Dactyloscopy 2

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PANGASINAN COLLEGES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYCOLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

URDANETA CITY

DACTYLOSCOPY

CHAPTER 1

VALUE OF FINGERPRINTS

I. INTRODUCTION

Fingerprint Science is a positive means of identification and in the hands ofknowledgeable technician and expert; it is a potent weapon in the continuing fightagainst crime. Its formation started during the embryo growth stage and perfectedwithin around four (4 months. Friction ridges can be distinctively observed on howthese friction ridges!

a. "esign endsb. #ointc. Separate andd. $ross each other

%he individuali&ed characteristics are never affected by!

a. 'hysical growthb. ging of the human body

It has been established that in criminal investigation fingerprints is absolutelyimpermissible to misidentify a person or to classify a non)criminal as a criminal. Incontrast* personal identification by means of fingerprints has an absolute certainty.%he system is based on the undisputed fact after so many studies* that NO TWOPERSONS HAVE EXACTLY THE SAME FINGERPRINT INDIVIDUALCHARACTERISTICS.

%he ridges do not tell everything about a person neither his race nor sex* yetit surely a perfect means of identifying him. %his contention verily adds to facilitateand mobili&e the granting of +ustice and the punishment of the guilty in the light andshadow of a criminal act.

Surprisingly* fingerprint ridges start their development and differentiation onthe third embryonic life and continue to grow until the complete development andgrowth factors governing the life span of man.

II. NATURE OF FINGERPRINTS

A. Concep

Fingerprints are composite of the ridge outlines formed,reproduced when

perspiring. -n non)hairy skin the ridges are formed by the different patternsdetermined to distinguish identity whereas on hairy skin* the ridges areirregular* slender and intermittent and do not form any pattern.


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Fingerprints are found at the terminal phalanges

nown as papillary or frictional ridges (terminal,middle,basal phalanges

/idge characteristics are formed prior to birth and remain constant throughout

life

%here are two layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis

/idges are produced through the sweat gland excreta due to such physiological

functions of the body.

Fingerprints are reproduced under the ten fingerprints card system

!. H"#o$"c%& !%c'($o)n*

Fingerprints predates the $hristian era

0videnced by a prehistoric Indian picture writing of hand with crudely marked

ridge patterns on a cliff in 1ova Scotia ncient $hinese having business in ncient 2abylon used fingerprints through

clay tablets 3%he salvation of 'aul with my own hand* which is the token in every epistle* so

I write5 Saint 'aul. 0mperor %e In Shi first to used fingerprint in $hina. In ancient $hina* thumb

prints were found on clay seals.

C. E%$&+ P),&"c%"on# o- F"n(e$p$"n S)*+

1/0 1213 Ne4e5"%4 G$e65 published his study describing ridges andpores of the hands and feet before the /oyal Society of 6ondon* 0ngland.

1/ 7180 M%$ce&o M%&p"(4"5 n Italian natomist* professor of natomyat the 7niversity of 2ologna known as the 8randfather of Fingerprint* discoveredthe two layers,friction of the skin known as "ermis (Stratum $orneum and0pidermis (Stratum 9ucosum.

12// 9.C.A. M%+e$) studied the arrangement of skin and concluded thatskin ridges is never duplicated in two persons .:PRINCIPLE OF INVIVIDUALITY

1/3; 9o4%nne# E He$5%n We&c'e$ 5 he established the PRINCIPLE OFPERMANENCYby printing his own palm and after forty)one years he printedagain his palm and discovered that his prints did not change.

D. F"n(e$p$"n %# % Me4o* o- I*en"-"c%"on

1/>/ S"$ W"&&"%5 9%5e# He$#c4e&5 a 2ritish $hief dministrative -fficer inoogly "istrict of 2engal* India; introduced the use of fingerprint to preventimpersonation among laborers. %he first person erschel sub+ected to

2


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fingerprinting was R%=+%*4%$ ?on%"5 a local businessman* to frighten him outall thought of repudiating his signature to a contract. In s 6ife in 9ississippi* the episode relates how a murderer perpetrated thecrime. 0leven years later* he caused the publication of 'uddin ead ?ilson* anoble based on dramatic fingerprint identification during a court trial. is storypointed on the infallibility of fingerprint identification.

