Dandan Ismail 0406012.docx

8/15/2019 Dandan Ismail 0406012.docx

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Flifli Nqhlnk+ 46474


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OLO N

T@IFLJPKPLI


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Flklh qnqv`h ct`rlqn }nifc}q+ v`klj fnq`fnleli glqnknvlq pivpe

h`ho`rneli e`hpfljli vrliqg`r gnk`) Glqnknvlq v`rqòpv fnilhleli fìmli V`ki`v)

V`ki`v h`rptleli v`zv olq`f trcmrlh ~lim h`hpimenieli echtpv`r qlvp fltlv

o`rechpinelqn fìmli echtpv`r klnii~l h`klkpn blrnimli niv`ri`v) V`ki`v v`rqòpv

fltlv fnt`rmpileli tlfl o`rolmln hlalh eòpvpjli q`t`rvn leq`q `(hlnk+

flvlolq +̀ fli leq`q gnk`q)

Tìmmpilli v`ki`v fnelklimli tlrl tìmmpil echtpv`r r`mpklr *opeli

`zt`rv . o`rolqnq qnqv`h ct`rlqn }nifc}q fntliflim v`rklkp rphnv fnelrìleli

fnt`rkpeli tìm`vljpli flklh hìmmpileli achhlif trchtv }nifc}q)

Achhlif trchtv }nifc}q nvp qìfnrn lflklj qèphtpkli ecf` t`rnivlj ~lim

fne`vneli vlitl h`klkpn }nifc}q mrltjnalk niv`rgla` q`flimeli ecf` t`rnivlji~l

hlqnj o`rolqnq HQ(FCQ * Hnarcqcgv Fnqe Ct`rlvnim Q~qv`h.) E`hpfnli

tìmmpilli v`ki`v pivpe glqnknvlq echpinelqn tlfl elklimli tìmmpil echtpv`r

r`mpk`r fntliflim o`kph tctpk`r q`jnimml oli~le tlrl tìmmpil echtpv`r ~lim

o`kph v`rlhtnk hìmmpileli glqnknvlq v`rqòpv lvlp oljeli vnfle vljp fìmli

glqnknvlq v`rqòpv)

Alrl klni pivpe onql h`klepeli t`rimnrnhli t`qli lflklj fìmli alrl

hìmmpileli ltknelqn ~lim v`klj fnoplv ck`j tnjle v`rvìvp) Ltknelqn v`rqòpv

onlqli~l o`rolqnq blrnimli niv`ri`v) Acivcji~l lflklj ^ljcc H`qqìm`r+ Mhlnk+

Tlifnci+ fli klni(klni) Fìmli ltknelqn v`rqòpv pq`r fltlv hìmmpileli glqnknvlq

tìmnrnhli t`qli ~lim v`klj fnq`fnleli) Leli v`vltn jlk v`rqòpv jli~l leli

o`rklimqpim tlfl ecifnqn kl~lili leq`q niv`ri`v levng) Q`jnimml levnwnvlq

tìmnrnhli t`qli ~lim o`rblkli tlfl blrnimli nivrli`v leli v`rjlholv)

Q`qpln fìmli klvlr o`klelim fnlvlq hlel fnt`rkpeli qòplj ltknelqn ~lim

hpflj fnhìm`rvn fli hpflj fnmpileli) Ltknelqn ~lim vnfle v`rmlivpim tlfl

blrnimli niv`ri`v q`jnimml levnwnvlq tìmnrnhli t`qli ejpqpqi~l tlfl blrnimli

nivrli`v fltlv v`rpq o`rblkli fìmli olne fli fltlv hìmctvnhlkeli e`pivpimli

flklh hìmmpileli vèickcmn blrnimli echtpv`r) Ck`j elrìl nvp+ tlfl tìpknqli

kltcrli vpmlq lejnr nin tìpknq hìmlhonk bpfpk ‛T@HOPLVLI LTKNELQN

I@V]C_E H@QQ@IM@_ PIVPE BL_NIMLI NIV_LI@V‘) Fnjlrlteli

ltknelqn v`rqòpv ilivni~l fltlv h`holivp tlrl tìmmpil blrnimli nivrli`v flklh


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h`klepeli tìmnrnhli t`qli fli hìmprlimn e`v`rmlivpimli lvlq tìmmpilli

blrnimli niv`ri`v)


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?) F`qlni

F`qlni t`rlimelv kpile qòìlri~l lflklj trcq`q hpkvn klimelj ~lim

o`rgcepq tlfl `htlv lvrnopv qòplj trcmrlh ~lim o`ro`fl) ^lnvp qvrpevpr

flvl+ lrqnvèvpr t`rlimelv kpile+ r`tr`qìvlqn niv`rgla` fli fli f`vlnk

trcq`fprlk)trcq`q f`qlni hì`rb`hljeli q~lrlv#eòpvpjli e` flklh

qòplj r`tr`qìvlqn t`rlimelv kpile ~lim fltlv fnt`renrleli qò`kph

fnhpkln mì`rlqn lvlp t`hpiapkli ecf`)

1) Mì`rlqn Ecf`

F`qlni jlrpq fnv`rb`hljeli flklh oìvpe h`qni ~lim onql fnolal+ bnel

f`qlni fnklepeli fìmli alrl ~lim kìmelt+ t`hoplvli ecf` fltlv

fnklepeli qàlrl hèlinq)

6) Tìmpbnli

Trcq`q tìmpbnli o`rklep tlfl kcmnel niv`rilk t`rlimelv kpile+ ~lnvp

h`hlqvneli olj}l q`hpl t`rq~lrlvli qpflj fnpbn fli tlfl èqv`rilkgpimqncilk ~lnvp hìmlrljeli tìmpbnli pivpe hì`hpeli e`qlkljli(

e`qlkljli fli h`hlqvneli olj}l nitpv ~lim fnolvlqn leli h`ho`rneli

jlqnk levplk ~lim q`qpln fìmli eòpvpjli)

Mlholr


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Phphi~l qòplj q`rw`r lflklj echonilqn flrn t`rlimelv kpile fli

t`rlimelv e`rlq ejpqpq+ ~lim hì~`fnleli kl~lili(kl~li *q`wna`q. tlfl qòplj

blrnimli e`tlfl echtpv`r(echtpv`r klnii~l *}creqvlvnciq. lvlp trcq`q klnii~l)

Blrnimli o`rolqnq(q`rw`r *q`rw`r(olq`f. o`rvphtp tlfl echtpv`r ~lim

h`hnknen gpimqn ejpqpq *qtànlk(tprtcq` achtpv`rq. fnqòpv q`rw`r ~lim

hì~`fnleli v`htlv tì~nhtlili v`rtpqlv *aìvrlkn`f r`tcqnvcrn`q. pivpe

qpho`r fl~l blrnimli +o`rnepv e`lhlili fli tìmlvprli jle leq`q v`rtpqlv flklh

t`rpqljlli *niacrtcrlv` aìvrlkn`f qàprnv~ lif acivrck laa`qq.) Qòlmln

t`rolifnimli +blrnimli t``r(vc(t``r vnfle h`hnknen e`lhlili lvlp gpimqn

t`rl}lvli v`rtpqlv *ic aìvrlkn`f qàprnv~ cr hlnivìlia` gpiavnciq.)

