ĐẠI LUẬN VỀ GIAI TRÌNH CỦA ĐẠO GIÁC NGỘ - 3 ༄༅༎ …prajnaupadesa.net/PrajnaUpadesa/Dharma_Texts_-_Lam_Rim_Chen_M… · không được tự ý chỉnh sửa

Je Tsongkhapa

Truyn Tha Nland NHM LAMRIM LOTSAWAS

I LUN V

GIAI TRNH CA O GIC NG - 3

2

Prajna Upadesa Foundation

P.O.Box 2921

Acton, MA 01720

Email: [email protected]

Three volumes combined - limited edition 2012 for free

distribution

Available at: Vietnamese temples, Tibetan Centers, Librairies.

Layout: Viet Lamrim Lotsawas

Cover & design: Prajna Upadesa teamwork.

To the precious Guru

The combination of all objects of refuge

The greatly kind master of the Dharma I pray,

Matchless, benevolent one

Look after me with compassion

And bless me in this life, the next and the intermediate stage.

3

Je Tsongkhapa

i Lun V Giai

Trnh Ca o Gic

Ng

Tp 3

(B- o Th i Lun Quyn H)

4

Bn Quyn:

Nhm Dch Thut Lamrim Lotsawas gi ton quyn xut bn dng

in t cho bn dch ny.

Chng ti cho php cc c s qung b Pht gio cng nh ngi

tu hc hay tm hiu Pht gio c chuyn dng rng ri bn dch

ny vi mc tiu em li li ch cho ngi tu hc, tm hiu v Pht

gio cng nh l v mc ch em li li ch cho tt c chng sinh.

Khng cho php s dng sch in t ny di cc hnh thc em

li li nhun ti chnh ring t nh bun bn i chc cng nh

khng c t chnh sa hay thay i ni dung hay trch dch

bn dch in t ny vi mc tiu ra ngoi vic tu hc m khng c

giy php chun thun ca nhm dch thut Lamrim Lotsawas.

Mi lin h xin lin lc v ngi i din chu trch nhim pht

hnh bn dch in t:

V Quang Nhn

Phone: 0011-1-832-368-4054

Email: [email protected]

5

Mc Lc

Li Ni u Cho Tp 3 .................................................................. 13

Li Ta Ca Ch Bin Bn Anh Ng ............................................ 18

.Knh L ......................................................................................... 21

Lamrim Lotsawas............................................................................ 22

Bng Ch Vit Tt .......................................................................... 23

Dn Tp 3 .................................................................................... 25

Phn I: nh T thin ..................................................................... 35

Chng 1: nh V Tu .................................................................. 35

Chng 2: Chun B Cho nh T Thin ....................................... 63

Chng 3: Tp Trung Tinh Thn .................................................... 97

Chng 4: i Ph vi Hn Trm v Tro C ............................ 111

Chng 5: Thnh Tu nh .......................................................... 135

Chng 6: nh, Mt Phn ca o Php .................................... 165

Phn II: Tu Gic .......................................................................... 185

Chng 7: Ti Sao Tr Hu l Cn Thit ...................................... 185

Chng 8: Nng Da vo Cc Ngun Liu Ngha .................... 191

Chng 9: Giai Trnh Bc Vo Thc Ti ................................... 203

Chng 10: Nhn Din Sai i Tng B Ph nh ................... 213

Chng 11: Duyn Khi v Tnh Khng ..................................... 229

Chng 12: Phn Tch Lp Lun .................................................. 261

Chng 13: S Xc Lp Hiu Qu ............................................... 273

Chng 14: S Tn Ti c L ................................................... 295

6

Chng 15: S Sinh Khi Khng B Bc B ............................... 307

Chng 16: Ph nh Khng ................................................. 325

Chng 17: i Tng b Ph nh Tht S ............................... 337

Chng 18: Nhng Din Dch Sai Lc V S Khc Nhau

Gia Phi C Duyn v Y T Khi ............................... 373

Chng 19: Bc B cc Din Dch Sai Lc {ca ngi

khc} v Y T Khi v C Duyn ................................. 387

Chng 20: Din Dch Ca Chng Ti V S Khc Nhau

Gia Y T Khi V C Duyn ...................................... 417

Chng 21: Ph Phn ca Chng Ti v Y T Khi

Khng nh Hng n cc Lun im ca

Chng Ti ...................................................................... 443

Chng 22: Phn Tch v Mt C Xe Nga ................................. 457

Chng 23: C Nhn Thiu Bn Cht C Hu {nhn v

ng} ................................................................................ 475

Chng 24: Cc i Tng Thiu Vng T Tnh ....................... 509

Chng 25: Tr Hu i Hi Phn Tch ....................................... 537

Chng 26: Hp Nht nh v Tu .............................................. 575

Chng 27: Lc Yu v Kt Lun .............................................. 589

Ti Liu Tham Kho Chung ......................................................... 601

7

Tsongkhapa Losangdrakpa (1357 - 1419)

nh ngun: Phuntsok Cho Ling Buddhist Center

8

PRAJNA UPADESA FOUNDATION

Thnh knh cm n cc ch Tn c, Qu o Hu v cc Thin Tri Thc ng gp trong vic ph bin cc dch thut sch c in n cng ng. Lin lc hoc ng gp hi c tip tc cc dch v trong tng lai xin gi v a ch:

PRAJNA UPADESA FOUNDATION P.O.Box 2921

Acton, MA 01720

www.prajnaupadesa.org Email: [email protected]

A 501(c) 3 organization

Prajna Upadesa Foundation - n Tng 2012

I LUN V GIAI TRNH CA O GIC NG Lamrim Chenmo - Lama Tsongkhapa

http://www.prajnaupadesa.org/mailto:[email protected]

9

THE PRAJNA UPADESA FOUNDATION

Hi c s h tr v h tr ca c t Lai Lt Ma th XIV. thnh lp chnh thc hot ng t nm 2009. Vi tn ch v mc ch l a dng truyn tha ca gio l Pht gio n cng ng chung v truyn b truyn thng Mt tha n cng ng Pht gio, t trng tm trn cc hot ng tu hc v hnh tr. Mc ch -T chc v bo tr cc Php hi thuyt ging Pht php. -T chc cc nhm tu tp v hnh tr thin nh. -Dch thut v xut bn cc kinh sch, lun gii c in trong truyn thng i tha v Mt tha sang Vit ng phn pht min ph. Kinh Sch xut bn 2012/2013 1) I LUN V GIAI TRNH CA O GIC NG

Lamrim Chenmo - Lama Je Tsongkhapa.

Translated from English with permission from Shambhala Publication.

2) Bo Php Ca dng Truyn Tha Sakya -Treasures of the Sakya Lineage

Tc Gi i S Migmar Tseten

2011 B Tt Hnh Thch N Thch Tr Hi dch (Bodhicharyavatara by Shantideva)

2010:

1) I THA TP B TT HC LUN - Tch Thin. Ha Thng Thch

Nh in dch. (Siksasamuccaya by Santideva)

2) B Tm Lun Long Th - Chn Gic dch . (Bodhicittavivarana

Nagarjuna Commentary by His Holiness the Dalai Lama)

3) 37 Php Hnh B Tt o - Thogme Zangpo. (The Thirty Seven Bodhisattva

Practices-Ngulchu Thogme Zangpo)

http://quangduc.com/tacgia/thichnhudien.htmlhttp://quangduc.com/tacgia/thichnhudien.html

10

Acknowledgements

On behalf of the Vietnamese community, I would like to take this opportunity to express

our gratitude to all of you who have been assisting our organization with its mission since

2009. Thank you to our spiritual friends at Sakya Center who continuously offer

sponsorship to Prajna Upadesa Foundations operating fund & provide administrative

support (Anonymous). Thank you to all the benefactors who wish to remain anonymous.

Your generous donations will greatly help us with our work to serve the Three Jewels.

Special thanks to Jonathan Green, Josh Cutler, and Guy Newland for sharing the English

translation and enabling us to publish the Vietnamese translation on gratis to benefit the

community. I would also like to express my appreciation to the team at Lama Yeshe

Wisdom Archive for sharing your expertise in publishing texts for free distribution, and

to Dharma Crafts and the sangha at Sacred Space for your kind participation in

distributing texts; Tony Spina, Darren Smith & Khenpo Nicholas Vreeland at the Tibet

Center/Rato Dratsang Monastery for your encouragement, guidance & assistance since

HHDLs visit to NY in 2005.

I thank Venerable Hoa Thuong Thich Nhu Dien for your advice and precious time taken

out of your retreat to review the translations & insure the integrity of the work. Much

appreciation goes to our very special friend, TD Phu for co-sponsoring teachings &

distributing texts; chu Thu, co Hang Tam, Than Hue, Linh D & friends, Nga V, Linda,

Toni K, Heidi and many others who participated in research, public relations, translation,

fundraising, administration etc. Thank you anh Thanh, Christine, Christian, Morgan,

Raga for being so gracious offering your assistance.

Thank you Khenpo Migmar at the Sakya Institute for your spiritual guidance since 2001.

I appreciate very much your help in obtaining the printing permit from Shambhala. May

you live long to benefit many with your compassion & wisdom.

________________________________________________________________________

In every birth, never be parted from the precious Guru,

never be parted from the Glorious Dharma,

fully accomplishing the qualities of ground & path.

May the stage of Vajradhara quickly be obtained.

By this virtue, may all beings attain to the stage of perfect enlightenment.

Kunga Lhamo Suzan Doan on behalf of the board of directors, Prajna Upadesa

Foundation -Boston September 10, 2012

11

TH NG - VN PHNG C DALAI LAMA

Chng ti hoan h c bit qu hi Prajna Upadesa Foundation

(AKA :Prajnaparamita Foundation) c thnh lp mang li

cc phng tin n Pht t, nht l cho truyn thng Mt tha,

gip tu hc v hnh tr. iu khen ngi l Hi s tin hnh cng

vic dch thut cc lun gii c in ca Pht gio sang Vit ng

di s gim h ca cc hc gi trong truyn thng Pht gio

Vit Nam v Ty tng.

Mt iu quan trng m c t Lai Lt Ma lun ku gi n cc

cng ng Pht gio, l qu v nn c gng tinh tn hc hi gio

l ca dng truyn tha thnh o. Ngi tin rng, nh tu hc

thu hiu su sc v Pht gio, hn l ch n gin hnh tr, mi

gip cc hnh gi t c lng tn tm sng o.

c t Lai Lt Ma nh gi cao tn ch v mc ch ca qu Hi

Prajnaupadesa Foundation (PUF), mang li li lc cho cng

ng tm linh, v Ngi gi n qu Hi li cu nguyn cng nh

nhng li chc lnh.

Chhime R. Chhoekyapa, Th K ca Vn Phng c t Lai Lt

Ma.

Ngy 06 thng 11 nm 2009.

Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh - India

13

Li Ni u Cho Tp 3

Trong tp 3, t Tsongkhapa xoy su vo hai Ba-la-mt-a cao

nht l nh v Tu. Phn ny c chnh c Dalai Lama nhn

nh trong bi ging chuyn nh v Tu ca Ngi v i Lun

V Giai Trnh Ca o Gic Ng l mt trong nhng phn xut

sc nht t trong cc tc phm cng loi, l v t Tsongkhapa

tch hp v sp xp th t kin thc ca cc lun gii t nhng

lun s kit xut khc nhau thuc dng truyn tha Nland

a ra v gii thch mt giai trnh tu tp r rng, hon thin, thm

thm, hiu qu v thu o.1

Trong phn nh, T Tsongkhapa ch r cc chi tit v cc giai

on tu tp tinh thn m mt thin gi c th tri qua cng nh m

t r cc trng thi ca tm trong lc thin. Ngi cng xc quyt

r rng l Tu gic khng th c c hon ton nu hnh gi cha

t ti chnh nh. Nh vy, theo nh cch din ging ca c

Dalai Lama th k c vic tu tp cc phng tin Mt tng ti

thng, nht l trong i Vin Mn hay trong i Th n i hi

hnh gi c trnh ca nh lc v cc php tu nhn

vic c nh lc trc nh l mt tin tu tp thnh cng.2

T Tsongkhapa cng c nhiu gii thch nh tan s nhm ln

cho rng vic thin khng c i tng l loi thin ln tnh Khng

1The Great Treatise the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment. Dalai

Lama. Day1. Afteroon session. Pht 35-36. MP3. Truy cp: 13/03/2012.

.

2The Great Treatise the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment. Dalai Lama. Day1. Afteroon session. Pht 36 -39. MP3. Truy cp: 13/03/2012.

.

14

m qua cho thy php tu ny tht s l mt php tu trc tip

qun chiu ln tm ca mnh. Tc l php tu ly tm lm i

tng.

Trong phn Tu gic, t Tsongkhapa dng hu ht cc li ging

tp trung vo gii thch cc lun im khc bit v chi tit gia cc

trng phi khc nhau. Qua ch ra s khim khuyt hay sai st

ca cc trng phi ngoi Trung Qun C Duyn. y cng xin

nhc nh rng C Duyn tng phi p dng mt phng tin lp

lun kh n gin nhng li v cng hiu qu v thch hp cho

cch ng x ca trng phi ny, l mn ngay lp thuyt ca

cc phi khc ch ra ch mu thun ca n v do bc b lp

thuyt . Theo ngn ng hin i th ta c th gi y l mt dng

c bit ca phng php phn chng ch nhm chng t cc lun

im hay lp thuyt (cc tin ) vn c trnh by t cc phi

khc l sai hay t mu thun da trn cc lp lun cht ch. Trong

ngn t Hn-Vit th phng php lun ny gi l Quy Mu Bin

Chng hay n gin l Quy Mu, tc l a cc l lun v ch

khng c, khng ng hay khng hp l.