1/// S"$ F$%nc"# G%&on5 a 2ritish nthropologist and 2iologist whopublished his study on classification and filing system using all the ten (


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applicants to take the :ualifying $ivil Service 0xam. Installed the first knownsystematic use of fingerprints.

18@; 5 1ew Bork State of 'rison in lbany claims the first practicalsystematic use of fingerprints in the 7S to identify criminals.

$aptain #ames 'arke of the 1ew Bork State of 'rison 5 officially

installed,adapted the enry Fingerprint System as a means of personalidentification of prisoners.


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1833 H%'en 9e$#en(en* the sub)director of police in $openhagen*"enmark introduced the first long distance identification to the 7S at a 'oliceconference. %he method was adopted and published in a maga&ine entitled*3'ublications of the International 'olice $onference* 1ew Bork $ity 'olice"epartment*


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b. Scarification 5 cutting some parts of the body to leave scars or marks.

c. 2ertillon System 5 'ersonal description* portrait parle 5 3speakinglikeness> photography. nthropometry 5 identification based on themeasurements of the various bony structure of the human body.

d. 2lood Samples,0xamination 5 now "1* comparison of tissues andfibers to determine cells,chromosomes.

e. -dontology 5 denture comparison and identification

f. air Sampling 5 "1 examination and comparison (Fingerprinting

IV. U#e# o- F"n(e$p$"n#

a. Identification of criminals whose fingerprints are found at the crime scene

b. Identification of fugitive through a comparison of fingerprintsc. ssistance to prosecutors in the presenting their cases in the light ofdefendant>s previous records

d. Imposition of more e:uitable sentence by the courtse. Furnishing identification data to probation and parole officers and parole

boards for their enlightenment in decision makingsf. 9eans of personal identificationg. Identification of unidentified deceasedh. /ecognition by the government of honored deadi. 'revention of hospital mistakes in the identification of infants

+. Identification of persons suffering from amnesia and unconscious where

fingerprints are on filek. Identification of missing personsl. 'ersonal identification of victims of disaster worksm. 6icensing procedures for automobile* aircraft and other e:uipment

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CHAPTER 3

PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS

1. TWO FIELDS OF FINGERPRINT STUDY

A. C&%##"-"c%"on dividing the fingerprints by type and characteristics accordingto their pattern and transforming them into a formula for easy filing and futurereference.

!. I*en"-"c%"on o$ Co5p%$"#on

". P$oce*)$e# on F"n(e$p$"n Co5p%$"#on %n* I*en"-"c%"on


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. 0nvelop 5 a single recurving ridge enclosing one or more rods or bars orshort ridge.

=. Fingerprints 5 the most positive means of personal identification of

persons; it is the reproduction on some smooth surfaces of the pattern ordesign formed by the ridges on the inside of the end +oint of a finger orthumb.

H. Fingerprinting 5 the process of recording fingerprints through the mediumof fingerprint ink

C. Fingerprint 'attern 5 it is a definite design of ridges through their formationand relationship from each other are divided into three general groups


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DA.7pthrust 5 an ending ridge of any length rising at a sufficient degree fromthe hori&ontal plane.

D4./idge $haracteristics 5 are those points of the tails in the formation of thepattern.

?"n*# o- R"*(e C4%$%ce$"#"c#

a. ppendage 5 a short ridge at the top or summit of a recurve usuallyat right angle

b. 2ifurcation ) the dividing of one line into two or more branchesc. $onverging ridge 5 a ridge whose close end is angular and serves

as a point of convergence; pointed and abruptd. $ore 5 a point on a ridge formation usually located at the center or

heart of a patterne. "elta 5 a point on the first ridge formation directly at or in front and

near the center of the divergence of the type lines.f. 0nclosure* island or islet 5 a bifurcation* which does not remainopen but which the legs of the bifurcation after running along sideby side for a short distance* come together again to form a singleridge once more.

g. "ot or series of dotsh. 0nding ridgei. Incipient ridges 5 unusual type of ridges found in small percentage

of patterns; short* narrow and badly formed ridges found betweentwo well)formed and full)bodied ridges.