Lfl oli~le lklqli(lklqli hìmltl h`hnknj hìm(nhtk`hìvlqneli

qòplj blrnimli o`rolqnq q`rw`r+ v`rhlqpe t`hpqlvli tìmlvpr qpho`r fl~l tlfl

blrnimli h`klkpn tìmmpilli e`lhlili blrnimli *i`v}cre qàprnv~. fli

tìmlvprli h`klkpn ecignmprlqn fli q`vpt q`rw`r) Qòplj echtpv`r q`rw`r

phphi~l h`hnknen trca`qqcr lvlp ATP ~lim eìalim+ h`hcr~ ~lim apept o`qlr+

jlrffnqe ~lim o`reltlqnvlq o`qlr+ fli t`lklvli vlholjli q`t`rvn vlt` frnw`q fli

AF(_CH+ bnel fnolifnimeli fìmli echtpv`r aknìv lvlp }creqvlvnci)

Vlo`k ?)


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1:7FZ) ]nifc}q IV

]creqvlvnci 6)4

h`hopvpjeli qòplj

6:7FZ lvlp kònj lvlp

fpepimli trca`qqcr _NQA)

]nifc}q >0 h`hopvpjeli

qòplj 1:7FZ lvlp kònj)

fnmpileli.) Jnmj t`rgcrhlia` q`rw`rq

hìfpepim oli~le trca`qqcr *hpkvntk`

trca`qqcrq.)

_plimli fnqe *fnqe

qtla`.

Qlimlv o`r(wlrnlqn

v`rmlivpim eòpvpjli

tìmmpil)

Qlimlv o`r(wlrnlqn fìmli eòpvpjli

crmlinqlqn) Qò`qlr hpimeni v`vltn jlrpq

fnrìalileli pivpe èqtliqn) Fnqlrlieli

hninhlk < MO pivpe qòplj crmlinqlqn~lim eànk) Qpt`r q`rw`rq vnfle klmn

h`holvlqn jli~l qlhtln mnmlo~v`) V`vltn

Eltlqnvlqi~l v`rmlivpim tlfl bphklj

jlrffneq ~lim fltlv fn(lechcflqn)

?)1)1 Niv`ri`v

Niv`ri`v fli echtpv`r vnfle onql fntnqljeli+ elrìl niv`ri`v lflklj

blrnimli flrn blrnimli klnii~l ~lim v`rfnrn flrn oli~le vnvne+ ~lim hlqnim(hlqnim

flrn h`rèl leli qlknim o`rechpinelqn hìmmpileli ephtpkli qvliflr ~lim

v`klj fnvìvpeli+ ~lnvp 2 VAT#NT)

Niv`ri`v fltlv fnhligllveli ck`j qnltl qlbl+ olne nvp pivpe e`tìvnimli

onqinq+ tìfnfneli hlptpi qè`flr jnoprli)

Pivpe e`tìvnimli onqinq 2 echpinelqn+ t`hlqlrli+ t`rflmlimli)

Pivpe e`tìvnimli tìfnfneli2 pinw`rqnvlq fli elhtpq+ tìfnfnelihlifnrn *cvcfnfle.)

Pivpe e`tìvnimli Jnoprli2 hìmcorck *ajlv+ h`qqlmnim.+ T`rhlnili

*Mlhnim.+ echpinvlq flrn crlim(crlim ~lim h`hnknen e`qlhlli

e`qìlimli+ hpqne fli gnkh)

Niv`ri`v fltlv fnleq`q ck`j qnltl qlbl+ eltli qlbl fli fnhlil qlbl) Hpkln

flrn lile(lile jnimml crlim f`}lql) Hpkln flrn elklimli lelf`hnqn jnimml


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}lrml t`f`qlli) Hpkln flrn qè`flr orc}qnim jnimml h`klepeli v`kàcig`rìa`)

Niv`ri`v fltlv fnleq`q q`klhl ?6 blh q`klhl lfl ecièqn e` Niv`ri`v)

T`rvphopjli v`rpq o`rklimqpim qàlrl èqtciìqnlk fli tlfl vljpi >4

qpflj hìaltln 1444 blrnimli fli ?44)444 echtpv`r) Tlfl vljpi >?+ jcqv e`

qlvp bpvl v`klj v`rjpopim e` blrnimli) Tlfl opkli Bliplrn >? fnoìvpe Vj`

Niv`ri`v Qcan`v~) Crmlinqlqn nin o`rvpbpli pivpe h`htrchcqneli hligllv niv`ri`v)

Niv`ri`v h`hnknen oò`rltl ltknelqn qòlmln o`rnepv2

@hlnk+ ltknelqn pivpe hìmnrnheli qprlv qàlrl ̀ kèvrcine)

Tì~`fnl o`rnvl+ ltknelqn pivpe h`hoìvpe gcrph ejpqpq pivpe qlknim

o`rvpelr t`qli)

_`hcv` Kcmni+ ltknelqn pivpe h`klepeli tìmleq`qli r`hcv` echtpv`r)

Vrliqg`r Gnk`+ ltknelqn pivpe h`klepeli fc}ikclf fli ptkclf gnk` fn

niv`ri`v)

?)1)6 Nivrli`v

Nivrli`v lflklj qòplj blrnimli trnwlv * trnwlv` i`v}cre . ~lim

hìmmpileli trcvceck(trcvceck Niv`ri`v *VAT#NT.+ pivpe h`holmn nigcrhlqn

rljlqnl t`rpqljlli lvlp ct`rlqn flklh t`rpqljlli v`rqòpv e`tlfl elr~l}lii~l)

Elflim(elflim+ nqvnklj nivrli`v jli~l h`rpbpe e`tlfl kl~lili ~lim v`rknjlv+

~lein qnvpq }ò niv`rilk t`rpqljlli)

Pivpe h`holimpi qòplj nivrli`v+ hlel qòplj blrnimli jlrpqklj

h`hnknen oò`rltl echtciì ~lim h`holimpi Niv`ri`v+ ~lein trcvceck Niv`ri`v

*Trcvceck VAT#NT+ lklhlv NT+ fli trcvceck klnii~l.+ eknì fli bpml q`rw`r)Trcvceck JVVT fli oò`rltl trcvceck Niv`ri`v klnii~l ~lim phphi~l h`rptleli

echtciì trcvceck ~lim q`rnim fnmpileli)

?)6 Echpinelqn Flvl

?)6)< F`gninqn Echpinelqn flvl

Echpinelqn flvl lflklj h`rptleli olmnli flrn v`kèchpinelqn ~lim

qàlrl ejpqpq o`reìlli fìmli vrliqhnqn lvlp t`hnifljli flvl fli nigcrhlqn


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fnlivlrl echtpv`r(echtpv`r fli tnrlivn(tnrlivn klni flklh oìvpe fnmnvlk ~lim

fnenrnheli h`klkpn h`fnl echpinelqn flvl)

Flvl o`rlrvn nigcrhlqn ~lim fnqlbneli ck`j nq~lrlv fnmnvlk) Echpinelqn flvl

h`rptleli olmnli ~lim qlimlv wnvlk flrn flrn qplvp hlq~lrlelv nigcrhlqn elrìl

qnqv`h nin hì~`fnleli nigrlqvrpevpr ~lim h`hpimenieli echtpv`r(echtpv`r

fltlv o`rniv`rleqn livlrl ~lim qlvp fìmli ~lim klnii~l)

?)6)? Echtciì Echpinelqn Flvl

Echtciì ‑ echtciì flrn echpinelqn flvl lflklj2

Tìmnrnh+ lflklj tnrlivn ~lim hìmnrnheli flvl

Tì`rnhl+ lflklj tnrlivn ~lim hì`rnhl flvl

Flvl+ nigcrhlqn ~lim leli fntnifljeli

H`fnl tìmnrnhli+ lflklj h`fnl lvlp qlkprli ~lim fnmpileli pivpe

hìmnrnheli flvl

Trcvceck+ lflklj lvprli(lvprli ~lim o`rgpimqn hì~`klrlqeli jpopimli

livlrl tìmnrnh fli tì`rnhl flvl)

