D wrim k Aqy rwj nIiq k gqIiv DIAWD wrim k Aqy rwj nIiq k ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10398/7/07_chapter 3.pdf · bMdw isMG bhwdr nUM iek Aijhw Avqwr purS bxw idqw

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((((AiDAwie qIjwAiDAwie qIjwAiDAwie qIjwAiDAwie qIjw))))

Dwrimk Aqy rwjnIiqk gqIivDIAWDwrimk Aqy rwjnIiqk gqIivDIAWDwrimk Aqy rwjnIiqk gqIivDIAWDwrimk Aqy rwjnIiqk gqIivDIAW ::::

bMdw isMGbMdw isMGbMdw isMGbMdw isMG bhbhbhbhwdr qoN mhwrwjw Syr isMG qkwdr qoN mhwrwjw Syr isMG qkwdr qoN mhwrwjw Syr isMG qkwdr qoN mhwrwjw Syr isMG qk

auqr gurU-kwl bwry tyk isMG duAwrw idqI jwxkwrI ieiqhwsk p`K qoN bhuq

mhqvpUrn hY[ ieh jwxkwrI 1708 qoN 1843 eI. qk dI hY, ijs ivc bwbw bMdw isMG

bhwdr qoN mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy dyhWq qk dIAW GtnwvW vrxn kIqIAW geIAW hn[

ies kwl dw ivDIvq AiDAYn krn leI AsIN ies AiDAwie nUM iqMn BwgW ivc

vMifAw hY-

a. bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr : gurU imlwp, lVweIAW Aqy AMiqm smW (1708-1716 eI.)

A. is`K imslW dw AwrMB Aqy ivkws (1716-1799 eI.)

e. is`K rwj dw AwrMB, ivkws Aqy pqn (1799-1843 eI.)

(Bwg-a)

bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdrbwbw bMdw isMG bhwdrbwbw bMdw isMG bhwdrbwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr : : : : gurU imlwp, lVweIAW Aqy AMiqm smWgurU imlwp, lVweIAW Aqy AMiqm smWgurU imlwp, lVweIAW Aqy AMiqm smWgurU imlwp, lVweIAW Aqy AMiqm smW

((((1708-1716 eI.)eI.)eI.)eI.)

cricq gRMQ ivc tyk isMG ny bMdw isMG bhwdr bwry do QW jwxkwrI idqI hY,

ijsdy lgBg 11 p`qry bx jWdy hn[ p`qrw nM. 442 qoN 445 qk aus ny bMdw isMG

bhwdr dy gurU jI nwl imlwp dw izkr kIqw hY Aqy p`qrw nM. 454 qoN 461 qk bMdw

isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIAW dw hwl AMikq kIqw hY[ ivckwr dy p`qirAW aupr gurU

goibMd isMG dI izMdgI dy AMiqm smwcwr ilKy hoey hn[

tyk isMG duAwrw idqI bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr nwl sMbMiDq jwxkwrI nUM AsIN

iqMn BwgW ivc ivcwrn dw Xqn krWgy[

182

1. gurU gurU gurU gurU goibMd isMG goibMd isMG goibMd isMG goibMd isMG jI nwl imlwpjI nwl imlwpjI nwl imlwpjI nwl imlwp

2. bMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIAWbMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIAWbMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIAWbMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIAW

3. bMdw isMG bhwdr dbMdw isMG bhwdr dbMdw isMG bhwdr dbMdw isMG bhwdr dw AMiqm smWw AMiqm smWw AMiqm smWw AMiqm smW

1. gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl imlwpgurU goibMd isMG jI nwl imlwpgurU goibMd isMG jI nwl imlwpgurU goibMd isMG jI nwl imlwp---- gurU jI nwl imlwp smyN bMdw isMG bhwdr dw nwm

‘dvwirkw dws’ sI[ dvwirkw dws vYSnv/vYrwgI swDU sI[ ausdw sMbMD bIqy jug dy

‘hwQI rwm’ nwmk swDU nwl sI Aqy ausny Awpxw fyrw hwQI rwm swDU dy hukm Anuswr

hI nWdyV ivKy bxwieAw sI[1 iesy klpnw dw hor ivsQwr krdw hoieAw tyk isMG

ilKdw hY ik hwQI rwm ny dvwirkw dws nUM gurU goibMd isMG dy pMQ bwry Aqy gurU jI dy

Awaux bwry jwxkwrI pihlW hI idqI hoeI sI[ tyk isMG iesy g`l nUM cwr kdm A`gy

qordw hoieAw ilKdw hY ik hwQI rwm ny dvwirkw dws nUM gurU jI dy hukm Anuswr

pMjwb jwx Aqy zwlmW nUM soDx, dI g`l mMnx dw hukm vI pihlW hI kIqw hoieAw

sI[2 gurU jI dy isMGW ny dvwirkw dws dy fyry aupr phuMc ky bkry Jtky Aqy mhwpRSwd

bxwieAw[ gurU jI aus sQwn ’qy bxy mMdr ivc gey Aqy mMjI dy cwry pwivAW aupr

cwr qIr r`K ky ibnw koeI SMkw kIqy bYT gey[ gurU jI dI AsIm SkqI dy A`gy cwr

bIr byvs ho gey jo dvwirkw dws leI krwmwqI SkqIAW dw AwDwr sn[3 dvwirkw

dws gurU jI nUM plMG aupr bYTy vyK ky aunHW A`gy SWqI nwl KVw ho igAw[ gurU jI dy

iqMn vwr puCx qy, ik qUM kOx hYN ? ausny auqr idqw ik qUM myrw swihb hYN Aqy mYN qyrw

bMdw hW[4 ausny gurU jI qoN syvw dI mMg kIqI[ gurU jI ny aus nUM Awpxy pirvwr nwl

1 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 442(A). 2 -auhI-, p`qrw 442(A). 3 -auhI, p`qrw 442(a). 4 hwQ joiV kir sIs invwvY irdw suD krqw js gwvY] hau bMdw qU swihb myrw gur Purmwn swQ js pwvY] drs prs aun dIE bqweI qau mwrg hm dyKq BwvY] Awsw pUrn krnY kY ihq Awey ho swihb ien QwvY]9] bMdw bMdgI krqw jwno prI kbUl jwnq ho swrI] Ab hau BieE ikqwrQ gurU jI bKso iKjmq hY BwrI] hwQI rwm pTwieE eIhw so qo bwq sPur BeI kwrI] Awgm vwk nYnn mY dyKY Awgy hwQ qumry ivvhwrI]23940] -auhI-, p`qrw 244(a).

183

hoey AinAW qoN jwxU krvwieAw Aqy ausnUM pMjwb jwx dw hukm idqw[ gurU jI ny ausnUM

ikhw ik sB qoN pihlW is`KW nUM iekqR krnw hY, iPr srhMd nUM aujwVnw hY Aqy

bweIDwrW nUM soDxw hY[ jdoN bMdw isMG, gurU jI A`gy nyqr bMd krky KVw hoieAw qW

ausnUM Awpxy AMdr AnMq SkqI dw Aihsws hoieAw[5 gurU jI ny bMdw isMG nUM pMj qIrW

dI bîSS krky pMjwb v`l qor idqw Aqy Awp A`gy cly gey[6

bMdw isMG bhwdr Aqy gurU jI dI mulwkwq bwry idqI tyk isMG dI jwxkwrI dy

kuJ q`Q is`K ieiqhwskwrW ny AwpxIAW ilKqW ivc drz kIqy hn, ijvyN- bMdw isMG

bhwdr dw pihlW vYrwgI swDU hoxw, gurU jI dy isMGW duAwrw bkry Jtk ky mhwpRswd

bxwauxw, gurU jI dw mMdr ivc pey plMG aupr cwr qIr r`K ky bYTxw, plMG dw nw

ihlxw, gurU jI dy puCx ’qy bMdy duAwrw auqr dyxw ik ‘mYN qyrw bMdw hW’, gurU jI duAwrw

bMdy nUM Awpxy nwl hoey AinAW dI jwxkwrI pRdwn krnw, pMj qIr Aqy AnMq bîSSW

dy ky pMjwb dy AinAWkwrI SwskW nUM soDx leI pMjwb Byjxw[ pr ienHW q`QW dy nwl-

nwl tyk isMG ny AwpxI klpnw dy shwry bMdw isMG bhwdr dw sMbMD ipCly jugW nwl

joV idqw hY Aqy iksy vI sRoq ivc nw imlx vwlw bMdw isMG bhwdr dw nwm dvwirkw

dws ilK idqw hY[ ausdI iesy klpnw ivcoN kuJ hor g`lW pRgt ho geIAW, ijnHW ny

bMdw isMG bhwdr nUM iek Aijhw Avqwr purS bxw idqw hY, ijsdw jnm pMjwb dI

DrqI qoN zulm imtwaux leI hoieAw sI[ tyk isMG duAwrw kIqI klpnw Anuswr auh

gurU jI dy pMQ bwry jwxdw sI Aqy gurU jI dI aufIk kr irhw sI ik auh kdoN Aw ky

ausnUM AwpxI SkqI b^Sx Aqy pMjwb Byjx[

tyk isMG ny ieh klpnw ikauN kIqI ? ies qrHW dI klpnw krn dI ausnUM kI

zrUrq sI ? ies svwl dw jvwb ieh hY ik is`K ieiqhws ivc bMdw isMG bhwdr

bwry kuJ rh`smeI q`Q hn[ ijvyN, gurU jI ny pMjwb dI DrqI qoN zulm dw nwS krn

leI bMdw isMG bhwdr nUM hI ikauN cuixAw ? gurU jI dy puCx ’qy bMdw isMG ny ieh

5 -auhI-, p`qrw 444. 6 -auhI-, p`qrw 445(a).

184

auqr ikauN idqw ik mYN qyrw bMdw hW ? ieh do svwl tyk isMG swhmxy vI Awey

hoxgy, ijnHW nUM ausny klpnw dy shwry h`l kr ilAw[ pihly svwl nUM h`l krn leI

ausny bMdw isMG bhwdr dw jnm zulm nwS krn leI hoieAw drswieAw hY Aqy dUjy

dy auqr leI ausny bMdw isMG bhwdr nUM gurU jI bwry pihlW qoN hI jwxkwrI hox dw

izkr kIqw hY[ ieiqhwsk nzrIey qoN ivcwridAW aus dIAW ieh kwlpink Aqy

Bwvnwqimk aufwrIAW shI swbq nhIN huMdIAW ikauNik vrqmwn smyN qk bMdw isMG

dy pUrv jIvn bwry kw&I Koj ho cukI hY jo ausdy jnm Aqy ^wndwn bwry kw&I

jwxkwrI jutwauNdI hY[

2. bMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIbMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIbMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIbMdw isMG bhwdr dIAW lVweIAWAWAWAW---- bMdw isMG bhwdr ny jdoN nWdyV qoN pMjwb v`l

kUc kIqw qW aus dw swQ dyx leI sB qoN pihlW lubwxy is`K ausnUM Aw ky imly[7 sB

qoN pihlW bMdw isMG bhwdr ny sFOry aupr hmlw kIqw, ijs ivc bMdw isMG bhwdr ny

sFOry nUM bVI burI qrHW luitAw Aqy EQoN dI sUbydwrI ^qm kr idqI[8 sFOry aupr kIqy

bMdw isMG bhwdr dy hmilAW dw hwl lg-pg swry ieiqhwskwrW ny kIqw hY[ bwkI

ieiqhwskwrW ny qW sFOry dy hwkm ausmwn ^W nUM mwrn dw izkr kIqw hY, jdoN ik tyk

isMG ny iesy Gtnw nUM kyvl sUbydwrI ^qm krn dI g`l kih ky drswaux dw Xqn

kIqw hY[ izkrXog hY ik bMdw isMG bhwdr ny muZl hwkmW dw rwj ^qm krky is`K

srdwrW nUM vK-vK QWvW dw hwkm Qwp ky is`K rwj dI nINh r`KI sI[ bMdw isMG

bhwdr ny srhMd aupr hmlw krky aus nUM burI qrHW aujwV idqw[ srhMd dy hukmrwnW

nUM ml-mUqR ivc GsIitAw Aqy srhMd dIAW nIhW pu`t ky sqluj dirAw ivc sut

7 -auhI-, p`qrw 456(A). not : krm isMG ihstorIAn ny vI pMjwb v`l Aw rhy bMdw isMG bhwdr nwl sB qoN pihlW iek lubwxy

is`K dy hI imlx dw izkr kIqw hY, ijsny dsvMD dy ky bMdw isMG dI mwlI mdd vI kIqI sI[ krm isMG ihstorIAn ny qW iek lubwxy is`K dy imlx dw izkr kIqw hY, pr igAwnI igAwn isMG ny tyk isMG vWg lubwxy is`KW dy vfI igxqI ivc imlx dw vrxn kIqw hY, ijnHW dI igxqI ausny 500 ilKI hY[ -krm isMG, bMdw bhwdr, cI& Kwlsw dIvwn, AMimRqsr-1907, pMnw 31. ; igAwnI igAwn isMG, SmSyr Kwlsw, Kwlsw tRYkt suswietI, AMimRqsr-1923, pMnw 5.

8 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 456(A).

185

idqIAW[ ies hmly dOrwn bMdw isMG bhwdr ny isr& gunwhgwrW nUM hI szwvW idqIAW,

sMqW swDW nUM ausny iblkul nhIN sqwieAw, sgoN aunHW dI syvw v`l hI iDAwn idqw[9

bMdw isMG bhwdr ny cmkOr swihb ivKy ‘kwT gV’ nW dw iek iklHw

bxvwieAw Aqy gurU nwl DoKw krn vwly rMGVW dw nwS vI jwrI riKAw[10 izkrXog

hY ik bMdw isMG bhwdr dy cmkOr swihb jwx Aqy iklHw bxvwaux dI jwxkwrI, iksy

sQwnk irvwieq Aqy ieiqhwsk ilKq qoN nhIN imldI[ bMdw isMG bhwdr ny jdoN

phwVI irAwsqW v`l Awpxw muK kIqw qW ausny AwnMdpur swihb ivKy fyrw kIqw11 Aqy

phwVI irAwsqW nUM ij`qx qoN bwAd bMdw isMG bhwdr ny AwnMdpur swihb Aqy

kIrqpur swihb ivKy is`KI-inSwn Julwey[12 jdoN bMdw isMG bhwdr ny sukyq mMfI ivKy

itkwxw kIqw qW auQoN dy rwjy dy puqr dI Acwnk imRqU ho geI[ rwj kumwr dI pqnI ny

bMdw isMG bhwdr Agy bhuq rudn kIqw, ijs kwrn bMdw isMG bhwdr ny ausdy pqI nUM

krwmwq nwl muV jIvq kr idqw[ ies krwmwq dy vwprn nwl swrI irAwsq ny bMdw

isMG bhwdr dw Sukrwnw kIqw Aqy ausdI ADIngI pRvwn kr leI[13 tyk isMG duAwrw

vrxn kIqI auprokq Gtnw dI iksy hor ieiqhwsk sRoq qoN puStI nhIN huMdI[

9 -auhI-, p`qrw 457(a). not : bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr duAwrw srhMd dy hwkm vzIr ^wn Aqy dIvwn sucw nMd nwl kIqy slUk dw

Aqy srhMd nUM aujwVn dw izkr lgpg swry ieiqhwskwrW ny kIqw hY[ 10 -auhI-, p`qrw 457. 11 -auhI, p`qrw 457(A)-458(a). not : tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq ies g`l ivc aukweI hY ikauNik ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy bMdw isMG bhwdr ny

phwVI irAwsqW vwlI muihMm dI iqAwrI leI Awpxw itkwxw AwnMdpur swihb riKAw sI[ krm isMG ihstorIAn ny ies muihMm smyN bMdw isMG bhwdr dy nwl nw hox aupr zor idqw hY[ pr fw. gMfw isMG ny ies muihMm ivc bMdw isMG bhwdr dy Swiml hox dw izkr kIqw hY[ krm isMG nwloN fw. gMfw isMG dw ivcwr vDyry ivSvwsXog hY ikauNik ausny jonpur dy is`KW nUM ies muihm ivc Swiml hox leI kIqy hukmnwmy nUM AwDwr bxwieAw hY[ igAwnI igAwn isMG ny vI ies muihMm aupr bMdw isMG bhwdr dy nwl hox dI swK BrI hY[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 94. ; krm isMG, auhI, pMnw 122. ; igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 93.

12 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 457(A)-458(a).

not : fw. gMfw isMG Anuswr hmlw isr& iblwspur aupr hI kIqw igAw sI, ijs dOrwn Sihr nUM luitAw igAw Aqy bhuq igxqI ivc &OjI mwry gey[ ieh vyK ky bwkI irAwsqW ny ^wlsy dI ADIngI pRvwn kr leI sI[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 94.

13 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 458.

186

ieiqhws ivc bMdw isMG bhwdr dw sukyq mMfI dy rwjy suDr sYn kol jwx dw hwl qW

imldw hY,14 pr tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq Gtnw dw nhIN[

mMfI qoN bwAd bMdw isMG bhwdr kWgVw igAw, auprMq ausny grotw (jsrotw)

ivKy vI fyrw kIqw[15 tyk isMG ny bMdw isMG bhwdr dy kWgVw qy jsrotw jwx dI Gtnw

‘kot imrzwpur’ ivKy iklHw bxwaux qoN pihlW AMikq kIqI hY, ijsdI puStI iksy hor

sRoq qoN nhIN huMdI[ ho skdw hY ik bMdw isMG bhwdr iksy smyN ienHW QWvW ’qy vI igAw

hovy[ izkrXog hY ik ienHW dovW irAwsqW dy hukmrwn bMdw isMG bhwdr qoN pIiVq

sn[ jdoN bMdw isMG bhwdr gurdws nMgl dI gVHI ivc iGirAw hoieAw sI qW ienHW ny

Pru^sIAr dy hukm Anuswr bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr ivruD lwhOr dIAW &OjW dw swQ

idqw sI[16

3. bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dwbwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dwbwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dwbwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dw AMiqm smWAMiqm smWAMiqm smWAMiqm smW---- bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr ny gurdwspur ivKy

iek iklHy dI auswrI kIqI Aqy kwT dIAW qopW dw pRbMD vI kIqw[17 seIAd Abdulw

^wn, dInw byZ, Syr ^wn Aqy sUrq isMG ny rl ky id`lI Pru^sIAr kol bMdw isMG

bhwdr dy ivruD kwrvweI krn dI ApIl kIqI[18 ienHW ivAkqIAW duAwrw SwhI &OjW

cVHw ky ilAwaux dw hwl tyk isMG qoN ibnw iksy hor ieiqhwskwr ny AMikq nhIN

kIqw[ ienHW ivcoN seIAd sUrq isMG19 qy Abdulw ^wn20 bwry qW ieiqhws ivcoN hvwly

14 igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 96. 15 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 458(A). 16 “ienHW (SwhI) &OjW nUM kWgVw dy ktoc hwkm Aqy jsrotw dy rwjw DrUv dyv dy puqr hr dyv v`loN vI mdd

imlI[” -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 96. 17 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 458(A). not : bMdw isMG bhwdr ny ‘kot imrzw’ nwmk iklHw bxwauxw AwrMB kIqw sI, ijs nUM auh pUrw nhIN kr

sikAw[ ies kwrn aus nUM SwhI &OjW dw mukwblw krn leI dunI cMd dI hvylI ivc itkwxw krnw ipAw sI[ -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 144.

