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2/19/2013
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Keri Cantrell, Patrick Hunt, Jarrod Miller, and Jeff Novak USDA-ARS Coastal Plains Soil, Water, and Plant Research Center Florence, SC 29501 February 26th, 2013
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Manure Management Introduction Thermochemical Technologies Introduction
and Advantages
Green farming scheme
Pyrolysis techniques to produce biochar
Effectiveness of Biochar as a P-source
Ryegrass
Cotton
Conclusions
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
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106 pigs or
103 farms
1997 2004
Pigs
Farms
NC Hogs and Pigs, NASS-USDA
1,537,000 TONS dry manure
Decrease in number of farms with increase in livestock population
Limited Land Availability via Traditional Manure Management Practice
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Decrease in number of farms with increase in size
Limited Land Availability via Traditional Manure Management Practice Storage
Land Application
Relatively low capital and O&M costs
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Surplus nutrients in manure from CAFOs – greater than crop nutrient demand
Transporting manure to remote crop fields
Lagoon sludge Potential environmental risk
H2S, NH3, and CH4 from storages
Odors
Potential contamination of ground and surface waters
Energy not utilized
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Million dry tons per year
Crop
Residues
Grains to
biofuels
Manures
MSW, etc
DOE & USDA (2005) The Billion Ton Study
Sustainable biomass feedstock from US agricultural lands
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Reduce CAFO environmental impact Remove large amounts of organic waste Harness inherent energy to generate
Value-added products
Energy-dense, alternative fuels
Crop and soil fertility amendments
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Biomass Feedstock
Biological Conversion
Thermochemical Conversion
Heat/Power Alcohols Diesels
Methane
REFERENCE: Cantrell et al. 2008. Livestock waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities. Biores. Technol. 99:7941.
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Manure
P-Extraction Thermochemical Conversion
Solids Liquid
Crop Residue
Biochar P-Fertilizer
Carbon Credit Income
N-removal
Treated Water
Feedstock Conditioning
Solid-Liquid Separation
Cash Crop Income REFERENCE: Cantrell et al. 2012. Green
farming systems for the SE USA using manure-
to-energy conversion platforms. J. Renew. Sustain. Energ. DOI: 10.1063/1.3663846.
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
High temperature chemical reforming
Organic bonds broken
Reformed into synthesis gas and hydrocarbon fuels
Residual of inorganic minerals (ash) and more stable (fixed) carbon ▪ Char or biochar
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Requires Smaller Footprint
Compact design with shorter processing time
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Requires Smaller Footprint
Reduces Disposal Requirements
Mass consumer of feedstock
More animals per land unit
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Requires Smaller Footprint Reduces Disposal Requirements Multiplicity of End Products & Applications Heat & power generation
Chemical feedstocks
Transportation fuels
Industrial applications
Future carbon trading
Soil improvement
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Requires Smaller Footprint Reduces Disposal Requirements Multiplicity of End Products and
Applications Including Energy Provides Socio-Environmental Benefits
Fresh/clean air
Potable water
Pathogen, pharmaceutical, and nuisance gas elimination
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Direct Liquefaction
Gasification Dry Gasification Wet Gasification
Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis Slow Pyrolysis Hydrocarbonization
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Direct Liquefaction
Gasification Dry Gasification Wet Gasification
Pyrolysis Fast Pyrolysis Slow Pyrolysis Hydrocarbonization
Bio-oil
Synthesis Gas H2, CO CH4
Bio-oil & Char 75% bio-oil 35-50% char Up 70% char
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Conversion of organic material with very little oxygen
35%
30%
35%
Biomass:
Pyrolysis
Syngas
Char (Biochar),
Ash
Bio-oil
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Pyrolysis
Syngas
Char (Biochar),
Ash
Bio-oil
Combustible hydrocarbons , CO2, and H2.
Process heat/drying
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Acidic mix of organic and inorganic hydrated compounds
Refining required for potential fuel use
Pyrolysis
Syngas
Char (Biochar),
Ash
Bio-oil
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Inorganic elements More aromatic (stable carbon)
structures Functional groups based on parent
material
Pyrolysis
Syngas
Char (Biochar),
Ash
Bio-oil
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Carbon Sequestration
Bioenergy Feedstock
Soil Amendment
Activated Carbon
Biochar
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Fertilizer Ratio N P K pH
Switchgrass (250°C) 0.4 0.1 0.5 5.4
(500°C) 1 0.2 1 8.0
Peanut Hull (400°C) 3 0.3 2 7.9
(500°C) 3 0.3 2 8.6
Pecan Shell (350°C) 0.3 0.03 0.2 5.9
(700°C) 0.5 0.05 0.5 7.2
Plant-based biochars have low nutrient values and acidic to slightly alkaline pH values. Due to high carbon content, slow pyrolysis yields 30-50% (temperature dependent).
REFERENCE: Novak et al. 2009. Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Ann. Environ. Sci. 3:195.