+. Short or series of short ridges

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CHAPTER ;

1. LEGALITY OF FINGERPRINTS

It is a universal knowledge that fingerprint is the most positive means ofpersonal identification. s such* fingerprint as evidence is accepted in every court of

+ustice in any part of the globe.

It is an accepted principle that there is no possibility of finding two individualsto possess identical fingerprints or that nature never duplicates itself in the smallestdetails.

'ioneers of fingerprints* 8alton and 6ocard believe in the 6aw of 'robability inthe duplication of fingerprints between two individuals. %his view however isdisputable considering that fingerprints are as old as mankind. If dam and 0ve* the

first man and woman who have populated the earth* have fingerprints then theprobability of duplication of fingerprints among individuals may have been apossibility. 2ut up to the present time* every police department of the world usedFingerprints as a means of personal identification; 1-2-"B has ever foundindividuals possessing identical fingerprints.

A. USA CASES


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%. PHILIPPINES

4. 2I618? GS. 9"-/* $ourt of ppeals 1o. A=AD@)b

Fingerprint 0xpert and constabulary Sergeant testified and

successfully defended fingerprint evidence based on eight (H identical ridgepoints.E. '0-'60 GS. 90"I1 (EC 'hil. AA@

) %his is the first leading +udicial decision in 'hilippines #urisprudence on theScience of Fingerprint. %he Supreme $ourt held* 3that evidence as to thecorrespondence of fingerprints is admissible for the purpose of identity. %hatalthough a portion of the impression on the box was somewhat blurred* it did notseriously interfere with the comparison of the two fingerprints. It is a settled rule thatwhere the collection of evidence is not in :uestion* the admissibility is lodged with

the court.

II. ADMISSI!ILITY OF FINGERPRINT TESTIMONY

Settled is the rule* that fingerprint evidence has become a fixed part of oursystem of +urisprudence. It has become relatively accurate in establishing personalidentity.

)e$+ $an fingerprints be effacedJ

An#. 1o* as long as the dermis of the bulbs of the fingers is not completely

destroyed* the fingerprints will always remain unchanged and indestructible.

)e$+ $an fingerprints be forgedJ

An#. %here is a considerable controversy regarding the possibility of forgingfingerprints by burning them with acid or making a simulated impressions or aperfect replica of impressions of the fingers. Garious experiments conducted byauthorities and although they could almost make an accurate reproduction* stillthere is no case on record known or had been written that forgery of fingerprintshas been a complete success. %he introduction of modern scientific e:uipments*new techni:ues and up to date knowledge in crime detection always foil theattempt.

)e$+! re fingerprints inheritedJ

An#6e$! %he general shape or overall pattern of fingers and palms can be inherited.Family members will often have similar patterns or designs on the same fingers oftheir hands. %he tiny details in the fingerprints* ridges* however* /0 1-% inheritedand is different between all friction skin areas of all persons ) ) ) even between twins.

III. REUISITES AS !ASIS FOR A!SOLUTE IDENTITY

%here is 1- national or international rule or laws that fix the number of ridgecharacteristics that must be present in both the uestioned and Standard printsthat should be used as a basis for establishing absolute identity.

owever* fingerprint experts in these countries believe that identity can beestablished in lower number of guidelines laid down by the famous French$riminologist* "r. 0dmond 6ocard*

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a $learness of the patternb /arity of the typec "ecipherable core and deltad 'resence of porese 'erfect and clear identity of the width of ridges and furrows

It is a re:uirement that the examiner possess educational background*training* experience and the ability to express in a skilled manner of explanation.

)e$+ CAN YOU FORCE A PERSON TO !E FINGERPRINTED

Bes* provided the arrest was legal* this is to establish the true identity.