Mlholr ?)12 Echpinelqn Flvl Flklh Blrnimli Echtpv`r

?)6)1 Trcvceck Echpinelqn Flvl

Hcf`k CQN hì~`fnleli qàlrl eciq`tvplk e`rlimel e`rbl pivpe

echpinelqn livlr echtpv`r+ v`vltn hcf`k nin opeli h`rptleli h`vcfl

echpinelqn) Qòìlri~l echpinelqn fltlv v`rblfn elrìl hìmmpileli trcvceck

echpinelqn)


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Fn flklh ecivèq blrnimli flvl+ qòplj trcvceck lflklj qplvp lvprli

gcrhlk fli e`q`tlelvli ~lim hììvpeli olmlnhlil echtpv`r o`rvpelr

nigcrhlqn h`k`}lvn qòplj h`fnl blrnimli) Qòplj trcvceck

hìmnhtk`hìvlqneli qlklj qlvp lvlp kònj flrn kltnqli(kltnqli CQN) Qòplj

wlrnlqn ~lim kòlr flrn lfli~l trcvceck echpinelqn+ v`vltn q`hpl h`h`knjlrl

tlfl qlklj qlvp lknrli mrcpt2 trcvceck KLI+ trcvceck ]LI+ trcvceck blrnimli+

fli trcvceck rcpvnim) Trcvceck KLI o`rct`rlqn tlfl kltnqli gnqne fli flvl knie

flrn hcf`k CQN fli hìf`gninqneli echpinelqn fn lvlq hlalh(hlalh h`fnl

KLI)

Trcvceck ]LI o`rct`rlqn tlfl e`vnml kltnqli v`rol}lj flrn hcf`k CQN

fli hìf`gninqneli echpinelqn fn lvlq hlalh(hlalh ]LI) Trcvceck rcpvnim

lflklj trcvceck kltnqli blrnimli ~lim o`rvlimmpim bl}lo pivpe hììvpeli blkli

fli tìmlvprli klkp knivlq)

Lejnri~l trcvceck blrnimli lflklj o`rolmln trcvceck flrn kltnqli v`rlvlq

~lim lfl flklh q`f`r`vli trcvceck)

?)6)6 Trcvceck VAT#NT

VAT#NT *qnimelvli flrn Vrliqhnqqnci Acivrck Trcvcack#Niv`ri`v Trcvcack.

lflklj qvliflr echpinelqn flvl ~lim fnmpileli ck`j echpinvlq niv`ri`v flklh

trcq`q vpelr(hìpelr flvl flrn qlvp echtpv`r e` echtpv`r klni fn flklh blrnimli

Niv`ri`v) Trcvceck nin vnfleklj fltlv o`rfnrn qìfnrn+ elrìl h`hlim trcvceck nin

o`rptl ephtpkli trcvceck * trcvcack qpnv`.) Trcvceck nin bpml h`rptleli trcvceck

~lim tlknim oli~le fnmpileli qllv nin) Flvl v`rqòpv fnnhtk`hìvlqneli flklh

oìvpe t`rlimelv kpile *qcgv}lr`. fn qnqv`h ct`rlqn) Nqvnklj ~lim fno`rneli e`tlfl

t`rlimelv kpile nin lflklj VAT#NT qvlae

Trcvceck VAT#NT fne`holimeli tlfl lejnr fèlf` =4(li jnimml l}lk

:4(li qòlmln qòplj trcvceck qvliflr pivpe hìmjpopimeli echtpv`r(

echtpv`r fli blrnimli pivpe h`hoìvpe qòplj blrnimli ~lim kplq *]LI.)

VAT#NT h`rptleli qòplj qvliflr blrnimli v`ropel ~lim o`rqnglv nif`tìfì

v`rjlflt hèlinqh` vrliqtcrv blrnimli gnqne ~lim fnmpileli+ q`jnimml fltlv

fnmpileli fn hlil qlbl) Trcvceck nin hìmmpileli qe`hl tìmlklhlvli ~lim


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q`f`rjlil ~lim fnqòpv qòlmln lklhlv NT * NT Lffr`qq. ~lim hìmnnieli jnimml

oò`rltl rlvpq bpvl echtpv`r pivpe fltlv qlknim o`rjpopimli qlvp qlhl klnii~l fn

Niv`ri`v) Trcvceck nin bpml o`rqnglv rcpvlok` ~lim o`rlrvn trcvceck nin acace pivpe

hìmjpopimeli qnqv`h(qnqv`h o`ro`fl *q`t`rvn Hnarcqcgv ]nifc}q fli

e`kplrml PINZ. pivpe h`hoìvpe blrnimli ~lim j`v`rcmì)

Trcvceck VAT#NT q`klkp o`r`wckpqn q`nrnim fìmli }levp+ hìmnimlv

q`hleni oli~lei~l eòpvpjli v`rjlflt blrnimli echtpv`r fli Niv`ri`v)

Tìm`holimli nin fnklepeli ck`j oò`rltl olfli+ q`t`rvn jlki~l Niv`ri`v

Qcan`v~ *NQCA.+ Niv`ri`v Lrajnvàvpr̀ Oclrf *NLO.+ fli Niv`ri`v @imni``rnim

Vlqe Gcra` *N@VG.) Hlalh(hlalh trcvceck ~lim o`rblkli fn lvlq VAT#NT+ qe`hl

tìmlklhlvli+ fli eciq`t VAT#NT fnf`gninqneli flklh fcephì ~lim fnqòpv

qòlmln _`|p`qv gcr Achhìvq *_GA. ~lim fne`kplreli ck`j N@VG)

?)6)0 Vrliqhnqn Flvl Tlfl Hcf`k Cqn

Hcf`k r`g`rìqn CQN *Ctì Q~qv`h Niv`raciiàvnci. hìmmlholreli

olmlnhlil nigcrhlqn flrn qplvp qcgv}lr` ltknelqn fn qòplj echtpv`r o`rtniflj

h`k`}lvn qòplj h`fnl blrnimli e` qplvp qcgv}lr` ltknelqn fn echtpv`r klni)

Hcf`k r`g`rìqn CQN qàlrl eciq`tvplk v`rolmn e` flklh = kltnqli fnhlil

hlqnim(hlqnim kltnqli h`hnknen gpimqn blrnimli ~lim qt`qngne ) Hcf`k nin

fnantvleli o`rflqlreli qòplj trctcqlk ~lim fnoplv ck`j vj` Niv`rilvncilk

Qvliflrfq Crmlinlvnci *NQC. qòlmln klimelj l}lk hìpbp qvliflrnqlqn trcvceck

niv`rilqncilk ~lim fnmpileli tlfl o`rolmln kl~`r ) Hcf`k nin fnqòpv NQC CQN

*Ctì Q~qv`h Niv`raciiàvnci. _`g`rìa` Hcf`k elrìl hcf`k nin fnvpbpeli olmn

tìmecièqnli ctì q~qv`h) Ctì Q~qv`h fltlv fnlrvneli qòlmln qplvp qnqv`h

~lim v`ropel pivpe o`rechpinelqn fìmli qnqv`h(qnqv`h klnii~l


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Kl~`r

Ilhl pinv ~lim

fnt`rvpelreli

=

Niv`rgla ̀

7

Niv`rgla ̀

0

6

Lttknalvnci

Tr`qìvlvnci

Q`qqnci

Vrliqtcrv

Lttknalvnci trcvcack

Tr`qìvlvnci trcvcack

Q`qqnci trcvcack

Vrliqtcrv trcvcack

Achhpinalvnci qpoi`v ocpiflr~

Niv`ri`v qpoi`v trcvcack

Lttknalvnci

Tr`qìvlvnci

Q`qqnci

Vrliqtcrv

LTFP

TTFP

QTFP

VTFP

1 I`v}cre

? Flvl Knie

< Tj~qnalk

I`v}cre

I`v}cre

Tj~qnalk

I`v}cre

Flvl Knie

Tj~qnalk

I`v}cre

Flvl Knie

Tj~qnalk

Tlae`v

Grlh`

Onv

Jcqv L _cpv`r _cpv`r Jcqv O

I`v}cre kl~`r jcqv(rcpv`r trcvcack

Flvl Knie kl~`r jcqv(rcpv`r trcvcack

Tj~qnalk kl~`r jcqv(rcpv`r trcvcack

Mlholr ?)62 Vrliqhnqn Flvl Tlfl Hcf`k Cqn

Hcf`k CQN h`hnknen vpbpj kl~`r ) Trniqnt(trniqnt ~lim fnmpileli olmn

e`vpbpj kl~`r v`rqòpv lflklj 2

Qòplj kl~`r jlrpq fnoplv onkl fnt`rkpeli vnimelv loqvrleqn ~lim o`ro`fl)