18 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 459(A). 19

sUrq isMG lwhOr dw dIvwn sI[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 128. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 104.,

171. 20

seIAd iek jmwq dw nwm sI, ijnHW dI idlI drbwr ivc suxI jWdI sI[ 18vIN sdI dy AwrMB ivc do seIAd BrwvW dw idlI drbwr ivc bolbwlw sI, ijnHW nUM ieiqhws ivc seIAd BrwvW dy nwm nwl jwixAw jWdw hY[ ienHW ivcoN iek dw nwm Abdulw ^W sI Aqy dUjy dw husYn AlI[ bhwdr Swh qoN bwAd

(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)

187

iml jWdy hn pr dInw byZ nwm dy iksy pRisD ivAkqI bwry ieiqhws ivc koeI

izkr nhIN imldw, ijs kwrn ies bwry kuJ vI kihxw muSikl hY[ iesy qrHW Syr ^wn

nwm dy ivAkqI bwry vI koeI sUcnw ieiqhws ivcoN nhIN imldI[ izkrXog hY ik bMdw

isMG bhwdr dy nwmI duSmnW ivcoN mlyrkotly dw nvwb Syr muhMmd ^wn sI, pr auh

1710 eI. nUM srhMd dI lVweI ivc is`KW dy h`QoN mwirAw jw cukw sI[

KYr aukq iSkwieq qoN bwAd vfI igxqI ivc vYrI-dl ny Aw ky iklHy nUM Gyrw

pw ilAw[ Kwlsw &OjW ny ieqnw ft ky mukwblw kIqw ik duSmx nUM hwr swhmxy idKweI

dyx lg peI[21 hwr qoN bcx leI muZl jrnYlW vloN Pru sIAr nUM mdd leI iek ^q

iliKAw igAw Aqy zubwnI gl-bwq vI kIqI geI[ Pru sIAr kol kIqI &irAwd rwhIN

Kwlsy dI SkqI dw vrxn vI kIqw igAw[22 dubwrw kIqI iSkwieq kwrn Pru sIAr ny

vfI igxqI ivc &Oj Byj idqI Aqy hukm kIqw ik iklHy ivcoN iek vI bMdw bc ky nhIN

inklxw cwhIdw[ SwhI hukm Anuswr &OjW ny iklHy nUM cwry pwisAW qoN Gyrw pw ilAw[

SwhI &OjW ny AlI-AlI kridAW Aqy ngwry vjwauNidAW iklyH aupr Dwvw kr idqw[

muZl sYinkW ny iklHy dIAW kMDW aupr cVHn dw Xqn kIqw pr Kwlsw &OjW ny kwT dIAW

qopW nwl qurkW nUM ipCy muVn leI mzbUr kr idqw[ rx BUmI lwSw Aqy Un nwl lQ-

pQ ho geI Aqy jo vI sYink bMdw isMG bhwdr dy vs ipAw, auh XkInn mwirAw

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) ienHW ny idlI dy q^q aupr keI SwskW nUM ibTwieAw Aqy kql krvwieAw[ Abdulw ^W dsMbr 1720 qk idlI dw vzIr vI irhw sI[ -krm isMG, auhI, pMnw 175. ; sohx isMG sIql, is`K rwj ikvyN bixAw, lwhOr bu`k Swp, luiDAwxw-2006, pMnw 34-35. -hsn Kwn Abdu`ly Kwno[ s`Xd Qy bjIr iqNh jwno[

pwiqswih ky inkit rhwvY[ so sB swhI kwr clwvYN[ -igAwnI igAwn isMG, pMQ pRkwS, p`Qr Cwpw, mqbwrsmYnUr, AMimRqsr-1 hwV, sMmq 1946, pMnw 354.

-hsn Kwn Abdulw Kwn, kIXo kd E qKqih Twn[ ikqk roj ies BWq ibqey, nyVy mrn Swih idn Aey[2[ -auhI-, pMnw 224. 21 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 459(A). 22 PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw qygw mwirq Awgy hoeI]

mrn mUl qn smJq Apnw praupkwir krq ivD moeI] Apny gur ky hyq lVq hY rl ky syvk jwno soeI] gurdwspurw hY AwkI kInw dyKq srb jhwn KloeI]2] -auhI-, p`qrw 460(a).

188

igAw[ Kwlsw &OjW ny SwhI &OjW dw hr qrHW nwl ft ky mukwblw kIqw[ pr iklHy ivc

rwSn mukx kwrn isMGW dy srIr suk ky l`kV vWg ho gey Aqy siQqI AwnMdpur swihb

dy iklHy ijhI ho geI[23 tyk isMG duAwrw vrxn kIqy auprokq dovyN qQ ieiqhwsk qOr

’qy TIk hn[ ieiqhws Anuswr muZl &OjW ivc ieh gl Awm sI ik bMdw isMG bhwdr

krwmwqW duAwrw kuJ vI krn dy smrQ sI, iesy kwrn aus nwl tkr lYx dw swhs

iksy ivc vI nhIN sI[ gurdws nMgl dI gVHI nUM Gyrw pwaux vwly bhuqy muZl hwkm qy

sYink kyvl SwhI &rmwn dy Dkyly hI Awey sn[24 ies lVweI dOrwn bMdw isMG bhwdr

nw qW pkiVAw igAw Aqy nw hI mwirAw igAw, sgoN imRdlsRxI aupr cV ky AwkwS

ivc clw igAw Aqy gurU goibMd isMG dI sBw ivc jw ibrwijAw[25

bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dy ies qrHW Asmwn cVHn dI jo kwlpink khwxI tyk

isMG ny GVI hY, jwpdw hY ik ieh ausdy bMdw isMG pRqI AQwh ivSvws ivcoN pRgt

hoeI hY[ ijsdw iek kwrn ieh vI ho skdw hY ik gRMQkwr bMdw isMG bhwdr dy

Awgmn dw kwrn srhMd nUM aujwVnw Aqy phwVI rwijAW nUM soDxw ilKdw/mMndw hY Aqy

ies GyrwbMdI qoN pihlW bMdw isMG bhwdr ny ienHW dovW kwrjW nUM nypry cwV ilAw sI,

ijs kwrn auh Awpxy imSn dI pUrqI qoN bwAd Awlop ho igAw[ pr AwDuink Koj ny

bMdw isMG dy PVy jwx dw Aqy id`lI ivKy ShId hox dw hwl iblkul spSt kr idqw

hY, ijs kwrn tyk isMG dI khI g`l kwlpink swbq ho jWdI hY[ tyk isMG vWg hI

bMdw isMG dy muZlW hQoN nw mrn dI SrDk pRoVHqw hor ieiqhwskwrW26 ny vI kIqI hY,

23 -auhI-, p`qrw 460. 24 iebqrnwmw dy hvwly nwl fw. gMfw isMG ilKdy hn, “…srdwr (bMdw isMG) dw ieqnw fr sI ik SwhI

sYnW dy kmWfr r`b Agy pRwrQnw krdy sn ik koeI Aijhw Bwxw vrqy ik bMdw isMG Awpxy bcw leI gVHI ivcoN bwhr Bj jwey[” ies lVweI dOrwn lgpg AT mhIinAW qk iklHy nUM Gyrw ipAw irhw Aqy rwSn muk jwx kwrn BuK nwl iklHy ivc mrn vwilAW dI igxqI 8000 qk puj geI sI[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 97-98.

25 imRdlsRxI pr pwd itkwvq ciV kir ciFE ggn mY mwno] goibMd isMG kI sBw mMJwrY hwQI rwm shq jIA jwno]

rhn bhn lwgy ruc syqI bcn krq pUrn phcwno] dyq vfweI jn kau swrI rwKq sMg bMdw iem Awno]1] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 460(A). 26 igAwnI igAwn isMG, SmSyr Kwlsw, pMnw 161-62. ; krm isMG, auhI, pMnw 191-93.

189

auh ilKdy hn ik bMdw isMG mrn qoN bwAd muV jIvq ho igAw sI[ ienHW

ieiqhwskwrW ny vI tyk isMG vWg SrDk hox kwrn q`Q qoN pry ho ky, bMdw isMG

bhwdr dw aucwpx, AlOikk SkqIAW dw mwlk, ^ws imSn dI pUrqI ihq ies DrqI

’qy Awaux nUM isD krn dw Xqn kIqw hY jo Axieiqhwsk ho jWdw hY[

bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dw hwl ilKidAw tyk isMG ny ‘&qih drSnI’ Sbd

vwr-vwr vriqAw hY[ mMinAw jWdw hY ik bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr ny ‘&qih drSn’

iek nvW pMQ bxwieAw sI[ ies g`l nUM lY ky bMdw isMG bhwdr dw cirqr sdw hI Sk

dy dwiery ivc iGirAw irhw hY[ gRMQ ivc vrqy ‘&qih drSnI’ Sbd nUM ghu nwl

vwicAW pqw lgdw hY ik ies Sbd dI vrqoN gRMQkwr ny iks sMdrB ivc kIqI hY?

ies ivSy aupr crcw krn qoN pihlW tyk isMG duAwrw idqIAW kuJ pMkqIAW vyKdy hW-

---- PqY drsnI jh qh drsY AOr KOP ht jwq su qn hY]...2[PqY drsnI jh qh drsY AOr KOP ht jwq su qn hY]...2[PqY drsnI jh qh drsY AOr KOP ht jwq su qn hY]...2[PqY drsnI jh qh drsY AOr KOP ht jwq su qn hY]...2[27

---- suniq bwq bMdw cV dauirE PqY drsnI sMg Bey hY]...9]suniq bwq bMdw cV dauirE PqY drsnI sMg Bey hY]...9]suniq bwq bMdw cV dauirE PqY drsnI sMg Bey hY]...9]suniq bwq bMdw cV dauirE PqY drsnI sMg Bey hY]...9]28

----PqY drsnI pMQ hmwrw gur BweI dyPqY drsnI pMQ hmwrw gur BweI dyPqY drsnI pMQ hmwrw gur BweI dyPqY drsnI pMQ hmwrw gur BweI dyKq suK pwvq]...9]Kq suK pwvq]...9]Kq suK pwvq]...9]Kq suK pwvq]...9]29

---- PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw hoq ipAwrI jwnq Air hY]...2]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw hoq ipAwrI jwnq Air hY]...2]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw hoq ipAwrI jwnq Air hY]...2]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw hoq ipAwrI jwnq Air hY]...2]30

---- PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw rhy sucyq dono gV mY hY]...4]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw rhy sucyq dono gV mY hY]...4]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw rhy sucyq dono gV mY hY]...4]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw rhy sucyq dono gV mY hY]...4]31

----PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw mwirq vYrI qwih gieAw hY]...8]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw mwirq vYrI qwih gieAw hY]...8]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw mwirq vYrI qwih gieAw hY]...8]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw mwirq vYrI qwih gieAw hY]...8]32

---- PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw pwvq jIq dyKn jg swrw]...9]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw pwvq jIq dyKn jg swrw]...9]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw pwvq jIq dyKn jg swrw]...9]PqY drsnI gurU Kwlsw pwvq jIq dyKn jg swrw]...9]33

ienHW pMkqIAW ivc lyKk ny ‘&qih drSnI’ dy nwl vDyry QW ‘gurU Kwlsw’

Sbd dI vrqoN kIqI hY Bwv ausny ies Sbd nUM ‘pMQ gurU’ dy rUp ivc vriqAw hY[

ijvyN ikhw jWdw hY ik bMdw isMG bhwdr dy swQI imlx smyN ‘vwihgurU jI kI &qih’

27 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 456(A). 28 -auhI-, p`qrw 457(A). 29 -auhI-, p`qrw 459(a). 30 -auhI-, p`qrw 459(a). 31 -auhI-, p`qrw 459(A). 32 -auhI-, p`qrw 459(A). 33 -auhI-, p`qrw 459(A).

190

dI QW ‘&qih drSn’34 boldy sn, ies qrHW dw koeI vI hvwlw cricq gRMQ ivc nhIN

imldw[ jykr sMbMiDq gRMQ dy hvwilAW nwl &qih drSnI dI ivAwiKAw krnI hovy

qW ies ivc koeI sMdyh nhIN rhygw ik ieh ‘pMQ gurU’ Sbd dw hI iek hor rUp sI

Aqy ‘dIdwr Kwlsy kw’ isDWq dw hI iek hor pRgtwvw sI, jo bMdw isMG bhwdr dy smyN

vriqAw jWdw irhw[ gRMQ ivc ‘&qih drSnI’ dy nwl ‘pMQ hmwrw’, ‘gurU ^wlsw’ Aqy

‘jh qh drsY’ vrqy SbdW qoN spSt sMkyq imldw hY ik ‘&qih drSn’ bMdw isMG

duAwrw clwieAw koeI bolw nhIN sI, sgoN gurU jI dI dyh rUp ‘qIsr rUp isK hY mor’

dw hI iek pRgtwvw sI[

bMdw isMG bhwdr dw jIvn ilKidAW tyk isMG ny keI kwlpink GtnwvW dw

izkr kIqw hY jo ieiqhws dI ksv`tI qoN shI isD nhIN huMdIAW[ pr tyk isMG duAwrw

idqI bMdw isMG bhwdr sMbMDI sUcnw ivc do g`lW bhuq hI AihmIAq vwlIAW hn[

pihlI, aus duAwrw ‘&qih drSnI’ dw jo srUp pyS kIqw igAw hY, jykr ausnUM AwDwr

bxwky A`gy Koj kIqI jwvy qW ho skdw hY bMdw isMG bhwdr bwry pey BulyiKAw nUM hl

krn leI iek nvW rwh iml sky[ dUsrw, PrûSIAr kol bMdw isMG bhwdr ivruD

iSkwieq krn vwly ijhVy ivAkqIAW dy nwm tyk isMG ny idqy hn, aunHW bwry pihlW

iksy ilKq ivc vrxn nhIN imldw[ ienHW ivAkqIAW bwry hor Koj kIiqAW ieiqhws

dy keI nvyN p`K swhmxy Aw skdy hn[

(Bwg(Bwg(Bwg(Bwg----A)A)A)A)

is`Kis`Kis`Kis`K imslW dw AwrMB Aqy ivkws (imslW dw AwrMB Aqy ivkws (imslW dw AwrMB Aqy ivkws (imslW dw AwrMB Aqy ivkws (1716-1799 eI.)eI.)eI.)eI.)

imsl Sbd dy ArQ-mUl leI ArbI BwSw ivc do Sbd hn, pihlw imsl

Aqy dUjw imshL[ pihly dy ArQ- brwbr, swry guxW AOguxW ’c brwbr, imldw

juldw, ieko jyhw ; mukdmy dI &wiel Awid Aqy dUjy dy ArQ- kwZzW dw Q`bw, iksy

34 BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny ‘scy swihb kI Pqih’ iliKAw hY[ -kwnH isMG nwBw, auhI, vyKo- q`q Kwlsw.

191

ivSyS ivSy nwl sMbMiDq kwZz jo iek Q`by (plMdy) ’c r`Ky hox, kRmvwr r`Ky hoey Aqy

n`QI kIqy kwZz Awid hn[35

jykr is`K gRMQW dy nzrIey qoN vyiKAw jwvy qW ies Sbd dI vrqoN ‘sRI gurU

gRMQ swihb’ ivc ‘sm idRStI’ Aqy dsm gRMQ ivc ‘jQy’ dy ArQW ivc hoeI hY[36

sRI gur soBw ivc kvI sYnwpiq ny ies Sbd dI vrqoN BMgwxI dy XuD dw vrxn

kridAw kIqI hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik moricAW dI vMf krky imsl (jQy) lwey

gey[37 rqn isMG BMgU ny imsl Sbd aunHW is`K jQybMdIAW dy leI vriqAw hY jo 18vIN

sdI ivc s`qw pRwpq krn leI lVdIAW rhIAW[38 tyk isMG ny vI 18vIN sdI dIAW

is`K jQybMdIAW vwsqy hI ‘imsl’ Sbd dI vrqoN kIqI hY[39

35

ienHW SbdW nUM AwDwr bxw ky is`K ivdvwnW ny imslW nUM vK-vK FMgW nwl ivAkq kIqw hY[ fw. Bgq isMG dw kihxw hY ik 18vIN sdI ivc imsl Sbd vrqmwn smyN vWg hI &wiel dy ArQW ivc vriqAw jWdw sI[ jdoN is`K srdwr Akwl q^q aupr iekqR huMdy sn qW AwpxIAW gqI-ivDIAW bwry ilKqI rUp ivc Awpxy muKI duAwrw jwxkwrI idMdy sn[ ieh jwxkwrI pihlW qoN bxI aus jQy dI &wiel ivc sWBI jWdI sI[ do srdwrW ivckwr hoey smJOqy vI Akwl q^q ivKy &wielW ivc hI drz kIqy Aqy sWBy jWdy sn[ hryk jQy dI &wiel auqy iliKAw jWdw sI ‘imsl Amkw’[ hOlI-hOlI ieh Sbd is`K jiQAW leI pRcilq ho igAw[ fw. Bgq isMG ny ies Sbd nUM BwvyN ArbI dy dUsry Sbd ‘imshL’ nwl joV ky vKry rUp ivc pyS kIqw hY pr iPr vI ieh 18vIN sdI dIAW is`K jQybMdIAW nwl hI sMbMiDq hY[ pr fw. Bgq isMG duAwrw kinMGm, pirMsp, muhMmd lqI& duAwrw ArbI dy pihly Sbd ‘imsl’ nUM AwDwr bxw ky kIqy ieh ArQ ik imslW auh jQybMdIAW sn jo pMQk msilAW sMbMDI iekjut ho jWdIAW sn Aqy brwbr BUimkw inBwaudIAW sn, nUM vI mUloN r`d krnw TIk nhIN jwpdw ikauNik ieh jQybMdIAW Akwl q^q aupr iekTIAW huMdIAW sn, iml-jul ky gurmqy krdIAW sn Aqy JUiTAW nUM qn^wh vI lwauNdIAW sn[ ies brwbrqw bwry sohx isMG sIql ilKdy hn “hr iek isMG ispwhI qy srdwr nUM AwigAw hoeI, ik auh ijs jQy (imsl) ivc cwhvy, rl jwvy[ hr AMimRqDwrI isMG dl Kwlsw dw mYNbr qy brwbr dw BweI smiJAw jWdw sI[ hr ispwhI nUM ieh h`k id`qw igAw ik auh cwhvy, qW iek jQy nUM C`f ky dUjy jQy ivc jw ky Swml ho skdw hY[ hr imsl AMdrUnI mwmilAW ivc ud-muîqAwr hovygI, pr sWJy Aml leI dl Kwlsw dy prDwn j`Qydwr dy hukm dI pwlxw krnI pvygI[” -Bhagat Singh, A

History of the Sikh Misals, Punjabi University Patiala-2009, p. 368. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 117.

36 imsl PkIrW gwKVI su pweIAY pUr krMim ] -sRI gurU gRMQ swihb, pMnw 1384.

-ApnI ApnI imsl sB gey[ pwiq jor kir TwFy Bey[ -dsm gRMQ, ikRsnw Avqwr, bMd-1033. 37

“Awn kY Kyq pY dyK cqrMg sb morcy bWit kY imsl lwey[” -sYnwpiq, sRI gur soBw, fw. gMfw isMG (sMpw.), pMjwbI XUnIvristI pitAwlw-1967, pMnw 9.

38 -imsl mwJy mD huqo GnI AO dvwby cuQweI dys[

-jo aus kI koaU imsl AkwvY, kr aupRwlo aus dUroN pwvY[ -rqn isMG BMgU, sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, jIq isMG sIql (sMpw.), SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI, AMimRqsr-2000 (qIjI vwr), pMnw 540.

39 imsl kneIAw kI kir BwrI jwnq nwih isMG koaU AweI ] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 488(A).

-imslw srb jneIey BMgI Toky sMg vhu krq lVweI] -auhI-, p`qrw 499(a).