IV. WEIGHT OF FINGERPRINT

%he weight to be given to evidence of correspondence of fingerprint when

offered to prove identity of the accused as the person committing a crime is for thedetermination of the court in the light of all the surrounding facts and circumstances.

slight blurring or imperfection of the fingerprint preventing positiveidentification will not affect the sufficiency of such proof as to effect a convictionbased with the crime. %o warrant conviction* the fingerprints corresponding to thoseof the accused must have been found in the place where the crime has beencommitted.

V. REASONS WHY FINGERPRINT IS ONE OF THE MOST INFALLI!LE MEANSOF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

I1F66I260 5 means incapable of error


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CHAPTER 0

REAL OR TRUE FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS AND DATA !ASE MA?ING

A. W4% %$e $e%& I5p$e##"on#

Impressions of the finger bulbs with the use of the fingerprint ink on thesurface of the paper through any coloring materials* which will producevisibility.

!. T6o 5e4o*# o- p$o*)c"n( "5p$e##"on#

s body.

D. 'lain Impressions 5 re:uires that the fingers be taken or printedsimultaneously* then the thumbs without rolling.

EB)"p5en

a. Fingerprint Ink /oller ( long x D in diameterb. Fingerprint inkc. $ardholder and table ( AH to 4@ highd. 8lass Slab or inking platee. Slab and /oller $leanerf. and cleaning materials (lcohol* petroleum* cloth K cotton

C. Me4o*# o- $eco$*"n( $e%& "5p$e##"on#

s bodys fingers must be controlled to prevent twisting


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a. berration of printing of the fingerprintb. Ink too much thickc. %oo fast rolling speedd. 'ress to harde. /otation is not smooth* as they roll the finger on the paper

E. F"n(e$p$"n S+#e5 is an arrangement* which in order to effectively utili&efingerprints in criminal investigation* provides for their systematic collection*classification* arrangement* custody and use.

T6o :3 S),7#+#e5#

1 Ten :1@ F"n(e$p$"n S+#e5 include the ten (


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a /olling Impressions 5 done by fully rolling the fingers from one side tothe other

b Flat or 'lain Impressions 5 done in order to make sure whether or not

rolling impressions are correctly impressed unto the specified column. Inimpressing* it must be up to the middle phalange.

c 'alm print impressing 5 is to impress palms unto the palm printimpression column. Impress it fully with extended palms.

0 I5p$e##"n( Tec4n"B)e#

% Gene$%& Tec4n"B)e o$ O$*"n%$+ I5p$e##"n(

'osition of Impresser,-perator 5 the impressing plate is on the left side of thetable while the glass plate or cardholder is on its right side.

'ositions of 'ersons 5 %he Impressing attendant or operator is on the left side

while sub+ect is on the right side of the operator and about D@ cm off,away fromthe impressing table

, Gene$%& R)&e# "n I5p$e##"n(t double impress "on>t forget flay impressing

c Ho6 o 4"n "n'

'lace small amount of ink* thin the ink evenly with a pallet and a roller* %he

roller is rolled one way leaving the glass plate after every stroke* the ink can bethinned :uickly and evenly.

"ensity of Ink 5 the amount of ink needed for impression per person is the

volume of a match head.

Impressing 5 Sub+ect is advised to look to the front or side* without stiffening his

hand.

* E$%7o$*"n%$+ I5p$e##"n(

0xcessively sweating fingers 5 apply formalin alcohol li:uid to each finger* then

print;

Finger with stiff +oints 5 Impress after shaking the sub+ect>s hand grasped by thewrist up and down several times to smoothen the +oint movement.

Fingers with stiff surface skin* coarse fingers* and fingers suffering from

dermatophytosis 5 wrap fingers in a steamed towel for several minutes thenimpress

F. P$o,&e5# enco)ne$e* ,+ -"n(e$p$"n ope$%o$

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@


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L Fingers without percolate (strained5 wipe them with a piece of cloth,gaugewith alcohol* soften them thoroughly with your fingertips* stretch wrinkles and thenimpress.

L Fingers with percolate 5 use molding process after drying with lycopodium

powder

In order to obtain fingerprint impressions from silicon molds* strippable paintor cortex shall be used. %his techni:ue is as follows!