Q`vnlt kl~`r jlrpq h`hnknen gpimqn(gpimqn v`rvìvp)

Gpimqn q`vnlt kl~`r jlrpq fntnknj fìmli v`knvn q`qpln fìmli e`vìvpli

qvliflr trcvcack niv`rilqncilk)

Olvlq(olvlq kl~`r fnpqljleli lmlr h`hninhlkeli lknrli nigcrhlqn ~lim

h`k`}lvn niv`rgla`)

Bphklj kl~`r jlrpq apept oli~le+ q`jnimml gpimqn(gpimqn ~lim o`ro`fl

vnfle t`rkp fnqlvpeli flklh qlvp kl~`r fnkplr e`t`rkplii~l) Leli v`vltn

bphklj kl~`r bpml jlrpq fnpqljleli q`q`fnenv hpimeni q`jnimml lrqnvèvpr

blrnimli vnfle hìblfn qpknv fntleln)


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?7

?)6)7 Tìmlklhlvli NT

NT lffr`qq fnmpileli qòlmln lklhlv flklh jpopimli livlr jcqv fn

niv`ri`v q`jnimml h`rptleli qòplj qnqv`h echpinelqn ~lim pinw`rqlk elrìl

h`rptleli h`vcf` tìmlklhlvli ~lim v`klj fnv`rnhl fn q`kprpj fpinl) Fìmli

hììvpeli NT lffr`qq o`rlrvn envl v`klj h`ho`rneli nfìvnvlq ~lim pinw`rqlk

olmn q`vnlt niv`rlfa` echtpv`r) Bnel qplvp echtpv`r h`hnknen kònj flrn qlvp

niv`rgla` *hnqlkeli hìmmpileli fpl `vj`ri`v . hlel envl jlrpq h`ho`rn fpl NT

lffr`qq pivpe echtpv`r v`rqòpv hlqnim(hlqnim pivpe q`vnlt niv`rglaì~l)

NT lffr`qq v`rfnrn flrn onklimli oni`r 1? onv ~lim fntnqljeli ck`j vlifl

vnvne q`vnlt : onvi~l) Vnlt : onv nin fnqòpv qòlmln cev`v) Oìvpe NT lffr`qq fltlv

fnvpknqeli qòlmln o`rnepv 2

zzzzzzzz)zzzzzzzz)zzzzzzzz)zzzzzzzz

Blfn NT lffr`qq nin h`htpi~ln rlim` flrn 44444444)44444444)44444444)

44444444 qlhtln


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?=

flrn i`v}cre ~lim klni+ q`flimeli jcqv NF o`rt`rli pivpe nfìvngnelqn jcqv flklh

qplvp i`v}cre) Blfn+ q`kprpj jcqv ~lim v`rqlhopim flklh blrnimli ~lim qlhl

h`hnknen i`v NF ~lim qlhl) Qòlmnli flrn onv(onv olmnli l}lk flrn NT Lffr`qq

h`rptleli i`v}cre onv#i`v}cre ipho`r + q`flimeli qnqli~l pivpe jcqv) Mlrnq

t`hnqlj livlrl olmnli i`v}cre fli jcqv vnfle v`vlt+ o`rmlivpim e`tlfl e`klq

i`v}cre) NT lffr`qq fnolmn e` flklh knhl e`klq+ ~lnvp e`klq L+ e`klq O+ e`klq A+

e`klq F fli e`klq @)

T`ro`flli vnlt e`klq lflklj tlfl peprli fli bphklji~l) Acivcji~l NT

e`klq L fntleln ck`j q`fnenv blrnimli ilhpi bphklj jcqv ~lim fltlv fnvlhtpim

ck`j vnlt blrnimli qlimlv o`qlr) E`klq F fli @ vnfle fnmpileli qàlrl phph+

e`klq F fnmpileli olmn blrnimli hpkvnalqv fli e`klq @ pivpe e`trkpli

èqt`rnhìvlk) T`rlimelv kpile Niv`ri`v Trcvcack hììvpeli t`holmnli bìnq

e`klq nin fìmli hìmpbn oò`rltl onv t`rvlhl flrn NT Lffr`qq)

?)0 Wnqplk Olqna 7)4

Wnqplk Olqna lflklj qlklj qlvp oljlql t`hrcmrlhli echtpv`r) Oljlql

t`hrcmrlhli lflklj t`rnivlj(t`rnivlj ~lim fnhìm`rvn ck`j echtpv`r pivpe

h`klepeli vpmlq(vpmlq v`rvìvp) Oljlql t`hrcmrlhli Wnqplk Olqna+ ~lim

fne`holimeli ck`j Hnarcqcgv q`ble vljpi >


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?:

Mlholr ?)72 Vlhtnkli Niv`mrlv`f F`w`kcthìv @iwnrcihìv *NF@. WO 7

*NkhpEchtpv`r+ ?447.

Hìpolr


29/81

?>

?)7 Hnarcqcgv Laa`qq ?44=

Hnarcqcgv Laa`qq lflklj qplvp ltknelqn ~lim fltlv h`holivp envl

h`hoplv qòplj ltknelqn flvlolq` flklh }levp ~lim r`klvng qnimelv) Onlqli~l

fnmpileli pivpe t`hoplvli ltknelqn(ltknelqn ~lim eànk) Hnqlki~l Trcmrlh pivpe

elqnr fn ect`rlqn+ tìbplkli pivpe vcec)

Qvrpevpr Hnarcqcgv Laa`qq lflklj qòlm o`rnepv 2

Vlok` fnmpileli pivpe hì~nhtli flvl

\p`r~ fnmpileli pivpe h`hlintpklqn flvl

Gcrh fnmpileli pivpe grcivìf ltknelqn)Onlqli~l pivpe hìlhtnkeli

flvl+ hìlholj flvl fkk)

_`tcrv fnmpileli pivpe h`hoplv kltcrli

Hlarc fnmpileli pivpe h`klepeli qlvp lvlp oò`rltl gpimqn)

O`rnepv lflklj mlholr h`hpkln hnarcqcgv laa`qq2

Mlholr ?)=2 Vlhtnkli Trcmrlh Hnarcqcgv Laa`qq *NkhpEchtpv`r+ ?447.

?)= Alq` Vcckq

?)=)< Gkc}hlt

Olmli lknr fcephì lvlp fnqòpv bpml olmli lknr gcrhpknr *gcrh gkc}

ajlrv. lvlp tlt`r}cre gkc}ajlrv h`rptleli olmli lknr ~lim hìpibpeli lrpq flrn

kltcrli fli gcrhpknr v`rhlqpe v`hopqli(v`hopqlii~l) *Bcmn~livc+ ?440.)