Ni v s phn b ca tp 3 ny, th phn Tu c trnh by hu

nh gp i lng thng tin cung cp cho phn nh. Ni th,

khng c ngha l phn nh khng mc thm diu m im

chnh l cho thy tm quan trng bc nht ca Tu gic siu vit

trong khi vn nhn mnh vic tu tp tu gic i hi phi c nh

lc t c t trc i km vi vic thin qun.

Trong phn trnh by v Tu cng c nhiu im cn lu :

(1) T Tsongkhapa thng s theo mt phng n l: ghi li cc

lp lun c sai st trc ri phn lun hay c khi mi n chng

sau mi a ra cc phn tch c th chi tit ch ra ch thiu

st khim khuyt.

15

(2) V khun thc, cc phng php lp lun trnh by trong phn

Tu gic khng hon ton ging nh tam on lun ca khoa lun

l hc Ty Phng, phng php m t Tsongkhapa trnh by l

da trn phng php lun (nhn minh hc) c chia s chung

gia Pht gio v B-la-mn. Tuy nhin, v ni hm khi so snh

gia hai khun thc ny th chng hon ton tng ng trong

hiu nng chng minh v bin bc. thy r hn, chng ti c

mt ch gii trnh by nhiu chi tit v li bin gii Pht gio ny.

(3) im mu cht c th gip c gi nm bt cc lp lun phc

tp bn trong gio php l lun lun ghi nh phn bit gia s tn

ti n thun v tn ti theo t tnh cng nh l bi cnh m lp

lun c a ra: thng tc (c l) hay ti hu.

Mt im cn lu trong trnh by ca ban dch thut v phn tu

l:

(1) Do c im tranh lun gay go gia cc lun im gia cc h

thng lun l nn chng ti s khng dng cc i danh t nh

qu v, ti. V c v nh khng my ph hp khi m t

Tsongkhapa dng i t nhn xng ngi th hai ch i din ca

trng phi khc lc trnh by cc tranh lun (trong khi , ngi

c chng ta ch trong vai ca mt nh quan st), v do , trong

trng hp ny cho thch hp hn chng ti c th dng cc i

t nh ngi hay cc ngi v ta hay i khi l "chng ti"

ty theo mch vn ca nguyn bn.

(2) Do c im vn i thoi c nhiu ch dng n i danh t

nhn xng s t ngi th ba m ch mt lun gi no ca cc

tng phi s thng c dch thnh "ngi" hay i khi l "ng ta".

ng thi cng c trng hp i danh t nhn xng s t ngi th

hai (thay v ng, anh, thy, ...) cng thng c dch thnh

"Ngi" vi ch ci u tin 'N' c vit hoa. Cch vit ny l

trnh s hiu lm gia ngi th ba v ngi th hai li dng cng

mt thut ng.

16

(3) Trong mt s ng cnh phc tp vic dng i t xng h

"chng ti" s thng m ch mt trng phi c th no ang

a ra cc tranh lun hay cc ging gii ca ring trng phi

v cp v chnh h. V i t "chng ta" c dng nu nh

ngi pht biu mn m ch ton b cc thnh vin dnh lu trong

cuc tranh lun.

(4) Trong vic s dng cc ngn t lin quan n tnh trng bn

th hay cung cch m cc php tn ti th cc thut ng sau y

c xem l tng ng: t tnh, t tn, tnh nn tng, tnh thit

yu, tnh ni ti Tht ra, ngay c trong nhng chnh vn ca cc

i s Trung Qun cc thut ng ny cng c xem l tng

ng.

(5) Hu ht cc ch thch ca Bn dch Anh ng v cc ph ch

thm vo ca ngi hiu nh c th gip ch nhiu cho vic nm

bt tng v ngn ng ca bn dch Vit ng. Tuy nhin, n s

hu nh khng gy nh hng n ni hm bn dch nu ngi

c b qua cc ch thch trn

(6) Cc thut ng chuyn bit c ngha ring trong ni hm tp 3

ny khi dng ln u s c ch thch thm chi tit. Cc ch thch

ny c th ng vai tr quan trng cho vic thu hiu hn bn dch.

Xin qu c gi lu .

c mong rng phn ch dy trong tp 3 ny ca t Tsongkhapa s

em li nhiu li lc cho c thin gi c mc ch ln mc qun

cng nh l phn b sung v trit thuyt Trung Qun cho cc thin

tri thc.

Mi cng c xin hi hng cho s gii thot tt c chng sinh

hu tnh.

Lin lc:

17

Xin vui lng dng in th lin lc vi ngi i din ca nhm

dch thut Lamrim Lotsawas qua a ch [email protected] v

cc vn lin quan n n ny.

Knh chc tt c thn tm hng tnh thc v an lc

Ma Thu 2012.

Nhm Lamrim Lotsawas

18

Li Ta Ca Ch Bin Bn Anh Ng

Vo nm 1992 Trung Tm Hc Tp Pht Gio Ty Tng

(TTHTPGTT) khi s bn dch gm ba tp ca b i Lun V

Giai Trnh Ca o Gic Ng (Byang chub lam rim che ba). Tp mt

c Nh Xut Bn Snow Lion xut bn nm 2000. Chng ti

quyt nh cho xut bn tp ba vo lc ny bi v s quan tm rng ln

ca c gi v ti nh (samatha; zhignas) v tu (vipasyana; lhag

mthong). Tp hai s c xut bn sau.

Ban Dch Thut Lamrim Chenmo theo cng mt th tc v hnh

thc dng cho tp mt. Nhng thnh vin ca ban phin dch

tham gia vo tp ny gm c Roger Jackson, B. Alan Wallace,

Elizabeth S. Napper, Jose Cabezon, Guy Newland, v Donald

Lopez. Cc dch gi cng li tham kho ch gii Bn Ch Gii

an Kt (Lam rim mchan bzhi sbrags ma)1 v lun lun dng ch

gii ny din gii cc trch dn. V phn nh, cc hiu nh

vin c s gip qu bu ca cc hc gi Pht gio li lc

ng thi ngi Ty Tng Denma Locho Rimbochay v Loling

Geshe Yeshe Tapkay; hai hc gi ny c ton b vn bn v tho

lun nhng on kh. V phn tu, h cng c s h tr thnh tho

ca Tin s Thupten Jinpa, ti nng dch thut tuyt vi ca ng

gip cho n ny rt nhiu.

1Theo Elizabeth Napper th Bn Ch Gii an Kt l cc ch gii v i

Lun V Giai Trnh Ca o Gic Ng ny. Ngun tc gi ca bn ch gii ny c nhn din l: (1) Ba so Ch-gyi-gyel-tsen (1401-1473); (2) De-druk-ken-chen Ka-rok Nga-wang-rap-den (th k 17); (3) Jam-yang-shay-ba Nga-wan-dzn-dr (1648-1712); (4) Dra-di Ge-shay Rin-chen-dn-drub (th k 17). Kiu cch trnh by ca cc ch gii ny l vic chen gia cc dng vn ca ngi Tsongkhapa c in ch to bi cc li ch gii in nh hn. Xem thm thi tit t Dependent Arising and Emptiness: A Tibetan Buddhist Interpretation of Madhyamika Philosophy. P219-228. Elizabeth Napper.Wisdom.1989.

19

C nhiu ngi ti mun by t lng bit n v s gip v ng h

ca h tc phm ny c hon thnh. u tin v trn ht l c

Dalai Lama, ngi l ngn n hi ng v ngun cm hng bt tuyt

cho n ny. Ti cng lun nh ti lng t i ca thy bn s ti,

c Geshe Ngawang Wangyal, thy l ngun sc mnh bt tn. Ti

cng rt bit n cc dch gi v cc hc gi ngi Ty Tng k trn,

khng c nhng v ny th khng c n. Trong s cc ng

gp ny, phn ng gp ca Guy Newland l ni tri bi v ng

nhn hon ton trch nhim vic hiu nh phn tu v lm mt

cch rt k lng v kho lo. Ti cng rt cm kch nhng gi

v hiu nh ca Gray Tuttle v vic lm k lng ca ngi ch

bin Susan Kyser ca nh xut bn Snow Lion. Ti cng cm t

Gareth Sparham, Ladakhi Geshe Lozang Jamspal, v Geshe Yeshe

Tapkay.

Nhng cng vic hp tc loi ny i hi nhiu h tr trong nhng

lnh vc bn ngoi phm vi hc thut. Ti rt hoan h xin by t

lng bit n su xa ca ti i vi ton th gia nh, thn hu, hc

vin, v nhng h tr vin tt bng ca TTHTPGTT ng gp

khng bit bao nhiu tr gip v gi tr duyn cho vic hon

thnh tp sch dch thut ny: song thn ti, Nancy v Eric Cutler,

tnh thng yu v lng tin tng bn vng ca nhng ngi ny

ni ti l nim khch l ln lao; Thupten T. Taikang v nhng li

khuyn khn ngoan v tm gng sng ngi ca ng; Buff v

Johnnie Chace, Randall v Jane Imai, Joel McCleary, Stuart v

Lillie Scudder, Jim v Bonnie Onembo, Frank v Khady Lusby,

Chot v Armen Elliott, Nick v Shelley Guarriello, Thao v Gai

Nguyen, Mike v Debbie Joye, cng nh Frank v Raksha Weber,

tnh bn v s gip qu bu ca h cho thy khng phi h ch

c nhng mi quan tm bnh thng n vic lm ca

TTHTPGTT; Jeffrey Hopkins v Douglas Crichton, c hai tc gi

ny tt bng chia s s hiu bit su sc ca h v ngh vit vi

ngi rt cn s hiu bit ny; Valerie Stephens v s gip

20

khng ngng ngh cho ngi chng Guy Newland ca ch; nhng

v tin s ca TTHTPGTT, Peter Beskyd, James Goodwin, Jerry

Cohen, Rajinder Sharma, Deedee Eisenberg, David v Ming Ming

Molony, Phil Lecso, v Frank Viverette, tt c nhng li khuyn

v gip tuyt vi ca cc v ny gip ti vt qua c

nhng lc kh khn; John v Margaret Brzostoski, David v

Victoria Urubshurow, Sam v Lisa Badushow, v Ray McAdam,

tt c nhng ngi bn trung thnh ca TTHTPGTT; nhng hc

vin thn thng ca ti v hn phi ca h, Amy v John Miller,

Brady v Tasha Whitton, cng nh Davis Smith v Kendra

Lawrence, tt c u l ngun h tr, ngun yu thng, v ngun

cm hng bt tuyt. Cn nhiu ngi khc ti cha nhc n. Xin

hiu cho rng ti lun ngh ti qu v vi lng bit n.

Tt c nhng iu ny u khng th c c nu khng c s h

tr y yu thng v lng kin tr to ln ca v ti, Diana, ngi

m ti ht lng bit n.

Joshua W.C. Cutler

Trung Tm Hc Tp Pht Gio Ty Tng

Washington, New Jersey

21

.

Trc tin v trn ht chng con xin dng li tn thn ch Pht, ch B-tt, ch thin H php, ch Thy, ch T, v ch Tng thuc cc dng truyn tha Pht gio, c bit l cc s ph ca dng truyn tha Nland h tr chnh Php dn dt chng t tip tc bo tn cc phng tin tu tp v hng dn chng con rn luyn tinh tn, nng ta ni Tam Bo.

Chng con xin dng ln Thnh c Dalai Lama bn dch Lamrim Chenmo vi c ngng cm t lng t bi v lng ca Ngi khng mt mi hong ha chnh Php v h tr chng sinh v phn bit trn con ng tu tp bt bo ng.