%he molded silicon rubber shall be stretched and split

Its circumference shall be pinned up

Strippable paint or cortex shall be thinly applied to it with a small flat brush and

then be dried with a dryer fter repeating this operation several times* the mold shall be stripped of the

film* which shall be round* the operator>s finger be applied with ink and then be

impressed.

0. F"n(e$# 6"4 Pee&e*7o-- #)$-%ce #'"n

L ?hen the true skin is exposed* take photograph after applying ink to the trueskin.

>. F"n(e$# o- c4%$$e* ,o*+

L In case it is feared that they will disintegrate even by the slightest touch ormove their photographs shall be taken as they are.

. M)55"-"e* o$ A*"poce$e* : -% -$o5 *eco5po#""on "##)e#F"n(e$#

L %ake their mold with silicon* make films with strippable paint or cortex* andimpress.

H. POSTMORTEM FINGERPRINTING !ene-"#


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CHAPTER >

TYPES OF PATTERNS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINGERPRINTS

A. GENERAL TYPE OF PATTERNS each group bearing the same generalcharacteristics or family resemblance. %he patterns may be further divided into sub)groups by means of the smaller differences existing between the patterns in thesame general group.

:P&%"n %n* Tene*5 are impressions in a pattern area where theridges enter on one side of the impression and exit on the other side with awave or rise in the center.

D. Loop# @ 7 > :U&n%$ %n* R%*"%&5 are type of patterns in which one ormore of the ridges enter on either side of the impression* recurve* touch or pass

an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core and terminate toward thesame side of the impression where it originally entered.

A. W4o$ ;@ 7 ;> :P&%"nJ Do),&e LoopJ Cen$%& Poc'e Loop %n*Acc"*en%& are types of pattern in which at least with two deltas present.

!. RULES GOVERNING THE SELECTION OF DELTA

@


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D. PATTERN INTERPRETATIONS

1. A$c4e#

a. 'lain rch 5 the fingerprint pattern in which the ridges enter on one side

of the impression then flow out on the other side with a rise or wave inthe center.

b. %ented rch 5 fingerprint pattern in which most of the ridges enter uponone side of the impression and flow out upon the other side* as in plainarch type* however* the ridge or ridges at the center do not.

%ypes of %ented rch


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b. $entral 'ocket 6oop ) a fingerprint pattern* which has two deltas and atleast 1- ridge making a complete circuit* which may be spiral* oval*circular or any variant of a circle "- 1-% touch or cross the imaginary

line connecting the two deltas. It is called a composite or transitionalpattern because it is made up of two patterns in one* a whorl inside aloop.

c. "ouble 6oop ?horl 5 consist of two separate and distinct loopformations* with two sets of shoulders and two deltas. -ne of the loopssurrounds or overlaps the other and also called composite pattern* likethe central pocket loop whorl.

d. ccidental ?horl 5 it is a pattern consisting of a combination of two ormore different types of pattern except plain arch with two or more deltas.

WHORL TRACING5 ?hen the deltas have been located* the ridge emanatingfrom the lower side or point of the extreme left delta is traced until the point nearestor opposite the extreme right delta is reached. %he number of ridges interveningbetween the tracing ridge and the right delta are then counted.

/idge traced inside is three or more 5 Inner or 3I/idge traced outside is three or more 5 -uter or 3-/idge traced inside,outside is two or less 5 9eeting or 39

E. COMPONENT OF FINGERPRINT PATTERNS


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[email protected]$5# o- % De&%

a. 2ifurcation

b. n abrupt ending ridge

c. "ot or series of dots

d. 0yelet,islet,island or enclosure ridge

e. short ridge

f. point on the first recurving ridge located nearest to thecenter and in front of the divergence of the type lines

11. Fo$5# o- % Co$e

a. 2ar or a rod

b. Staple core

c. Fragmentary core


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A "ifference in the amount of pressure used by the person taking the prints;and

4 %he amount or kind of ink used.