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14

Gkc}hlt lvlp olmli lknr lflklj olmli ~lim hìpibpeeli lknrli fn flklh

trcmrlh lvlp trcq`fpr qnqv`h qàlrl kcmnel) Gkc}hlt nin o`rgpimqn pivpe

h`hcf`keli hlqpeli+ e`kplrli+ trcq`q hlptpi vrliqleqn fìmli hìmmpileli

qnhock(qnhock v`rvìvp) T`hoplvli gkc}hlt nin jlrpq fltlv h`hpfljeli olmn

t`hleln flklh h`hljlhn lkpr flrn qnqv`h lvlp vrliqleqn) Lfltpi t`fchli(

t`fchli flklh t`hoplvli gkc}hlt lflklj qòlmln o`rnepv *Lhq~lj+ ?444. 2

Gkc}hlt qòlnei~l fnmlholreli flrn lvlq e` ol}lj fli hpkln flrn

olmnli enrn flrn qplvp jlklhli)

E`mnlvli fn flklh gkc}hlt jlrpq fnvpibpeeli fìmli b`klq)

Jlrpq fnvpibpeeli flrnhlil e`mnlvli leli fnhpkln fli fnhlil leli

o`rlejnr)

Hlqnim(hlqnim e`mnlvli fnflklh gkc}hlt qòlnei~l fnmpileli

qplvp elvl ~lim h`}lenkn qplvp tè`rblli)

Hlqnim(hlqnim e`mnlvli fnflklh gkc}hlt jlrpq fnflklh prpvli

~lim q`h`qvni~l)

E`mnlvli ~lim v`rtcvcim fli leli fnqlhopim fnv`htlv klni jlrpq

fnvpibpeeli fìmli b`klq hìmmpileli qnhock tìmjpopim)

Mpileli qnhock(qnhock gkc}hlt ~lim qvliflr)

Echtciì flrn olmli lflklj qòlmln o`rnepv *Bcmn~livc+ ?440. 2

Hìpibpeli fcephì nitpv fli cpvtpv olne trcq`q hliplk+ hèline

lvlp echtpv`r)

Mlholr ?):2 Qnhock Fcephì)


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1<

H`ipibpeli e`mnlvli hliplk)

Mlholr ?)>2 Qnhock E`mnlvli Hliplk

H`ipibpeli e`mnlvli trcq`q flrn ct`rlqn trcmrlh echtpv`r

Mlholr ?)


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1?

H`ipibpeli nitpv#cpvtpv h`immpileli jlrf fnqe

Mlholr ?)


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11

O`rnepv lflklj icvlqn FGF hìprpv vèine ̂ cprfci lif F` Hlrac2

V`rhnilvcr

V`rhnilvcr h`rptleli qpho`r lvlp vpbpli flvl fli fnklholimeli fìmli

t`rq`mn tliblim)

Mlholr ?)


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16 H`qqìm`r o`rlrvn crlim ~lim hìmnrnh t`qli) Flklh fpinl echtpv`r

h`qqìm`r h`rptleli nqvnklj klni flrn `hlnk lvlp qprlv `kèvrcine)

@kèvrcine hlnk+ q`rnim fnqòpv `(hlnk lvlp `hlnk+ h`rptleli h`vcf`

o`rvpelr t`qli fnmnvlk flrn tìpknq pivpe qlvp lvlp kònj tì`rnhl) @hlnk hcf`rio`rct`rlqn fn niv`ri`v lvlp blrnimli echtpv`r klnii~l) Oò`rltl qnqv`h `hlnk l}lk

~lim fnt`rkpeli olj}l tìpknq fli tì`rnhl o`rfpl leli cikni` tlfl qllv ~lim

qlhl+ ~lim qlhl fìmli niqvliv h`qqlmnim) Qnqv`h `hlnk qèlrlim fnflqlreli

tlfl hcf`k olae(lif(gcr}lrf ) Q`rw`r `hlnk hì`rnhl+ hìfnqvrnopqneli+

hì~lhtlneli fli hì~nhtli t`qli) Olne tìmmpil hlptpi echtpv`r h`rèl

fnjlrpqeli pivpe cikni` qàlrl o`rqlhlli+ h`rèl t`rkp jpopimeli jli~l

qòìvlr+ onlqli~l pivpe q`rw`r `hlnk+ q`klhl ~lim fnopvpjeli pivpe hìmnrnh

lvlp hì`rnhl t`qli)

Qòplj t`qli `hlnk v`rfnrn flrn vnml echtciì+ lhtkct t`qli+ j`lf`r

t`qli+ fli vpopj t`qli) J`lf`r t`qli o`rnqn nigcrhlqn ecivrck+ v`rhlqpe+

hninhlk+ lklhlv `hlnk tìa`vpq fli qlvp lvlp kònj lklhlv tì`rnhl) Onlqli~l

nigcrhlqn f`qerntvng bpml fnvlholjeli+ q`t`rvn eckch j`lf`r qpo~è fli

tì~lhtlnli t`qli vlimmlk # }levp alt)


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10

OLO NNN LILKNQNQ

QNQV@H

1)< T`inklnli

1)


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17

Flklh qnqv`h ct`rlqn }nifc}q+ v`klj fnq`fnleli glqnknvlq pivpe

h`ho`rneli e`hpfljli vrliqg`r gnk`) Glqnknvlq v`rqòpv fnilhleli fìmli V`ki`v)

V`ki`v h`rptleli v`zv olq`f trcmrlh ~lim h`hpimenieli echtpv`r qlvp fltlv

o`rechpinelqn fìmli echtpv`r klnii~l h`klkpn blrnimli niv`ri`v) V`ki`v v`rqòpv

fltlv fnt`rmpileli tlfl o`rolmln hlalh eòpvpjli q`t`rvn leq`q `(hlnk+

flvlolq +̀ fli leq`q gnk`q)

Tìmmpilli v`ki`v fnelklimli tlrl tìmmpil echtpv`r r`mpklr *opeli

`zt`rv . o`rolqnq qnqv`h ct`rlqn }nifc}q fntliflim v`rklkp rphnv fnelrìleli

fnt`rkpeli tìm`vljpli flklh hìmmpileli achhlif trchtv }nifc}q)

Achhlif trchtv }nifc}q nvp qìfnrn lflklj qèphtpkli ecf` t`rnivlj ~lim

fne`vneli vlitl h`klkpn }nifc}q mrltjnalk niv`rgla` q`flimeli ecf` t`rnivlji~l

hlqnj o`rolqnq HQ(FCQ * Hnarcqcgv Fnqe Ct`rlvnim Q~qv`h.) E`hpfnli

tìmmpilli v`ki`v pivpe glqnknvlq echpinelqn tlfl elklimli tìmmpil echtpv`r

r`mpk`r fntliflim o`kph tctpk`r q`jnimml oli~le tlrl tìmmpil echtpv`r ~lim

o`kph v`rlhtnk hìmmpileli glqnknvlq v`rqòpv lvlp oljeli vnfle vljp fìmli

glqnknvlq v`rqòpv)

Alrl klni pivpe onql h`klepeli t`rimnrnhli t`qli lflklj fìmli alrl

hìmmpileli ltknelqn ~lim v`klj fnoplv ck`j tnjle v`rvìvp) Ltknelqn v`rqòpv

onlqli~l o`rolqnq blrnimli niv`ri`v) Acivcji~l lflklj ^ljcc H`qqìm`r+ Mhlnk+

Tlifnci+ fli klni(klni) Fìmli ltknelqn v`rqòpv pq`r fltlv hìmmpileli glqnknvlq

tìmnrnhli t`qli ~lim v`klj fnq`fnleli) Leli v`vltn jlk v`rqòpv jli~l leli

o`rklimqpim tlfl ecifnqn kl~lili leq`q niv`ri`v levng) Q`jnimml levnwnvlq

tìmnrnhli t`qli ~lim o`rblkli tlfl blrnimli echtpv`r kcelk leli v`rjlholv)