192

izkrXog hY ik 18vIN sdI ivc bhuq swry is`K srdwrW ny AwpxI hoNd nUM

kwiem r`Kx leI Aqy s`qw dI pRwpqI leI sMGrS kIqw pr ieiqhwskwrW ny muK rUp

ivc imslW dI igxqI 12 mMnI geI hY, 1. imsl AwhlUvwlIAw 2. imsl &YzlpurIAw

3. imsl SukrckIAw 4. imsl nSwnW vwlI 5. imsl BMgI 6. imsl knHeIAw 7.

imsl nkeIAw 8. imsl f`lyvwlI 9. imsl ShIdW 10. imsl kroVw isMGIAw 11.

imsl rwmgVHIAw 12. imsl PUlkIAW40[

ATwrvIN sdI dy ieiqhws bwry sUcnw dyx vwly gurmuKI jW is`KW dy Awpxy ilKy

smkwlI sRoq bhuq hI Gt hn, ijs dw muK kwrn ieh sI ik AwpxI hoNd nUM kwiem

r`Kx leI jUJ rhy is`KW kol ieiqhws ilKx dw ivhl nhIN sI[ aus ibKVy smyN ivc

ikDry itk ky ieiqhws ilKx dI ivhl nhIN sI[ ‘Koj ADIn’ gRMQ ivc lgpg 60-

65 pMinAW aupr imslW dw Aqy smkwlI muZl smrwtW dw hwl vrxn kIqw igAw

hY[ is`K imslW bwry ieqnI ivsiqRq jwxkwrI dyx vwlw ieh sB qoN pihlw gurmuKI

sRoq hY[ ieh gRMQ 1845 eI. qoN pihlW hoNd ivc Aw cuikAw sI, jdoN ik imslW bwry

jwxkwrI dyx vwlw ‘sRI gur pMQ pRkwS’ ikRq rqn isMG BMgU 1846 eI. nUM hoNd ivc

AwieAw[ ies gRMQ ivclIAW GtnwvW ‘sRI gur pMQ pRkwS’ nUM AwDwr bxw ky nhIN

ilKIAW geIAW ikauNik iesdw Gtnw-kRm Aqy Gtnw dy hwlwq ‘sRI gur pMQ pRkwS’

nwl myl nhIN KWdy[ ies gRMQ ivc bhuq swrIAW GtnwvW AijhIAW hn jo ‘sRI gur

pMQ pRkwS’ ivc nhIN hn[ ies gRMQ ivclI swmgrI jo ik imsl-kwl bwry ivsqRq

jwxkwrI BrpUr hY, h`Q-iliKq rUp ivc hox krky Aj qk imslW dw ieiqhws

ilKidAW AxdyKI kIqI geI hY[ audwhrn vjoN fw. Bgq isMG ny Aqy fw. gMfw isMG ny

ies gRMQ nUM AwpxIAW ikqwbW dI pusqk-sUcI ivc Swiml kIqw hY pr iesdw hvwlw

ikqwb ivc iek vwr vI nhIN idqw[ ieiqhwskwrW ny imslW dw ieiqhws ilKx leI

sRI gur pMQ pRkwS qoN ielwvw &wrsI Aqy AMZryzI sRoqW qoN mdd leI hY[ ies gRMQ ivc

40 ieh imsl bwbw Awlw isMG ny Awp bxweI sI, jdoN ik bwkI imslW srbq Kwlsw dI iekqRqw ivc bxIAW sn jo srdwr j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nUM pMQ dw jQydwr mMndIAW sn[

193

bhuq swrIAW AijhIAW GtnwvW dw vrxn kIqw igAw hY jo hor gurmuKI sRoqW ivc

nhIN imldIAW Aqy aunHW bwry sUcnw ieiqhwskwrW nUM &wrsI sRoqW qoN lYxI peI hY[ ies

gRMQ ivc imsl-kwl dIAW is`KW nwl sMbMiDq lgpg swrIAW v`fIAW GtnwvW (ijvyN-

nwdr Swh/AbdwlI/qYmUr/Swh zmwn dy hmly, Cotw qy vfw G`lUGwrw, is`K srdwrW

dIAW AwpsI lVweIAW, is`KW dw lwhOr ’qy kbzw Awid) dw izkr kIqw igAw hY[

iesqoN ielwvw id`lI dy muZl SwskW dy nIqI-pRbMD Aqy lwhOr dy sUbydwrW dy

AiqAwcwrW bwry vI kw&I jwxkwrI pRdwn kIqI geI hY[ durwnIAW qy is`KW dIAW

lVweIAW dw izkr vI kIqw igAw hY[ imslW dy AwpsI ivvwd Aqy ^wnwjMgI dy hwl

nUM gRMQkwr ny BwvyN inrsMkoc iliKAw hY pr auh GtnwvW dIAW ieiqhwsk qwrIkW nhIN

jutw sikAw, ijs kwrn kuJ QWvW ’qy ieiqhws ivc vwprIAW GtnwvW dw Gtnw-kRm

ivgV igAw hY[ ies AiDAwie ivc AsIN ienHW GtnwvW dw ivSlySx ieiqhwsk

Gtnw-kRm Anuswr krWgy[ iesdy do kwrn hn, pihlw ieh ik iesdw TIk AiDAYn

kIqw jw sky Aqy dUsrw ies AiDAYn nUM vwcx vwly nUM koeI muSkl nw Awvy[ jykr gRMQ

ivcly Gtnw-kRm Anuswr iesdw ivSlySx kIqw igAw qW ijQy ieh bysuAwdw lgygw,

EQy AiDAYn dy Kyqr ivc vI swrQk isD nhIN ho skygw[ iek g`l ieh vI ds dyxI

zrUrI hY ik gRMQ ivc igxqI dIAW isr& do-cwr GtnwvW hI Agy-ipCy ilKIAW

hoeIAW hn[ ieiqhwsk Gtnw-kRm Anuswr AiDAYn krn dw Bwv ieh vI hY ik

imslW bwry gRMQ ivclIAW sUcnwvW vK-vK imslW Anuswr vMfx dI QW ieiqhwsk

GtnwvW dy lVIvwr islsly Anuswr ivcwrn dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[

ies kwl bwry jwxkwrI pRdwn krdw hoieAw tyk isMG sB qoN pihlW id`lI

dy rwjnIiqk hwlwqW bwry ilKdw hY ik id`lI drbwr ivc seIAd jmwq dw pRBwv

zorW ’qy sI Aqy seIAd cwhuMdy sn ik id`lI dy hukmrwn aunHW dI ieCw Anuswr hI

Swsn-pRbMD clwaux[ ies leI jdoN aunHW nUM mihsUs hoieAw ik &ru^sIAr aunHW dI

slwh qoN ibnw Swsn-pRbMD clwaux lg ipAw hY qW aunHW ny aus nUM kql krvw

194

idqw[41 id`lI drbwr ivc Abdulw ^W Aqy ausdw Brw (husYn AlI) seIAdW dy moFI

sn Aqy hr smyN id`lI dy bwdSwhW nUM bdlx leI goNdW guMddy rihMdy sn[42 ieiqhwsk

pRsiQqIAW vWg hI tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik &ru^sIAr qoN bwAd id`lI drbwr ivc

iek qoN bwAd dUjw bwdSwh bxdw irhw pr seIAdW dI Aws ’qy pUrw nw auqrn krky

kql kIqw jWdw irhw[43 ies rwjnIiqk AsiQrqw dy kwrn hI pUry Bwrq ivc

bZwvq pYdw ho geI[44 tyk isMG ies AsiQrqw dw kwrn isr& seIAdW dIAW

BYVIAW nIqIAW nUM hI nhIN mMndw sgoN iesdy do hor kwrn vI mMndw hY, pihlw kwrn

auh r`b dI Kyf nUM mMndw hY, ijsdy hukm ivc ieh sB kuJ vrq irhw sI Aqy dUjw

kwrn id`lI dy q^q aupr bYTy muZl SwskW nUM mMndw hY, ijnHW ivc iek kuSl bwdSwh

vwly gux nhIN sn[ iek cMgy bwdSwh dy guxW dw vrxn krdw hoieAw gRMQkwr ilKdw

41

&ru^sIAr dI mOq dw Asl kwrn aus duAwrw seIAdW nUM kmzor krn dIAW nIqIAW dw istw sI[ ijs bwry sIql ilKdw hY, “&r^sIAr dw ierwdw sI ik s`XdW dI qwkq ^qm kIqI jwvy[ ies kwrn id`lI drbwr iv`c do DVy ho gey jo 1717 eI. 1719 eI. qk Awps ivc JgVdy rhy[ AMq s`Xd AwpxI cwl ivc s&l ho gey[ auhnW &r^sIAr nUM q^qoN lwh ky AMnw kr idqw qy ku`C smyN ipCoN (27-28 ApRYl dI rwq nUM) kql kr idqw[” -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 34-35.


43 iCmwhI vrK Thrn nhI dY hY inieAw piqswhI bnwvq lwgy]

aujrn lgI hkUmiq swrI pieE KrUd AqMq ABwgy] Thirn dyq nhI piqswhI seIAd dono jwnq jwgy] mwir kUt Aps mY kr kir vsqI srb aujwirq hY AwgY]7] -auhI-, p`qrw 460(A). -krq KUMn mn mwih ivcwry ijm bhwdir swih lukwno] mauj dIn idn QoirE mDy dyq htwie jwn mn mwno] bhwdir swih kry piqswhI ien seIdo hI qurq Kpwno]1] Prk isAr muir qwj qKq lY jIqq caudw Bvn khwaU] Qory idn mY vhu BI inbirE hor swih bnqy pl mwaU] kC mwry kC lUt ley hY kC dIey Bjwie Cpq hir QwaU] Ab mhMmd swih isir Awvq peI Kbr hrmw mY jwaU]2] -auhI-, p`qrw 462(A). -“ies vyly s`XdW dI qwkq cotI ’qy phuMcI hoeI sI[ auhnW AwpxI mrzI dw r&Iau~dwrjwq (bhwdr Swh

dw poqrw, 28 PrvrI 1719) q^q ’qy ibTwieAw[ ausdw suBw~ s`XdW dy psMd nw AwieAw, qW iqMn mhIny (4 jUn 1719) ipCoN hI zihr dy ky mwr idqw igAw Aqy ausdy v`fy Brw r&Iau~dOlw nUM (6 jUn 1719 eI.) bwdSwh bxw idqw[ iqMn mhIny ipCoN (18 sqMbr 1719 eI.) ausnUM vI Brw dy mgry qor idqw[” -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 35.

44 auqir dKn pUrb pCm Awk hoq nbwb sunwaU] ibnw caugqy dwmn dY hY jo sUbydwrI krq bqwaU] mwnq hukm seIdo kw nwhI mnsbdwir bYTy hir QwaU] bweI jo aumrwv qwibAw so BI rhy n Acl khwaU]3] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 460(A).

195

hY ik rwjw Bjn-bMdZI krn vwlw, cMgy prqwp vwlw, cwr pdwrQW dw mwlk, prjw

pRqI smwn idRStI vwlw, jqI, qpI, sqI, hTDwrI, duSt-nwSk, h`k dI rwKI krn

vwlw, iemwndwr, jnqw dI Avwz suxn vwlw, sMswr ivc suK vrqwaux vwlw, ivMg-

tyf dy rsiqAW qoN rihq, prmwqmw dI rzw ivc rihxw vwlw, pRsiQqIAW dw jwxU,

svY-riKAk, SkqISwlI, Aij`q Aqy prjw leI prmwqmw dy smwn hoxw cwhIdw hY[

ienHW guxW ivc pRp`k ivAkqI hI rwjw bxn dy kwbl ho skdw hY Aqy Aijhy rwjy

aupr prmwqmw vI sdw dieAwvwn bixAw rihMdw hY[ seIAd BrwvW ny jdoN iPr

Awpxy p`K dw bwdSwh lBx dw Xqn kIqw qW aunHW nUM ‘muhMmd Swh’ hI TIk ligAw[

ikauNik auh bhuq suMdr, cqur, isAwxw, cukMnw, piVHAw iliKAw, audwr icq, sUrmw,

sqvwdI, aujl krnI vwlw Aqy bMdZI krn vwlw sI[ jdoN seIAdW duAwrw aus A`gy

pwqSwhI leI qzvIz rKI geI qW ausny ieh kih ky jvwb dy idqw ik mYN

sihzwidAW vWgUM ibn AweI mOq nhIN mrnw cwhuMdw[ mYnUM qwz q^q dI koeI lwlsw

nhIN, mYN qW &kIrW ivc jIvn guzwrnw cwhuMdw hW Aqy ruKw Bojn Kw ky guzwrw krnw

cwhuMdw hW[ ies lUx hrwmI seIAd jmwq dI pwqSwhI dw dwAvw mYnUM iblkul psMd

nhIN, ikauNik ienHW sBnW ny Awpxw iemwn iqAwg idqw hY Aqy ku&r bolx auqy lk

bMinAw hoieAw hY[ Aw^rkwr seIAdW ny ausnUM ieh kih ik q^q aupr bYTx leI

rwzI kr ilAw ik AsIN hmySw qyry i^dmqdwr bx ky rhWgy[ tyk isMG Anuswr jdoN

muhMmd Swh id`lI dw bwdSwh bixAw qW mnsUr ^W nUM ausdw vzIr bxwieAw igAw[45

pr ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy seIAd Abdulw ^W ausdw vzIr bixAw sI[46 muhMmd Swh ny

q^q aupr bYTidAW hI aunHW vK-vK KyqrI irAwsqW nUM dbwaux leI muihMm SurU kIqI

jo AwkI ho ky qwkq vDwaux ivc lgIAW hoeIAW sn[ aus smyN d`Kx ivc kw&I

bZwvq PYl cukI sI[ id`lI qoN bwZI hoeIAW irAwsqW ivc brylI (auqr pRdyS),

45

-auhI-, p`qrw 462. 46

seIAd Abdulw ^W nUM vI seIAdW dI qwkq kmzor hox qoN bwAd 1720 eI. ivc htw idqw igAw sI

Aqy idlI dw nvW vzIr muhMmd AmIn ^W nUM bxwieAw igAw sI[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 35.

196

joDpur (rwjsQwn), jOnpur (auqr pRdyS), buMdyl KMf (ies ivc 21 irAwsqW sn)

Awid sn[ mrhty vI bwZI ho rhy sn[ ienHW nUM muV Awpxy ADIn krn leI muhMmd

Swh ny Abdulw ^W nUM muihMm aupr ByijAw[ pr bwdSwh ny aus nUM jldI hI vwips

bulw ilAw ikauNik aus smyN qk pMjwb ivc Kwlsw &OjW muV hiQAwr cuk ky srkwr

nwl t`kr lYx lg peIAW sn[ is`KW dI idno-idn vD rhI SkqI nUM rokx leI

Abdulw ^W nUM pMjwb v`l jwx dw hukm kIqw igAw[ jdoN auh pMjwb phuMicAw qW SwhI

vzIr Aqy byZm (milkw-auz-jmwnI) ny ausnUM mwrn leI iek kMblpoS ivAkqI

ByijAw[ ies qrHW dy keI kMblpoS d`Kx ivc siQq seIAdW nUM mwrn leI vI Byjy

gey[ pMjwb phuMcy iek kMblpoS ny mOkw pw ky AbdulW ^W nUM iek hmly ivc ktwr

mwr ky burI qrHW j^mI kr idqw Aqy d`Kx ivc siQq iek kMblpoS ny ausdy Brw

(husYn AlI) nUM qW mOq dy Gwt hI auqwr idqw[47 seIAd BrwvW dI SkqI dy pqn

bwry idqI tyk isMG dI sUcnw kw&I h`d qk TIk khI jw skdI hY[ ies sUcnw dI hor

spStqw bwry ieh ds dyxw zrUrI hY ik seIAdW dy duSmnW ivcoN inzwmul mulk vI

sI, ikauNik seIAd BrwvW ny ausnUM mwlvy dI sUbydwrI qoN htw ky id`lI qbdIl kr

idqw sI[ idlI ivKy cl rhIAW seIAd ivroDI swizsW qihq hI husYn AlI nUM hYdr

^wn dy hQoN 1720 eI. nUM &qihpur sIkrI ivc kql krvw idqw igAw sI[ Awpxy Brw

dw bdlw lYx leI Abdulw ^wn ny vfI igxqI ivc &Oj dw gTn kIqw sI, pr hsnpur

ivKy burI qrHW hwr jwx kwrn auh kuJ smyN bwAd zihr Kw ky mr igAw sI[48

dUjy pwsy pMjwb dI rwjnIiqk hwlq ieh sI ik is`K iPr SkqI ivc Aw gey

sn, Bwv aunHW dw bolbwlw iPr vDx lg ipAw[ pr aunHW dI AMdrUnI hwlq ieh sI

ik auh iek-jut nhIN sn, blik do DiVAW (&qih drSnI Aqy gurU Kwlsw) ivc vMfy

hoey sn[ kuJ icr ienHW ivc ^wnwjMgI cldI rhI[ AMq nUM ‘&qih drSnI’ DVy ny

Awpxw h`T Cf idqw Aqy Awpxy hiQAwr sut idqy[ ies qoN bwAd ‘gurU Kwlsw’

47

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 463(A)-464(a). 48

Wikipedia (online encyclopedia), See- Sayyid Brothers.

197

SkqI ivc AwieAw[ isMGW dI AwpsI lVweI dy mukx nwl pMjwb dy swry ielwikAW

ivc aunHW dI igxqI idno-idn vDxI SurU ho geI[49 is`K ihMdosqwn dI DrqI auqy

qIsry pMQ dy rUp ivc auBr ky jdoN swhmxy Awey qW aunHW dI qwkq dIAW ^brW ny

id`lI drbwr nUM vI ihlw ky r`K idqw[ id`lI drbwr ivc isMGW dy kwrnwimAW dIAW

iSkwieqW idnoN-idn vDdIAW hI jw rhIAW sn[ isMGW duAwrw kIqy jw rhy SwhI &OjW

dy nukswn kwrn id`lI srkwr is`KW qoN qMg Aw cukI sI[ iesqoN ielwvw isMG AwpxI

SkqI dy auQwn qy jMg swmgrI iek`TI krn leI lokW nUM idn-idhwVy hI lu`t lYNdy

sn[50 isMGW dI vDdI SkqI nUM rokx leI kmrudIn ^W51 nUM &Oj dy ky pMjwb ByijAw

igAw pr pMjwb ivc isMGW dI qwkq nUM vyKky auh smJ igAw ik kyvl id`lI qoN

muihMm Byjx nwl isMGW dI bZwvq nUM dbwieAw nhIN jw skdw[ ies leI aus ny

muhMmd Swh nUM ieh slwh idqI ik lwhOr ivc iksy SkqIswlI ivAkqI nUM sUbydwr

bxwieAw jwvy Aqy ausnUM ieMny AiDkwr idqy jwx ik auh kyvl id`lI dy hukm dw

muQwj nw hovy blik svY-inrxy dy nwl vI kwrvweI kr skdw hovy[ kmrudIn ^W dI

g`l nUM iDAwn nwl ivcwrn auprMq muhMmd Swh ny ^wn bhwdr (zkrIAw ^wn) nUM

lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw ky ByijAw Aqy mIr mMnUM dw ruqbw vDw ky ausnUM vI ^wn bhwdur

49

bnqy jwq isMG hI swrY KMfyDwrI pwihl pIvY] cwir brn ky BweI ho kY PqY ngwrw dY dY jIvY] nMg BuK Ar sIq ausn hI lwB hwn qij dyq sunIvY] pRB pRqwp kir kIVI jIqq dl bw dl Bsm hI QIvY]9] gurU Kwlsw vDqo jY hY Gir mwih AMbIr lKwey] Awpo ApnI naubq Dir kY vwihgurU kI PqY bulwey] AOr pMQ kau jwny nwhI isMG isMG rl Ahwir krwey] pIvq pwhl KMfy kI jb hoq bhwdir hI hir Qwey]24250] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 465(a).

50 “auh sO-sO dy jQy bxw ky ielwky ivc iPrn lgy[ Awpxy guzwry jogI ikqy nw ikqy lu`t mwr vI kr lYNdy[ ijnHW lokW ny ip`Cy is`KW dy pirvwr PVwey qy Gr Fuhwey sn, auhnW ivcoN kyeI ^wlsy dy gu`sy dw iSkwr ho gey[” -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 36-37.

not : 1726 eI. qk pMjwb ivc is`KW dy hOsly kw&I vD cuky sn[ s. qwrw isMG vW ny iesy swl momn ^W dI &Oj dy keI nwmI jrnYlW nUM mwr ky ShIdI pRwpq kIqI sI Aqy iesy swl hI isMGW ny mulqwn qoN idlI qy ksUr qoN lwhOr jw rhy, srkwrI ^zwny nUM lut ilAw sI[ iesqoN ielwvw SwhI sOdwgr murqzw ^W qoN srkwrI GoVy Koh ley sn Aqy muhMmd Swh dy swlHy nvwb jw&r ^W nUM goieMdvwl dy p`qx ’qy lut ilAw sI[ -auhI-, pMnw 42-43.

51 ieh 1724 eI. ivc nzwmul mulk dy AsqI&w dyx ’qy idlI dw vzIr bixAw sI[ -auhI-, pMnw 37.

198

dy nwl lwhOr v`l qor idqw[52 tyk isMG Anuswr jdoN ^wn bhwdur lwhOr dw gvrnr

bx ky pMjwb phuMicAw qW aus smyN isMG mwlvy dy ielwky ivc sn[ isMGW nUM AwpxI

Awmd qy SkqI dw Aihsws krvwaux leI ^wn bhwdur &OjW lY ky mwlvy v`l viDAw[

pr isMGW ny smyN dI nzwkq nUM smJidAW kuJ mwl dy ky aus nwl smJOqw kr ilAw[53

^wn bhwdur Aqy isMGW dy ivckwr hoey, ies qrHW dy smJOqy dI g`l hor ieiqhwskwrW

ny nhIN ilKI, pr ^wn bhwdur duAwrw nvwb kpUr isMG nUM nvwbI dyx dw izkr zrUr

kIqw hY[ ^wn bhwdur ny Awpxy drbwr ivc AnykW nvyN ivAkqI nwmjd kIqy[

lKpiq rwey Aqy jspiq rwey dovW BrwvW nUM ausny dIvwn bxw idqw Aqy ienHW ny QoVHy

smyN ivc hI lwhOr drbwr ivc Awpxw cMgw sQwn bxw ilAw[54 ijs mksd leI

^wn bhwdur AwieAw sI, ausdI pUrqI Aqy Awpxw pRBwv vDwaux leI ausny corW55

leI &wsI dw hukm jwrI kr idqw[ ^wn bhwdur ny isMGW nUM imtwaux dw bIVw cuikAw

Aqy iesdI pUrqI leI Awpxy drbwr ivc isMGW nUM keI qrHW dIAW AxmnùKI szwvW

idqIAW[ iksy dw Kopr auqwr idqw, iksy nUM sUlI cwVH idqw, iksy dy bMd-bMd kt idqy

Aqy iksy nUM crKI cwVH idqw[ isMGW dy isrW nwl KUh Br ky, aupr isrW dy burj

auswr idqy[ ^wn bhwdur ny is`KW dy AsqIqv nUM imtwaux dw hr sMBv Xqn kIqw,

pr is`KW ny mOq dw KO& imtw ky, ShIdIAW pRwpq kIqIAW Drm qoN munkr nw hoey[56

18vIN sdI dw ieiqhws vwicAW pqw lgdw hY ik aukq s`c nUM is`KW ny Awpxy ipMfy

auqy hMFwieAw sI[57

52

fw. gMfw isMG ny vI Koj auprMq tyk isMG vWg hI iliKAw hY ik is`KW dIAW vwrdwqW nUM rokx leI muhMmd Swh ny lwhOr dy sUbydwr Abdusm`d ^W nUM mulqwn ivc bdl id`qw Aqy aus dy vDyry joSIly puqr zkrIAw ^W nUM, jo ieiqhws ivc ^wn bhwdur dy nW nwl pRis`D hoieAw, ausdy ipqw dI QW ’qy inXukq kr idqw[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 114-15.