Nguyn hi hng tt c cng c v cc h qu tt p ca cng trnh ny v cho s gic ng ca ton th chng sinh

22

Lamrim Lotsawas

Danh Sch Ban Dch Thut v Hiu nh

Bn Dch Vit Ng Quyn 3

Dch Thut

Mai Tuyt nh

Nguyn Th Trc Mai

V Quang Nhn

Tiu Nh

Trn Cng Vit

Hiu nh v Bin Tp

Mai Tuyt nh

L Xun Dng

Nguyn Th Trc Mai

V Quang Nhn

Nguyn Phng

L Lam Sn

Trch Nhim Tng Qut

V Quang Nhn

23

Bng Ch Vit Tt

A-kya A-kya-yongs-'dzin, Lam rim brda bkroi

AA Abhisamaylakra-nma-prajpramitopadea-

stra-krik

AK Abhidharma-koa-krik

AKbh Abhidharma-koa-bhya

AS Abhidharma-samuccaya

Bhk Yog-cary-bhmau-bodhisattva-bhmi

BCA Bodhisattva-caryvatra

Bk1 1st Bhvana-krama

Bk2 2nd

Bhvana-krama

Bk3 3rd

Bhvana-krama

Bplita buddhaplita-mlamadhyamaka-vtti

Chn. Chinese

C Catu-ataka-stra-krik-nma

Ct Catu-ataka-stra-krik-nma-k

D sDe dge Cc bn dch kinh v lun Tng ng

Great Treatise 1 Cutler et al. 2000



JM Jtaka-ml

LRCM Tsongkhapa (1985) sKyes bu gsum gyi myams su

blang ba'i rim pa thams cad tshang bar ston pa'i

byang chub lam gyi rim pa

MAV Madhyamakvatra

MAVbh Madhyamakvatra-bhya

mChan 'Jam-dbyangs-bzhad-pa, et al. Lam rim mchan

bzhi sbrags ma

MMK Praj-nma-mlamdhyamka-krik

MSA Mahyn-stralakra-krik

P Suzuki (1955-61)

24

PPd Prasanna-pad, Dharamala 1968

PPs Prasanna-pad, La Valle Poussin 1970a

PS Paramit-samsa

RGV Uttara-tantra (Ratna-gotra-vibhga)

rNam thar rgyas

pa

Nag-tsho, Jo bo rje dpal Idan mar me mdzad ye

shes kyi mam thar rgyas pa

R Rja-parikatha-ratnavali

bh Yog-cary-bhmau-rvaka-

bhmi

Skt. Sanskrit

Sn. Sadhi-nirmocana stra

SP Sad-dharma-puarka-nma-mahyn-stra

SR Sarva-dharma-svabh-samat-vipacita-samdhi-

rja-stra

tib. Tibetan

Toh Ui et al. 1934

Ud Udna-varga

Vs Vinicaya-sagrahai

VV Vigraha-vyvartan

VVv Vigraha-vyvartan-vtti

YS yukti-ahik

YSv yukti-ahik-vtti

25

Dn Tp 3 [Phn I nh T Thin]

[Chng 1: nh v Tu]

2 Cch rn luyn hai Ba-la-mt sau cng mt cch c th

(a) Nhng li ch ca vic nui dng nh v tu

(b) Lm th no nh v tu bao gm tt c mi trng hung ca s

tp trung thin

(c) Bn cht ca nh v tu

(d) L do phi nui dng c hai

(e) Lm th no t mt cch chc chn v th t ca chng

[Chng 2: Chun B Cho nh T Thin]

(f) Cch thc rn luyn cho mi Ba-la-mt-a

(i) Cch thc tu tp nh t thin

(a) Da trn cc tin ca nh t thin

(1) Tr ng ni thch hp

(2) Tham chp t (thiu dc)

(3) Dung x

(4) Ngng hon ton nhiu hot ng

(5) Gi gii thun khit

(6) Dp b hon ton cc tng tham chp, v.v...

(b) Cch thc nui dng nh da vo c s trn

(1) Chun b

(2) Tu tp thc th

(a) T th thin

(b) Tin trnh thin

(1) Cch thc pht trin s tp trung khng sai

st

(a)) Lm g trc khi tp trung ch ln

mt i tng thin

(b)) Lm g trong khi tp trung ln mt i

tng thin

(1)) Nhn din i tng thin theo ch

m s ch tm ca ngi t vo

(a)) Mt trnh by chung v cc i

tng thin

26

(1)) V chnh cc i tng ca

thin

(a)) Cc i tng ph

bin ca thin

(1)) Cc hnh nh ri

rc

(2)) Cc hnh nh

khng ri rc

(3)) i tng ca s

hin hu

(4)) Thnh tu mc tiu

ca qu v

(b)) Cc i tng thin

cho vic thanh lc ng x

ca qu v

(1)) Tnh xu xa

(2)) Tnh yu thng

(3)) Duyn khi

(4)) S phn bit ca

cc cu thnh

(5)) Ht vo v th ra

(c)) i tng thin cho s

thin xo

(1)) Cc un

(2)) Cc Cu thnh

(3)) Cc ngun

(4)) Duyn khi

(5)) Nhng iu kh d

v khng kh d

(d)) Cc i tng

thin cho vic tinh lc

cc kh au

(2)) Ai nn thin ln i tng

no

(3)) Cc ng ngha i tng

thin

27

(b)) Nhn din cc i tng thin

theo ni dung ny.

[Chng3: Tp Trung Tinh Thn ca Mnh]

(2)) Cch tp trung tinh thn qu v vo

i tng thin

(a)) Phng thc khng sai st

(b)) Loi b cc phng thc c sai

st

(c)) Thi gian ca cc bui tu tp

[Chng 4: Lm Vic vi Hn Trm v Tro c]

(c)) Lm g sau khi qu v tp trung ln i

tng thin

(1)) Lm g khi hn trm v tro c xy

ra.

(a)) S dng phng thuc tr vic

tht bi trong vic nhn bit hn

trm v tro c

(1)) Xc nh cc c tnh ca

hn trm v tro c

(2)) Phng php pht trin

tnh thc nhn bit c hn

trm v tro c

(b)) S dng phng thuc tr vic

tht bi trong n lc loi tr chng

ngay c khi nhn ra chng.

(1)) S ch tm v cch ngng

hn trm v tro c

(2)) Cc nguyn nhn su xa

ca hn trm v tro c

(2)) Lm g khi hn trm v tro c

khng hin din

[Chng 5: Thnh Tu nh]

((2") Nhng giai on trong cc trng thi

tinh thn pht trin

(a)) Nhng giai on thc t trong cc

trng thi tinh thn pht trin

28

(b)) Tin trnh thnh tu chng vi su p

lc

(c)) Lm cch no bn ch tm lin can n

vic ny

(c) c lng v s nui dng thnh cng ca nh

(1) Mt trnh by v vic phn chia ng bin gia

vic hon tt v cha hon tt nh t thin

(a") Mt trnh by v ngha thc th

(b") Cc du hiu lin quan n s ch tm v gii

tr cc lo ngi

[Chng 6: nh, Mt Phn ca o Php]

(2) Trnh by chung v cch thc tin hnh theo o

php c bn ca nh t thin

(3) Trnh by c bit v cch thc tin hnh theo

o php th tc

(a") S cn thit thnh tu nh t thin trc khi

xc tin trn l trnh c hm cha cc kha cnh ca

bnh lng v th

(b") Trn c s nh t thin, cch thot khi

tham chp vo dc gii

[Phn II Tu]

[Chng 7: Ti Sao Tr Hu L Cn Thit]

(ii) Cch tu tp tr hu

[Chng 8: Nng Da Vo Cc Ngun Liu Ngha]

(a) Tha mn cc tin ca tr hu

(1) Nhn din cc kinh vn c ngha tm thi v cc

kinh vn liu ngha

(2) Lch s ca lun gii v ch ca ngi Long Th.

[Chng 9 Giai Trnh Bc Vo Thc Ti]

(3) Cch xc nh quan im trit hc v tnh Khng

(a) Giai trnh bc vo thc ti

[Chng 10: Nhn Din Sai i Tng B Ph nh]

(b") Xc nh thc t ca thc ti

(1") Nhn din i tng b ph nh bi lp

lun

29

(a)) Ti sao i tng ca s ph nh phi

c nhn din mt cch cn thn

(b)) Vic bc b cc h thng khc vn ch

bc b m thiu vic nhn din i tng b

ph nh

(1)) Ni hm bc b s nhn din ca

i tng qu rng

(a')) Nu cc khng nh ca pha

khc

(b')) Ch ra cc khng nh l sai

lc

(1')) Ch ra rng cc h thng

mu thun vi tnh n nht ca

Trung Qun.

(a")) vic nhn din tnh

nng c trng ca Trung

Qun

[Chng 11: Duyn Khi V Tnh Khng]

(b")) Ch ra rng cc h

thng mu thun vi tnh

nng c trng ca Trung

Qun

(c")) Lm th no Trung

Qun tr li cho nhng

ngi ph nhn tnh nng

c trng ca Trung Qun

[Chng 12: Phn Tch Lp Lun]

(2)) Ch ra rng cc ph phn

ca trng phi Trung Qun

khng nh gc r s hin hu

c l

(a)) Cc ngi khng th

xa b nhng hin tng

thng tc qua vic thm

tra xem liu nhng iu

c kh nng ng vng

30

trc s phn tch lun l

hay khng.

[Chng 13: S Xc Lp Hiu Qu]

(b")) Cc ngi khng th

loi tr nhng hin tng

c l bng cch bc b

chng thng qua vic kim

chng rng nhn thc hiu

qu c xc lp nn chng

hay khng.

[Chng 14: S Tn Ti c L]

[Chng 15: S sinh khi khng b bc b]

(c") Cc ngi khng th

loi tr cc hin tng

thng tc bng cch bc

b chng thng qua vic

kim tra rng liu chng c

c sinh khi bng mt

trong bn cch khc nhau

hay khng.

(d") Mt s bc b v tt c

bn phn ca t b

khng phi l mt ph bnh

chnh ng v cc hin

tng thng tc

[Chng 16: Ph nh Khng ]

(2)) Bc b mt s nhn din b gii hn

thi qu ca i tng b ph nh

[Chng 17: i Tng B Ph nh Tht S]

(c)) Cch thc h thng ca chng ti nhn

din i tng ca s ph nh

(1)) S nhn din tht s ca i tng

b ph nh

(2)) Khi no thm vo cc c tnh

cho cc i tng ca s ph nh

31

(3)) C nn thm vo c tnh "ti hu"

cho i tng b ph nh

[Chng 18: Nhng Din Dch Sai Lc V S Khc Nhau Gia Phi C

Duyn v Y T Khi]

(2) Khi no thc hin bc b vi mt th tc Y

T Khi hoc vi mt th tc C Duyn

(a)) ngha ca Y T Khi v C Duyn

(1)) Bc b cc lp thuyt ca pha khc

(a')) Nhng g cc pha khc tin

[(1')) Din gii sai lc u tin]

[(2')) Din gii sai lc th nh]

[(3')) Din gii sai lc th ba]

[(4')) Din gii sai lc th t]

[Chng 19:Bc B cc Din Dch Sai Lc v Y T Khi v C Duyn]

(b')) Bc b nhng lp thuyt

(1')) Bc b din dch sai lc

u tin

(2')) Bc b din dch sai lc th

hai


ba


t

[Chng 20: Din Dch Ca Chng Ti V S Khc Nhau Gia Y T

Khi V C Duyn]

(2)) a ra lp thuyt ring ca chng

ti

(a')) Bc b thc t v lun im Y

T Khi

(1')) Ch th ca mt php suy

lun Y T Khi khng c xc

lp

(a")) Nhng g Thanh Bin

tin tng

(b)) Bc b iu

32

(1")) ngha khng

chnh xc

(2")) V d trch dn

khng ph hp

(2)) Chng minh rng l l

cng khng c xc lp

[Chng 21: Ph Phn Ca Chng Ti v Y T Khi Khng nh Hng

n Cc Lun im Ca Chng Ti]

(b')) Ti sao nhng li sai chng ti

tm thy trong cc lun im Y T

Khi ny khng p dng cho chng

ti

(b)) Theo h thng no pht trin quan

im trong dng tm thc ca cc ngi

[Chng 22: Phn Tch v Mt C Xe Nga]

(3") Lm th no s dng th tc to ra

chnh kin trong dng-tm thc ca cc ngi

(a)) Lm th no xc nh rng khng c

t ng trong con ngi {nhn v ng}

(1)) Trn thc t vic xc nh l t ng

thiu t tnh

(a')) Cho v d

(1')) Ch ra rng c xe tn ti

mt cch gn nh, m khng c

t tnh

(2')) Loi b cc phn i v v

ng

(3')) Lm th no xc lp c

xe di nhiu tn gi khc nhau

(4')) Li th m cc ngi tm

thy quan im mt cch nhanh

chng bng cch s dng v d

ny.

[Chng 23: C Nhn Thiu Bn Cht C Hu {nhn v ng}]

(b')) Ch ra v d minh ha iu g

33

(1')) V d minh ha cch thc

m c nhn thiu vng t tnh

(a")) Bc b lp thuyt cho

t ng l mt vi cc un

(b")) Bc b lp thuyt cho

ng l khc nhau vi un

(c")) Lm th no cc lun

im cng bc b nhng

lun c cn li

(d")) Lm th no c nhn

trnh hin nh mt o nh

da trn bc b

(2)) V d minh ha cch c

nhn c xc lp di tn

gi khc nhau

(2)) Ging dy rng t ng t n cng

c xc lp nh thiu vng t tnh

[Chng 24: Cc i Tng Thiu Vng T Tnh]

(3)) Lm th no p dng nhng

dng l lun trn vo cc hin tng

khc

(b)) Lm th no xc nh rng cc php

cng khng c ng

[(1)) Bc b sinh khi t t n]

[(2)) Bc b sinh khi t s vt khc]

[(3)) Bc b sinh khi t c hai t n v

t s vt khc]

[(4)) Bc b sinh khi khng nguyn

nhn]

[(5)) Lm th no suy lun rng s

sinh khi t tnh khng tn ti]

(c)) Lm th no loi b nhng che

chng bng cch tr nn quen thuc vi

nhng quan im .

[Chng 25: Tr Hu i Hi Phn Tch]

(b') Phn loi tu gic

34

(c') Lm th no nui dng tu gic

(1') Bc b cc h thng khc

(a) Bc b u tin

(b) Bc b th hai

(c) Bc b th ba

(d) Bc b th t

(2') Trnh by v h thng ring ca chng ta

(a) Ti sao c hai thin nh v thin qun l cn

thit

(b) Vt qua cc phn i v trnh by

[Chng 26: Hp Nht nh v Tu]

(c")Tm lc nhng im chnh duy tr tr hu v

nh lc

(d') Cc bin php t c tr hu thng qua

(iii) Lm th no hp nht nh lc v tr hu

[Chng 27: Lc Yu v Kt Lun]

b' Lm th no tu tp c th trong Kim Cng tha

35

Phn I: nh T thin1

Chng 1: nh V Tu

2 Cch rn luyn hai Ba-la-mt sau cng mt cch c th

(a) Nhng li ch ca vic nui dng nh v tu

(b) Lm th no nh v tu bao gm tt c mi trng hung

ca s tp trung thin

(c) Bn cht ca nh v tu


(e) Lm th no t mt cch chc chn v th t ca chng

Cc i s cao qu u c {tm} i t bi; Con ci u nh l

di chn cc ngi. [468]

2 Cch rn luyn hai Ba-la-mt sau cng2 mt cch c th

Rn luyn hai Ba-la-mt sau cng, mt cch c th, l cch nui

dng nh t thin3 v tu, v nh v tu c bao hm mt cch

1Nhc li, nh t thin l thut ng c dng ch kh nng hay

trng thi nh c c t vic hun tp thin, tng ng vi thut ng thin nh. Tuy nhin, v nguyn bn dng thut ng "meditatative serenity" vi danh t chnh l serenity v tnh t b ngha ca n l meditative nhn mnh nh lc c c t thin.