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Fertilizer Ratio N P K pH
Switchgrass (250°C) 0.4 0.1 0.5 5.4
(500°C) 1 0.2 1 8.0
Peanut Hull (400°C) 3 0.3 2 7.9
(500°C) 3 0.3 2 8.6
Pecan Shell (350°C) 0.3 0.03 0.2 5.9
(700°C) 0.5 0.05 0.5 7.2
Poultry Litter (350°C) 5 3 6 8.7
(700°C) 3 4 9 10.3
Manure-based biochar are more nutrient-rich and have alkaline pH. Greater ash content leads to greater biochar recovery.
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Biochar return affected by: Temperature
▪ Temp Mass
Initial ash content ▪ Ash Mass
Dairy Manure Modest returns ranging
35-55 % of dry feedstock
Low end of ash content
REFERENCE: Cantrell et al. 2012. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on physicochemical
characteristics of biochar. Biores. Technol. 107:419.
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Moderate energy values
Coal products > 8000 BTU/lb
Pyrolysis generally improves energy content
Dairy manure
Raw material has high volatile solid content with low energy values
Coal Products
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Fertilizer Ratio N
(%) P2O5
(%) K2O (%)
pH
Dairy (350°C) 3.0 2.3 1.6 9.2
(700°C) 1.7 3.9 2.6 9.9
Surface Feedlot (350°C) 3.4 2.6 3.6 9.1
(700°C) 1.7 4.0 5.5 10.3
Poultry Litter (350°C) 5.4 4.8 5.4 8.7
(700°C) 2.2 7.2 8.3 10.3
Turkey (350°C) 4.3 6.0 4.5 8.0
(700°C) 2.0 8.4 6.3 9.9
Swine (350°C) 3.7 8.9 2.0 8.2
(700°C) 2.6 13.5 2.9 8.2
Temp
N
P
K
pH
REFERENCE: Cantrell et al. 2012. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and manure source on
physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Biores. Technol. 107:419.
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Annual ryegrass Biochars applied at 100 lb P2O5 / ac Controls: 0, 100, 200, 300 P2O5 and
soil only (no fertilizers) Nitrogen rate of 100 lb N / ac Soil: Uchee sand Initial P2O5 of 47.6 lb ac-1
Limed (pH ~6.0) Cumulative biomass after 8-10
weeks REFERENCE: Hunt et al. 2013. Manure-derived
biochars for fertilization of ryegrass. Under Review.
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Biochar treatments performed similar to/or greater than 100 P lb/ac .
Poultry litter treatment outperformed others.
Bovine response similar to turkey response.
REFERENCE: Hunt et al. 2013. Manure-derived biochars for fertilization of ryegrass. Under Review.
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Lower temp biochars similar to 100 P lb / ac.
Plant P with lower temperature biochars.
Dairy biochar treatment among the greatest P-accumulation. REFERENCE: Hunt et al. 2013. Manure-derived
biochars for fertilization of ryegrass. Under Review.
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Cotton Biochars applied at 80 lb P2O5 / ac Controls: 0, 40, 80, 120 P2O5 and
soil only (no fertilizers) Nitrogen rate of 100 lb N / ac Soil: Uchee sand Initial P2O5 of 47.6 lb ac-1 Limed (pH ~6.0)
8 seeds, thinned to 3 plants Biomass harvested @ 60 d after
planting
REFERENCE: Hunt et al. 2012. Effectiveness of biochar as a Phosphorus fertilizer source for cotton. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA
International Annual Meeting, Oct. 21-24, 2012, Cincinnati, OH
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Biochar treatments performed similar to or greater than 80 P2O5 lb/ac .
Dairy and swine
treatments approached the 120 P2O5 lb/ac.
REFERENCE: Hunt et al. 2012. Effectiveness of biochar as a Phosphorus fertilizer source for cotton. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA International Annual Meeting, Oct. 21-24, 2012, Cincinnati, OH
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Dairy, swine, and turkey treatments accumulated more P than similar fertilizer.
P-more plant available than fertilizer
REFERENCE: Hunt et al. 2012. Effectiveness of biochar as a Phosphorus fertilizer source for cotton. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA
International Annual Meeting, Oct. 21-24, 2012, Cincinnati, OH
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Manure management practices can move toward: Harness inherent manure energy to generate value-added products.
Thermochemical conversion offers many advantages over traditional and biological disposal practices.
Slow pyrolysis one treatment for generation of a soil amendment- Biochar.
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Manure-based biochars are rich in inorganic elements, particularly P Alternative fertilizer
Manure-based biochar P is readily available to plants
When applied at agronomic rates—it was not detrimental to plant growth
Dairy manure biochars treatments were similar to higher P2O5 application rates When applied at 80 lb/ac, response similar to 120 lb/ac
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
http://www.ars.usda.gov/saa/cpswprc
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
http://www.ars.usda.gov/saa/cpswprc
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
http://www.ars.usda.gov/saa/cpswprc
2/19/2013
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Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013
Leading America towards a better future
through agricultural research and
information.
Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013 Cantrell, Midwest Manure Summit 2013, Green Bay, WI, Feb. 26-27, 2013