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1=

Mlholr 1)


38/81

1:

?) Qpknvi~l tìmmpilli glqnknvlq tìmnrnhli t`qli olmn tìmmpil

blrnimli nivrli`v fìmli qnqv`h ct`rlqn }nifc}q)

1) Lfli~l eàìf`rpimli e`v`rmlivpimli pq`r v`rjlflt leq`q fli

ltknelqn niv`ri`v flklh trcq`q tìmnrnhli t`qli q`t`rvn * ~hlnk+ mhlnk+

jcvhlnk+ fqv)). tlfl blrnimli nivrli`v elrìl jlk v`rqòpv leli hìblfn

jlholvli e`vnel lfl eìflkl tlfl leq`q niv`ri`v q`jnimml trcq`q

tìmnrnhli t`qli tlfl lr`l nivrli`v vnfle fltlv o`rklimqpim)

6) O`kph ctvnhlki~l gpimqn flrn blrnimli echtpv`r flklh h`ho`rneli

leq`q echpinelqn livlr tìmmpil blrnimli echtpv`r ejpqpqi~l

blrnimli nivrli`v flklh trcq`q tìmnrnhli t`qli)

0) V`rfltlv e`qpknvli flklh hìmmpileli trcmrlh o r̀olqnq v`zv pivpe

fltlv hìmnrnheli t`qli)

1)


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1>

l) Eòpvpjli Jlrf}lr ̀

Jlrf}lr` lvlp t`rlimelv e`rlq ~lim fnopvpjeli flklh trcq`q

tìm`holimli ltknelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r nin lflklj q`t`rlimelv e`rlq echtpv`r

fìmli qt`qngnelqn hninhph qòlmln o`rnepv

Vlo`k 1)


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64

o) Eòpvpjli Qcgv}lr`

Flklh trcq`q tìm`holimli ltknelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r ~lim fnrlialim

fìmli h`vcf` qèpìqnlk knin`r vìvp h`h`rkpeli t`rlimelv kpile tìfpepim

~lim fnmpileli) Lfltpi t`rlimelv kpile *qcgv}lr`. tìfpepim v`rqòpv lflklj2


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6<

l) @zt`rv + ~lnvp tìmmpil ltknelqn ~lim h`hljlhn eciq`t fli v`crn alrl

e`rbl echtpv`r) H`htpi~ln tìm`vljpli nkhp echtpv`r ~lim qlimlv

kplq)

o) Lfwlia`f + ~lnvp tìmmpil ltknelqn ~lim hlhtp hìmct`rlqneli

echtpv`r+ leli v`vltn eprlim h`htpi~ln nkhp echtpv`r ~lim kplq)

a) O`mnii`r + ~lnvp tìmmpil ~lim olrp hìmìlk vèickcmn echtpv`r fli

hlqnj o`kph tljlh v`rjlflt alrl e`rbl echtpv`r)

6) Tlrvnqntli klni

Tìmmpil klni ~lim hpimeni bpml t`rkp fnknolveli) Olne fnknolveli tlfl

vljltli rlialim olimpi+ tìmpbnli+ nhtk`hìvlqn+ fli t`h`knjlrlli

ltknelqn)

1)?)? Olvlqli Qnqv`h

Flklh q`vnlt qnqv`h ~lim leli fnoplv+ vìvpi~l lfl }nkl~lj(}nkl~lj ~lim

vnfle fnblimelp ck`j qnqv`h) Lfltpi olvlqli qnqv`h ~lim leli fnoplv lflklj2


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6?

1)?)1 Qvpfn E`kl~leli Vèinq

Tlfl flqlri~l+ nhtk`hìvlqn t`hoplvli ltknelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r nin

hìl}lreli qnqv`h echpinelqn tìmnrnhli t`qli ~lim q`f`rjlil fli hpflj

fnnhtk`hìvlqneli tlfl blrnimli echtpv`r kcelk) Olne qàlrl t``r vc t``r+

hlptpi aknìv(q`rw`r ) Ltknelqn v`rqòpv acace fnmpileli tlfl blrnimli echtpv`r

q`f`rjlil fli hlhtp oè`rbl vlitl lfli~l leq`q niv`ri`v)

Qàlrl vèinq ltknelqn v`rqòpv vnfle h`h`rkpeli qt`qngnelqn t`rlimelv

e`rlq blrnimli echtpv`r ~lim vnimmn pivpe fltlv hìmmpilelii~l) T`rlimelv

blrnimli echtpv`r ~lim q`hleni o`re`holim t`qlv fli h`htpi~ln inkln o`kn

~lim vnimmn o`kph vìvp v`rblimelp ck`j o`rolmln tnjle ~lim h`h`rkpelii~l)

1)?)6 Lkcelqn Gpimqn

Flklh vljltli lilknqnq qnqv`h fnt`rkpeli lfli~l lkcelqn gpimqn(gpimqn

t`rlimelv e`rlq+ t`rlimelv kpile+ hlipqnl+ flvlolq` fli `k`hì qnqv`h klni ~lim

o`relnvli fìmli t`rlialimli ltknelqn ~lim leli fnoplv) Lfltpi lkcelqn gpimqn(

gpimqn v`rqòpv lflklj2


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lfli~l rlialimli l}lk qnqv`h) _lialimli l}lk qnqv`h fltlv fnmlholreli

qòlmln o`rnepv2

Mlholr 1)?2 _lialimli L}lk Qnqv`h

l) Ltknelqn O`rolqnq Blrnimli Echtpv`r Aknìv(Q`rw`r

Ltknelqn ~lim leli fnrlialim h`rptleli ltknelqn qnqv`h echpinelqn

tìmnrnhli t`qli ~lim o`rblkli tlfl blrnimli echtpv`r nivrli`v fìml

hìmmpileli bìnq ecièqn aknìv(q`rw`r) Blfn flklh nhtk`hìvlqni~l+

ltknelqn v`rolmn flklh ? olmnli) ^lnvp ltknelqn ~lim o`rblkli tlfl qnqn

aknìv fli ltknelqn ~lim o`rblkli tlfl qnqn q`rw`r)

o) Ltknelqn O`rolqnq F`qevct

O`rflqlreli lapli t`rhlqlkli vìvlim qpknvi~l tìmmpilli ltknelqn

o`rolqnq v`zv trcmrlh+ hlel pivpe kònj h`ht`rhpflj trcq`q tìmnrnhli

t`qli+ ltknelqn fnrlialim fìmli hì~`fnleli MPN *Mrltjna Pq`r Niv`rgla`. lvlp onlql fnqòpv ltknelqn o`rolqnq f`qevct)


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OLO NW

F@QLNI+ QNHPKLQN+ FLI T@IMPBNLI QNQV@H

6)< F`qlni L}lk Ltknelqn I`v}cre H`qqìm`r

F`qlni l}lk qnqv`h hìmmlholreli qnqv`h echpinelqn tìmnrnhli t`qli

fìmli ltknelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r qàlrl e`q`kprpjli)

Mlholr 6)


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6)?)< Gkc}ajlrv

O`rnepv nin f`qerntqn ltknelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r flklh oìvpe gkc}ajlrv2

Mlholr 6)?2 Gkc}ajlrv E`rbl Ltknelqn Q`rw`r

Ltknelqn q`rw`r fnrlialim pivpe hì~nhtli fli hìm`kckl flvlolq`

qàlrl v`rtpqlv+ h`kl~lin t`rhnivlli r`mnqvrlqn pq`r olrp fli h`kl~lin ecièqn

pq`r fìmli h`ho`rneli nigcrhlqn pq`r levng olne tlfl fnqtkl~ hìp q`rw`r

hlptpi fnqtkl~ hìp aknìv ) Ltknelqn q`rw`r ~lim fne`kckl ck`j lfhninqvrlvcr

h`htpi~ln jle tìpj flklh hìm`kckl pq`r)


46/81

Mlholr 6)12 Gkc}ajlrv Ltknelqn Aknìv

Ltknelqn aknìv fnrlialim qòlmln ltknelqn pvlhl olmn pq`r tlfl trcq`q

tìmnrnhli t`qli) Hìp pvlhl tlfl ltknelqn v`rqòpv ~lnvp hìp e`kckl t`qli

~lim h`hpimenieli pq`r fltlv h`holal+ hìmnrnh+ hìmjltpq+ fli hìa`vle

t`qli)

6)?)? Flvl Gkc} Fnlmrlh *FGF.