2BA1 mc 2. c bit cch thc rn luyn hai Ba-la-mt-a cui l phn th hai ca hai mc con thuc v RLCM 3) vi ta l Tu luyn cho ngi c cn c cao trong giai trnh ca o (LRCM:283). Hai mc con (LRCM:364) c" Tin trnh tu hc Lc Ba-la-mt-a bao gm c 1" Cch thc rn luyn b- tm mt cch tng qut v 2" c bit, cch thc rn luyn hai Ba-la-mt cui cng.

3Nhc li, y thut ng nh t thin dng ch nh lc thnh tu t vic tu tp thin. y c th hiu nh t thin chnh l thin nh Ba-la-mt-a v tu l tr hu Ba-la-mt-a.

36

tng ng trong cc ba-la-mt v s n nh ha trong thin v

trong tr hu. Mc ny c su phn:

1. Cc li ch ca vic nui dng nh v tu 2. Ch ra rng c hai nh v tu bao gm tt c mi trng

hung ca s tp trung thin

3. Bn cht ca nh v tu 4. L do phi nui dng c hai 5. Lm th no t mt cch chc chn v th t ca chng 6. Lm th no luyn tp cho mi k nng (chng 2-26)

(a) Nhng li ch ca vic nui dng nh v tu Tt c cc phm cht tt p th tc v xut th ca i tha v

Tiu tha u l kt qu ca nh v tu. Kinh Gii Thm Mt c

ghi1:

Ny Di-lc, ngi nn bit rng tt c nhng phm hnh th

tc v xut th bt lun l ca cc Thanh Vn, B-tt, hay Nh

Lai u l kt qu ca nh v tu.

Vn: C hay khng cc phm hnh diu ho ca nh v tu trong

dng tm thc ca cc hnh gi thnh tu chng thng qua

thin? [469] Ti sao li c th xy ra vic tt c cc phm hnh

diu ho l kt qu t c hai?

p: Nh s c ging gii, nh v tu thc t l nhng phm

hnh diu ho trong dng tm thc ca nhng ai t c chng t

thin, cho nn tt c cc phm hnh diu ho ca i tha v Tiu

tha th khng phi u l kt qu do bi chng {nh v tu}. Tuy

vy, s tp trung m t nht c tnh nht tm ln mt i tng

1BA2 sadhinirmocana nma-mahyn-stra (Sn), Lamotte 1935: 111;

P774:17.3.3-4.

37

thin c c xem l nh; nhng chnh kin phn bit c mt

i tng l c l hay ti hu c xem l tr hu. y l iu m

kinh vn c ch ra trong vic dy rng tt c nhng phm hnh

ca Tam tha1 l kt qu t nh v tu, cho nn khng c s mu

thun.

Vi cng mt hm , i Tha Dng Tn Kinh (Mahyn-

prasda-prabhvan-stra) nu2:

Ny a con ca truyn tha thin ho, danh mc ny l thng

ip cho ngi rng tn tm trong i tha ca cc B-tt v

tht ra, tt c cc php do i tha u n t vic qun

chiu ng v cc thc tnh v ngha {tc l qun} vi mt

tm thc khng phn tn {tc l ch}.

Tm thc khng phn tn l s nht tm v tinh thn, tc l nh

lc tnh, trong khi s qun chiu ng v cc thc tnh v ngha

l tr hu phn bit, tc l tu gic tnh. Do , qu v phi thnh

tu c tt c phm hnh ca nh tha thng qua (1) duy tr s

phn tch {hay qun chiu} vi tr hu phn bit {tr bt-nh} v

(2) nht tm tp trung ln i tng ca thin. Qu v khng thnh

tu c chng qua thc hnh phin din ca ring thin qun

hoc thin ch.

Cng th, Kinh Gii Thm Mt nu1:

1Theo Rigpa Wiki th c hai cch hiu v Tam tha. Trong khun kh

nguyn thy th Tam tha bao gm Thanh Vn tha (rvakayna), c Gic tha (pratyekabuddhayna) v B-tt tha (bodhisattvayna). Cch hiu th hai theo khun kh ca Kim Cang tha th Tam tha bao gm Tiu tha (Hnayna) , i tha (Mahyna) v Kim Cang tha (Vajrayna). Three yanas. Rigpa shedra. Truy cp: 14/01/2012.

. 2BA3 rya-mahyn-prasda-prabhvana-Nam-sutra P812:239.4.4-5

38

Khi ai kia pht trin Tu

V nh, th h thot khi

Rng buc ca cc xu hng sai lc

V ca s l thuc vo cc biu tng

y, cc xu hng sai lc l cc thin hng ni ti tim n

trong dng tm thc ca qu v m c th sinh ra s tng trng

cc cp ca nhng nhn thc sai lc; biu tng l cc luyn

chp ang xy ra ti cc i tng sai lc, m n nui dng cc

thin hng ni ti . Trong Bt Nh Ba-la-mt-a Lun ca ngi

Ratnakranti2 [470] dy rng tu gic xa tan c iu trc

{cc xu hng sai lc} trong khi nh lc xa b c iu cn li

{cc biu tng}3.

Nhng iu ny l cc li ch thuc v nh v tu, nhng

ngay c khi cc thut ng khng c dng n, th vn c cc

mnh v cc li ch ca s bnh n thin v tr hu. Hy nhn

thc rng cc mnh ny m t cc li ch ca nh v tu.

(b) Lm th no nh v tu bao gm tt c mi trng hung ca s tp trung thin

Nhng cnh, l, hoa v tri ca mt cy l khng c gii hn,

nhng im thit yu l ch chng u c cng mt gc. Nh v

d ny, nh v tu l nn tng ti thng ch chng gm thu tt

c iu m c Pht ni v cc trng thi v hn ca s tp trung

1BA4 Sn, Lamotte 1935:111; P774: 6.2.6-7 2Tn dch ngha ca ngi Ratnakranti l Bo Sinh Tnh. Ngi l mt

t ca i s Nrop v l s ph ca Atia sng trong th k th 10. (John J Makransky Buddha Hood Embodied State University of New York Press (July 1997) P269)

3BA5 Praj-pramitopadesa (Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a Hnh), P5579:246.2.8-3.1

39

t thin trong i tha v Tiu tha. Kinh Gii Thm Mt nhn

nh1:

Hy bit rng nh v tu bao gm tt c cc kha cnh ca cc

trng thi tp trung do thin m Th Tn thuyt vi cc

Thanh Vn, B-tt, v Nh Lai

Do vy, v nhng ai d nh t c nh lc t thin khng th

lnh hi ht v lng cc sc tng phn bit, h nn bit r v

lun da trn nhng k nng duy tr nh v tu, tng hp ca

tt c cc s tp trung. Trong phn th ba Giai Trnh Thin ca

ngi Lin Hoa Gii2 c thuyt

3:

Mc d Th Tn ti thuyt v cc s tp trung khc bit

nhau ca B-tt l bt kh t lng, th nh v tu bao trm tt

c chng. Vy nn chng ta ch thuyt bn v o php hp

nht nh v tu.

V, nh tuyn thuyt trong Giai Trnh Thin phn th nh ca Lin

Hoa Gii nu r4:

1BA6 Sn, Lamotte 1935:110; P774: 17.2.8-3.1 2Lin Hoa Gii (sa. Kamalala) (fl. 713-763) mt i lun s ca truyn

tha Nland thp tng vi ngi Tch H (sa. ntarakita) (th k th 8) n Ty Tng hong o. Ngi l ngi chin thng trong mt cuc tranh lun ko di trong hai nm vi mt thin s Trung Hoa l

Moheyan () theo ch trng trc tip gic ng trong khi

Lin Hoa Gii cho rng tin trnh gic ng theo mt in Nland th phi l theo trnh t.

3BA7 Bhvankrama (Qung Thch B- Tm Lun) Phn th ba (Bk3), Tucci 1971:1; D3917:ki 55B6-56A1

4BA8 Bhvankrama (Qung Thch B- Tm Lun) Phn th hai (Bk2), P531:31.3.8

40

V c hai bao gm tt c cc trng thi ca thin tp trung, tt

c cc thin gi chc chn trong mi lc u nn da vo nh

v tu. [471]

(c) Bn cht ca nh v tu Khi cp bn cht ca nh, Kinh Gii Thm Mt nu

1:

Trong khi an tr ti ni tnh mch v hng s ch ca mnh

vo ni tm, ngi ch ch mc n cc ti m ngi

qun chiu mt cch cn thn. S ch tm tinh thn ca ngi

c tin hnh qua vic ch tm lin tc vo bn trong. Trng

thi ca tm do ngi thc hnh iu trn, thng xuyn lu

gi theo cch ny v trong trng thi m c tinh thn ln th

cht u khi ln s nhu hot c gi l nh.

iu ny c ngha l qu v chn mt i tng thch hp no

lm i tng ca thin, chng hn nh ng un, m c xc

nh l mt mc trong Thp Nh B Kinh2. Vi mt s ton

1BA9 Sn, Lamotte 1935:89; P774:13.4.5-7 2(BA10)Thp Nh B Kinh l mi hai b kinh, l mt cch phn loi kinh

in nh sau: 1. Kinh (, sa. stra) hoc Kh kinh (), ch nhng bi kinh chnh

Pht thuyt; 2. Trng tng (, sa. geya) hoc ng tng (), mt dng k tng

m trong nhiu cu c lp i lp li; 3. Th k (, sa. vykaraa), ch nhng li do Pht tin on, chng

nhn cho cc v b-tt, t mai sau thnh Pht v nhng vic s xy ra;

4. K- (, sa. gth), hay k, cng c gi l K ch (),

nhng bi th ca khng thut li vn trng hng; 5. T thuyt ([] , sa. udna) hoc Tn thn kinh (), ch

nhng bi kinh m Pht t thuyt, khng phi i ngi thnh cu mi trnh by;

41

tm1 v tnh gic khng phn tn, hnh gi tp trung s ch tm

vo i tng v gi nguyn ch tm lin tc, sao cho tm thc

ca qu v tr nn t n nh tng hp vi i tng ca thin.

Khi qu v to c hnh phc v h lc ca s nhu hot v th

cht v tinh thn, th trng thi tp trung thin ca hnh gi tr nn

nh. iu ny ch xy n thng qua vic duy tr s ch vo ni

tm ca qu v, khng phn tn khi i tng ca thin; iu

khng ty thuc vo vic hiu bit thc cht ca s vic.

Nh bn cht ca tu gic, on kinh trn nu ra2:

Sau khi ngi t c nhu hot1 v tinh thn v th cht,

hy gi trng thi v loi b cc yu t tinh thn khc. Sau

6. Nhn duyn (, sa. nidna) hay Qung thuyt (), ch nhng

bi kinh ni v nhn duyn khi Pht thuyt php v ngi nghe php;

7. Th d (, sa. avadana) hoc Din thuyt gii ng kinh (

), ch nhng loi kinh m trong Pht s dng nhng th d, n

d ngi nghe d hiu hn; 8. Nh th php hin (, sa. itivttaka) hoc Bn s kinh (

), ch nhng bi kinh ni v s tu nhn chng qu ca cc v t trong qu kh, v lai;

9. Bn sinh kinh (, sa. jtaka), hay chuyn tin thn c Pht,

truyn ti sanh ca B Tt, Tc sanh truyn, nhng kinh ni v i trc ca c Pht khi cn l B Tt.

10. Phng qung (), Phng ng (, sa. vaipulya) thuc loi

kinh in i tha l phn kinh c ngha l su xa b mt. 11. Hi php (, sa. adbhutadharma) hoc V tng hu (), kinh

ni v thn lc ch Pht v thnh t, cnh gii k diu, hi hu. 12. Lun ngh (, sa. upadea), cng c gi l Cn s thnh vn

kinh (), ch nhng bi kinh c tnh cch vn p vi l lun

cho r l t, chnh. 1Thut ng tng ng vi ton tm m b sch ny vn dng l

chnh nim. 2BA11 Sn, Lamotte 1935: 89; P774: 13.4.7-13.5.2

42

, thin gi ch trng vo bn trong v vi tr phn bit vo

hnh nh tinh thn m vn l ni hm ca s tp trung thin

ln cc ch ngi qun chiu n. Vi s lin h ti cc

hnh nh vn l ni hm ca s tp trung nh th, s phn bit

bt k v ngha ca cc ch , hay l s phn bit hon

ton, s kho st xuyn sut, s qun chiu xuyn sut, s tr

nhn, s mong c, s phn bit v cc chi tit, quan im, hay

tng c gi l tu gic. Do B-tt thin xo trong

tu gic. [472]

c k li rng nh s Trung Hoa Ha-shang (Hva-shang), sau khi

c thy li gii thch rt r rng v khng chi ci c trong

kinh ny rng tu gic l tr hu phn bit, la ln: Ta khng

bit lm th no m ci ny c th l mt b kinh! v n i.

ng ta lm th v tuyn thuyt ca kinh khng ph hp vi lun

im ca ng ta rng bi v tt c cc nh danh {nim} v mi th

s dnh lu n s nm bt cc biu tng, qu v nn loi tr vi

tr hu phn bit v thin ln ngha su sc ny bng cch khng

1Nhc li, trng thi nhu hot hay cn gi l khinh an l trng thi m

thn v tm tr nn hot dng. Xem chi tit trong ch thch Tp 2 chng 14 c. Ngoi ra, trong kinh in Nguyn Thy Nhng Vt Chn Voi (pal. Culahatthipadopamasuttam) bi kinh s 27 cng c m t trng thi hot dng ny nh l: Khi s ch tm t c th dng tp trung cao trn y v tr nn hon ton tinh khit, khng cn mang mt t vt no, khng cn mt my may nhim nh nhoi no, th s ch tm y cng s tr nn mm do, d s dng, bn vng, khng bin ng ... Nhng Vt Chn Voi. Christian Maes. Hoang Phong Dch. Truy cp: 03/16/2012.