53 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 465(A)

54 ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy isr& lKpiq rwey hI dIvwn bixAw sI, tyk isMG ny Zlq ibAwnI kridAW dovW BrwvW dy dIvwn bxn bwry ilK idqw hY[

55 isMGW nUM cor, lutyry Aqy DwVvI igixAw jWdw sI ikauNik aunHW ny keI vwrI srkwrI ^zwnw luitAw sI[

56 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 466(a).

57 zkrIAw ^wn duAwrw kIqy AiqAwcwrW Aqy is`KW nUM imtwaux leI aus duAwrw vrqIAW nIqIAW bwry


199

bwl hkIkq rwey isAwlkot dw rihx vwlw sI, jo is`KW vWg hI ^wn bhwdur

dy zulmW dw swhmxw krdw hoieAw, ShId ho igAw[ tyk isMG Anuswr iek idn

hkIkq rwey dw qurkW dy lVky nwl Kyfdy-Kyfdy JgVw ho igAw[ qurkW dw lVkw sIqw

(rwm dI pqnI) nUM gwlHW dyx lg ipAw[ hkIkq rwey ausnUM kihx lgw ik sIqw nUM

mMdw nw bol ikauNik ijho ijhI sIqw hY Eho jyhI hI &wiqmW (muhMmd swihb dI puqrI)

hY[ ieh sux ky qurkW dy lVky ny vifAW qk phuMc kIqI[ kw&I rOlw vDx krky kwzI,

mulw Aqy iemwm ny Aw ky ihMdUAW dy lVky nUM doSI mMinAw[ ihMdUAW ny JgVw mukwaux

leI ikhw pr qurk JgVw mukwaux dI QW iekTy ho ky ^wn bhwdur kol lwhOr gey Aqy

ikhw ik AsIN ieslwm dI Kwqr Awpxw sB kuJ vwirAw hY, hux swfy nwl inAW hoxw

cwhIdw hY[ svyry Adwlq lgI qW lKpiq rwey Aqy sUrq isMG ny ihMdUAW dw pK

riKAw, pr ^wn bhwdur ny ikhw ik PYslw SrHw Anuswr hovygw[ ^wn bhwdur ny

hkIkq rwey nUM kol bulwieAw Aqy ikhw ik qUM isr dI iek bodI kt Aqy swfy nwl

Kwxw Kw, szw qW dUr dI g`l hY iesdy bdly ivc mYN qYnUM Awpxw qIjw puqr smJWgw[

qYnUM Dn dOlq vI idqI jwvygI Aqy nwqw vI idqw jwvygw[ pr hkIkq rwey ny ^wn

bhwdur dI hr pySkS Tukrw idqI Aqy ikhw ik mrnw qW iek idn pvygw hI, bySk

mYN muslmwn vI bx jwvW mOq qW iPr vI ho jwxI hY[ ies leI Drm kwiem r`K ky

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) fw. gMfw isMG ilKdy hn, “aus ny is`KW nUM tolx Aqy szw dyx leI sB pwisAW v`l sYink tukVIAW ByjIAW[ aunHW dy isrW dy mu`l muk`rr kIqy gey[ hr svyr nUM dMf dyx vwlIAW pwrtIAW lwhOr qoN inkldIAW Aqy ipMfW qy jMglW dI CwxbIx krky is`KW nUM kVIAW lw ky tolIAW ivc lwhOr ilAWdw jWdw[ aunHW nUM v`K-v`K qrIikAW nwl qsIhy id`qy jWdy Aqy lwhOr ivc id`lI gyt qoN bwhr nKws dy AsQwn qy lokW dy swhmxy aunHW dIAW DOxW k`t id`qIAW jWdIAW[ bwkI idAW nUM BY-BIq krn leI kql hoieAW dy isrW nUM iekìTAW krky mInwr bxwey jWdy ijnHW nUM ShId gMj kihMdy hn[” -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 115.

rqn isMG BMgU zkrIAw ^wn dy zulm bwry ilKdw hY- nbwb nwdr qy nmoSI AweI[ qXoN qXoN lwgo krn burweI[ tol tol isMGn ko mwry, jYsy mwry tol iSkwry[2[ jo isMGn ko Awn bqwvY[ qurq Anwm su qWihN idvwvY[ jo isMGn ko dsy gRwm[ qWko dyvY bhuq Anwm[3[ lwlc ihq isMGn pkVwvYN[ luk luk isMG su jwn bcwvYN[ AOr mulk pih il`K pTwey[ pMj rupey isMG dsy su pwey[4[ jw qY isMGn bhuq mrwvYN[ mwr isMGn isr Awp pucwvYN[ -rqn isMG BMgU, auhI, pMnw 306-07.

200

mrnw hI ibhqr hY[ hkIkq rwey dy mwqw-ipqw ny qurkW dw hukm mMnx leI ikhw[

pr hkIkq rwey ny ikhw ik jykr pRwx cly jwx qW mwmUlI g`l hY, pr jykr Drm

cilAw jwvy qW bVI Srmnwk g`l hY[ Awpxy Drm aupr kwiem rihx dy PlsrUp

ausdw isr qlvwr nwl kt idqw igAw[58

jdoN ^wn bhwdur dy AiqAwcwrW kwrn pMjwb dy ZYr-musilm lok qRwh-qRwh

kr rhy sn qW prmwqmw ny AiqAwcwrW dI szw dyx leI nwdrSwh nUM pMjwb aupr

hmlw krn leI ByijAw[59 lokweI dy duK-drd dI prvwh nw krn vwlw idlI dw

bwdSwh mhuMmd Swh Aqy ausdw vzIr jdoN rMg qmwiSAW ivc Zlqwn sn qW aunHW nUM

nwdr Swh dy Awaux dI ^br imlI[60 muhMmd Swh dy do Zdwr jrnYlW nzwm-aul-

mulk Aqy SAwdq ^wn pihlW hI nwdr Swh nUM jw imly Aqy ^br idqI ik id`lI qk

ausdw mukwblw krn vwlw koeI nhIN, ies leI auh dyS nUM r`j ky lut lvy[61 lwhOr

drbwr ivc ^wn bhwdur ny Awpxy ihMdU Aqy muslmwn ispwhIAW nUM sidAw Aqy nwdr

Swh nwl lVweI krn jW nw krn bwry puiCAw[ sB ny jMg nw krn ivc BlweI ds

ky rsqw C`fx leI ikhw Aqy ieh slwh vI idqI ik jykr nwdr Swh id`lI qoN hwr

ky vwips dOiVAw qW aus aupr hmlw krky lut lvWgy[ ies g`l auqy sihmq ho ky

^wn bhwdur ny nwdr Swh nUM Agy jwx leI rsqw dy idqw[62 tyk isMG duAwrw ^wn

58

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 467(a). -“bwlk hkIkq mwG sudI 5. sMmq 1798 (1841 eI.) nUM ^wn bhwdur gvrnr dy hukm nwl kql kIqw

igAw[” -kwnH isMG nwBw, auhI, vyKo- hkIkq rwie. 59

tyk isMG vWg hI igAwnI igAwn isMG vI nwdr dy Awaux dw kwrn muZl hukmrwnW duAwrw kIqy AiqAwcwrW nUM hI mMndw hY[ auh ilKdw hY, “jd idlI vwly muZlW dI qrPoN Kwn bhwdr jyhy hukmrwnW ny zulm dy dirAw clw idqy, Klkq nUM AqI duK bXwipAw, Anyk isKxIAW bicAW nUM kql huMdy dyK ky nw shwr skIAW, keI KUhW ivc sut ky mwr idqIAW[ sYNkVy bcy lY ky prdySW ivc clIAW geIAW[ jd eyho jyhy Gor mhW pwpW qy zulmW nwl muZlW dw byVw Br igAw, qW isKxIAW dI hwhw qy bicAW dy kurlwht dI Avwj prmySvr dI drgwh ivc phuMc peI, Esy vkq Kwlk ny eIrwn dy bwdSwh nwdr Swh nUM pRyrky ihMdusqwn pr cVHw ByijAw[” -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 67.

60 “muhMmd Swh vfw BwrI ivBcwrI qmwSbIn pMjy AYb SreI, vwjb AlI bwdSwh lKnaU vwly dw jotIdwr sI, eynW dohW bwdSwhW pws fUMm, kMjrIAW, Cokry muswhb sn[” -auhI, (Put not), pMnw 68.


62 -auhI-, p`qrw 469.

201

bhwdur duAwrw ibnw lVy hI nwdr Swh nUM rsqw dyx dI Gtnw ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy TIk

nhIN hY ikauNik ies hmly dOrwn ^wn bhwdur ny nwdr Swh nwl liVAw sI, pr hwr

igAw sI[63 jdoN nwdr Swh id`lI v`l viDAw qW aus dw mukwblw krn leI muhMmd

Swh dy iSpwhI qop^wnw lY ky mYdwn64 ivc auqry jo burI qrHW hwr gey[ id`lI ivKy

siQq Shwdq ^wn Aqy inzwmul mulk (inzwm-aul-mulk) ny muhMmd Swh nUM ij`q dI

JUTI ^br idqI Aqy ij`q dw ngwrw vjw idqw pr dUjy pwsy nwdr Swh nUM ^q Byj ky

id`lI s`d ilAw[65 nwdr Swh ny id`lI nUM burI qrHW lu`t ilAw[66 kuJ idnW dI lu`t-

Ksut qoN bwAd muhMmd Swh ny nwdr Swh nwl smJOqw krky ausnUM mwr DwV krn qoN

63

“^wn bhwdur iek`lw rwvI kMFy nwdr Swh nwl lVn vwsqy AwieAw[ 11 jnvrI 1739 eI. nUM pihlI muT-ByV ivc ^wn bhwdr hwr igAw[ auhny nwdr dI eIn mMn leI, qy auhdy vloN lwhOr dw sUbydwr QwipAw igAw[ ….auh 26 jnvrI nUM lwhOroN quirAw[” -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 70-71.

64 ieh lVweI krnwl dy sQwn ’qy 1739 eI. nUM hoeI sI[

65 mhMmd swih mwqbir smJq kInI bwq jwnIey soeI] lwl jvwhir mwxk moqI hIirE Qwl Brq ivD moeI] lyq gulwm nPir sMg swry mnsbdwir kCk hY joeI] nIvy suK kir hoq srimMdy mhMmd swih ky pws loeI]8] pIr pYkMbir syvq mn mY rwKo lwj Awj sB AweI] siKAwvq Ab hoq dwihny dyKq nwjr swih iqKweI] bfy mrwqb jwky AMg sMg so AwieE cl ky idRstweI] Awdir shq qKq mY ruc isE jwnq qw pir dIE bYTweI]9] rwg rMg Aq krq qmwsy kql mwP hovq hY soaU] hoxI sI jo bIq geI hY Ab kuswlI pwvq doaU] dyKn lgy inrq jb rlky nwjr swih dyq Kq auaU] injwml mulK shwdq Kw kI sniq ilKI dyq sBoaU] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 470.

not : tyk isMG ny aukq pMkqIAW ivc muhMmd Swh Aqy nwdr Swh dI mulwkwq dw hwl ilKidAW, nwdr Swh duAwrw muhMmd Swh nUM ausdy Zdwr jrnYlW duAwrw ilKy ^q ivKwaux dw jo izkr kIqw hY, aus dI puStI mhuMmd lwqI& dy ies hvwly qoN huMdw hY, “Muhammad Shah alighted from his travelling

throne, embraced the prince and seated him by side, When the party reached the royai tent, Nadir Shah received the emperor at the door. Both their majesties embraced each other, and holding one anther by the hand, they entered the audience tent, where they sat down together on the same masnad. A repast was prepared, and a waiter having first offered coffee to Nadir Shah, the latter, with his own hands, courteously offered it to Muhammad Shah, saying : ‘Since your majesty has done me honour of coming here, we are brothers, and may you remain happy in the empire of Hindostan’.” -Muhammad Latif, History of

Punjab, Calcutta-1891, p. 203. 66

ies hmly dOrwn nwdr Swh ny muhMmd Swh dIAW DIAW qk dI iezq lutI Aqy idlI ivcoN 32 kRoV rupeIAw (ijs ivc 7 kRoV ds l`K dw qîq qwaUs), iek joVI lwlW dI ijsdy cwnxy ivc muhMmd Swh kurwn pVHdw huMdw sI, SYhnkUr m`CI, AYn cYn dI mwlw, gulwbI hIrw, AMfy dy Awkwr dy do moqI, koihnUr hIrw, do dirAweI GoVy, sonW, cWdI Awid luty sn[ -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, (Put not), pMnw 70.

202

rok idqw[ muhMmd Swh koloN bhuq swrw nzrwnw lY ky nwdr Swh lwhOr v`l vwips

priqAw[ lwhOr ivc auh ^wn bhwdur nUM imlx auprMq kwbl vwips clw igAw[67

ies Gtnw qoN bwAd nzwm-aul-mulk Aqy SAwdq ^wn nUM nmoSI dw swhmxw krnw

ipAw, ijs kwrn dovW ny zihr dw ipAwlw pIx dw pRx kIqw[ nzwmul-aul-mulk ny

DoKy dy nwl SAwdq ^wn nUM qW zihr dw ipAwlw idqw, ijs nwl ausdI mOq ho geI

pr Awp imsrI dw ipAwlw pI ky jwn bcw leI[68

nwdr Swh dy vwips prqx qoN bwAd pMjwb ivc is`KW dI igxqI lgqwr

vDx lgI[ lKpiq rwey is`KW nwl bhuq Kwr KWdw sI[ ausny Awpxy Brw jspiq rwey

nUM ^br idqI ik aujwV Bwv jMgl ivc isMGW dw iek dsqw hY, iMsMGW nUM ^qm krn

dw ieh suinhrI mOkw hY ies leI qUM &Oj lY ky hmlw kr dy[ jspiq rwey &OjW lY ky

ciVHAw Aqy ausdI isMGW nwl lVweI ho geI, ijs ivc lKpiq rwey mwirAw (1746

eI.) igAw[69 ies Gtnw qoN bwAd isMGW dy hOsly Agy nwloN vD gey Aqy hr QW

67

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 469(A)-471(a). not : ies hmly dOrwn isMGW ny idlI qoN vwips prq rhy nwdr Swh nUM luitAw sI Aqy bMdI bxweIAW

AOrqW vI CufvweIAW sn[ ies kImqI q`Q bwry tyk isMG ny koeI sUcnw nhIN idqI[ 68

lUx hrwm krq hY swry dIE iKqwb muswl Prwvq] bIqI rwq dhU kau iPrqY lK lwnq hir QweI pwvq] rUeI swih hoq muK aunkw swry jg mY Apjs lwvq] bdI pot mY dono qb hI mqw mrn kw hI kr jwvq]1] shwdq Kwn jhir kw kwsw pIvq vwky AwKy hY] vhu inlj pIvq imsrI kw qw ky AgR pRwn rwKy hY] vhu mUAw Xh jIvq bicE lwnq qbK sB BwKy hY] ijm ikm smw gujwrq jV hI bIqq AvD rokq nwKy hY]2] -auhI-, p`qrw 470(A).

69 -auhI-, p`qrw 477(A).

“AlI-aud-dIn Anuswr jspq rwey nUM KoKrW dy sQwn qy ^br imlI ik is`K goNdlWvwlw qoN ByfW dw iek ie`jV h`k ky lY gey sn Aqy auh gurduAwry dy lwgy aunHW nUM Kw rhy sn[ dUjy pwsy rqn isMG BMgU Anuswr is`KW ny jspq rwey nUM iek ic`TI ilKI Aqy aus qoN AwigAw mMgI qW jo auh aus dy Sihr ivcoN rsd KrId skx[ grm suBw dy &Ojdwr ny jvwb ivc aunHW nUM hukm idqw ik auh auQoN qurMq cly jwx nhIN qW aus nUM Awp aunHW nUM auQoN k`Fxw pvygw[ is`KW ny bynqI kIqI ik auh keI idnW qoN Bu`Ky hn Aqy auh Bojn krn leI isr& iek rwq hI auQy rihxgy Aqy iPr auQoN cly jwxgy[ jspq rwey ny is`KW dI iek g`l nw suxI Aqy AwpxI &Oj lY ky aunHW aupr tu`t ipAw[ is`KW ny hmly dw mukwblw kIqw Aqy lVweI dy dOrwn inBO isMG nwm dw iek rMGrytw is`K jspq rwey dy hwQI aupr cVH igAw Aqy ausdw isr v`F id`qw[ ies nwl muZlW dI &Oj ivc iek dm BgdV mc geI Aqy mYdwn Kwlsy dy h`Q irhw[” -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 127.

203

nwnkSwhI JMfy Julwaux dw ivcwr aunHW dy mnW ivc pRbl ho igAw[ dUjy pwsy Brw dy

mrn auprMq lKpiq rwey ny isMGW dw ^wqmw krn dI ihMf PV leI[ auh kihMdw sI

ik ieh pMQ iek KqRI ny bxwieAw hY Aqy mYN KqRI hI ies nUM ^qm krWgw ‘pMQ

bnwieE eyk Kqryty hau hI dUr krn kau AwieE’[70 tyk isMG ny lKpiq rwey duAwrw

kIqy isMGW dy nukswn dw ^ws vrxn nhIN kIqw, isr& isMGW dy iCp ky rihx dI hI

g`l kIqI hY, jdoN ik ies smyN ausny sRI gurU gRMQ swihb dIAW poQIAW nUM vfI igxqI

ivc Agn Byt kIqw sI Aqy drbwr swihb dy srovr nUM vI imtI pw ky pUr idqw

sI[71 ieh ieiqhwsk Gtnw jUn, 1746 eI. ivc vwprI sI, ijs nUM is`K jgq ivc

Coty G`lUGwry dy nW nwl Xwd kIqw jWdw hY[72

kwbl ivc nwdr Swh dy kql hox auprMq Aihmd Swh AbdwlI nvW bwdSwh

bixAw[73 ies smyN dOrwn ihMdosqwn ivc muV mMdrW dI auswrI Aqy vyd pwT krn dw

ruJwn vDx ligAw74 jo kuJ smyN qk hI cilAw ikauNik iPr AbdwlI dy hmilAW dw

70

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 477(A)-478(a). not : rqn isMG BMgU ny vI lKpiq rwey duAwrw khy SbdW nUM tyk isMG vWg hI iliKAw hY-

dohrw- Xh pMQ PdUl PdUlIey, K`qRI jwq su kIn[ mYN Ab K`qRI qO rhW, pMQ rlwvoN dIn ]6] cOpeI- Xh austMf iek K`qRI kXo, nwm Kwlso jgq sunXo[ mYN BI KqRI qaU khwvoN, pMQ Kwlso dUr krwvoN ]7] -rqn isMG BMgU, auhI, pMnw 389.

71 fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 128.

72 fw. gMfw isMG ny ies dw swl 1746 eI. Aqy rqn isMG BMgU ny sMmq 1804 (1747 eI.) idqw hY[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 127. ; rqn isMG BMgU, auhI, pMnw 388.


74 kos gV qkVy sB hovq Twkir duAwry bnq bKwno] md pwn Air mws AhwrI kIny dUr hir QY phcwno]4] eyk ko muiKAw dyvI bkVw lyq Apny Bvn mY hY] hor bYsno dys krq hI bl dyv kw pUjn hir QY hY] gopI nwQ kneIAw goibMd ibRj vwsI ikRsn rwDkw jpY hY] Aq snyh pRIq mY rc kY cwihq AsmyD kh dY hY]5] sRyst ibp sd lIny swry jhw jhw suin pwvq hY] cwir byd Kt ssqR jwny purwn ATwrw vwcq hI Bwvq hY] aupinKdRw Avqwir ds caudw khqy hI gun gwvq hY] vrq nym pwT Ar pUjw iQq jugq smJwvq hY]6] snwqn Avr purwqn gwQw smy suBwv khq hY swrY] siqjug qRyqw duAwpr kljug kihq sBI inhwrY] -auhI-, p`qrw 473(a).