R)&e# o- con#"*e$%"on


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S69SS6

D@ 9 AD 7


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>. MA9OR DIVISION "# p&%ce* =)# &e- o- 4e P$"5%$+ D"


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o -n the right hand* by counting the intervening ridges from left delta to

the coreo -n the left hand* by counting the intervening ridges from right delta to

the core "ouble 6oops* count the ridges from delta to the core of the upright loop or

- If the double loop is hori&ontal* the nearest core is used.

=. 0B "IGISI-1 5 It is obtained by counting the ridges of the first loop appearingon the fingerprint card (beginning with the right thumb* exclusive of the little fingers*which are never considered for the key as they are reserved for the final. %he ey nomatter where found* is always placed to the extreme left of the numerator of theclassification formula.

H. CLASSIFICATION OF SCARRED PATTERNSAMPUTATION MISSING AT!IRTH

/ules!


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CHAPTER

LATENTCHANCE FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS

L%en F"n(e$p$"n#5 fingerprints found at the crime scene.

L%en P$"n#5 are those markings* usually rather indistinct left by oily matters orperspiration exuded from the fingertips upon any substance* which the fingers mayhave touched.

Scene fingerprints are extremely valuable materials for criminal investigation.It being impressed carelessly and are perishable* it is necessary to thoroughlyobserve their impressed condition prior to collecting and then collect them as soonas possible by selecting a collecting method suitable. In observing the prints* it isbest to observe it O!LIUELY. In selecting the use of powder* apply thePRINCIPLE OF CONTRAST* meaning the use of powder that blends with the

background color where the latent prints has been impressed.

I. C%)#e# o- 4e M%$'"n(#


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IG. C&%##e# o- L%enC4%nce I5p$e##"on#


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3en)saku 5 is the method of searching activities for finding scenefingerprints and where they are impressed.

9ost scene fingerprints are usually found at the points of 0ntry* departureand places ransacked,attacked.

i. "o not remove ob+ect from their original position or touch anythingunless fingerprints are developed and liftedii. Search for latent print should be in a systematic and intelligent

manneriii. $onsider the points of entry* attack and exitiv. 7se correct amount and :uality of powder to develop latent print

c. Es affiliation and name

-

ll prints must be lifted and pasted standing or as if wereimpressed in a real type of impressions; each must benumbered in serial order.

iii. scene fingerprints collection report shall be prepared.

VI. V%$"o)# Me4o*# o- De


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thereafter lightly sweep excess powder to clean it; applied to dry* slipperyand sticky surfaces.

, U#e o- #p$%+ ()n5 when prints are found on large ob+ect* largespace* wide area. 0x. 6eather* synthetic* etc.

c Ro&&"n( :$oc'"n( 5e4o* place appropriate :uantity of powderon an ob+ect to be examined* lightly bend and tilt* spreading out powder allover the ob+ect in order that the powder shall adhere to the fingerprints* thefingerprint is developed by flipping the back side of the ob+ect to removeexcess powder. pplied to high :uality dried paper.

* L"(47#$"'"n( 5e4o* o$ P%"n( Me4o* 5 after having thepowder adhere to a fingerprint* lightly strike the ob+ect to be examined with abrush tip to which the powder has been applied* the fingerprint is developedwith another brush to which no powder is applied or by air blowing with ablower)brush or a spray to remove excess powder.

e Sp$"n'&"n( Me4o*5 white powder 5 applied on rubber* leather*greasy fingerprint.M%=o$ Po6*e$ 5%e$"%& %n* %pp&"c%,&e e


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adheres on thesuspectedob+ects,evidence on thesurface. $arefullyhandle and do not fly

away around.L9etallic Substances(tin plate* etc.L 6eather products(bag* purse* etc.L /ubber products

6ycopodium /olling or Spray 9ethod

L "o not use brush dueto weak adhesivepowder.L Fingerprint on theleather should bephotographed topreserved or to record."o not use scoth tapeor transplant method.Fingerprint becomes

inaccurate.

3. L"B)"* o$ C4e5"c%& Me4o*5 use of reagent on the suspected area andexpose the fingerprint marked there. %ake a photo of the exposed fingerprint as thefingerprint sampling is acted.


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might be corrupt. $arefully observe the fingerprint on the window and decide whento finish the processing of the fingerprint inside the fuming box.

h. %ake photo record.