43

em bt k iu g vo trong tm thc. {ng ta cho rng} Cch tip

cn th ny c rt nhiu bm chp1.

Trong on kinh , s phn bit ngha l vic nhn ra tnh phn

ha ca cc hin tng {hay cc php} th tc; s phn bit hon

ton ngha l vic nhn ra bn cht [ti hu] tht s ca n. Thnh

gi V Trc gii thch rng s kho st xuyn sut l khi

nim ti ch ca tr hu nm bt {thu hiu} mt biu tng; s

qun chiu xuyn sut l s thm tra ng n. S kho st

ngha l kho st th thin; qun chiu ngha l phn tch chi tit.

S nm bt v mt biu tng y khng phi l mt khi nim

ca thc hu, m ng hn l s phn bit chnh xc cc chi tit v

mt i tng. Theo , c c s kho st v s phn tch v bn

cht thc ti ln s phn ha ca cc php.

ng vi Kinh Gii Thm Mt, Kinh Bo Vn (Ratna-megha-stra)

cng nu r:

nh l s ch nht tm; tu l s phn bit ng n2.

Cng th, B-tt Di-lc c dy trong i Tha Kinh Trang Nghim

Lun (mahyna-stralakra-krik) 3:

Bit nh l trnh ca nh.

L vic vit gn tn ca mt hin tng4;

1BA12 Xem tiu s chi tit trong Ruegg 1989 cho d liu v nhng

ngi c xem l t ca Ha-shang (Hava-shang) tham gia trong cuc tranh lun bSam-yas

2 BA13 rya-ratna-megha-nma-mahyna-stra (Bo Vn i Tha kinh), D231: Wa92b1

3BA14 Mahynastralakra (i Tha Kinh Trang Nghim Lun) (MSA): 14.8; P5521:10.1.6-7.

4BA15 Ba-so-chos-kyi-rgyal-mtshan (mChan: 10.6) dy rng vic vit gn tn ca mt hin tng, chng hn, vic rt ngn t Tt c

44

Hiu nh l trnh ca tu

L s qun chiu ln cc ngha ca n

V1,

Da trn mt vng chi chn tht

Qua vic hng ch ca ngi vo tm mnh

V qua s phn bit cc php,

Hin hu nh t thin v tu

iu ny khng nh rng s bn vng ca tm trn c s tp trung

chn chnh l nh v tr hu phn bit cc php l tu gic. [473]

V cc li ch gii ny c cng hiu lc nh nhng g cc kinh trn

cp, s khng thch ng nu gii thch cc on kinh trn theo

mt ngha khc.

Trong B-tt a Lun, ngi V Trc cng c dy2:

Vi tm thc ca hnh gi hng n i tng ca thin mt

cch xc nh m n thun khng biu t s vt hay ngha

ca n, mt nhn thc chm ch khng c tt c cc din

tng3 v khng c tt c s phn tn tinh thn no khi i

cc hin tng kt hp u v thng thnh v thng v bnh n s ch ca cc ngi trn .

1BA16 MSA: 18.66; P5521: 10.5.1. 2BA17Bodhisattva-bhmi {B-tt a} (Bbh), Wogihara 1936:1.109; Dutt

1966: 77.5-12; P5538:150.4.1-5. 3Nhc li thut ng Anh l elaboration. y l mt loi tin trnh nh

danh ca tm nhm thm tht, m rng, din gii hay chi tit ha mt cm nhn sau khi cc thc th cm nhn thng tin t i tng bn ngoi vn cn hon ton khch quan khng nh nguyn, din tng c th ng hoc sai nhng do thiu s suy l cht ch hay thiu d kin lm chng c nn hu ht cc din tng u l sai lc

45

tng bt k ca thin. Sau trng thi nh t thin1 tn

ti2 k t thi im m s tp trung t tng ni ti c bn

vng ha v dn ch vo mt biu tng v gi lu cho n

khi n vn cn duy tr mt dng n nht, ko di v bo lu

s tp trung. Tu gic l g? Ngi em vo tm cc biu

tng ca chnh cc php m ngi ang qun chiu, p dng

cng mt cch ch tm m c ngi dng nui dng

nh. Tu gic l bt k iu g k t thi im ca hoc s

phn bit, hoc s phn bit hon ton, hoc s phn bit hon

ton v cc php, v cho n khi no thin xo v tr hu cn

vn hnh cng khp.

Mnh ny tng ng vi cc trch dn bn trn. N cung cp

mt ch gii vi cng mt hiu qu nh kinh in v lun vn ca

Thnh Gi {tc l ngi V Trc}, nn n chng thc iu chc

chn v s nhn din cp ca nh v tu. Phn th hai Giai

Trnh Thin cng c nu3:

v cn c. Mt s ti liu dch l vng tng nhng ngha ca t Hn-vit vng s khng .

1T y tr v sau trong chng ny trng thi nh c c t vic thin s c gi l nh t thin cn hnh vi rn luyn tp trung t tng vng bn ln mt i tng v sau c th hay khng qun xt n bn cht ca i tng ang tp trung c gi ngn gn l thin. Vic tu tp thin trong c gng lu gi khng thay i (hnh nh hay trng thi ca) i tng ang c tp trung gi l thin nh, trong khi ng thi thin nhng c dng n tr phn xt phn tch i tng c gi l thin qun.

2Trong tp 3 chng ti xem hai khi nim "tn ti" v "hin hu" c ngha tng ng v c xem l nh nhau cng nh vy cc thut ng nh "t tnh", "tn ti mt cch ni ti", "c bn tnh thit yu", "c bn cht nn tng" hay i khi "t tn" v "tht hu" l cc thut ng gn nh tng ng v trong nhiu trng hp c dng ty theo ng cnh cho thun mch vn tr trng hp phi phn bit r chng.

3BA18 Bk2, P5311: 32.4.8-33.1.2.

46

Sau khi dp tt c s phn tn vo cc i tng bn

ngoi, ngi ngng ngh vo trong tm h lc v nhu hot vn

c t ln mt i tng ni ti ca thin mt cch t nhin

v lin tc. iu ny c gi l nh t thin. Trong khi ngi

lu li trong nh, s phn tch {hay qun chiu} bt k v

chnh i tng gi l tu gic.

Trong Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a Lun, ngi Bo Sinh Tnh

{Ratnakranti} cng c dy1:

V iu , i tng ca nh trong thin l mt hnh nh

khng ri rc ca iu g vn thuc v mt trng hp phn

ha ca cc hin tng hay ca mt iu g vn biu th bn

cht tht s. [474] i tng ca tu trong thin l mt hnh

nh ri rc ca iu no vn l mt trng hp v s phn

ha ca cc php hay iu no vn biu th bn cht tht s.

iu ny khng nh rng nh t thin l s n nh khng ri rc

ln mt iu g trong s cc phn ha hay bn cht tht ca cc

php; v tu gic l s qun chiu {phn tch} v mt trong hai

iu . y cng l ngha ch nh ca on k trong i Tha

Trang Nghim Lun Tng2:

Bch Th Tn, bao nhiu i tng m [trng thi] nh c?

Pht thuyt: Mt, c th l mt nh khng ri rc.

Bao nhiu i tng m trng thi tu c?

Ch mt, mt hnh nh ri rc.

C bao nhiu i tng ca c hai?

1BA19 Praj-pramitopadesa {Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a Hnh} P5579:

246.2.8-246.3.1. 2BA20 Sn, Lamotte 1935: 88; P774:13.3.7-13.4.1.

47

Hai, c th l cc gii hn ca s tn ti v s thnh tu mc

ch ca ngi

Vi Diu Php Tp Lun (Abhidharma-samuccaya) ca V Trc

khng nh rng cc gii hn ca s tn ti l c s phn ha ln

bn cht tht s ca cc php1, vy nn nh v tu u dng c

c nhng php ti hu ln c l lm cc i tng cho thin, nh

c ngi Bo Sinh Tnh gii thch nh trn. Do , nh t

thin v tr hu l khng phn bit trong ni dung v cc i tng

tng ng ca chng trong thin, v c nh t thin nhn bit tnh

Khng v c tr hu khng nhn bit tnh Khng. Trong nh t

thin (zhi gnas), tm thc qu v chuyn hng lng l (zhi) n

cc i tng bn ngoi, v sau dng tr (gnas) li ln mt i

tng bn trong ca thin; tu gic (lhag mthong) l ti cao (lhag

pa); ngha l c trng, thy bit (mthong).

Mt s cho rng mt tm thc dng ngh trong mt trng thi

khng ri rc thiu cng mnh l nh, trong khi mt tm thc

nh th cng vi cng mnh m l tu. iu ny khng ng

v n mu thun vi cc nh ngha v nh v tu c thit lp

nhiu chi tit trong cc ngun nh l trong cc ngn t ca ng

Chin Thng, cc gio php ca ng Nhip Chnh2, cc lun ca

V Trc v Giai Trnh Thin ca Lin Hoa Gii. Cc kinh lun

ny ni rng nh t thin l s ch tm tp trung mt im vo

1BA21 Gii thch v cc gii hn ca s tn ti v thnh tu mc ch

ca ngi xem tip sau (LRCM:491), v bn loi i tng cp trn y c bn tho chi tit hn.

2BA22 ng Nhip Chnh chnh l Di-lc hay Maitreyantha. Ngi l tc gi ca 5 bi lun quan trng trong truyn thng Ty Tng l:

1. i Tha Ti Thng Lun (sa. mahynottaratantra) 2. Php Php Tnh Phn Bit Lun (sa. dharmadharmatvibaga) 3. Trung Bin Phn Bit Lun (sa. madhyntavibhga-stra) 4. Hin Qun Trang Nghim Lun (sa. abhisamaylakra) 5. i Tha Kinh Trang Nghim lun (sa. mahynastralakra)

48

mt i tng ca thin, trong khi tu gic l tr hu phn bit mt

cch ng n v ngha ca mt i tng ca tri kin. [475] C

th, s hin hu hay khng ca cng sng t ca tm thc

trong mt thc phi nh danh1 cho thy kh nng ca s tp trung

c b hn trm hay khng2; hon ton khng ng khi cho rng

l s khc nhau gia nh v tu. L do l v trong tt c cc s tp

trung tinh thn ca nh t thin, qu v nht thit phi dp sch

hn trm, v l v mi s tp trung tinh thn min khi hn trm l

cc trng thi sng r khng thay i ca tm3.

Do , hy nhn nh s tp trung tinh thn v tr hu m chng

hng ti bn cht tht theo cch m tm thc ca qu v c nhn

1Phi nh danh hay v nim tc l trng thi tm thc khng khi ln cc

suy din hay din gii h qu t mt nhn thc ban s hay khng da vo cc cm xc m rng nhn thc v cng khng c s so snh phn bit hay khi nim v i tng ca tm. Kinh Kim Cang c dy:

Ch b-tt-ma-ha-tt ng nh th sinh tnh tm Bt ng tr sc sinh tm Bt ng tr hng, v, xc, php sinh tm ng v s tr nhi sinh k tm. 2y l thut ng thng dng trong thin hc. Hn trm l trng thi

m tm thc khng cn thy r rng hay sc nt vo i tng ca thin. Ngc vi tng thi hn trm l trng thi tro c, tc l hnh gi b ri vo trng thi qu kch ng hay hng hi khin cho hnh gi d b phn tn lin tng ra khi i tng ca thin. Trung B Kinh (Majjhima Nikya) bi s 4 Kinh S Hi v Khip m (Bhayabherava Sutta) c dy qua v hai khi nim ny. Trung B Kinh. Bi s 4 Kinh S Hi v Khip m. Thch Chn Thin. Truy cp 22/06/2009.

.

3BA23 V sng r (dwangs cha) v sng mnh m (gsal chai ngar), xem LRCM: 516.

49

bit c i tng ca tm mnh thuc v mt trong nh Khng1

hay khng. Ch nn nhn nh chng theo cch m tm thc qu

v dng ngh trong mt trng thi khng ri rc, r rng, v h lc,

bi v c v s cc trng thi tp trung tinh thn vi h lc, r rng

v khng ri rc nhng li cha nh hng tm ca qu v n

thc ti ca cc i tng, tc l mt s thiu vng bn ng ca

cc trng thi . Ngay c khi khng c vic tm kim tri kin

nhn bit cch thc m s vt hin hu, th tm thc hon ton

khng ri rc bt k vn c th to ra s h lc v r rng.