204

islslw AwrMB ho igAw[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy pihly hmly (1748 eI.) dI

jwxkwrI gRMQ ivc sMkyq mwqr hI idqI geI hY[ tyk isMG Anuswr muhMmd Swh dy

Zdwr sUbydwrW dy bulwaux ’qy hI auh ihMdosqwn nUM lu`tx leI AwieAw sI[75 ies

Zdwr dw nW Swh invwz sI[76 ies dI ZdwrI kwrn muhMmd Swh ny mIr mMnUM nUM

(lwhOr Aqy mulqwn dw) sUbydwr QwipAw Aqy kOVw m`l bhwdur nUM ausdw dIvwn qy

nwieb bxw ky ByijAw[77 lwhOr drbwr ivc kOVw m`l dy Awaux nwl isMGW dI igxqI

ivc kw&I vwDw hoieAw[ cwry vrnW dy lokW ny KMfy dI pwhul lYxI SurU kr idqI[ lVn

vwly is`KW nUM kOVw m`l ny SwhI &Oj dI mdd leI iqAwr kr ilAw[78 ivdySI

hmlwvrW qoN pIiVq ^wn bhwdur Aqy mIr mMnUM vI ienHW dI bhwdrI qoN KuS sn[ aus

smyN dy isMG pMQ dI ij`q mMgx vwly, gurU goibMd isMG dI bwxI pVHn vwly Aqy vwihgurU

dw jwp krn vwly sn[79

Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy (qIjy) hmly80 dOrwn isMGW ny kOVw m`l bhwdur dy

kihx auqy Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy iKlw& mIr mMnUM dw swQ idqw[ isMGW ny mIr mMnUM

Aqy ^wn bhwdur pRqI eIrKw hox dy bwvjUd vI bVI bhwdrI nwl ivdySI hmlwvr nUM

rokx leI, AwpxIAW jwnW dI prvwh nw krdy hoey lVweI lVI[ ies lVweI ivc

isMG Aqy kOVw m`l bVI bhwdrI nwl lVy, ijsdy PlsrUp kOVw m`l bhwdur dI ij`q

hoeI,81 pr iek pTwx ijsdw nW swdy ^W sI, ny DoKy nwl kOVw m`l aupr golI clweI,

75

-auhI-, p`qrw 473(A). 76

fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 130. 77

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 474(a). -“ApRYl 1748 eI. ivc mIr mMnUM lwhOr qy mulqwn dw sUbydwr bx ky lwhOr pu`jw[ ausny kOVw m`l nUM Awpxw

dIvwn qy nwieb bxwieAw[“ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 118. 78

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 474(a). 79

-auhI-, p`qrw 474(A). 80

ieh Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dw Bwrq auqy kIqw qIjw hmlw sI[ ies hmly dOrwn auh dsMbr, 1751 eI. qoN ApRYl 1752 eI. qk Bwrq ivc irhw sI[

not : tyk isMG ny AbdwlI dy dUjy hmly dw izkr nhIN kIqw[ ies hmly dOrwn is`KW nwl ausdI muT-ByV nhIN hoeI sI[ jwpdw hY ik iesy kwrn tyk isMG ny ies hmly dw izkr nhIN kIqw[ 81

kaurw ml bhwdir ciVE mwir ngwrw Aq ihq kIE] (bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)

205

ijs nwl ausdI mOq ho geI[82 tyk isMG duAwrw ies lVweI pRqI idqI sUcnw Anuswr

kOVw ml dI ij`q dw jo izkr kIqw igAw hY auh ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy TIk nhIN hY

ikauNik ies lVweI ivc mIr mMnUM dI burI qrHW hwr hoeI sI, ijsdy bdly ausnUM 30

l`K rupey AwbdwlI nUM dyxy pey sn[83 tyk isMG ny ies Gtnw dw vrxn kridAW iek

v`fI ZlqI ieh kIqI hY ik ies hmly ivc vI mIr mMnUM dy nwl-nwl ^wn bhwdur dw

izkr kIqw hY jo TIk nhIN hY ikauNik AbdwlI dw qIjw hmlw jo 1751 eI. ivc

hoieAw sI, aus smyN qk ^wn bhwdur (1745 eI.) mr cukw sI[ ieh iek ieiqhwsk

q`Q hY ik isMGW ny ies jMg ivc kOVw m`l dw swQ bVI bhwdrI nwl idqw sI Aqy

aunHW ny kOVw ml dI mOq qk morcy sWBI r`Ky sn[84

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) sMg Kwlsw kry lVweI qIr quPMg clq suin lIE] Kwn KvIn aumrwv suswihb cly byg jwnq rs bIE]24400] pTwn ksUrIey PV PV nyjy GoVy Pyrq hY bhudweI] jMg prw Aq BwrI qw mY kaurw ml isMG hir QweI] pry jwie Awgy pg Dir kY qwixq igljy bhu bl pweI] rok lIey chU qrPI swry mwir mwir kir dIey htweI ]1] cly durwnI Bwg qhw qy Awmd swih jhw aun pwieE] khI bwq smJwie ihMdU kI kaurw ml mwirq hir lwieE] isMGo swQ vhu Thry Awgy mwrq qupk qIr PurmwieE] Kyc pry qrvwrw isMG hI dIey htwie mugl ns AieE]2] pV kuqbw nbI kw Awpy lyq vlwieqI Aq sY BwrI] jugl jwm Kyq mY swrY Jmw Jm hQAwir sDwrI] loQ poQ hoey hY mwns ihMdU muslmwnY mwrI] muiridE pir murdy hI prqu mujMg ieCry bIc inhwrI]3] jIqy isMG kaurw ml sMgy Awmd swih nsqo iCn moeI] kaurw ml hsqI ky aUpir mwir qIr so Awgy hoeI] PqY ngwrw dIno jb hI jIqq ihMdU jwnq sB koeI] Kwn bhwdir mIr mnU qb suniq bwq AYsy suK soeI]4] -auhI-, p`qrw 474.

82 ihMdU dIjY gyr Drn mY swdy Kw iehu mqw pkwvY]5] Bir bMdUk durd jb dyKq clqw rx mY Awgy jo hY] kaurw ml qIr ks mwrY Awmd swih nsqw ivD mo hY] lUx hrwmI swdy Kw qb mwirq qupk jwn ky so hY] -auhI-, p`qrw 475.

not : AwDuink ieiqhwskwr fw. gMfw isMG ny iesdw nW bwXjId ^W iliKAw hY jo ksUr dw rihx vwlw qy AdInw byZ dw eyjMt sI[ - fw. gMfw isMG, is`K ieiqhws, pMnw 140.

83 -auhI-, pMnw 141.

84 fw. gMfw isMG, mhwrwjw kOVw ml bhwdur, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw-2000, pMnw 62.

206

tyk isMG Agy iPr ipClI ZlqI duhrwauNdw hoieAw mIr mMnUM dI QW ^wn bhwdur

dy AbdwlI swhmxy pyS hox dI gl ilKdw hY ik AbdwlI ny puiCAw ds qYnUM kI szw

idqI jwvy ? ^wn bhwdur ny ikhw ik jykr qUM UnI hYN qW mwr dy, jykr sOdwgr hYN qW

dOlq dy bdly Cf dy Aqy jykr bwdSwh hYN qW b^S dy[ ieh jvwb sux ky AbdwlI ny

ausnUM muV lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw[85 Asl ivc Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dw ieh

vwrqwlwp ^wn bhwdur dI QW mIr mMnUM nwl hoieAw sI[ mIr mMnUM dI bhwdrI nUM vyK ky

AbdwlI ny muV ausnUM lwhOr dw sUbydwr bxw idqw sI[ AbdwlI dy idlI vl jwx qoN

bwAd mIr mMnUM ny dubwrw isMGW nUM kql krn dI muihMm SurU kIqI,86 ijs kwrn isMG

mwlvy dy ielwky vl cly gey Aqy jo mwJy ivc bcy auh JwVIAW ivc luk ky rihx lgy[87

tyk isMG Anuswr Aihmd Swh AbdwlI ny iesy (qIjy) hmly dOrwn hI mrhitAW nUM

hrwieAw Aqy idlI dy bwdSwh muhMmd Swh qoN ausdI DI dw nwqw vI ilAw,88 jdoN ik

85

keI k idn ky pwC jwno Kwn bhwdir imlq qdoeI] Drq jwn srbMs njr hI jo Dn Dwm dyq ivD moeI]2] Anyk Bwq kI bwqw khqo Awmdswih ky Awgy jweI] boilE mugl qum Kwn bhwdir kho sMjwiek bhu dweI] jYsy kho qYsy Ab kirho dyhu bqwie qumry vs pweI] imly kurwn kqybw sMgy dyhu hukm Awp mn lweI]3] Kwn bhwdir khqo AYsy suno bwq iem jwno swrI] jykr jwlm KUMnI hovY mwir aufwie dyhu iek vwrI] sudwgir Kyp lwd kir AwieE mwgo daulq hI Aq BwrI] dwvw jo pwqswhI rwKo dIjY bKs srbMsY kwrI]4] suin kr bwq aucq hI ies ibD Awmd swih khq ird Awno] Awvhu rwKo mulK AsQwnw jh kq sUbw hoq bKwno] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 475(A)-476(a).

not: iesy hwl nUM sohx isMG sIql ny mskIn, KuSvkq rwey, sohx dIn, AlIaudIn, brwaun dy hvwly nwl ies qrHW iliKAw hY jo sMbMiDq gRMQ nwl myl KWdw hY, “jy qUM sOdwgr hYN qW mYnUM nzrwny bdly vyc dy[ jy ksweI hYN qW mYnUM kql kr dy[ jy qUM bwdSwh hYN qW mYnUM mwP kr dy qy Awpxy Awsry ivc lY lY[ ieh dlyrwnw auqr sux ky AbdwlI bVw uS hoieAw qy mIr mMnUM nUM hI Awpxy vloN lwhOr dw sUbydwr rihx idqw[” -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 133-34.

86 mMnUM ny is`KW aupr AiqAwcwr is`KW dI hoNd imtwaux dI nIqI nwl kIqy sn[ nw qW auh Awpxy imQy kwrj nUM nypry cwVH sikAw Aqy nw hI is`KW dy mn ivc fr pYdw kr sikAw[ ies g`l dw pqw aus smyN qoN cly Aw rhy ies gIq qoN lgdw hY-

mMnUM AswfI dwqrI, AsIN mMnUM dy soey[ ijauN ijauN mMnUM v`Fdw, AsIN dUx svwey hoey[


88 -auhI-, p`qrw 476(a).

207

ieh GtnwvW Asl ivc AbdwlI dy cOQy Aqy pMjvyN hmly dIAW hn, ijnHW nUM tyk

isMG ny ZlqI nwl qIjy hmly ivc hI ilK ky rl-gf kr idqw hY[89

AbdwlI dy vwips kwbl prqidAW hI nwl isMGW ny muV KMfy PV ley Aqy

muZlW nwl keI vwrI t`kr leI[ auh AMimRqsr ieSnwn krn leI AwauNdy qy

ArdwsW krdy sn[ isMGW nUM PV ky kql krn dIAW kwrvweIAW zorW ’qy sn, ijs

kwrn auh JwVW Aqy KwiqAW ivc luk ky rihMdy sn[ isMGW dy isrW dy mu`l pYx kwrn

hwlwq ieh sn ik jo ivAkqI AMimRq Ck ky isMG bx jWdw sI, ausdy Gr vwly

ausnUM mr igAw smJdy sn[ iksy ipMf/ngr ivc isMG nzr nhIN sI AwauNdw[ kuJ

isMG pMjwb dy is`K ivroDI hwlwqW kwrn Aqy kuJ juJwrU kwrvweIAW nUM ieMzwm dyx

leI jmnw qoN lY ky Atk qk PYly Bwv Cupy hoey sn[ aunHW ny keI vwr AbdwlI nUM

luitAw sI[ aunHW dI nIqI lut-mwr krky JwVW ivc Cup jwx dI sI[ AMimRqsr

ieSnwn krnw, Ardws krnI Aqy Akwl q^q aupr iekqR ho ky gurmqy krnw, auh

Awpxw Dwrimk-krm mMndy sn[ aunHW kol Awpxy GoVy, SsqR Aqy bMdUkW vI sn[

aunHW dI igxqI idno-idn vDdI jw rhI sI BwvyN ik aunHW nUM kql krky isrW dy

cbUqry bxwaux dw kMm zorW auqy sI[ tyk isMG Anuswr ijvyN-ijvyN isMGW dI igxqI

vD rhI sI, iqvyN-iqvyN auh hMkwrI vI ho rhyy sn, ijs kwrn aunHW dI qwkq dw

iSkwr keI dIn Aqy &kIr vI bxy[90 Awpxy ivcwr dw KMfn krdw hoieAw tyk isMG

Agly hI p`qry aupr ilKdw hY ik isMG jwq, pwq, kul qoN AiBj Aqy rihq dy bVy

pky sn[ aunHW dI pUjw lok gurU smwn krdy sn[ auh kwm vwSnw qoN aupr qy BgqI

89

AbdwlI duAwrw muhMmd Swh dI lVkI hzrq byZm nwl inkwh krn dI Gtnw cOQy hmly (dsMbr, 1756 eI. qoN ApRYl, 1757 eI.) smyN vwprI sI Aqy ausdw pwxIpq dy mYdwn ivc mrhìtAW nwl Xu`D pMjvyN hmly smyN hoieAw sI[ pwxIpq dI qIjI lVweI 14 jnvrI, 1761 eI. nUM hoeI sI, ijs ivc mrh`ty hwr gey sn[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 152 qy 169.

90 pMQ smUh hMkwir krq hI dIn ibp gaU bhuq duKweI] sBI ibqrs hoq Aq KUMnI mIr pIr gur smJy nweI] mwirq lUtq sMq swD kau smJq nwih PkIrO qweI]9] mwrq bhuq igrwau dys mY shir aujwrq swry jwno] AimRqsr mY sIs invwvq jMfAwly sMg vYr bKwno] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 478(A)-479(a).

208

ivc lIn rihx vwly sn[91 isMGW dw AMimRqsr nwl Aiq ipAwr sI pr jMifAwly

nwl aunHW dI AiDk duSmxI sI[ auh hMdwlIAW Aqy inrMjnIAW dy ktV ivroDI

sn[92 isMGW ny ienHW nUM soDx leI keI vwr jMg kIqw[93 jMifAwly dy Awkl dws nUM

isMGW ny burI qrHW lu`t ilAw, ijsdw bdlw lYx leI ausny Aihmd Swh AbdwlI nUM

iek icTI ilKI[94 ijs ivc ausny iliKAw ik isMGW dI SkqI idno-idn vDdI jw

rhI hY, auh pMjwb nUM Awpxy ADIn krky Awpxw hukm clwauxw cwhuMdy hn[ ienHW dI

vD rhI SkqI nUM T`l pwaux leI qusIN ihMdosqwn aupr jldI hmlw kro[ njUmIAW

dw vI kihxw hY ik ies vwr quhwfI hI ij`q hovygI[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI ieh

icTI pVH ky hvw vWg rvwnw hoieAw Aqy bhuq jldI auh rohqws ivKy puj igAw[95

iek is`K ny srdwr j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nUM Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy Awaux dI

^br idqI[ aus smyN is`KW ivc srdwr j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dw ruqbw muKI Aqy

91

hoq soeI iviKAwq pMQ mY jwq pwiq kul hIn jwinE] Awgy hoq bhy hir Taury gurisK soeI rhq mY mwinE] gur smwn pUjw hir QweI krq jhwn swc pihcwinE] ieMdRI jIq jp qp mY rwqy Aq BjnIk soaU irD AwinE]6] -auhI-, p`qrw 479(a).

92 -auhI-, p`qrw 478(a).

93 -auhI-, p`qrw 478(A).

not : jMifAwly aupr isMGW dy hmly vwry sohx isMG sIql ilKdw hY, “22 AkqUbr 1761 eI. nUM idvwlI sI[ swrw pMQ AMimRqsr iek`Tw hoieAw[ Akwl q^q gurmqw pws kIqw igAw ik lwhOr auqy kbzw kIqw jwvy qy jMifAwlIey Awkldws nUM sjw idqI jwvy[ ....Awkldws jMifAwlIAw muslm srkwr dw v`fw cuZl qy is`KW dw vYrI sI[ aus ny keI Drmwqmw is`K PVwey qy kql krwey sn[ lwhOroN htky is`KW ny jMifAwly nUM Aw Gyrw pwieAw[ Awkl dws dw swrw ielwkw lu`t ilAw[ ieh Gtnw 1762 eI. dI hY[ Awkl dws ny Aihmd Swh AbdwlI kol mdd vwsqy ArzI ilK ByjI[” (sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 175-76.) pr fw. gMfw isMG ilKdy hn ik Aihmd Swh AbdwlI pihlW hI Aw irhw sI, ijsnUM Awkl dws rohqws dy AsQwn ’qy imilAw[ (fw. gMfw isMG, is`K ieiqhws, pMnw 160.)

94 qw mY qum hm eyk sm Dir hY qjo ivruD lyhu njrwnw] AglI ipClI Cwfo isdq rwK lyhu AsQwn suKwnw] mwnq nwih isMG mdmwqy Apnw qyj chq pRgtwnw] Awgw pICw soDy nwhI mwirq ssqR hI kir qwnw]9] Bey qMg jMfAwly my vhu kIno hY pwDI iCn moeI] hsvwir swnxI kir kY toirE kwbl mY torq hY soeI] phco dhu chU idnw mY qau AwvY mugl durwnI koeI] Awmd swih AwvY jb eIhw qau piqswhI kwiem hoeI] -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 479(A).

95 -auhI-, p`qrw 479(A).

209

bwdSwh vwlw sI[96 (nvwb) kpUr isMG dw nwm vfy XoiDAW ivc igixAw jWdw sI[

ies smyN qk is`KW dy keI jQy (imslW) bx cuky sn, ijs kwrn hny-hny mIrI ho

geI sI[ jdoN Aihmd Swh AbdwlI (CyvW hmlw krn leI) AwieAw qW nvwb kpUr

isMG ny lVn dw hT kIqw[ isMG Awpo-Awpxy GoVy lY ky vK-vK idSwvW ivc iKMf-

puMf gey[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI Aqy zYn ^W97 ny isMGW dy kql dw hukm dy idqw[

ies hwlwq nUM vyK ky isMG mwlvy ivc Aw gey[ isMGW dw ipCw krdy auh vI mwlvy v`l

vDy qy isMGW nUM kql krn lg pey[ isMGW dI hoNd nUM imtwaux leI kIqy mwrU hmly

ivc JwVW qk vI ruMf-muMf kr idqIAW[ ies Gtnw nUM is`K ieiqhws ivc vfy

G`lUGwry dy nwm nwl jwixAw jWdw hY,98 ijs nUM tyk isMG ny ies qrHW ibAwn kIqw hY-

jYn Kwn topI joaU dyKY hukm dIE kql kw sunIey]jYn Kwn topI joaU dyKY hukm dIE kql kw sunIey]jYn Kwn topI joaU dyKY hukm dIE kql kw sunIey]jYn Kwn topI joaU dyKY hukm dIE kql kw sunIey]

rhn nw pwvY isMG idso mY lKpiq rwie kI bwq bnIey]rhn nw pwvY isMG idso mY lKpiq rwie kI bwq bnIey]rhn nw pwvY isMG idso mY lKpiq rwie kI bwq bnIey]rhn nw pwvY isMG idso mY lKpiq rwie kI bwq bnIey]

Gyir lIey aun hir QY jweI Dsy mwGyir lIey aun hir QY jweI Dsy mwGyir lIey aun hir QY jweI Dsy mwGyir lIey aun hir QY jweI Dsy mwlvy mY pRn lIey]lvy mY pRn lIey]lvy mY pRn lIey]lvy mY pRn lIey]

krq kqlwm jwie kir jb hI JwiV JwiV mY ruMf muMf kIey]4]krq kqlwm jwie kir jb hI JwiV JwiV mY ruMf muMf kIey]4]krq kqlwm jwie kir jb hI JwiV JwiV mY ruMf muMf kIey]4]krq kqlwm jwie kir jb hI JwiV JwiV mY ruMf muMf kIey]4]

loQn aUpr loQ inhwirq Taur Taur mY soRxq pirE]loQn aUpr loQ inhwirq Taur Taur mY soRxq pirE]loQn aUpr loQ inhwirq Taur Taur mY soRxq pirE]loQn aUpr loQ inhwirq Taur Taur mY soRxq pirE]

rMg BUm mY dyK kwlkw nwcqy rudR pyt Aq BirE]rMg BUm mY dyK kwlkw nwcqy rudR pyt Aq BirE]rMg BUm mY dyK kwlkw nwcqy rudR pyt Aq BirE]rMg BUm mY dyK kwlkw nwcqy rudR pyt Aq BirE]

lyq inAwml svw lwK mY kto isMG soaU nYk n AirE]lyq inAwml svw lwK mY kto isMG soaU nYk n AirE]lyq inAwml svw lwK mY kto isMG soaU nYk n AirE]lyq inAwml svw lwK mY kto isMG soaU nYk n AirE]

96

tyk isMG ny jo srdwr j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw dy bwdSwh vwly ruqby dI g`l ilKI hY, auh ieiqhws dI ies Gtnw v`l sMkyq krdI hY ik lwhOr Sihr aupr kbzw (1761 eI.) krky isMGW ny s. j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIey nUM bwdSwh bxwieAw sI[ lwhOr qy kbzw krn qoN bwAd aus ny cWdI dw iskw vI clwieAw ijs aupr iliKAw hoieAw sI-

is`kw zd dr jhW b&zl Akwl[ mulk Aihmd igR&q j`sw klwl[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 175-76.

