare.net/hamdani2/lte-long-term-evolution



Comparison of HSPA and LTE


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8.8 5G/IMT-2020

On the Way to 5G

5G (IMT-2020) with the following (ambitious) goals:

• Increase of data rate by factor 100 compared to LTE (i.e. up to 10 Gb/s)

• Increase of capacity by factor 1000

• Addressing of 100 billion mobile devices worldwide at a time

• Extremely low latency ping below 1 ms

• Energy saving by factor 1000 per transmitted bit

• 90% less power consumption


Source: http://www.lte-anbieter.info/5g/

8.8 5G/IMT-2020

5th Generation

• Tactile Internet

• Said to be introduced in the early 2020s

IMT 2020

• Main goals:

Efficiency with low cost

High bit rate using dynamic spectrum access

Convergence of fiber and wireless network

• Application scenarios

Internet of Things (IoT)

Integration of MANETs




References

References

• Al Agha, Khaldoun; Pujolle, Guy; Ali-Yahiya, Tara (2016): Mobile and Wireless Networks. London, Hoboken, NJ: ISTE Ltd.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Networks & Telecommunications Series. Advanced Networks Set, Volume 2).

• Commsbrief (2017): Mobile Networks Made Easy. A Simplified View of Mobile Networks for Professional Audience. Commsbrief Limited.

• Lin, Yi-Bing; Chlamtac, Imrich (2001): Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Sauter, Martin (2017): From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G. An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband. 3rd edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Smith, Clint; Collins, Daniel (2014): Wireless Networks. Design and Integration for LTE, EVDO, HSPA and WiMAX. 3rd edition. New York, Blacklick: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.


Documents

Data Services in GSM I - midas1.e-technik.tu-ilmenau.demidas1.e-technik.tu-ilmenau.de/~webkn/Webdaten/Lehre/WS2017... · GPRS –Data Flow and Segmenting Communication Networks