Ngay c khi khng c hiu bit v tnh Khng thng qua vic xc

lp nhn thc v n, th khng c g ngn cn qu v pht trin s

tp trung tinh thn khng ri rc. Nu gi c tm thc theo cch

trong thi gian lu di th qu v khin cho cc kh lc tr nn

kh dng. Mt khi iu ny xy ra, th khng g ngn c vic

sinh khi ca h lc, v l bn cht ca mt nng lc kh dng

nh th to ra s vui sng v h lc v tinh thn v th cht.

Mt khi h lc sinh khi, th s xut hin s r rng ca tinh

thn trong cc cm gic v nim vui sng v h lc. V l do ny,

c nhiu ngun kinh lun quyn nng chng minh rng tt c

nhng tp trung tinh thn c tnh h lc, r rng, v khng ri rc

u thy bit thc ti. Do , tuy h lc, r rng, v khng ri rc

hin hu trong cc ln tp trung tinh thn vn thy bit tnh

Khng, th vn thng xy ra cc s tp trung tinh thn m khng

trc tip hng vo tnh Khng, cho nn qu v phi phn bit

c hai trng thi ny.


1BA24 Nh Khng l s thiu vng ca mt ng tn ti t tnh ca ngi

{nhn v ng} v c ca cc hin tng khng phi ngi {php v ng}.

50

Ti sao l thiu st khi ch nui dng ring tng phm cht nh

hay tu? Ti sao cn thit nui dng c hai? Ta s gii thch.

[476]

Khi qu v t mt ngn n du ngm mt bc tranh vo gia

m, qu v s thy cc miu t [trong tranh] rt r rng nu ngn

n rt sng v khng b chp chn bi gi. Nu n khng sng,

hay sng t nhng li b lung linh trong gi th qu v s khng

thy cc hnh nh r rng. Cng th, khi truy tm ngha su sc,

qu v s thy r thc ti nu qu v c tr hu nhn thc mt

cch khng sai st ngha ca thc ti v mt s ch tm khng

dch chuyn lu gi trn i tng ca thin bao lu ty qu v.

D sao, nu qu v khng c tr hu thy bit cch thc m s

vt hin hu ngay c khi qu v c mt s tp trung tinh thn

khng gin on m trong tm thc qu v n nh v khng

phn tn sang cc i tng khc th qu v vn thiu i i mt

thy thc ti. Do vy, s khng th bit s vt hin hu th no

bt k qu v pht trin nh lc ca mnh n u. V ngay c khi

c mt tm nhn hiu bit v thc ti tc l v ng nu qu v

thiu mt s tp trung vng chc c th lu gi mt cch nht tm

ln i tng ca n, th cng khng th no thy c r rng

ngha v cch thc m s vt hin hu bi v qu v s b quy

nhiu bi cc kh lc ca t tng ri rc dao ng khng khng

ch c. y l l do qu v cn c nh v tu. Trong phn th

hai Giai Trnh Thin, Lin Hoa Gii c dy1:

1BA25 Bk2, P5311:31.5.7-32.1.4. Kinh i Bt Nit-bn (Phags pa yongs

su mya ngan las das pa chen poi mdo) (D119: Ta 148a6-bl) c dch t ting Trung Hoa {tn ting Hoa l } . Kinh Nguyt

ng Tam-mui (Candrapradpa-stra) l mt tn khc ca Kinh Chnh nh Vng (Samdhi-rja stra) vi tn y l Sarva-dharma-svabhava-samatd-vipancita-samdhi-rja stra (SR). SR: 7.10ab, Vaidya 1961a: 36.21-22; P795: 281.2.1.

51

Vi tu gic trn tri thiu nh, tm thc thin gi b phn tn

bi cc i tng nh ngn n du trc gi, n s khng th

vng bn. V l do ny, nhng g tr hu siu vit thy c s

khng r rng. Nh th, hy nng da vo c hai mt cch

ngang nhau. Do , Kinh i Bt Nit-bn (Mah-

parinirva-stra) c dy:

Thanh Vn khng thy truyn tha ca cc Nh Lai v s

tp trung t tng ca h ln hn tr hu ca h; cc B-tt

thy n, nhng khng r, v tr hu ca h ln hn s tp

trung ca h. Cc Nh Lai thu sut mi vt v h c nh

v tu ngang bng. [477]

Vi nh lc, tm thc ca cc ngi nh ngn n ni

khng gi s khng xao ng bi cc ngn gi ca t tng

ri rc. Vi tu gic, nhng th khc khng th lm chch

hng ngi v ngi loi tr nhng vng mc v hn ca

cc t kin. Nh trong Kinh Nguyt ng1 (Candrapradpa-

stra) c dy:

Nng lc ca nh t thin lm cho tm thc ca cc ngi

vng bn; tu gic lm cho n ging nh mt ngn ni.

Vy nn du hiu ca nh t thin l s ch tm ca qu v lu li

ng ni n t ln m khng c s phn tn khi i tng ca

thin. Du hiu ca tu gic l vic qu v thy bit thc ti v v

ng v loi tr cc t kin nh l quan im v ng; tm thc qu

v nh mt ngn ni khng b rung ng bi cc i lp. Do ,

qu v nn phn bit hai du hiu ny.

1Kinh Nguyt ng cn c tn khc l Kinh Nguyt ng Tam Mui hay

Chnh nh Vng Kinh.

52

Trc khi t c trng thi nh do thin, qu v c th dng n

tr hu phn bit phn tch ngha ca v ng, nhng tm thc

qu v th li cc k khng bn vng, nh ngn n trc gi, nn

khi nim ca qu v v v ng tht khng r rng. Mt khc, nu

qu v qun chiu khi thnh tu c nh, qu v s trnh c

cc sai st do s khng bn vng qu mc, cho nn khi nim ca

qu v v v ng s r rng. Do vy, trng thi tinh thn ca tu

gic c mt phm cht v s bn vng c dn xut t nh t

thin vi c tnh khng ri rc v c mt phm cht ca vic thy

bit cch thc s vt hin hu, iu vn khng dn xut t nh t

thin. Chng hn, kh nng ca mt ngn n chiu sng cc

hnh tng dn xut t bc {tim n du} v cc thi im lin

trc ca ngn la; n khng dn xut t cc th nh l bng

n {hay ci chp n} che chn cho n khi gi thi. Mc d th,

bn vng v ngn la n nh ca ngn n li dn xut t chp

n ny. Do nu qu v tin hnh qun chiu vi mt tr hu gi

trong cn bng v thin ca trng thi nh tc l trng thi

khng b quy nhiu bi hn trm hay tro c th qu v s hiu

c ngha ca thc ti. Hy nh trong tm mnh khng nh t

Kinh Kt Tp Php (Dharma-sagti-Stra) 1:

Khi tm thc ngi trong trng thi cn bng thin, ngi s

hiu thc ti nh n l.

Trong phn th nht ca Giai Trnh Thin, Lin Hoa Gii c nu2:

[478]

1BA26 rya-dharma-sagti-nma-mahyna-stra (Kinh Thng Php

Kt Tp i tha) D238: Zha 52a6, c trch trong phn th nht ca1 Bhvankrama (Qung Thch B- Tm Lun) (Bkl), Tucci 1986:181.11.

2BA27 Bkl, Tucci 1986: 205; P5310: 25.1.8-25.2.1.

53

V tm ngi lu chuyn nh mt dng sng, n khng ngng

ngh nu khng c mt nn tng v nh t thin; mt tm thc

m khng trong s cn bng thin khng th hiu thc ti

nh n l. Cng vy, Nh Lai thuyt: Vi s cn bng thin,

ngi tri kin thc ti nh n l.

Khi thnh tu trng thi nh, qu v khng ch ngng s sai st

ca vic dch chuyn trong thc tr hu vn qun chiu ln v

ng mt cch ng n, m qu v cn ngng c sai st ca vic

phn tn khi i tng thin mi khi dng n tr hu phn bit

tin hnh thin qun ln cc ch nh l v thng, nghip v

cc hu qu ca n, nhng sai st ca lun hi, t i, bi mn, hay

luyn tp v tm gic ng. Bt k i tng ca thin l g, qu v

tin hnh thin khng b phn tn, nn cng c m qu v nui

dng s mnh m hn nhiu. Mt khc, khi cha t trng thi

nh, qu v lm suy gim cc c hnh ca mnh do s phn tn

thng xuyn vo cc i tng khc. Nh trong tc phm Nhp

B- Hnh Lun (Bodhicaryvatra), ngi Tch Thin c nu1:

K tm thc mnh b phn tn

Sng gia nanh vut ca v vn kh au.

V2:

ng Chnh Bin Tri dy rng

K nguyn cu, k kh hnh v tng t

Ngay c ai rn luyn lu ngy

L cha lm c g nu vi mt tm phn tn.

1BA28 Kinh B-tt Hnh (Bodhisattva-caryvatra) (BCA), P5272:

254.4.5. 2BA29 Ibid., P5272: 248.5.4.

54

Do , mc tiu ca vic thnh tu tp trung t tng m trong

tm thc qu v t bn vng khng ri rc ln mt i tng duy

nht m khng phn tn l c s kh dng v tinh thn tc l

kh nng nh hng hon ton theo mun s ch tm ca qu v

vo cc i tng cng c ca thin. Nu qu v tp trung s ch

tm ln mt i tng thin duy nht, qu v c th lu gi ,

nhng nu qu v th lng n, n s tip din nh mun n cc

i tng cng c v lng nh l nc vo cc dng knh

ti tiu m . [479] Do , sau khi qu v t c trng thi

nh t thin, qu v phi duy tr trong cc i tng v ng thi

thin m chng ngng c cc sai st v hn v em li cc cng

c v lng, nh l thc tr hu tp trung vo bn cht tht s v

s phn ha ca cc hin tng, b th, tr gii, nhn nhc, tinh

tn, tn tm, v s tan bin cc o nh ca lun hi. Hy nhn ra

rng vic gi bn tm thc qu v lin tc bng cch gn cht n

vo mt i tng thin duy nht s khng em li cc li ch to

tt no trong vic thc hnh cng c, nu lm iu ny m khng

c nhn thc su sc v mc tiu ca vic thnh tu trng thi

nh.

Do vy, nu qu v bc b thin qun vi tr hu phn bit trong c

phng din hnh vi Ba-la-mt-a ln trong phng din quan

im v Ba-la-mt-a, th vic nui dng s tp trung nht tm

ca qu v s rt yu. K nng to ra s chc chn mnh m v

lu bn v ngha ca v ng l s qun chiu c duy tr lin

tc vi tr hu phn bit. Thiu mt tu gic nh th ln bn cht

tht s, th bt k qu v nui dng nh trong bao lu, qu v

ch c th ngn s hin l ca cc au kh; qu v khng th o

tn gc r cc ht ging ca chng. Do vy, khng ch nui dng

nh m qu v cng cn nui dng tu gic v nh Lin Hoa Gii

c cp trong phn th nh trong Giai Trnh Thin1:

1BA30 Bk2, P5311: 31.4.2-31.5.5.

55

Vic ch nui dng nh ring l khng gip thot khi cc

ngn che ca mt hnh gi; n ch ngn chn cc kh au trong

mt thi gian. Tr khi c c ngn n tr hu, qu v khng

th tiu hy cc xu hng tim tng. V l do ny m Trang

Nghim Lun nu1:

n nh thin ngn chn cc au kh; tr hu tiu hy cc

xu hng tim tng.

Cng th, Chnh nh Vng Kinh2 (samdhirja-stra) nu

3:

Mc d cc phm phu nui dng tp trung tinh thn

H khng ph hy c quan nim v ng.

Nhng phin no ca h tr li gy ri h,

Ut--la, nh h nui dng tp trung tinh thn theo

cch ny4.

1BA31 Sn, Lamotte 1935:132; P774: 21.1.3. 2Kinh ny cn c mt tn gi khc l Nguyt ng Tam Mui Kinh. 3BA32 SR, Vaidya 1961a: 49; D127: Da 27a7-bl; trch dn ti Bk3,Tucci

1971:18. Thut ng "phm phu" c dng hi khc hn bi k trch LRCM: 564-565.

4(BA33) Ngi ny c l l Ut--la, mt trong hai v thy u tin dy c Pht Thch-ca-mu-ni v thin. Theo kinh Trung A Hm Phm Bo-a-li Kinh La-ma th Ut--la (skt. Udraka Rmaputra; tib. Lhag dpyod) th ngi ny dy c Pht thin n mc phi tng, phi phi tng x mt trng thi khng cn kinh nghim v mt khi nim bt k (v nim) thuc v trng thi cao nht trong t thin nhng vn cha vt qua khi lun hi. c Pht t c cp ny v Ut--la xin tn vinh c Pht nh tn s nhng Ngi t chi v ri b i ni khc. n khi t qu Chnh ng Chnh gic, c Pht ngh n vic ha cho Ut--la th c bit ngi ny va mt hai tun. Kinh Trung A Hm. Tu S. WEB BuddhaSasana. Truy cp: thng 6, 28, 2009.

56

Nu ngi phn bit mt cch c suy l v s thiu vng

ca ng trong cc php

V nu ngi nui dng qun chiu ny trong thin

Th s to qu, t n Nit-bn; [480]

Khng c an lc no qua cc phng tin bt k no khc.