97 “mwrc 1761 eI. ivc durwnI ny ies nUM srhMd dw sUbydwr bxwieAw[ ies ny is`KW nUM ^qm krn dI qkVI muihMm clweI Aqy 5 PrvrI 1762 eI. ivc kup-rhIVw dy mukwm auqy hoey v`fy G`lUGwry ivc ies ny vD-cVH ky ihsw ilAw[” -rqn isMG j`gI, is`K pMQ ivSvkoS, gur rqn pblIsrz, pitAwlw-2005. pMnw 845.

98 “aunHW dy brnwly pujx qoN pihlW hI A&gwnW ny aus Gyry nUM qoV idqw jo isKW ny AwpxIAW AOrqW Aqy bicAW duAwly pwieAw hoieAw sI Aqy ies qrHW isKW dw kqlyAwm SurU ho igAw[ ies lVweI ivc Gt qoN Gt Anumwn Anuswr vI lgpg 10,000 bMdy mwry gey dsy jWdy hn[ ies frwauxy kqlyAwm nUM, jo 5 PrvrI 1762 nUM hoieAw, isK ieiqhws ivc vfw GlUGwrw jW dUjw mhwn GlUGwrw ikhw jWdw hY[” -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 161.

210

GlUGwrw suin ky Klkq rMudn krq nih Gir BirEGlUGwrw suin ky Klkq rMudn krq nih Gir BirEGlUGwrw suin ky Klkq rMudn krq nih Gir BirEGlUGwrw suin ky Klkq rMudn krq nih Gir BirE]5]]5]]5]]5]99

ies G`lUGwry ny ihMdU lokW dy mn ivc AbdwlI dw fr pYdw kr idqw[ ies

G`lUGwry ivc AbdwlI ny is`KW dw bhuq nukswn kIqw[ isMGW dIAW lwSW ibnw K&n

qy kwT dy ruldIAW rhIAW[ pr ies G`lUGwry qoN bwAd isMG hor sucyq ho gey[ swry

isMG muV iekTy hoey[ s. jsw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, nvwb kpUr isMG, gurb^S isMG,

qwrw isMG, mwn isMG Awid ny rl ky mlyC nwS dw pRx ilAw[ aunHW ny SsqRW qy GoiVAW

dw pRbMD kIqw[ iek pihr rwq rihMdy srdwr jsw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw nvwb kpUr isMG

kol phuMicAw, dovyN ny rl ky gurmqw kIqw ik AbdwlI dI sYnw aupr hmlw kIqw jwvy[

auh SsqRDwrI isMGW nUM lY ky GoiVAW aupr Asvwr ho gey Aqy ADI rwq AbdwlI dy kYNp

aupr hmlw kr idqw[ ies hmly ivc AbdwlI dy bhuq swry ispwhI mwry gey[100 ies

nwl AbdwlI nUM ieh Aihsws hoieAw ik mYN ies pMQ nUM ^qm krn dw Xqn kIqw sI

pr ieh qW BY mukq ho gey hn[101 isKW dw Kurw-Koj imtwaux leI ausny hukm idqw

ik ienHW dI zwq, dyS, gWv Aqy rihx dI jgHw iblkul myt dyvo, ienHW nUM koeI iklHw nw

bxwaux idE ijQy ieh AwkI ho ky bYT skx[ ausnUM jvwb imilAw ik ieh itMfW dw

isrHwxw lw ky sOx vwly, purwxy Anwj nUM AMimRq smJ ky Kwx vwly, Dn nUM ipAwr nw

krn vwly Aqy QlW ivc rihx vwly hn[ ienHW dI SkqI dw kwrn hirmMdr swihb dw

sQwn hY jo ienHW ivc SkqI qy krwmwq Brdw hY[102 ieh sux ky Aihmd Swh AbdwlI

ny hirmMdr swihb dI iemwrq nUM brUd nwl aufwaux dw hukm dy idqw[ AbdwlI dIAW

99


G`lUGwry qoN bwAd isMGW ny AbdwlI aupr hmlw nhIN kIqw sI[ tyk isMG ny j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIAw Aqy nvwb kpUr isMG duAwrw AbdwlI dI &Oj nUM lutx-mwrn dw jo izkr kIqw hY, auh iksy hor ieiqhwsk sRoq qoN puSt nhIN huMdw[ Asl ivc isMGW ny AbdwlI nUM lu`tx dw kMm hirmMdr swihb dI byAdbI qoN bwAd kIqw sI[

101 -auhI-, p`qrw 480(a).

102 itMfw sunihrw Anwj purwnw AimRq kr kir jwno Kwvq] rupy swQ ipAwir krq hY sovq Ql mY soeI jwvq] AMimRqsr mY kry vsyrw kir prqIq sunwvq hY] swD PkIr gurU kI jwgw pUjq syv krwvq hY]6] jwhir krwmwiq soeI hY khqy njr bwj gun pwieE] -auhI-, p`qrw 480(A).

211

&OjW ny brUd nwl drbwr swihb nUM Fih-FyrI kr ky imtI ivc imlw idqw[ is`KW nUM

ies sQwn qoN dUr r`Kx leI &OjW dw s^q pihrw lgwieAw igAw[103 AbdwlI dIAW

&OjW dy s^q pihry dy bwvzUd vI BMgI imsl dy isMGW ny AMimRqsr srovr ivc

ieSnwn krn Aqy ies sQwn aupr DUp-b`qI krn dw kwrj jwrI riKAw[104 AÎr

dIvwlI dy idn srbq Kwlsw AMimRqsr iekqR hoieAw[ ies smyN aunHW ny drbwr

swihb dI syvw krvwaux Aqy AbdwlI nwl lVweI krn dw PYslw kIqw[105

Aihmd Swh AbdwlI duAwrw ihMdosqwn aupr kIqy nOvyN hmly dOrwn bhuq swry

lokW nUM Zulwm bxwieAw igAw[ Bwrq nUM lu`tx qoN bwAd jdoN auh vwips kwbl v`l

103

BeI Pjr qb lskir dauirE dyKq qwl mhw mn BwieE] krI hkIkq jwhr swrI qau Awdmswih eyhI PurmwieE] lyq brUd aufwvhu ien kau surG lwie kir kupy pwieE]7] deI aufwie sr pr hI jwgw pRB kw Bwxw mwnq hY] sB AsQwn dUr kr fwirE iek Cpr sm jwnq hY] vYrwn aujwir krI sB jwgw muglo kw phrw qn qwnq hY] cUky nwih rMk AigAwnI kyswDwrI Cpq hIey Awnq hY]8] -auhI-, p`qrw 480(A). -qwl mD deI ild igrwie[ jON bIjy jwaU KUd crwie[ mD hirmMdr Fwh iqn dXo[ iqh dwrU kupy icxwvq BXo[4[ dInI iqnko Agn lgwie[ aufI iet aUhW phuMcI jwey[ lgI nk ky aUpr swie[ hoie n cMgw rogI khwie[5[ -rqn isMG BMgU, auhI, pMnw 450.

not : AbdwlI duAwrw hirmMdr swihb nUM Fwhux dI Gtnw v`fy G`lUGwry qoN bwAd 10 ApRYl 1762 nUM hoeI sI, jdoN AbdwlI vwips jwx qoN pihlW AMimRqsr rwmrwauxI dy iklHy ivc ruikAw hoieAw sI[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 162.

104 hirmMdr swihb qy AMimRq srovr pRqI is`KW dw ipAwr sdw bixAw irhw hY[ ieiqhws dy ibKVy smyN ivc vI ies ipAwr dIAW AnykW imswlW auplbD hn[ -“AMimRqsr srovr dy audwly muZl hwkmW dw bVw krVw pihrw sI[ srovr dIAW cOhW nukrW auqy munwry bxw ky ivc bMdUkW vwly pihrydwr ibTwey hoey sn[ auhnW nUM hukm sI ik koeI is`K ieSnwn krn Awvy qW aus nUM golI mwr idE[ isMG rwq brwqy AwauNdy qy ieSnwn kr ky hrn ho jWdy[ muslmwn hwkmW ny isMGW nUM sunyhw ByijAw ik eys qrHW corW vWg luk ky nhIN, mrdwaU-puxw qd ey, jy idny ieSnwn kr ky jwE qW[ s. su`Kw isMG mwVI kMbokI vwlw iek idn dupihry qurkI ByS kr ky ieSnwn krn Aw igAw[ srovr ivcoN ieSnwn krky qy isroN p`g lwh ky auh kysW dw jUVw ivKwauNdw hoieAw, jYkwry C`fdw B`j igAw[ p`g lwhux dw Bwv sI, vYrI isr auqy jUVw vyK ky smJ lYx ik ieSnwn krn vwlw is`K hY”[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 110.


not : fw. gMfw isMG ies ieiqhwsk q`Q bwry ilKdy hn ik 17 AkqUbr 1762 eI. nUM dIvwlI dw iqauhwr sI Aqy lgpg s`T hzwr is`K ies mOky ’qy AMimRqsr ivc iekTy hoey sn[ klwnOr bYTy AbdwlI ny isMGW nwl smJOqw krn leI Awpxw eylcI ByijAw smJOqy dI QW isMGW ny aus nUM swQIAW smyq lut ilAw[ 16 AkqUbr nUM lVweI hoeI, ijs ivc isMGW ny AbdwlI nUM burI qrHW hrw idqw Aqy auh rwq dy hnyry ivc lwhOr B`j igAw[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 164.

212

priqAw qW Zulwm bxwey lokW nUM nwl lY quirAw, ijnHW ivc kw&I AOrqW vI Swiml

sn[ bMdI bxweIAW AOrqW nUM pitAwly dy rwjy106 ny kuJ dOlq dy ky Cufw ilAw[107

AbdwlI dy jwnsIn qYmUr Swh ny 1770 eI. ivc ihMdusqwn qy hmlw kIqw Aqy

isMGW h`QoN hwr ky rwvI qoN pwr ho igAw[ ies hmly dOrwn qYmUr Swh ny keI ikilHAW

dw inrmwx kIqw[108 ies smyN qk isMGW dy hOsly ieqny vD gey sn ik auh Atk

dirAw dw pwxI pIx leI auqwvly sn, ijs kwrn aunHW ny rwvI qoN pwr bYTy qYmUr Swh

nwl lVweI lVI[ tyk isMG Anuswr qYmUr Swh nwl hoeI ies lVweI ivc mrwiTAW ny

isMGW dw swQ idqw, ijsdI puStI iksy hor ieiqhwsk sRoq qoN nhIN huMdI[ ies lVweI

ivc mYdwn isMGW dy hQ irhw[ jhwn ^W Aqy qYmUr Swh burI qrHW hwr ky ipSwvr

vwips cly gey[109

tyk isMG Anuswr is`KW dy Drm sQwn hirmMdr swihb dI byAdbI krn qy

Bwrq dy lokW nUM sqwaux dy PlsrUp, Aihmd Swh AbdwlI 22 swl rwj krn qoN

bwAd ikRm pY ky mr igAw[110 ausdI mOq qoN bwAd ausdw puqr qYmUr Swh bwdSwh

106

pitAwly dy ies rwjy dw nwm Amr isMG sI Aqy ausny AbdwlI nUM iqMn lK ^rwj dy ky qIh hzwr AOrqW nUM CufvwieAw sI[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 216.


not : tyk isMG ny AbdwlI dy sqvyN Aqy ATvyN hmly dw izkr nhIN kIqw[ sqvyN hmly dOrwn AbdwlI dI muK nIqI isKW dI hoNd nUM ^qm krnw sI, ijs ivc auh burI qrHW nwkwm irhw[ ies hmly qoN bwAd AbdwlI nUM Aihsws ho igAw sI ik isKW dI SkqI nUM hux roikAw nhIN jw skdw[ idlI qoN vwips AwauNidAW ausny Awlw isMG nUM rwjw dw i^qwb idqw, pr bwkI imsl srdwrW ny AbdwlI dI ADIngI nw kbUldy hoey, ausdw mukwblw kIqw[ auh isKW nwl lVn qoN kMnI kqrwauNdw vwips kwbl prq igAw[ -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 169-73. ATvW hmlw vI ausny 1764 eI. ivc hI kIqw[ tyk isMG duAwrw idqy nOvyN hmly qoN bwAd vI AbdwlI ny Bwrq auqy do hmly kIqy[ dsvW hmlw ausny dsMbr 1768 eI. ivc kIqw Aqy JnW qoN hI vwips muV igAw[ igAwrvW Aqy Aw^rI hmlw ausny dsMbr 1769 eI. ivc kIqw Aqy ijhlm qoN vwips prq igAw[

108 igAwnI igAwn isMG ny qYmUr Swh duAwrw auswry 20 ikilHAW dw vrxn vI kIqw hY[ -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 212-17.


110 Awdmswih susq kwbl mY kIVy mgjo mY duK FoeI] krI AvigAw hY Aq BwrI AMimRqsr FwihE hY joeI]1] gur nwnk AMgd Amrdws rl rwmdws Arjn qp kIE] hir goibMd hir rwie gurU qb hir ikRsn kau Pl pRB dIE] qyg bhwdir kI kTnweI qw kw gun jwhir kir lIE] (bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)

213

bixAw[ tyk isMG ny Aihmd Swh AbdwlI duAwrw 22 swl rwj krn dw jo aulyK

kIqw hY, auh TIk nhIN, ikauNik ieiqhws Anuswr auh 25 swl (1747-1772 eI.)

q^q ’qy irhw sI[111

ihMdosqwn dy smkwlI hwlwq ieh sn ik sUjy ^W mulqwn dw Aqy kwblI m`l

lwhOr dw nvwb bixAw[ AlI gaur (Swh Awlm dUjw) id`lI ivc sI[ klkqy ivc

i&rMgIAW ny Awpxy pYr pswr ley sn[ i&rMgIAW nwl t`kr lYx leI srwjUdOlw (Swh

Awlm dw vzIr) ny sB qoN pihlW hiQAwr cuky[ AlI gaur ny vI mulk h`QoN Kusdw

vyK ky i&rMgIAW ivruD jMgI kwrvweI kIqI[ kMpnI ny nzrwny dy ky AlI gaur nwl

smJOqw kr ilAw Aqy kwSI, lKnaU Awid QwvW ’qy Awaux-jwx dI Kul hwisl krn

bdly id`lI srkwr dI m`dd krn dw iekrwr idqw[112 AlI gaur (Swh Awlm dUjw)

bwry gRMQ ivc ieh vI iliKAw igAw hY ik ausnUM q^q qoN lwh ky, A`KW qoN AMnHw krky,

mwr idqw igAw[113 tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq Swh Awlm nUM AMnHw krn dw hwl qW

TIk hY pr mwrn dw nhIN ikauNik 1788 eI. ivc Zulwm kwdr ruhyly ny Swh Awlm nUM

AMnHw qW zrUr kr idqw sI, pr mwirAw nhIN sI Aqy nw hI ausdI QW koeI nvW

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) jg hom goibMd isMG kw hY tyk hry hir Amrsr jIE]2] qw pir skqI kInI jb hY pIr PkIr shwie nhI kir hY] Klkq krI vYrwn pMjwbI Kwlk suniq pukwir bhu vir hY] ikRmo swQ pwpI jb mUAw puqR kpuqR mn mwhI Dr hY] ….. clIhw kIno pUrn jb hI bweI vrK Awmd shw qhIAY] kir piqswhI mUAw jwno pwCy qbUr swih iqs QhIAY]5] -auhI-, p`qrw 482(A).

not : Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dI mOq ikrm pY ky hoeI sI, ies g`l nUM hor is`K ieiqhwskwr vI mMndy hn[ fw. gMfw isMG AwpxI ikqwb is`K ieiqhws ivc rqn isMG BMgU Aqy &wrsI ilKqW dy hvwly nwl AbdwlI dI mOq bwry ilKdw hY, “ikhw jWdw hY ik jdoN ieh iemwrqW (hirmMdr swihb) aufweIAW jw rhIAW sn qW iek aufdw hoieAw roVw Aihmd Swh dy n`k aupr v`jw Aqy auQy Aijhw z^m ho igAw jo kdy rwzI nw ho sikAw[” -fw. gMfw isMG, auhI, pMnw 162-63.

111 Aihmd Swh AbdwlI 1747 eI. ivc bwdSwh bixAw sI Aqy ausdI mOq 14 ApRYl sMn 1772 nUM hoeI sI, ijs Anuswr auh 25 swl q^q auqy irhw jdoN ik tyk isMG ZlqI nwl ausdy 22 swl bwdSwh bxy rihx dI g`l krdw hY[ hW, ieh g`l zrUr hY ik Aihmd Swh AbdwlI ny 1747 eI. qoN lY ky 1769 eI. qk Bwrq auqy 11 hmly kIqy sn, ijnHW dw smW 22 swl bxdw hY[ -Hari Ram Gupta, History of the

Sikhs, Vol-4, U. C. Kapur & Sons, New Delhi-1973, p. 400. 112

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 484-483(A). 113

-auhI-, p`qrw 486(A)

214

bwdSwh bixAw sI, sgoN auh hI 1806 eIN qk id`lI dw bwdSwh irhw sI[114 dUjy pwsy

isMGW ny pMjwb dy bhuq swry ielwikAW dy lokW nUM Awpxy AiDkwr Kyqr ivc Swiml

kr ilAw[ ienHW dI rwKI dI izmyvwrI vI aunHW ny Awpxy isr lY leI[ vfI igxqI

ivc lok KMfy dI pwhul lY ky isMG sj gey[ ijs ny vI isMGW dI SkqI nUM vMgwr pweI

aus nUM lut ilAw igAw[ isMGW ivc rwjnIiqk SkqI leI ieMnw ipAwr pYdw hoieAw

ik hny-hny mIrI pYdw ho geI[ ies smyN BMgI imsl sB qoN SkqISwlI sI[ BMgI imsl

dy isMG BMg pINdy sn Aqy lVn ivc infr sn[ ienHW dw muK itkwxw AMimRqsr

swihb sI[ ies smyN swrIAW imslW dy srdwr cMgy jpI-qpI Aqy bwxI pVHn vwly

sn[ auh joV myilAW (dIvwlI, ivswKI Awid) aupr iekTy huMdy, Sbd pVHdy, ArdwsW

krdy Aqy kVwh-pRSwd lY ky iek dUjy nUM gurBweI kih ky bulwauNdy sn[115

iek vwr dIvwlI dy idn smUh Kwlsw AMimRqsr iekTw hoieAw[ bhuq kwr

Bytw cVweI[ sBnw ny drbwr swihb dI muV-auswrI krn dw ivcwr bxwieAw[

drbwr swihb dI muV nINh r`KI geI[116 srovr dI syvw qoN bwAd QoVHy smyN ivc hI

hirmMdr swihb bx ky iqAwr ho igAw, ijs ivc sRI gurU gRMQ swihb dw pRkwS kIqw

igAw[ drbwr swihb dy swhmxy Akwl q^q swihb dI vI muV auswrI kIqI geI Aqy

kuJ mkwn (buMgy) vI rihx leI bxwey gey[117 AMimRqsr dI is`KW leI mhqqw dw

114

J. D. Cunningham, History of the Sikhs, Londan-1849, p 129. ; kwnH isMG nwBw, auhI, vyKo- muslmwnW dw Bwrq iv`c rwj : 45.


116 -auhI-, p`qrw 484(A).

-“4 nvMbr 1763 eI. nUM idvwlI dw iqauhwr sI[ ies idn srbq Kwlsw hirmMdr swihb ivKy iekqR hoieAw sI Aqy hirmMdr swihb dI nINh r`Kx dI slwh kIqI geI sI[ iesqoN bwAd swry pMQ ny Ardwsw krky 17 nvMbr 1763 eI. nUM hirmMdr swihb dI nINh r`KI sI[ nvwb kpUr isMG ny iet r`KI sI Aqy s. j`sw isMG AwhlUvwlIey ny cUnw pwieAw sI[ swry is`K srdwrW ny hirmMdr swihb vwsqy XQw Skq Bytw cVHweI[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 216.