Flvl Gkc} Fnlmrlh h`rptleli lklv pivpe h`hoplv t`hcf`kli ~lim

hìmmlholreli qnqv`h qòlmln qplvp blrnimli trcq`q gpimqncilk ~lim

fnjpopimeli livlrl qlvp qlhl klni fìmli lknrli flvl olne qàlrl hliplk hlptpi

qàlrl echtpv`rnqlqn)


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Fnlmrlh ecivèq h`rptleli fnlmrlh ~lim hìmmlholreli rplim knimept

qnqv`h fli `k`hì(`k`hì ~lim o`rjpopimli flklh qnqv`h v`rqòpv) Fnlmrlh

v`rqòpv q`rnim fnnfìvngnelqneli q̀ olmln fnlmrlh fìmli k`w`k v`rvnimmn flrn qplvp

qnqv`h)

Tlfl qnqv`h ltknelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r olne tìmnrnh lvlptpi tì`rnhl

t`qli o`rlfl tlfl tcqnqn fli lvprli ~lim qlhl+ ~lnvp o`rvnifle qòlmln pq`r lvlp

tìmmpil flrn qnqv`h) Q`crlim pq`r fltlv hìmnrnh fli hì`rnhl t`qli flrn

tìmnrnh klni tlfl }levp ~lim jlhtnr o`rqlhlli)

Nigcrhlqn Pq`r

fli

T`qli

Pq`r

*Tìmnrnh.

Ltknelqn I`v}cre

H`qqìm`r

Flvl Enrnh

t`qliPq`r

*Tì`rnhl.

Flvl Enrnh T`qli

Mlholr 6)62 Fnlmrlh Ecivèq

6)?)1 FGF K`w`k 4

FGF k`w`k 4 h`rptleli tìblolrli flrn fnlmrlh ecivèq) Tlfl FGF k`w`k

4 fnb`klqleli hìmìln pibpe e`rbl flrn qnqv`h echpinelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r)


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6)?)6 FGF K`w`k < Qpo Trcq`q E`kckl Pq`r

Nitpv flvl pq`r


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@fnv Pq`r Pq`rq pq`r v`rv`ivp

6 Trcq`q


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6)?)7 FGF K`w`k < Qpo Trcq`q E`kckl T`qli

Mlholr 6):2 FGF K`w`k < Trcq`q E`kckl T`qli

Vlo`k 6)12 Qt`qngnelqn FGF K`w`k < Trcq`q E`kckl T`qli

Ic Trcq`q Flvl

Hlqpe

Flvl

E`kplr

Qpho`r E`v`rlimli

< Trcq`q 1)<

Oplv T`qli

Flvl t`qli Flvl t`qli Vlo`k

T`qli

Hì~nhtli flvl

t`qli tlflflvlolq`

? Trcq`q 1)?

OlklqT`qli


T`qli

Hì~nhtli flvl

t`qli tlfl flvlolq`

1 Trcq`q 1)1

A`vle T`qli


T`qli

Hìa`vle flvl

t`qli

6 Trcq`q 1)6Jltpq

T`qli

Flvl t`qli Flvl t`qli Vlo`kT`qli

Hìmjltpqt`qli v`rvìvp


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6)?)= FGF K`w`k < Qpo Trcq`q E`kckl Gckf`r T`qli

Mlholr 6)>2 FGF k`w`k < Trcq`q E`kckl Gckf`r

Vlo`k 6)62 Qt`qngnelqn FGF K`w`k < Trcq`q E`kckl Gckf`r

Ic Trcq`q Flvl

Hlqpe

Flvl

E`kplr

Qpho`r E`v`rlimli

< Trcq`q 6)<Ecvle

Hlqpe


T`h`rneqlli

ecvle hlqpe

t`qli

? Trcq`q 6)?T`qli

V`renrnh


T`h`rneqllit`qli v`renrnh

1 Trcq`q 6)1

T`qli

Fnjltpq


T`qli

T`h`rneqlli

t`qli ~lim

qpflj fnjltpq


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6)?): FGF K`w`k ? Qpo Trcq`q


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6 Trcq`q


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6)?)


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Vlo`k 6):2 Qt`qngnelqn FGF K`w`k ? Qpo Trcq`q


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Flvl

Flvl

1)


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6)?)


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Vlo`k 6)


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Vlo`k 6)


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t`qli) Tlfl ltknelqn i`v}cre h`qqìm`r + flklh flvlolq` v`rfltlv fpl vlo`k ~lnvp

vlo`k pq`rq fli vlo`k t`qli pq`r)

l) Vlo`k Pq`rq

Q`vnlt nigcrhlqn q`crlim pq`r leli v`rqnhtli tlfl vlo`k pq`r) Nigcrhlqn

v`rqòpv fltlv fnnitpveli h`klkpn trcq`q r`mnqvrlqn tlfl ltknelqn q`rw`r

qnf`+ lvlptpi tlfl ltknelqn aknìv qnf`) Vlo`k pq`r flklh flvlolq` fnqpqpi

hìprpv lvrnopv ~lim fnhnkneni~l)

Vlo`k 6)


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Grch V`zv


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Mlholr 6)?12 Lrqnvèvpr Ltknelqn Aknìv

6)1)1 F`qlni Livlrhpel

T`rlialimli livlrhpel o`rvpbpli pivpe h`hoplv tlrlh`v`r tlqqnim fli

gcrhlv hìp tlfl kl~lr)

6)1)1)< F`qlni Livlrhpel Q`rw`r

l) F`qlni Livlrhpel Pvlhl

< Qvlvpq Q`rw`r

? Qvlvpq Cikni`

1Qvlvpq

Flvlolq`

6 Lklhlv NT

0 Qvlvpq Pq`r CikniÈ`kckl Pq`r

Vpvpt

7 =

Mlholr 6)?62 F`qlni Livlrhpel Pvlhl Tlfl Ltknelqn Q`rw`r


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6)1)1)? F`qlni Livlrhpel Akn`iv

l) F`qlni Livlrhpel Pvlhl

Mlholr 6)?=2 F`qlni Livlrhpel Pvlhl Tlfl Ltknelqn Akn`iv

Vlo`k 6)?