B-tt Tng Kinh (Bodhisattva-pika) cng c nu1:

Nhng ai cha tu hc ni dung B-tt Tng Kinh, cha tu

hc gii lut chnh php, v nhng ai suy din tng v

mt s y ch t trong tp trung tinh thn s t ng bi

nim kiu hnh ca h tr thnh mt tng t thi phng

v chnh mnh. H s khng thot khi sinh , lo, bnh, t,

au xt, than khc, phin no, bt hnh, v ri lon; h s

khng thot khi su gii ca lun hi2; h s khng thot

khi hp un ca au kh. Vi iu ny trong tm, Nh Lai

thuyt. Tu hc t nhng ngi khc iu g thch ng,

ngi s thot khi lo v t.

Nh vy, nhng ai tm kim tr hu siu vit thun khit vin

mn t mi ngn tr u b xa tan u nn nui dng tr

hu trong lc vn lu gi trng thi nh. V im ny, Bo

Tch Kinh B (Ratna-ka-grantha) dy rng3:

. 1BA34 rya-bodhisattva-pitaka-nma-mahyna-stra, chng 12 v

ratnaka (Bo tch) Pagel 1995:344; D56: Ga 161b3-5 2Tc l cc sinh gii thin (tri), nhn (ngi), a-tu-la (thn), sc sinh

(loi vt hu tnh khc ngi), ng qu, v a ngc. 3BA35 Tn y ca b kinh gm 49 quyn ny (Pagel 1995: appendix

III) l rya-mah-ratna-ka-dharma-paryya-atashasrika-grantha, P8112:239.4.2

57

Tr gii, ngi s t c tp trung tinh thn;

Thnh tu c tp trung tinh thn, ngi nui dng tr

hu;

Vi tr hu ngi thnh tu tr hu siu vit thun khit;

Khi tr hu siu vit ca ngi thun khit, th vic gi gii

ca ngi l ton ho {tc l tr gii Ba-la-mt-a}

V Kinh i Tha Dng Tn dy rng1:

Thin Nam T, nu ngi khng c tr hu, ta s khng ni

rng ngi c tn tm ni i tha ca cc bc B-tt, m

ta cng khng ni rng ngi bit bn cht tht s ni i

tha.

(e) Lm th no c s tin chc v th t ca chng Trong Nhp B- Hnh Lun, Tch Thin dy

2:

Tu gic hin hu t nh

Tiu hy cc kh au.

Thy bit c iu ny,

Hy tm nh t u.

Theo khng nh ny, trc tin ngi thnh tu nh t thin v

tip sau nui dng tr hu trn c s . [481]

Vn: Trong phn th nht Giai Trnh Thin3, Ngi Lin Hoa Gii

ni: i tng thin ca n th khng xc nh, ngha l i

tng thin ca nh t thin l khng xc nh. Nh gii thch

1BA36 rya-mahyna-prsda-prabhvan-nma-mahyna-stra,

P812:239.4.2 2BA37 BCA: 8.4; P5272: 254.4.7-8. 3BA38 Bkl, Tucci 1986: 207; P5310:25.4.2.

58

trn, i tng thin ca nh t thin c th l t chnh thc ti

hay mt hin tng thng thng hin hu trong thc ti. Nu

trc tin ngi hiu bit ngha ca v ng, sau thin trong khi

tp trung vo iu ny, th iu cng ng thi sinh ra c

trng thi nh ca mt tm thc khng phn tn v tr hu tp

trung vo tnh Khng. Ti sao li ni rng trc tin phi tm kim

trng thi nh ri mi nui dng tu gic?

p: Cch thc m trong nh i trc tu l nh sau. Qu v

khng cn c sn nh tun t pht trin mt hiu bit v quan

im thy bit rng ng khng hin hu, v chng ta u thy c

rng ngay c nhng ai cha t nh cng c th pht trin quan

im ny. Qu v cng khng cn c nh t trc tri nghim

s chuyn ha tinh thn trong vic ch trng n quan im ny

bi v khng c g ngn cn s chuyn ha tinh thn mang ti t

vic tu tp v qun chiu thun thc bng tr hu phn bit, ngay c

khi khng c mt trng thi nh. Nu qu v cho rng s vng mt

ca nh ngn tr s chuyn ha tinh thn; trong vic ch trng

n quan im ny, th cng chnh lp lun ny buc qu v kt

lun mt cch cc k v l rng trng thi nh l i hi phi c

ngay c cho vic tri nghim v s chuyn ha tinh thn khi thin

v tnh v thng, v cc sai st ca lun hi hay v tm gic ng.

Vy th ti sao nh lc cn thit cho tu gic? Theo Kinh gii

Thm Mt1, th chng no vic tu tp v s phn bit v s phn

bit c bit cng vi tr hu phn bit khng th khi to c s

nhu hot v tinh thn v th cht th n cu thnh mt loi ch tm

vn tip cn n tu gic; mt khi n khi to nhu hot th n tr

thnh tu gic. Do vy, nu qu v cha t ti nh, th bt k qu

v thin qun bao nhiu vi tr hu phn bit, kt cuc qu v s

khng th khi to c nim khoi cm v h lc ca s nhu hot

1BA39 y l din gii t Sn, Lamotte 1935:90; P774:13.5.2-5, trch dn t

LRCM: 537,798.

59

tinh thn v th cht. Mt khi qu v c c nh t thin, th

ngay c thin qun v tr hu phn bit s t n nhu hot tt .

[482] Do , tr hu i hi trng thi nh t thin nh l mt

nguyn nhn. iu ny s c gii thch nh sau.

Tr hu phn bit tr thnh tu gic khi m n c th khi to s

nhu hot thng qua nng lc ca phn tch, d l khng c s ch

tm ln mt i tng n nht. Vy nn vic khi to s nhu hot

qua vic t ch tm ca qu v ln mt i tng duy nht ca

thin ngay c khi i tng l tnh Khng th khng khc

chi hn l mt cch thnh tu nh; ring iu {tr hu phn

bit} khng thi th khng th xem nh l tu gic. Ti sao vy?

Nu qu v khi tm kim mt hiu bit v v ng trc, tc l

vic phn tch ngha ca n lp li nhiu ln, th s khng th no

thnh tu c nh trn c s phn tch ny bi v qu v cha h

t ti trng thi nh trc . Nu qu v tin hnh thin nh m

khng c qun, qu v s thnh tu nh trn c s . D sao i

na, v khng c cch no duy tr tu gic ngoi tr qua vic

duy tr nh, nn qu v phi tm kim tu gic sau. Do vy, iu

ny khng ri ra ngoi dng thc m trong , tm kim nh

trc, ri qu v da trn nui dng tu gic.

Theo , cch thc m tu gic pht trin l s thin qun phn

bit to ra nhu hot. Nu iu ny khng nh th, th s khng c

l do no tm kim nh trc v tip sau nui dng tu gic

da trn . Vic tht bi tin hnh thin theo cc trnh t ny th

khng my thch ng v Gii Thm Mt Kinh1 khng nh trong

on trch dn bn trn rng qu v nui dng tu gic trn c

s t c nh. Cng th, th t ca thin nh v tr hu

trong lc Ba-la-mt-a m trong dy rng phm tnh sau

pht trin da trn phm tnh trc cng nh l dy th t

trong vic rn luyn tr hu bc cao hn da trn vic rn luyn tp

trung t tng cao hn l tng hp vi dy th t trong qu v

1BA40 Sn, P774:13.4.5-13.5.2, trch dn LRCM: 471,537.

60

nui dng nh trc v ri nui dng tu gic. Trong B-tt

a ( trch trc y)1 v Thanh Vn a (rvaka- bhmi) ca

ngi V Trc cho thy tu gic c nui dng trn c s ca

nh t thin. [483] Cng th, trong cc tc phm Trung o Tm

Lun ca Thanh Bin, Nhp B- Hnh Lun ca Tch Thin,

v ba phn trong Giai Trnh Thin ca Lin Hoa Gii2, Bo

Tch Tnh { Ratnakaranti} ca Tu Xng {jna-krti} , tt c

u khng nh rng qu v nui dng tu gic sau khi tm

kim c nh lc trc . Mt s i s n- cho rng khng

cn tm nh ring r, qu v khi to tu gic ngay t khi bt u

thng qua qun chiu bi tr hu phn bit. V quan im ny mu

thun vi cc kinh lun ca nhng bc i tin phong, nn k khn

ngoan s thy rng n l iu khng tin tng c.

y l th t khi qu v va mi pht trin nh v tu ln u; sau

ny th khng xc nh th t nh th na, qu v c th nui

dng nh sau vic pht trin tu gic trc .

Vn: Trong Vi Diu Php Tp Lun3 ngi V Trc c dy: mt

s thnh tu tu gic, nhng li khng t c nh; h phn u

t nh t trn c s ca tu gic". Ngi gii thch iu ny

nh th no?

p: iu ny c ngha l h cha thnh tu nh ca trnh an

nh thin u tin {hay trnh bnh n thin u tin}, hay cc

trnh cao hn; iu khng loi tr vic h t ti nh m

c bao hm trong vic truy cp n trnh bnh n thin u

1BA41 LRCM: 473. 2BA42 Ye-shes-grags-pa (jna-krti) (Tu Xng) l tc gi ca Pha rol tu

phyin pa'i theg pa'i bsgom pa'i rim pa'i man ngag (Cc giai tng Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a tha ca Thin). Ta Phn ng c kt cu li thnh Praj-pramit-bhvan-kramopadea

3BA43. Abhidharma-samuccaya (AS), Pradhan 1975:75.21, theo Wayman 1978; P5550: 263.3.3.

61

tin1. Cng th, mt khi qu v c tri kin nhn thc v T Diu

, qu v c th thit lp trn c s nh lc v trnh bnh

n thin u tin tht s v nhng bnh n thin cao hn. Ngi V

Trc c dy trong Du-gi S a Lun (Yogcra-bhmi)2:

Ngoi ra, ngi c th bit mt cch chnh xc thc ti v cc

chn l ny t Kh cho n o, m cha thnh tu c trnh

bnh n thin u tin, v.v... Va lc tri kin v cc chn l

ny xy n, ngi bnh n tm mnh v khng phn tch cc

1BA44 nh t thin c chia ra thnh mc truy cp (nyer bsdogs,

samantaka) v mc tht s (dhgos gzhi, maula) thnh tu; ch c nh lc giai on tht s mi c xem l mt thnh tu hon ton.

2BA45 Yog-cary-bhmi (Saidngosgzhi), P5536:283.4.2-3. Ta Saidngosgzhi c din dch mt cch khng st ngha thnh Du-gi S a Lun (Yog-cary-bhmi) ng theo cch dng ca Suzuki 1955-61. ICang-skya-rol-ba'i-do-rje's Grub pa'i mtha'i rnam par bzhag pa gsal bar bshad pa thub bstan Ihun po'i mdzes rgyan (Varanasi: Pleasure of Elegant Sayings Press, 1970), p. 155 nhn nh rng Saidngosgzhi l mt tp hp ca bn lun : (1) a a {a y vi ngha l cp hay tng mc} (Bahu-bhmik, Sa mang po pa); (2) Thanh Vn a (rvaka-bhmi[bh], Nyan sa]; (3) B-tt a; v (4) a Th {lun bn v s tun t ca cc a ND} (Bhmi-krama, Sai go rim). iu ny c h tr trong trang 226-316 ca th mc bsTan 'gyur tin po che srid zhi'i rgyan gciggi dkar chag rin chen mdzes pa'i phra tshom ca gSer bris bstan 'gyur (Sichuan: Krung go'i mtho rim nang bstan slob gling gi bod brgyud nang bstan zhib 'jug khang, 1989). a a c cng ngha vi m t ca Suzuki (1955-1961) Cc a Trong Du-gi Hnh Tng (P5536). a Th c th tm c trong phn cui ca B-tt a (P5538: 230.2.4-231.1.7). Tsongkhapa xc nh hai lun s 2 v 3 bi tn ca cc lun , v do s dng tn Saidngosgzhi cho lun s 1 v 4, c th l v lun s 2 v 3 l cc ta ni ting. Tsongkhapa cng dng cc thut ng nh sa sde (Lun V Cc a) (LRCM: 523.6 v.v.) v sa sde Inga (Ng Lun a) (LRCM: 488.5 v.v.), bao gm Saidngosgzhi. Xem ch thch 58 di y cho LRCM: 488.5.

62

php. Trn c s tr hu cao hn ny, ngi mu cu tu tp cc

trng thi cao hn ca thc.

Ni chung, nhm li ch cho vic hiu bit ton din cc thut ng,

c chn trng thi tinh thn1 c gi l nh t thin v bn lp

qun chiu2 c gi l tu gic. D sao, qu v phi p dng cc

thut ng nh tht s v tu gic tht s nh s c gii

thch sau khi pht khi nhu hot.

1 BA46 BA46 LRCM 529-532. 2 BA47 Cc lp c tnh qun chiu ca tu gic c cp trn

(LRCM: 471-475) v c bn tho chi tit trong phn sau (LRCM: 769ff).