C. N"n4+*$"n Me4o*5 %here are two solutions of the ninhydrin powder*

namely! ninhydrin petroleum ben&ine and ninhydrin acetone solution. %his is appliedby soaking a brush into the solution* and then applies on the paper in a single strokeuntil the entire suspected portion containing latent prints is covered. t normalatmospheric temperature* the latent print is observed after D4 hours of application.%o confirm the print in a short time the use of a flat iron may be used. "ry the paperusing a portable ninhydrin heater* if none* +ust let it dry.

L %he application of the solution will have a chemical reaction between the aminoacid and ninhydorine that will change the color into bluish purple.

N"n4+*$"ne Aceone #o&)"on

a. pplicable to


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Formula D! 7sing a magnetic stirrer* dissolve E gms of ninhydrin crystals in A@ mlof methanol. dd 4@ ml of two (D propanol then stir. dd CA@ ml of petroleum orpentane then stir.

E. SPWA :Spec"%& Me4o*


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Fo$5)&%

Solution )


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9.. C+%no%c$+&%e F&o)$e#cen En4%nce5en developing fingerprint inwhite by affixing gas generated from cyanoacrylic instant adhesive. It proveseffective for developing fingerprints from a blackish ob+ect* especially the adhesiveface or adhesive tape. %he latent prints is collected through photographs.

?.A5"no !&%c') Is a protein dye* which can be used to develop latent printsmade with blood stained friction skin. It is necessary to take sample of bloodstainsfor typing before using amino black.

Formula! Solution < N dissolve D gms of amino black (napthalene black ornaphthol blue black in


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b. $ollecting 9ethods to visible type of latent prints


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976%I'60 $-I$0S! 0ncircle the letter of the correct answer. Strictly no erasures@


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D4. 8erman criminologist who had thoroughly studied the history of fingerprints inthe Far 0ast and found that fingerprinting were already commonly used foridentification purposed during the %ang "ynasty from


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c. %attoo marks of the body d. Fingerprints

A4. %he biggest disadvantage of 3'ortrait 'arle as an identification system is itsQa. Intricacy and $omplexity b. Impermanencec. 6ack of communicability d. 6ack of specificity

AE. ?hich of the following would be the most important information to have inundertaking search for a person who has been reported as missingJ

a. 'ersonal habitsb. 'hysical descriptionc. 9ental $ondition and attitude at the time of the disappearanced. %he previous criminal and clinical history of the person

A. %he most easily used and positive means of personal identification of criminalisQ

a. %he 'ortrait 'arle c. 'hysical Stigmab. %he fingerprint system d. natomical description

A=. %he name that is commonly associated with a personal identification system* thebasis for which is that 31o individuals in the world are exactly the same and that thehuman skeleton does not change appreciably after D@thyear* isQa. 2ertillon b. "arwin c. 8alton d. 9endel

AH. n excellent procedure for development of latent print on white paper is to placea sufficient amount of clack powder and by tilting the paper* the powder is rolled)back and forth over the area where the print is suspected to be found. %his method

is calleda. 2rush 9ethod c. Fuming 9ethodb. /olling. Sifting 9ethod d. Spraying 9ethod

AC. %he process involving the physical removal of a developed latent fingerprint fromthe original surface is

a. "evelopment b. Immersion c. 6ifting d. pplication

4@. Its primary goal is the identification of fingerprints developed from the crimescene* by assigning a formula consisting of letters and numbers is calleda. Fingerprint Identification System c. Fingerprint $lassification Systemb. Fingerprint $omparison System d. Fingerprint 0xamination System

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a. 'apillary /idges b. Friction /idges c. /idges d. ll of the bove

4E. %he most positive means of human identification as well as the cheapest andmost practical method isa. 'almistry b. -dontology c. Fingerprinting d. "1

4. -ne of the methods in producing real impressions isa. Fingerprinting c. 'lain impressionsb. 'owder "evelopment d. 9echanical 9ethod

4=. %he following are methods of recording fingerprinta. Slab or /oller 9ethod c. 'rintmatic 9ethodb. 'orelon 9ethod d. ll of the above