117 juhir krwmwq jo psrI hirmMdir bnqw hY aueI] nIv DrI Aq BwrI qw mY cwir qrP jl jwmY hoeI]4] Aq auqm AsQwn bnwieE bIc srovir kY so lhIAY] prdKnw kI jwgw hir QY rwKI sMqo bhu gun ghIAY] surg duAwrIAw pul ky mwhI drsnI dirvwjw hI iqh phIAY] JMfw buMgw Awgy qw ky naubq kw AsQwn lKhIAY]5] (bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)

215

izkr kridAW tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik jykr iksy sQwn nUM ds gurUAW dw auqm sQwn

kihxw hovy qW auh AMimRqsr hY ikauNik eyQy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb dw pRkwS hY, eyQy

ieSnwn krn nwl piqq punIq qy SsqR PV ky rx BUmI dw Amr XoDw bx jWdw hY,

eyQy isr Jukwaux vwlw ienswn cwr pdwrQ pRwpq kr lYNdw hY[118

drbwr swihb dI auswrI qoN kuJ dyr bwAd hI BMgI imsl dy srdwr hrI

isMG BMgI dI mOq (1765 eI.) ho geI[ smUh Kwlsy ny srb-sMmqI nwl srdwr JMfw

isMG dy isr p`g bMn ky ausnUM BMgI imsl dw srdwr bxw idqw[119 BMgI imsl dy isMG

ny Awpxw itkwxw AMimRqsr swihb ivKy hI riKAw[ SkqISwlI hox kwrn ieh Awpxy

Awp nUM sB imslW dy moFI smJdy sn, ijs kwrn bwkI srdwrW qy isMGW ivc kuJ ros

psirAw hoieAw sI, ikauNik auh iksy dI ADIngI pRvwn nhIN krdy sn[120

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) Akwl buMgw jb iqAwir hoq hY BMgI jMgI krq vsyrw] hor bny mkwn cau qrPI smUh Kwlsw pwvq Gyrw] Anwhd sbd hovn qb lwgy gur Arjn kw grMQ vsyrw] pUjw hoq bIV kI hr QY hirmMdir mY rwKq fyrw]6] -tyk isMG, auhI-, p`qrw 484(A). -hrI isMG hirAwvl kInI AMimRqsir mY swrY] DMn Dwm Ar buMgy bnqy cwir qirP bwxI Duin kwrY] caukIAw buMgy Atl hoq hY mWgq isMG gurU ky ipAwrY] hir vKq khqy Ardws KloeI qurk nws mwgq gunkwrY[5[ -auhI-, p`qrw 485(a)

not : AMimRqsr ivKy iekTy hoey isMGW dw hwl qwrI^-ey-pMjwb dw lyKk Aihmd Swh btwlvI ies qrHW ilKdw hY, “AMimRqsr Shr auqy swry isMGW dw sWJw AiDkwr sI[ hr iek srdwr ny Awpxy Awpxy nW auqy iek iklHw Aqy v`Krw mh`lw vswieAw hoieAw sI[ mh`ly nUM ktVw AwiKAw jWdw sI, ijvyN ktVw BMgIAW, ktVw kMnHeIAW Awid[ AMimRqsr dy srovr ivckwr bxy pRwrQnw sQwn dy Awly duAwly aunHW ny keI Bvn bxwey hoey sn ijnHW nUM auh buMgy kihMdy sn[ prspr vYr Aqy eIrKw dy bwvjUd jd auh ies Shr ivc AwauNdy qW eIrKw Aqy vYr ivroD Bulw dyNdy[ iek QW auqy iekTy ho ky auh gurU gRMQ swihb dw pwT SRvx krdy Aqy hr pRkwr dIAW smisAwvW auqy ivcwr ivtWdrw krdy[ swry srdwr AMimRqsr nUM vswaux, hirmMdr Aqy srovr nUM bxwaux Aqy sjwaux leI rupey pwxI vWg ^rc kr dyNdy sn[” Aihmd Swh btwlvI, qwrI^-ey-pMjwb, gurbKS isMG (Anu.), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw-1969, pMnw 38.


119 ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy hrI isMG BMgI dI mOq 1765 eI. ivc aus smyN hoeI jdoN ausny AbdwlI v`loN ivhly ho ky bu`Fw dl Aqy qrnw dl nwl iml ky pitAwly auqy hmlw kIqw[ bwbw Awlw isMG ny AbdwlI dy hmly smyN isMGW dI koeI mdd nhIN kIqI sI, sgoN AbdwlI dw swQI bx igAw sI, ijs kwrn isMGW nUM aus aupr bhuq gusw sI[ dohW iDrW ivc s^q lVweI hoeI, ijs ivc s. hrI isMG BMgI mwirAw igAw[ hrI isMG BMgI dI mOq qoN bwAd ausdw puqr JMfw isMG ies (BMgI) imsl dw srdwr bixAw sI[ -sohx isMG sIql, is`K imslW qy srdwr Grwxy, lwhOr bùk Swp, luiDAwxw-2006, pMnw 23.


216

AwpxI SkqI dw pRdrSn krn leI SukRckIAw imsl dy srdwr cVHq isMG ny

AMimRqsr dy nyVy dw kwPI ielwkw Awpxy kbzy ivc kr ilAw, ijs kwrn JMfw isMG

BMgI ny aus aupr hmlw krn dw PYslw kIqw[ gurb^S isMG ny aus nUM roikAw pr

ausny cVweI kr idqI[ dovW ivc lVweI hoeI[ ies lVweI ivc mwlI isMG (imsl

rwmgVHIAw) ny vI ihsw ilAw[121 tyk isMG duAwrw vrxn kIqI ieh nvIN Gtnw hY,

ijs bwry ieiqhws ivcoN koeI gvwhI nhIN imldI[

tyk isMG Anuswr hryk imsldwr ivc bwdSwh bxn dI cwhnw sI[ BwvyN ik

pMjwb dy vfy ihsy aupr isMGW ny kbzw kr ilAw pr SWqI bhwl nw ho skI ikauNik

imsl srdwrW ivc iek dUjy duAwrw m`ly ielwikAW nUM hwsl krn leI JgVw SurU ho

igAw[ srdwr cVHq isMG ies kMm ivc sB qoN mohrI sI, pr BMgI imsl dy

SkqISwlI hox kwrn aus duAwrw m`ly ielwikAW nUM ij`qxw cVHq isMG leI bVw

muSkl kMm sI[122 iek dUjy pRqI pYdw hoeI eIrKw audoN swhmxy AweI jdoN 1774 eI.

jMmU dy rwjy rxjIq dyv qy ausdy puqr ibRjrwj dyv ivckwr JgVw ho igAw Aqy aunHW

ny Awpo-AwpxI mdd leI is`K srdwrW nUM bulw ilAw[ rxjIq dyv dy pwsy srdwr

JMfw isMG qy ibRjrwj dyv vwly pwsy cVHq isMG qy jY isMG knHeIAw mdd leI ft

gey[123 tyk isMG Anuswr JMfw isMG BMgI ny srdwr cVHq isMG SukRc`keIey qoN vYr lYx

leI Aqy mwieAw dy lwlc kwrn ieh lVweI lVI ijs ivc ausdI mOq ho geI Aqy

cVHq isMG vI ausdI AwpxI bMdUk dI pwiep Ptx nwl mwirAw igAw[124 JMfw isMG

121

-auhI-, p`qrw 486(a). 122

-auhI-, p`qrw 487. 123

sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 30-31.. 124

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 487(A). -ies lVweI dI ivsqirq jwxkwrI idMdy hoey fw. Bgq isMG ilKdw hY, “In 1770, Ranjit Deo (Dev) of

jammu, a tributary of Jhanda Singh Bhangi, quarrely with his eldest son, Brij Raj Deo, whom he wanted to excude from the succession in preference to his younger son, Dalel Singh. Brij Raj Deo called to his assistance Jai Singh and Haqiqat Singh Kanaihya and Charhat Singh Sukarchakia. Raja Ranjit Deo called Jhanda Singh Bhangi and some hill chiefs including those of Chamba, Kangra and Nurpur. The rival forces fought occasionally for six months near Jammu without any conclusive results. Charhat Singh died from the


217

dI mOq qoN bwAd smUh pMQ ny gMfw isMG BMgI nUM BMgI imsl dw srdwr bxw idqw Aqy

cVHq isMG dI QW ausdy puqr mhW isMG nUM[ AwpsI ivroD nUM ^qm krn leI pMQ ny mhW

isMG125 nUM gMfw isMG kol pyS kIqw Aqy ikhw ik ieh bwlk hY, ies nUM muAw& kr dy Aqy

Agy leI dovyN AwpsI vYr Bwv dUr kr lvo[ gMfw isMG BMgI ny Kwlsy nUM ikhw ik mYN

kyswDwrI isMGW nUM gurU smwn smJdw hW ies leI aunHW dw hukm mYN ikvyN moV skdw hW[126

1782 eI. dI iek ieiqhwsk Gtnw Anuswr srdwr nMd isMG BMgI dI mOq qoN

bwAd ausdI ivDvw ny AwpxI lVkI dw ivAwh srdwr hkIkq isMG knHeIAw dy Brw

nwl kIqw qW pTwnkot ausnUM jwgIr vjoN dy idqw sI[ ijs bwry tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik

Awpxw ielwkw muV hwisl krn leI gMfw isMG BMgI ny Awpxy Brw cVHq isMG nUM

ByijAw[ dovyN iDrW ivc BwrI lVweI hoeI[ BMgI BwvyN knHeIAW dy mukwbly izAwdw

SkqISwlI sn pr ies lVweI ivc kudrq ny knHeIAw dw swQ idqw[ ies lVweI

dOrwn hI gMfw isMG BMgI ny qMbU ivc pRwx iqAwg idqy Aqy ausdI mOq qoN bwAd ausdw

Brw srdwr cVHq isMG BMgI ies imsl dw srdwr bixAw, pr auh vI iesy lVweI

ivc mwirAw igAw[127 BMgI hwr mMn ky vwips AMimRqsr Aw gey Aqy dysU isMG nUM

BMgI imsl dw nvW (1783 eI.) srdwr cuixAw igAw[128

BMgI imsl dI SkqI aus smyN hor KMifq ho geI jdoN gurb^S isMG BMgI dI

mOq ho jwx kwrn aus duAwrw mìlAw swrw ielwkw ûAwr ho igAw, ijs dw muK kwrn

guzr isMG BMgI sI[ auh socdw sI ik ikqy lihxw isMG ieklw hI swry ielwky dw

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) bursting of his gun. The Bhangis found the new situation advantageous. The Kanaihya chiefs, then, decided to assassinate Jhanda Singh Bhangi. They brided a Mazhabi Sikh who shot him dead as he was riding in the evening, attended by only three horsemen, through the

camp, to see some Sardars.” -Dr. Bhagat Singh, Ibid, p. 156.

not : hrI rwm gupqw, Kzwn isMG qy igAwnI sohx isMG sIql ny ies Gtnw dw smW 1774 eI. idqw hY[ 125

cVHq isMG dI mOq 1770 eI. ivc hoeI, jdoN mhW isMG (jnm 1760 eI.) dI aumr ds swl sI[ -Dr.

Bhagat Singh, Ibid, p. 186. 126

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 487(A)-488(a) 127

-auhI-, p`qrw 488(a) 128

-auhI-, p`qrw 490(A)

218

mwlk nw bx jwvy, ies leI ausny roVWvwlw aus leI C`f ky bwkI swrw ielwkw Awpxy

kbzy ivc kr ilAw sI[ iesqoN bwAd ienHW dovW ny Awpo-AwpxIAW imslW bxw

leIAW[129 ies vMf dy ipCy ieiqhwsk kwrn ieh sI ik gurbKS isMG BMgI jo ik

roVWvwly dw rihx vwlw sI, ausdy ielwky ivc cwlI ipMf AwauNdy sn Aqy auh 1763

eI. ivc byAOlwd hI mr igAw sI[ iesdI mOq qoN bwAd lihxw isMG jo ik s.

gurb^S isMG dw dohqrw sI Aqy guzr isMG ijs nUM gurb^S isMG ny Awpxw puqryl

bxwieAw hoieAw sI, ivcwly JgVw ho igAw[ pr hrI isMG BMgI ny ienHW dI sulHw

krvwky gurbKS isMG dy ielwky dI ienHW dovW ivc A`Do-A`D vMf kr idqI sI[ iesy

vMf nUM tyk isMG ny ielwkw ûAwr hoxw iliKAw hY[

lihxw isMG Aqy guzr isMG ny BMgI Aqy knHeIAw imslW nwl imlky AMimRqsr

ivKy gurmqw kIqw ik lwhOr auqy kbzw krnw cwhIdw hY[ swirAW ny sihmqI pRgt kIqI

Aqy lwhOr aupr hmlw kr idqw[ lwhOr dw sUbydwr kwblI ml isMGW dw mukwblw nw kr

sikAw qy fr ky (jMmU) dOV igAw[ isMGW ny lwhOr auqy kbzw kr ilAw[ jdoN vMf hox

lgI qW gMfw isMG BMgI ny kuJ izAwdw ihsw lYx dI gl kIqI pr isMGW dy kihx krky

ies nUM iqMn ihisAW ivc hI vMifAw igAw[130 ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy imsl srdwrW ny

lwhOr auqy hmlw 15 meI, 1765 eI. nUM kIqw sI[ lihxw isMG Aqy guzr isMG dw swQ

dyx leI ies lVweI ivc BMgI imsl dy s. JMfw isMG, gMfw isMG Aqy knHeIAw imsl dy

s. soBw isMG ny ihsw ilAw sI[ lwhOr auqy kbzw krn auprMq isMGW ny nwnk SwhI iskw

clwieAw ijs aupr &wrsI AKrW ivc iliKAw hoieAw sI-

dyZ E qyg E &qih E nusrq bdyZ E qyg E &qih E nusrq bdyZ E qyg E &qih E nusrq bdyZ E qyg E &qih E nusrq bydrMgydrMgydrMgydrMg

Xw&q Az nwnk gurU goibMd isMG[Xw&q Az nwnk gurU goibMd isMG[Xw&q Az nwnk gurU goibMd isMG[Xw&q Az nwnk gurU goibMd isMG[131

129

-auhI-, p`qrw 488(a) 130

-auhI-, p`qrw 488(A)-490(a) 131

sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 24-25.

not : ieh kbzw AbdwlI dy nOvyN hmly (22 dsMbr 1766 eI.) qk irhw[ -auhI-, pMnw 36

219

lwhOr aupr kbzw krn auprMq lihxw isMG qW BMgIAW dy nwl rihx lg

ipAw pr guzr isMG Awpxw ihsw lY ky mIrpur ivKy cilAw igAw, ijQy Aihmd Swh

AbdwlI dI s`s mlkw zmwnI (milkw-auz-zmwnI)132 rihMdI sI[ iek idn jdoN auh

iksy pwsy jw rhI sI qW guzr isMG ny ausnUM lut ky kw&I dOlq hwisl kIqI133 Aqy

vxINky vwips Aw igAw[ guzr isMG BMgI dy mIrpur jwx qy milkw-auz-zmwnI nUM

lutx dw hvwlw iksy hor sRoq ivcoN nhIN imldw[ Awpxy ielwky dw hor ivsQwr krn

leI lihxw isMG ny gMfw isMG BMgI nwl iml ky mulqwn nUM lut ilAw[ lut dy mwl

ivcoN do ihsy gMfw isMG ny r`K ley Aqy iek ihsw lihxw isMG nUM dy idqw[134

mulqwn nUM isMGW ny Ajy Awpxy kbzy ivc krky dIvwn isMG BMgI135 nUM auQoN dw

hwkm bxwieAw hI sI ik qYmUr Swh ny Bwrq aupr (dUjw) 136 hmlw kr idqw[ ies

muihMm dOrwn aus ny sB qoN pihlW mulqwn auqy hmlw kIqw[ ausdI ies muihMm dw muK

jrnYl inkU ^W137 sI[ qYmUr nwl hoeI isMGW dI ies lVweI ivc krm isMG dUlo138 ny

muTI Br sYinkW dI m`dd nwl bVw ft ky mukwblw kIqw[139 ies lVweI ivc isMGW dw

kw&I nukswn hoieAw, pr dIvwn isMG ijauNdy jI iklHw Cfx leI iqAwr nhIN sI[

132

ieh muhMmd Swh rMgIly dI byZm sI, iesdI lVkI hzrq byZm nUM Aihmd Awh AbdwlI ny cOQy hmly smyN inkwihAw sI[


134 -auhI-, p`qrw 490.

not : tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq ieh lVweI 1766 eI. ivc hoeI sI[ muhMmd lwqI& ny ies lVweI ivc BMgI imsl dy srdwrW ivc lihxw isMG dw nwm AMikq nhIN kIqw[ auh ilKdw hY ik isMGW dI ieh lVweI mulqwn dy hwkm SujwA ^W nwl hoeI sI, ijs ivc bhwvlpur dy nvwb mubwrk ^W ny mulqwn dy hwkm dw swQ idqw sI[ ieh lVweI sqluj dy kMFy lVI geI sI, ijsdw inptwrw dohW iDrW ivc pwkptn nUM h`d inrDwirq kr lYx kwrn hoieAw sI[ -Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p. 297.

135 ieh gMfw isMG BMgI dw Cotw Brw sI[

136 ieh qYmUr dw dUjw hmlw sI jo jnvrI 1780 eI. ivc kIqw igAw[ -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI,, pMnw 219.

137 qYmUr Swh dy ies nwm vwly iksy jrnYl dw vrxn ieiqhws ivc nhIN imldw[

138 krm isMG dUlo (cinEt dw hwkm) BMgI imsl dw sI jo s. gulwb isMG dy lIfr bxn ’qy ausdw slwhkwr bixAw sI[

not : krm isMG dy ies lVweI ivc Swiml hox bwry izkr iksy hor ieiqhwskwr ny nhIN kIqw[ 139

sohx isMG sIql ny ies lVweI ivc j`sw isMG, lihxw isMG, guzr isMG Aqy hkIkq isMG dy Swiml hox bwry iliKAw hY[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 33.

220

mz`Pr ^W mulqwn dw gvrnr bxnw cwhuMdw sI[140 tyk isMG Anuswr iklHy dy bwhr

gaUAW k`tIAW jWdIAW sn Aqy AMdr isMG sMK141 vjw ky Akwl-Akwl kih ky sUr

k`tdy sn[ AÎr qYmUr Swh ny inkU ^W nUM eylcI bxw ky isMGW pws ByijAw, ijs ny

isMGW nUM iklHw C`f jwx leI ikhw[ smJOqw krn dI QW isMGW ny inkU ^W nUM mwr idqw

Aqy Awp ^zwnw lY ky iklHy ivcoN inkl gey[ inkU ^W dy dsqy ny isMGW aupr hmlw kr

idqw, ijs ivc isMGW dw kw&I jwnI qy mwlI nukswn hoieAw[142

iek ieiqhwsk ABwv vwlI Gtnw dw izkr krdw hoieAw tyk isMG ilKdw hY

ik qYmUr Swh dy vwips prqx qoN bwAd jY isMG knHeIAw ny mulqwn aupr hmlw krky

mulqwn nUM lut ilAw Aqy PslW brbwd kr idqIAW[143

dUjy pwsy BMgIAW nwl hoeI sulHw dw lwB auTwauNidAW srdwr mhW isMG ny

lihxw isMG Aqy guzr isMG BMgI dy puqrW suKw isMG Aqy swihb isMG dI mdd nwl

Atk qk AwpxI h`d muV kwiem kr leI[ BwvyN kuJ smyN ivc hI is`KW ny jmnw qoN

lY ky Atk qk dw ielwkw Awpxy kbzy ivc kr ilAw pr aunHW dy AwpsI vYr-

ivroD pUrI qrHW nSt nw ho sky, ijs kwrn aunHW ivc CotIAW-vfIAW lVweIAW jwrI

rhIAW[ auh idn ivc DwVvIAW vWg Aqy rwq smyN corW vWg iek-dUjy dy ielwky

ivc lut-Koh krdy rihMdy sn[ ies smyN qk ienHW dI SkqI eynI vD cukI sI ik

ienHW nUM rokx vwlw hor koeI nhIN irhw sI[ lutW-KohW krn vwly ienHW srdwrW ivc

krm isMG Aqy gulwb isMG (imsl ShIdW dy ieh dovyN ipau puqr sn) vI Swiml

sn[144

140

ies nUM iklHw mulqwn auqy kbzw hox qoN bwAd 18 PrvrI 1780 eI. nUM qYmUr ny mulqwn dw gvrnr bxwieAw[ -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 219.

141 is`K &OjW ivc sMK vjwaux dI prMprw kdy vI nhIN rhI[ is`K prMprw Anuswr jMg smyN rxjIq ngwrw vjwieAw jWdw sI[


143 -auhI-, p`qrw 495(A).

not : jY isMG knHeIAw duAwrw mulqwn aupr hmlw krn dw izkr hor ieiqhwsk sRoqW ivc nhIN imldw[ 144

-auhI-, p`qrw 493(a).