63

Chng 2: Chun B Cho nh T Thin

2 c Bit cch rn luyn hai Ba-la-mt-a sau cng

(f) Cch thc rn luyn cho mi Ba-la-mt-a

(i) Cch thc tu tp nh t thin



(2) Tham chp t (thiu dc)

(3) Dung x


(5) Gi gii thun khit


(b) Cch thc nui dng nh da trn c s trn

(1) Chun b

(2) Tu tp thc th

(a) T th thin

(b) Tin trnh thin

(1) Cch thc pht trin s tp trung khng

sai st

(a)) Lm g trc khi tp trung ch ln

mt i tng thin

(b)) Lm g trong khi tp trung ln mt

i tng thin

(1)) Nhn din i tng thin theo

ch m s ch tm ca ngi t vo

(a)) Mt trnh by chung v cc

i tng thin

(1)) V chnh cc i tng

ca thin

(a)) Cc i tng ph

bin ca thin

64

(1)) Cc hnh nh ri

rc

(2)) Cc hnh nh

khng ri rc

(3)) i tng ca

s hin hu

(4)) Thnh tu mc

tiu ca qu v

(b)) Cc i tng thin

cho vic thanh lc ng x

ca qu v

(1)) Tnh xu xa

(2)) Tnh yu thng

(3)) Duyn khi

(4)) S phn bit ca

cc cu thnh

(5)) Ht vo v th ra

(c)) i tng thin cho

s thin xo

(1)) Cc un

(2)) Cc Cu thnh

(3)) Cc ngun

(4)) Duyn khi

(5)) Nhng iu kh

d v khng kh d

(d)) Cc i tng

thin cho vic tinh lc

cc kh au

(2)) Ai nn thin ln i

tng no

(3)) Cc ng ngha i

tng thin

65

(b)) Nhn din cc i tng

thin theo ni dung ny.

(f) Cch thc rn luyn cho mi Ba-la-mt-a ny

y c 3 phn:

1. Cch thc tu tp nh t thin (chng 2-6)

2. Cch thc tu tp tu gic (chng 7-26)

3. Cch thc hp nht chng (chng 26)

(i) Cch thc tu tp nh t thin Phn ny c 3 phn mc

1. Da trn cc tin ca nh t thin 2. Cch thc nui dng nh trn c s trn 3. Lng nh v s nui dng thnh cng ca nh (chng 5-6)


T u, thin gi nn da vo cc tin ca nh, m to iu

kin kh d cho s thnh tu nh nhanh chng v thun tin. C 6

iu:


Ni ny nn c nm c tnh: (a) Thun t, c c sn cc th

cn thit nh l thc phm v y trang; (b) l ch tt sinh sng,

l ni khng c th d nh l cc loi n tht, khng c cc k th

nghch v.v...; (c) trn mt ming t tt, ni khng lan truyn cc

bnh tt; (d) cng hin mt tnh bng hu tt trong khun kh cc

o hu ca qu v tr gii v ng tm; v (e) v tr thanh vng

66

sao cho c t ngi trong ban ngy v t ting n vo ban m. i

Tha Kinh Trang Nghim Lun ca Di-lc c dy1:

Ngi khn ngoan tu tp ti ni

Thun t, l mt chn tt lnh sng,

Cng hin nn tng tt lnh v cc bng hu tt p

V tha mn cc yu cu cho s tu tp ca hnh gi c d

dng

(2) Thiu dc {khng tham lam}

Qu v khng c tham chp c nhiu y trang hn hay c ci

tt hn v v.v...

(3) Dung x

Qu v lun lun dung x ngay c khi c y trang ngho kh nht,

v.v...


Qu'y v ngng cc hot ng c bn nh l mua v bn; qu v

cng phi loi b cc giao tip x hi khng cn thit vi cc gia

ch v cc tu s, cng nh l cc theo ui khc nh l y hc v

thin vn.

(5) Thun khit tr gii:

Qu v khng c vi phm cc gio hun, khng lm cc hnh vi

sai tri vi t nhin hay vi lut cm, hoc l trong trng hp cc

bit gii thot gii hay l cc b-tt gii. Nu qu v vi phm

chng do v , th phi sa cha li mt cch nhanh chng vi s

sm hi theo gio php.


1BA48 MSA: 8.7; P5521:10.2.2.

67

Trong trng hp cc tham chp, hy qun chiu ln nhng tai hi

ca chng trong cuc sng hin ti, nh l vic dn ti b git hi

hay b bt b t, cng nh l nhng tai hi ca chng trong tng

lai, chng hn chng dn n ti sinh vo cc gii khn n. [485]

Cch khc l, hy xa b tt c cc tng v tham chp v tng

t nh th bi vic thin vi tng cho rng: Mi th trong gii

lun hi, d d chu hay khng, u l ph du v khng vng bn.

Bi v iu chc chn l ti s b tch ri khi tt c mi th ny

mt cch chng vnh, th ti sao ti phi tham mun chng?

Ta gii thch nhng im ny theo ni dung trong phn th nh

Giai Trnh Thin ca Lin Hoa Gii; qu v nn tu hc thm v

chng t Thanh Vn a ca V Trc. Su ch ny bao hm

cc nhn v duyn then cht cho vic bt u pht trin nh lc

vng vng, nhm bo lu mt nh lc hin hu m khng b suy

gim v nhm nng cao nh lc ca qu v. c bit, nhng im

quan trng nht l tr gii cn thn, nhn thu cc tham chp nh l

cc bt li v lu tr ni thch hp. Geshe Drom-dn-ba (dGe-

bshesBrom-ston-pargyal-bai-byung-gnas) dy:

Chng ta cho rng sai st ch thuc v cc gio hun c nhn

{gio hun bit truyn} ca mnh. Sau ta ch truy tm trong

cc gio hun c nhn, cho nn chng ta khng th t ti nh.

y l kt qu ca vic khng t c cc duyn ca n.

Thut ng cc duyn c ngha l su im gii thch nh trn.

Hn th na, bn Ba-la-mt-a u hot dng nh l cc tin l

cho Ba-la-mt-a th nm, nh t thin. Phn th nht Giai Trnh

Thin ca Lin Hoa Gii khng nh1:

1BA49 Bkl, Tucci 1986: 205; P5310: 25.2.1-3; Sn, P774: 21.2.5-7.

68

Qu v hon tt nh nhanh chng khi qu v bung b tham

chp cho cc s hu v nhng th tng t, gn gi gii lut

nghim ngt, mt v tr sn sng chu ng cc au kh v

nhn nhc mt cch hoan h. l trng hp m cc ngun

kinh in nh l Kinh Gii Thm Mt dy rng hnh b th v

cc Ba-la-mt-a khc l cc nguyn nhn cho s thnh cng

ca cc Ba-la-mt a k tip cao hn.

B- o ng Lun (Bodhi-patha-pradpa) ca Atia khng

nh1:

Khi thiu cc yu t ca nh,

Ngay c vi vic thin cn mn,

Ngi vn khng thnh tu c nh

Du tin hnh trong nhiu ngn nm

[486] Do , iu rt quan trng cho nhng ai thnh khn mong

mun t c cc tp trung ca nh lc v tr hu l lm vic vi

cc thnh t hay cc tin ca nh, nh l mi ba iu c

ra trong Thanh Vn a ca V Trc2.

(b) Cch thc nui dng nh da vo c s trn

y c hai phn (1) S chun b v (2) Tu Tp thc th.

1BA50 B- o ng Lun (odhipathapradpa), P5343: 21.2.7-8. 2BA51 Ton b phn t bh. P5537:43.3.3-43.4.1 c dch bi Wayman

(1978:31-43). Mi ba iu l (1) Cc i hi hng u, ngha l s thun thc vi cc gio php v k lut ni ti; v thm vo , (2) xut sc vi cc mc tiu ca chnh mnh; (3) xut chng vi cc mc tiu ca ngi; (4) hiu hc vi gio php; (5) t b th tc; (6) cc th nguyn gii lut; (7) khng ch cc xc cm; (8) n ung t tn lng; (9) tu tp vi s tnh thc hon ton; (10) ch tr ng cn trng; (11) Ni tnh mch; (12) gn lc cc chng ngi v (13) c s tp trung tinh thn ng n.

69

(1) Chun b

Tu tp su gio hun chun b k trn v c bit nui dng tinh

thn gic ng trong thi gian lu di; cng th, h tr iu ,

qu v nn tin hnh cc tu tp thin vn dnh cho nhng ai c cn

c nh hay trung bnh1.

(2) Tu tp thc th

Phn th hai v ba ca Giai Trnh Thin, Lin Hoa Gii dy rng2

qu v nn p dng 8 im t th trn mt ch ngi rt mm v

thoi mi: (1) an chn theo cch ca tn gi T-n-gi-la, s dng

t th kit gi hay bn gi mt cch ty hp; (2) i mt qu v

khng nn m rng hay ng kn qu, chng nn dng li nh

mi; (3) Ngi vi s nhn bit hng ni, gi thn thng khng

nga ra sau hay cong v pha trc qu; (4) Gi i vai thng v

ngang bng; (5) Khng nga hay gc u v cng khng quay

sang mt bn; t u sao cho mi v rn thng hng; (6) t rng

v mi trong v tr t nhin nh bnh thng; (7) li ng vi

cc rng trn; (8) Hi ht vo v th ra ca qu v khng nn n o,

gng p, hay khng u n; hy chng lu thng khng cn

n lc, tht nh nhng, m khng c mt ngh rng n dch

chuyn y .

Thanh Vn a ca V Trc cung cp nm l do cho vic ngi

nh c Pht dy, xp tro chn trn ch ngi, gh, hay thm3:

(1) Trong t th ny, ton thn c ko li nhau c li cho vic

khi sinh nhu hot, nn qu v c th pht trin nhu hot rt nhanh;

[487] (2) Ngi kiu ny c th gi c t th trong thi gian di,

t th ny khng dn ti s kit qu v th cht; (3) T th ny th

khng ph bin i vi nhng ngi ngoi Pht gio v nhng

1BA52 LRCM: 33-280 (Great Treatise 2000: 69-353). 2BA53 Bk2, P5311: 32.4.5-8. Bk3, Tucci 1971:3; D3917: Ki 57al-3. 3BA54 bh. P5537:100.1.2-6.

70

ngi chng li chng ta; (4) Khi k khc thy qu v ngi trong t

th ny, h s cm thn; (5) c Pht v cc t ca ngi

dng t th ny v truyn li cho chng ta. Thanh Vn a ca V

Trc ging rng, di nh sng ca nhng l do ny, qu v nn

ngi tro chn. Lun cng dy rng qu v nn gi thn thng

khin hn trm v bun ng khng xy ra.

Do ngay t u qu v phi t tm im ny v hnh kim th

cht , c bit l vic bnh thn trong hi th nh ta m t trn.

(b) Tin trnh thin

Ni chung, giai trnh ca o php truyn thng cho thy rng

qu v thnh tu nh bng phng tin ca tm phng thuc loi

tr nm sai st1, c nu trong Trung Bin Phn Bit Lun

(Madhynta-vibhga)2 ca Di-lc. Cc gio hun c nhn truyn

li t Geshe Lak-sor-wa (dGe-bshes Lag-sor-ba) gii thch rng

thm vo qu v phi thnh tu nh thng qua su nng lc,

bn loi ch tm v chn trng thi tinh thn m V Trc gii

thch trong Thanh Vn a. Hc gi Yn-den-drak (Yon-tan-grags)

dy3:

1Nm sai st hay nm phin no. Cn gi l ng trin ci bao gm (1)

tham dc; (2) sn hn; (3) d di v hn trm; (4) lo u dao ng, tro c; (5) hoi nghi. Nm trng thi ny cng vi 8 phng thuc khc phc s c dy chi tit sau. Ng trin ci c cp trong Tng Chi B Kinh. Chng 1. Phm on Trin Ci. Dch Thch Minh Chu.Truy cp 15/01/2012.

.

2BA55 Trung Bin Phn Bit Lun P5522:20.4.8-20.5.1 ngi Tsongkhapa bn tho n nm sai st v tm liu thuc gii trong phn sau LRCM; 528-529.

3BA56 Ruegg (Great Treaties 2000: 26) cp n Sha-ra-ba/Shar-ba-pa Yon-tan-grags (1070-1141) nh l tc gi ca Be'u bum dmar po trong LRCM: 528.8, c su sai st khi hn trm v tro c c tnh ring ra.

71

Cc phng php v chn trng thi tinh thn c bao gm

trong bn s ch tm cng vi su sai st v tm p dng vn

l cc phng thuc gii lm phng tin cho [vic t ti] tt

c s tp trung. iu ny ph hp vi tt c cc gio php v

cc k nng an nh thin c bao gm trong hu ht cc

kinh in, i Tha Kinh Trang Nghim Lun v Trung Bin

Phn Bit Lun ca Di-lc, cc lun ca V Trc v cc a1

v ba phn Giai Trnh Thin ca Lin Hoa Gii. Nhng ai tin

khi c cc tin v tp trung tinh thn u s nht nh

t c tp trung tinh thn nu h s dng nhng phng tin

ny tin hnh n. Ngy nay, lm nh l cc truyn thng

truyn khu su sc v an nh thin u thiu vng ngay c

cc tn ca nhng k nng ny. [488] Cc vn bn khng h

ch ra cho thy rng ngi s thnh tu nh m khng c cc

tin cho s tp trung v cc k nng ny, ngay c nu ngi

thc hnh thin trong thi gian lu.

iu ny c khng nh trong bn lun ca ngi v giai trnh

ca o php; n ni n vic t c mt s chc chn thun

khit v cch m cc kinh vn c in th hin l trnh thnh

tu nh. V vic ny, v con ng chung ca gio php v giai

trnh cc o php ca tam tha c gii thch chi tit trong nm

thnh in ca V Trc v cc a2, l nhng bn lun vn ch

1BA57 Trong s s dng ca sa sde (lun v cc a) xem li ghi ch

BA45 (thuc chng 1) bn trn (ca LRCM:483.13) v ghi ch ngay tip sau y (ti LRCM: 488.5).

2BA58 Nm bn lun v cc a (so sde Inga) l Du-gi Hnh a (Bhmi-vastu Sa'i dngos gzhi); (2) Cn bn Tp Lun (V

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