4H. -ne of the most basic re:uirements in taking legible fingerprints isa. lways relax the hand of the sub+ect

b. $leanliness of the e:uipmentc. Insure that the ink is spread wiselyd. ll of the above

4C. It used to lift print from the skin surface by placing the card over the skin in thesuspected area and applying pressure for about A seconds isa. 9olding $ard b. romekote $ard c. Fingerprint $ard d. 2onlio $ard

E@. %hat type of pattern in which there are two loops surrounding or overlapping theother in which the core ridges have their axis on the same sides of the pattern iscalled

a. "ouble 6oop c. 6ateral 'ocket 6oop e. $entral 'ocket 6oopb. %win 6oop d. ccidental 'attern

E


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a. 0ngland and ?ales b. 7S c. 0ngland d. rgentina

E=. %he system of classification that spread and is accepted in almost Spanishspeaking countries and also considered to be among the two most accepted systemis

a. 8alton System c. Gucetich System e. Sir enry Systemb. lphonse 2ertillon System d. #$ 9ayers System

EH. Is that part of our skin intervening between the dermis and the epidermisimmediately underneath the generating layer* which is responsible for the ridgeformation isa. Sweat 8lands b. "ermal 'apillae c. $orneous 6ayer d. %hick 6ayer

EC. ?hen one digit of the fingerprint is missing* classification of said missing digit willbea. 9eeting ?horl c. 'attern follows the corresponding digit on the opposite hand

b. mputated Finger d. 'attern of the next digit immediately on its side

@. %his division in a fingerprint classification derived from patterns* which arerecorded always in capital letters following strictly the identity of such impression isa. Final $lassification c. 'rimary $lassification e. Secondary$lassificationb. ey $lassification d. 9a+or $lassification


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H. It is an element in the comparison of friction ridges that pertains to the sufficientridge characteristicsa. uantitative Factors b. ualitative $oncordance c. 8eneral 'attern

greement

d. /elationship of /idge "etails e. ll of the above

C. 7nder the enry classification systems* it refers to the numerical value of allwhorl patterns in real prints isa. ey b. 9a+or c, 'rimary d. Secondary

=@. Suppose the /ight finger is a $entral 'ocket 6oop ?horl with a ridge trace oftwo (D* the right middle finger has a ridge count of ten (


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a. Identification b. 0xamination c. $lassificationd. Formulation e. ll of the above

=H. 'ertains to the H types of pattern that appears to be in the same position duringan identification process is

a. uantitative Factor b. ualitative $oncordancec. 8eneral 'attern greement d. /elationship of /idge "etailse. ll of the above

=C. It means sufficient number of ridge characteristics or details present between theuestioned and the standard isa. uantitative Factor b. ualitative $oncordancec. 8eneral 'attern greement d. /elationship of /idge "etailse. ll of the above

H@. %hat principle which means that no two fingerprints even twins are exactly alike

a. 'rinciple of Individuality b. 'rinciple of 'ermanencyc. 'rinciple of Infallibility d. 'rinciple of $onstancye. 1one of the bove

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a. %ype lines b. "ivergence c. 'attern rea d. $onvergencee. Imaginary lines

HC. %he impressions in a pattern area where the ridges enter on one side of theimpressions and exit on the other side with a wave or rise in the center

a. 6oops b. rches c. ?horls d. /idges e. ll of them

C@.%hat type of pattern in which one or more of the ridges enter on either side of theimpression* recurve or pass an imaginary line drawn from the delta to the core andterminate or tend to terminate on or toward the same side of the impression fromwhere such ridge or ridges entered isa. 6oops b. rches c. ?horls d. /idges e. ll of them

C


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CC. %hat focal point located at the center or approximately at the center of thepattern area isa. $ore b. "elta c. /idges d. 'attern rea e. ll of theabove


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a. Slowly K carefully impress the fingers b. /ecord its condition K appearancec. Study* record K photograph the ridgesd. 7se molding method


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?EY ANSWERS TO THE UESTIONNAIRES

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Dactyloscopy 2