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~lim fntnknj

> Vr`` Wn`} VwAcivlav Pivpe h`i`htlveli nigcrhlqn

pq`r klni


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a) F`qlni Livlrhpel Pivpe E`kckl T`qli

Mlholr 6)?>2 F`qlni Livlrhpel Pivpe T`qli

Vlo`k 6)?12 E`v`rlimli Ecivrck Tlfl Livlrhpel T`qli

Ic Ecivrck Ilhl E`v`rlimli

< Achoc Ocz Achoc < Pivpe h`ilhtnkeli flgvlr ilhl pq`r

~lim leli h`i`rnhl t`qli

? V`zv Ocz V`zv


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Mlholr 6)142 F`qlni Hcpq` Ecivrck Tlfl Livlrhpel Pvlhl Aknìv

Vlo`k 6)?62 E`v`rlimli Hcpq` Ecivrck Tlfl Livlrhpel Pvlhl Aknìv

Ic Ecivrck Ilhl E`v`rlimli

< Hìp @fnvcr Hip1Ctì Pivpe h`hopel t`qli

? Hìp @fnvcr Hip1Trniv Pivpe hìa`vle t`qli

1 Hìp @fnvcr Hip1_`tk~ Pivpe h`holklq t`qli

6 Hìp @fnvcr Hip1F`k`v` Pivpe hìmjltpq t`qli

0 Hìp @fnvcr Hip?Ctì Pivpe h`hopel t`qli7 Hìp @fnvcr Hip?_poonqj Pivpe h`ho`rqnjeli rpoonqj oni

*ecvle qlhtlj.

= Hìp @fnvcr HipI`} Pivpe h`hoplv t`qli olrp tlflpq`r ~lim fntnknj

: Hìp @fnvcr Hip_`gr`qj Pivpe hì~`mlreli flgvlr pq`r

> Hìp @fnvcr hipNigc Pivpe hìfltlveli nigcrhlqn pq`r


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Mlholr 6)1


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6)1)6)< F`qlni Trcq`fprlk Ltknelqn Q`rw`r

Mlholr 6)1?2 Trcq`fprlk Ltknelqn Q`rw`r


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6)6 Qnhpklqn fli Tìmpbnli

6)6)< Qnhpklqn Tlfl Q`rw`r Qnf`

Mlholr 6)162 Vlhtnkli Pvlhl Ltknelqn Q`rw`r

Tlfl qnhpklqn nin+ vlhtle tlfl kl~lr hìp qvlvpq ecièqn pq`r+ qvlvpq

ecièqn flvlolq`+ qvlvpq lklhlv NT+ fli qvlvpq pq`r ~lim q`flim levng)

Tlfl mlholr fnol}lj nin+ tlfl kl~lr hìp r`mnqvrlqn vlhtle gcrh

tìmnqnli flvl pq`r olrp o`rnepv jlqnk a`vlei~l)


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Mlholr 6)102 Vlhtnkli Tlfl E`kckl Pq`r

Mlholr 6)172 Acivcj Flvl A`vle Pq`r


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6)6)? Qnhpklqn Tlfl Aknìv Qnf`

Tlfl qnhpklqn aknìv qnf`+ leli fnqnhpklqneli olmlnhlil trcq`q

tìmnrnhli t`qli fli tì`rnhlli t`qli qlhtln hìmjlqnkeli a`vle t`qli)

Mlholr 6)1=2 Vlhtnkli Pvlhl Tlfl Ltknelqn Aknìv

Mlholr 6)1:2 Trcq`q Tìmnrnhli T`qli


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Mlholr 6)1>2 Trcq`q Tì`rnhlli T`qli

Mlholr 6)642 Jlqnk T`qli ^lim V`klj Fna`vle

6)6)1 Tìmpbnli

Tlfl vljlt tìmpbnli+ fnt`rmpileli fpl oplj echtpv`r pivpe h`klepeli

oò`rltl trcq`q ~lim v`rfltlv tlfl ltknelqn q`rw`r+ fli ltknelqn aknìv) Hlqnim(hlqnim flrn echtpv`r v`rqòpv o`rvnifle qòlmln q`rw`r fli qòlmln aknìv fli

fnecièqneli fìmli h`vcf` t``r vc t``r) Jlqnk flrn vljlt tìmpbnli v`rqòpv

fnmlholreli tlfl vlo`k o`rnepv2

Vlo`k 6)?02 Qt`qngnelqn Tìmpbnli

Ic Qt`qngnelqn Tìmpbnli Nifnelvcr eò`rjlqnkli

< Q`w`r fnpbn pivpe h`holal NTlklhlv ~lim fntleln tlfl ltknelqn

q`rw`r

Q`rw`r fltlv h`holal lklhlv nt~lim fnmpileli tlfl ltknelqn

q`rw`r

? Q`rw`r fnpbn pivpe h`h`rneql

e`v`rq`fnlli flvlolq̀

Q`rw`r fltlv hìf`vèqn

e`v`rq`fnlli flvlolq̀


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=:1 Q`rw`r fnpbn pivpe hìlhtnkeli

nigcrhlqn pq`r ~lim q`flim levng Q`rw`r fltlv hìf`vèqn qvlvpq pq`r~lim q`flim levng

6 Q`rw`r fnpbn pivpe hìlhtnkelilklhlv NT aknìv ~lim q`flim levng

Q`rw`r fltlv hìf`vèqn lklhlv NTaknìv ~lim q`flim levng

0 Q`rw`r fnpbn pivpe hìmckljflvlolq`

Q`rw`r fltlv h`klepeli e`kcklflvlolq` ~lim o`rnqn flvl pq`r

7 Q`rw`r fnpbn pivpe hìa`vle flvlpq`r

Q`rw`r fltlv hìa`vle flvl pq`r

fli hìmnrnh t`rnivlj a`vle flvl

tlfl trniv`r

= Aknìv fnpbn pivpe h`hwlknflqn

kcmni

Aknìv fltlv h`hwlknflqn

eòìlrli nitpv flvl kcmni

: Aknìv fnpbn pivpe hìm`kckl

t`qli

Aknìv fltlv h`klepeli enrnh

t`qli+ olklq t`qli+ jltpq t`qli+

fli a`vle t`qli)

> Aknìv fnpbn pivpe hìlhtnkeli

flvl ecièqn pq`r klni

Aknìv fltlv hìlhtnkeli pq`r klni

~lim q`flim levng hlptpi ~limvnfle levng flklh blrnimli ltknelqn

i`v}cre h`qq̀ im`r


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:4

?) Jìflei~l vljlt niqvlklqn ltknelqn aknìv fnklepeli ck`j q`crlim

lfhninqvrlvcr blrnimli pivpe hìmecignmprlqn lklhlv NT q`rw`r ~lim wlknf)

Q`jnimml ecièqn livlrl aknìv fìmli q`rw`r fltlv o`rklimqpim)

1) Tì`knvnli nin fnflqlreli tlfl elqpq(elqpq ~lim tìpknq lklhn hìmìln

trcq`q tìmnrnhli t`qli tlfl blrnimli nivrli`v) O`kph lfl flvl qvlvnqvne

~lim tlqvn fli fltlv fnt`rvlimmpimbl}loeli hìmìln flvl tìmmpilli

niv`ri`v pivpe trcq`q tìmnrnhli t`qli flklh nivrli`v) Ck`j elrìl nvp

pivpe h`kìmeltn jlk v`rqòpv fnjlrlteli lfli~l hlqpeli flrn tnjle klni

~lim h`htpi~ln tìm`vljpli kònj flklh hìmìln flvl qvlvnqvne ~lim

fnhleqpf)

6) Tìpknq h`ht`rock`jeli e`mnlvli fptknelqn flrn ltknelqn v`rqòpv pivpe e`t`rkpli ~lim tcqnvng+ fli vnfle fnt`rock`jeli fptknelqn ltknelqn v`rqòpv

pivpe e`t`rkpli ech`rqnk lvlp fnt`rbplko`kneli)


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:<

FLGVL_ TPQVLEL

Fcj`rv~+ Bnh) ?44:+ Anqac I`v}crenim Qnhtkngn`f+ Q`acif @fnvnci+ Anqac Tr`qq+

Nifnliltcknq

Glfnklj+ _nblk) ?44:+ Blrnimli Echtpv`r+ jvvt2##}}})rnblkglfnklj)i`v+ Vlimmlk

Leq`q 4

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