221

jMmU dw rwjw ibRjrwj dyv hkIkq isMG knHeIey nUM qIh hzwr swlwnw ^rwj

idMdw sI,145 aus duAwrw ienkwr krn qy hkIkq isMG knHeIAw ny srdwr mhW isMG

dI mdd nwl jMmU aupr hmlw kIqw[ mhW isMG dy kihx auqy lihxw isMG Aqy guzr

isMG BMgI ny vI ies lVweI ivc knHeIAW dw swQ idqw[ tyk isMG Anuswr ies

lVweI ivc jMmU dw rwjw ibRjrwj dyv bMdUk dI golI lgx nwl mwirAw igAw[146 ieh

lVweI 1784 eI. ivc hoeI sI, ijs pRqI ieiqhwskwr ilKdy hn ik ies lVweI ivc

isMGW dI ij`q hoeI Aqy ibRjrwj dOV igAw[ pr iksy vI ieiqhwskwr ny ies lVweI

ivc ibRjrwj dy mrn dw vrxn nhIN kIqw[147 ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy ibRjrwj dI mOq

ies lVweI qoN iqMn swl bwAd 1787 eI. ivc hoeI sI[148 ies lVweI ivc pRwpq

hoeI dOlq dw ihsw mhW isMG ny hkIkq isMG knHeIey nUM nhIN idqw sI, ijs kwrn

ienHW ivclI sWJ ^qm ho geI sI[149

knHeIAW nUM kmzor krn dI nIqI nwl mhW isMG ny ktoc dy hwkm nUM Awpxy

nwl rlw ky kWgVy qy btwly aupr kbzw kr ilAw[150 kWgVy qy btwly aupr kbzw

krn leI mhW isMG nUM iek lVweI vI lVnI peI, ijs ivc ktoc dy rwjy sMswr cMd

qoN ielwvw j`sw isMG rwmgVHIAw ny vI jY isMG knHeIey151 dy iKlw& ausdw swQ idqw[

ies lVweI ivc jY isMG ny Awpxy puqr gurb^S isMG nUM ByijAw[ iesny Awpxw fyrw

btwly lwieAw Aqy mhW isMG swQIAW smyq mwCwxIey Aw bYTw[ (1785 eI. ivc Acl

145

sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 51. 146

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 488. 147

Hari Ram Gupta, Ibid, p. 309. ; Dr. Bhagat Singh, Ibid, p. 189.; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 50-51. 148

Harbans Singh (Ed.), Ibid. IV, p. 194. 149

sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 51. 150

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 495(A). 151

iesqoN pihlW ktoc dy rwjy sMswr cMd ny jo ik pihlW hI is`KW dI eIn mMndw sI, kWgVy dy iklHy aupr kbzw krn leI, kWgVy dy &Ojdwr sY& AlI iKlwP jY isMG knHeIey qoN mdd mMgI sI[ jY isMG dy kihx auqy ausdy puqr gurb^S isMG Aqy s. bGyl isMG kroVwisMGIey ny 1782 eI. ivc iklHy nUM Gyrw pw ilAw sI jo iek swl irhw[ 1783 eI. ivc sY& AlI mr igAw Aqy sMswr cMd ny is`KW qoN corI ausdy nOkrW nwl sulHw kr leI[ auDr sY& AlI dy puqr jIvn ^W ny is`KW nwl sulHw kr leI, ijs kwrn iklHy aupr knHeIAW dw kbzw ho igAw sI[ -Hari Ram Gupta, Ibid, p. 259-61. ; Dr. Bhagat Singh, Ibid, p.

154-55. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 50.

222

dy sQwn aupr) Ûb lVweI hoeI, ijs ivc gurb^S isMG golI lgx nwl mr igAw[

knHeIey hwr gey[ ktoc dy rwjy sMswr cMd nUM mhW isMG ny kWgVw dy idqw Aqy Awp

btwly aupr kbzw kr ilAw[ gurb^S isMG dI mOq dw hwl sux ky jY isMG nUM Aijhw

sdmw lgw ik auh sdw leI hOslw C`f ky mMjy aupr bYT igAw[ gurb^S isMG dI

pqnI sdw kOr ny Awpxy shury jY isMG nUM mhW isMG nwl sulHw krn leI ikhw[ pihlW

qW ausny nWh kr idqI pr lwcwr hox kwrn bwAd ivc mhW isMG dy lVky rxjIq

isMG nwl AwpxI poqrI (mihqwb kOr) dw irSqw (1785 eI.) kr idqw[152 knHeIAW

nUM Awpxy ADIn krn qoN bwAd (pIr muhMmd ^W) c`Ty koloN rsUl ngr ij`qx leI

srdwr mhW isMG ny Kwlsw &Oj cVHweI[ rsUl ngr dy iklHy auqy kbzw krn auprMq

mhW isMG ny rsUl ngr dw nwm bdl ky rwmngr r`K idqw[153

srdwr mhW isMG dI vDdI SkqI qoN bwkI imsldwr icMqwqur sn[154 guzr

isMG BMgI dI mOq155 qoN bwAd swihb isMG ‘BMgI imsl’ dw nvW srdwr bixAw[ tyk

isMG Anuswr mhW isMG nwl iml ky nw clx krky ausdw vI jldI hI pqn ho igAw[

soDry (sohdry) dy mYdwn ivc krm isMG dUlo Aqy joD isMG BMgI dI mdd dy bwvzUd auh

burI qrHW hwr igAw[ ijq hox dy bwvzUd vI ies lVweI dOrwn hI srdwr mhW isMG dI

mOq ho geI[156 ieh Gtnw 1791 eI. dI hY[ ies lVweI dw ieiqhwsk kwrn ieh sI

ik srdwr mhW isMG ny swihb isMG BMgI dI mdd krky, ausdy Brw &qih isMG

hrwieAw sI pr jdoN mhW isMG ny mdd krn dy bdly nzrwny dI mMg kIqI qW swihb

152


-auhI-, p`qrw 495(A). not : ieh Gtnw 1780 eI. dI hY[ ies lVweI ivc s. jY isMG knHeIey ny mhW isMG dw swQ idqw sI[ ies

lVweI ivc pIr muhMmd ^W c`Tw hwr igAw sI Aqy ausny mhW isMG dI eIn mMn leI sI[ mhW isMG duAwrw rsUl ngr dw jo nwm bdl ky rwm ngr riKAw igAw sI, Aj qk auh hI cilAw AwauNdw hY[ -sohx isMG sIql, is`K rwj qy Syry pMjwb, lwhOr bu`k Swp, luiDAwxw-2010, pMnw 28.


155 guzr isMG BMgI dI mOq 1790 eI. ivc hoeI[ (Hari Ram Gupta, Ibid, p. 233.) ; 1788 eI. ivc hoeI[ (Dr. Bhagat Singh, Ibid, p. 110.) ; 1791 eI. ivc hoeI[ (sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 31.)


223

isMG ny ienkwr kr idqw sI, ijs kwrn sohdry dy iklHy nUM mhW isMG ny Gyrw pw ilAw[

krm isMG dUlo Aqy joD isMG BMgI jo swihb isMG dI mdd leI Aw rhy sn, aunHW aupr

mhW isMG dy puqr rxjIq isMG ny ‘kot mhwrwjw’ ivKy hmlw kIqw, ijs ivcoN aunHW ny

ns ky jwn bcweI[ ibmwr hox kwrn mhW isMG ny lVweI dI kmwn rxjIq isMG nUM sONp

idqI Aqy Awp guzrWvwly Aw igAw[ lVweI ijqx dI ^br sux ky auh bhuq uS

hoieAw Aqy kuJ idn bwAd 1792 eI. ivc surgvws ho igAw[157

BwvyN ik is`KW dI igxqI qy SkqI ivc vwDw inrMqr jwrI sI, pr ivdySI

hmlwvrW dw kihr Ajy pUrI qrHW nhIN sI tilAw[ qYmUr Swh dI mOq hox qoN bwAd

Swh zmwn q^q auqy bYiTAw[158 Swh zmwn dy pihly do hmilAW159 bwry cu`p rihx

auprMq tyk isMG Swh zmwn dy pMjwb auqy kIqy qIjy 160 hmly bwry ilKdw hY ik

imlKw isMG Aqy lihxw isMG ies smyN buFy ho cuky sn[161 Swh zmwn ny lihxw

isMG nUM ^q ilK ky ikhw ik auh lwhOr dI sUbydwrI sMBwl lvy[ pr lihxw isMG

ausdI g`l nw mMndy hoey qy smyN dI nzwkq nUM smJdw hoieAw lwhOr C`f ky clw

igAw[162 ^wlI pey lwhOr aupr Swh zmwn ny kbzw kr ilAw[163 ies hmly dOrwn

soBw isMG dI mOq ho geI,164 eISr isMG qy imlKw isMG QihpurIAw165 (QyhrpurIAw)

gujrwq cly gey, swihb isMG BMgI166 mwlvy v`l clw igAw, Bwg isMG Aqy joD

157

sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 31. not : Bgq isMG Aqy hrI rwm gupqw ny mhW isMG dI mOq dw swl 1790 eI. idqw hY[ 158

qYmUr Swh 18 meI 1793 eI. ivc mirAw sI[ -Hari Ram Gupta, Ibid, Vol-4, p 453. 159

pihly hmly smyN (15 dsMbr 1793 eI.) auh dirAw Atk qoN hI vwips clw igAw sI Aqy dUjy hmly smyN (3 nvMbr 1795 eI.) auh hsn Abdwl qk phuMicAw, pr iksy vfI lVweI qoN ibnw hI (1 jnvrI 1786 eI.) vwips prq igAw sI[

160 ieh Swh zmwn dw qIjw hmlw sI jo nvMbr 1796 eI. ivc kIqw igAw sI[ -Ibid-, p 469.

161 ieh BMgI imsl dy sn jo Swh zmwn dy hmly qoN pihlW lwhOr dy hwkm sn[

162 “Lehna Singh had already permitted most of the residents of Lahore and Shahadara to retire to any place of safety. At this time he sent for the Muslim leaders of note and offered them to take charge of city.” -Hari Ram Gupta, Ibid, Vol-4, p 453.

163 lwhOr auqy kbzw iek jnvrI 1797 eI. nUM kIqw igAw sI[ -Ibid-, p. 472.

164 soBw isMG (jY isMG knHeIey dw BqIjw) 1797 eI. ivc mirAw sI[ -Dr. Bhagat Singh, Ibid, p. 106.

165 ieh imsl-kwl dw iek auGw srdwr sI jo 1804 eI. ivc mirAw[

166 ieh guzr isMG dw lVkw sI[

224

isMG167 ny vI lVweI dw ivcwr C`f ky Swh zmwn qoN dUr rihxw hI TIk smiJAw,

rxjIq isMG Aqy PqY isMG jMmU cly gey, lihxw isMG mwlvy v`l clw igAw[168 tyk

isMG Anuswr Swh zmwn 29 qrIk (jnvrI) nUM vwips kwbl clw igAw,169 jdoN ik

ieiqhwskwrW dI mwnqw hY ik auh 30 jnvrI nUM kwbl vwips priqAw sI[170

Swh zmwn dy kwbl vwips jwx qoN bwAd lihxw isMG ny muV lwhOr aupr

kbzw kr ilAw[ pr auh iesy swl (1797 eI.) lwhOr ivKy mr igAw Aqy ausdw

sskwr iklHy hyT kr idqw igAw[171 ausdI mOq qoN bwAd ausdw puqr srdwr cyq

isMG lwhOr dw nvW hwkm bx igAw[172 lwhOr aupr kbzw krn auprMq is`K srdwrW

ny gujrwq173 aupr Awpxw kbzw krnw cwihAw, ijQy (Aihmd ^W) swhWcI174 kwbz

sI[ ies ielwky nUM Awpxy ADIn krn leI is`K srdwrW ny gujrwq aupr sWJw hmlw

kIqw[ ies lVweI ivc rxjIq isMG, swihb isMG, cyq isMG, jIvx isMG Aqy eISr

isMG ny ihsw ilAw[ Aihmd ^W swhWcI is`KW dI SkqI dw swhmxw nw kr sikAw qy

lVdw hoieAw isMGW h`QoN mwirAw igAw[175

167

ieh j`sw isMG rwmgVHIey dw lVkw sI jo 1803 eI. ivc Awpxy ipqw dI mOq qoN bwAd imsl dw lIfr bixAw sI[

168 tyk isMG duAwrw vrxn kIqI ies Gtnw ivc Swh zmwn dy hmly dOrwn lgpg swry imsl srdwrW duAwrw hor ielwikAW ivc jwx dw jo izkr kIqw igAw hY, auh TIk nhIN hY[ ies hmly dOrwn lihxw isMG BMgI ny zmwn ^wn dI eIn nw mMndy hoey lwhOr zrUr ^wlI kIqw sI pr jdoN Swh zmwn v`loN AMimRqsr auqy hmlw kIqw igAw qW is`KW ny ausnUM burI qrHW hrw ky lwhOr qk ausdw ipCw kIqw sI[ - sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw. 36-37.


170 auh 30 jnvrI 1797 eI. nUM lwhOr ^wlI krky vwips kwbl clw igAw sI[ -Hari Ram Gupta,

Ibid, p. 478.. ; sohx isMG sIql, is`K imslW qy srdwr Grwxy, pMnw 37. 171


-auhI-, p`qrw 498(a). not : ieh Gtnw ieiqhwsk q`QW nwl myl KWdI hY[ lihxw isMG dI iesy swl mOq ho geI sI Aqy ausdw

puqr cyq isMG lwhOr dw hwkm bixAw sI[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 37. 173

purwqn pMjwb dw iek ipMf jo vzIrwvwd dy nyVy hY[ 174

iesdw pUrw nW Aihmd ^W swhWcI bwSI sI[ ies nUM Swh zmwn ny qIjy hmly qoN bwAd kwbl vwips jWidAW ruhqws dw sUbydwr QwipAw sI[


not : tyk isMG duAwrw idqI gujrwq ivKy Aihmd ^W swhWcI bwSI nwl hoeI lVweI dI Gtnw iblkul (bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)

225

lwhOr vwsIAW dy BwgW ivc koeI sQweI hwkm nhIN sI, ijs kwrn Swh zmwn

dy (cOQy) hmly176 smyN cyq isMG BMgI ausdw mukwblw krn dI bjwie lwhOr Cf ky clw

igAw[ ^wlI pey lwhOr aupr Swh zmwn ny kbzw kr ilAw[ pr ies hmly dOrwn

isMGW vI cup kr ky nhIN bYTy, auh lwhOr dy duAwly GoVy lY ky iPrdy Aqy jwx buJ ky

Swh zmwn nUM lVweI leI aukswauNdy rhy pr auh ibnw koeI lVweI lVy hI jldI

kwbl vwips clw igAw Aqy durwnIAW duAwrw aus nUM AMnHw krky kr idqw igAw[ tyk

isMG Anuswr aus dI mOq qoN bwAd sjwvl (Swh Sujw-aul-mulk) kwbl dw bwdSwh

bixAw Aqy Pqy ^wn ausdw vzIr[177 pr ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy Swh zmwn nUM Swh

mihmUd ny 1800 eI. ivc AMnw kIqw sI Aqy auh Awp q^q aupr bYTw sI[ ijsnUM

1803 eI. ivc Swh Sujw-aul-mulk ny q^q qoN auqwr idqw sI Aqy Awp bwdSwh bx

ky 1809 eI. qk rwj kIqw sI[178

Swh zmwn dy vwips jwx qoN bwAd cyq isMG lwhOr aupr dubwrw kwbz ho

igAw[ ies smyN qk rxjIq isMG vI ieqnw SkqISwlI bx cuikAw sI ik ausdy pwey

dw hor koeI is`K srdwr nhIN sI irhw[ auh lwhOr dy Aws-pws ibnw ÔP GuMmdw sI[

iek idn ausny lwhOr auqy hmlw kIqw[ tyk isMG Anuswr rxjIq isMG nUM lwhOr aupr

cVHw ky ilAwaux vwlw muhkm dIn sI[179 jdoN rxjIq isMG ny lwhOrI drvwzy auqy

hmlw kIqw qW cyq isMG ny ft ky mukwblw kIqw pr ausdy kuJ sYink rxjIq isMG

nwl rly hoey sn, ijnHW ny id`lI drvwzw Kol idqw[ rxjIq isMG dIAW &OjW dy AMdr

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) drusq hY[ ieiqhwskwrW ny ies lVweI dw iek kwrn ieh vI idqw hY ik Aihmd ^W ny iek bRwhmx lVkI nUM Dky nwl muslmwn bxw ky aus nwl ivAwh kIqw sI, ijs kwrn is`K srdwrW ny ausqoN bdlw lYx leI cVHweI kIqI sI, ijs ivc auh 29 ApRYl 1797 eI. ivc mwirAw igAw[ -Hari Ram Gupta,

Ibid, p. 248. ; Dr. Bhagat Singh, Ibid, p. 111. 176

Swh zmwn ny cOQw qy Aw^rI hmlw sqMbr 1798 eI. ivc kIqw sI[ 177

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 499(a). not : ies hmly dOrwn Swh zmwn dy sYinkW nwl isMGW dIAW mwmUlI JVpW hoeIAW sn, ijnHW ivc is`K BwrU

rhy sn[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 37-38. 178

Ganda Singh, Ahmad Shah Durrani, Asia Publishing House, New Dehli- 1959, p. 388. 179

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 499(a).

226

Aw jwx kwrn cyq isMG lwcwr ho igAw180 Aqy vwips iklHy ivc clw igAw[ mhwrwxI

sdw kOr181 ny ivc pY ky dohW dI sulHw krvw idqI[ cyq isMG nUM rxjIq isMG ny kw&I

Dn idqw Aqy vxINky ivKy guzwry leI jwgIr vI idqI[ auh lwhOr ^wlI krky vxINky

vs igAw pr lwhOr vI AwauNdw jWdw irhw[182

rxjIq isMG dy lwhOr aupr kwbz hox qoN bwAd ausdI SkqI dw fr swry

imsldwrW dy mn ivc bYT igAw[ rxjIq isMG dI SkqI nUM Korw lwaux leI nzwm

dIn,183 gulwb isMG BMgI, cyq isMG, swihb isMG, qwrw isMG, Bwg isMG Aqy

rwmgVHIAW ny iml ky rxjIq isMG qoN lwhOr ^wlI krvwaux dI slwh bxweI[ aunHW ny

rxjIq isMG auqy sWJw hmlw kIqw[ jMifAwly ivKy lVweI hoeI[ lVweI dy smyN ivc hI

gulwb isMG BMgI dI mOq ho geI[ swihb isMG ny kmwn sWBx qoN ienkwr kr idqw,

ijs kwrn muihMm ivckwr hI ruk geI[184 rxjIq isMG ny dl isMG nUM kYd krky

180

rxjIq isMG duAwrw lwhOr aupr hmlw krn dI Gtnw julweI 1799 eI. dI hY[ rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dw fwierI-nvIs munSI sohn lwl ies lVweI dw kwrn dsdw hoieAw ilKdw hY, “lwhOr dy srdwrW dy AXog rwj ADIn lok bVy duKI sn[ lwhOr dy snmwinq ihMdUAW, muslmwnW Aqy is`KW ny PYslw kIqw ik rxjIq isMG nUM lwhOr Awaux leI s`dw idqw jwvy[ s`dw p`qr aupr muhMmd slIm, imhr mohkm dIn, gurb^S isMG, hwkm rwie, mu&qI muhMmd muk`rm, muhMmd bwkr Awid dy hsqw^r sn[ rxjIq isMG ny ieh sdw pqr pRvwn kr ilAw[” -sohn lwl sUrI, auhI, d&qr dUjw, pMnw 41. ; sohx isMG sIql, isK rwj qy Syry pMjwb, pMnw 41.

181 sdw kOr ies lVweI ivc rxjIq isMG dI mdd leI &Oj lY ky AweI sI Aqy iesny id`lI drvwzy aupr hmlw kIqw sI[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 42.


not : tyk isMG duAwrw vrxn kIqw rxjIq isMG dI ij`q dw, sdw kOr rwhIN sulw krwaux dw, rxjIq isMG duAwrw lwhOr auqy kbzw krn dw Aqy cyq isMG dy lwhOr ^wlI krky vxINky (ijlHw AMimRqsr, prgnw Ajnwlw) ivKy jw itkx dw swrw hwl ieiqhwsk hY[ -fw. Bgq isMG, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, pMjwbI XUnIvristI pitAwlw-2000 (qIjI vwr), pMnw 17-18. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 41-43. ; pRym isMG hoqI, Syir pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, lwhOr bùk Swp, luiDAwxw-2007, pMnw 22-24.

183 iesdw pUrw nW nzwmUdIn ^W sI Aqy ieh ksUr dw rihx vwlw sI[ iesdI nIq lwhOr dw hwkm bxn dI sI pr lwhOr dI jnqw rxjIq isMG nUM psMd krdI sI, ijs kwrn iesny is`K srdwrW nwl sMDI krky lwhOr auqy hmlw kIqw[


not : ieh lVweI 1800 eI. ivc jMifAwly nhIN, blik BsIn ivKy hoeI sI Aqy ies lVweI dOrwn gulwb isMG BMgI ijAwdw Srwb pIx kwrn mr igAw sI, ijs kwrn BMgI imsl dy lVwkU XoDy vwips cly gey sn[ BMgIAW dy cly jwx qoN bwAd iksy dI ihMmq rxjIq isMG dy Agy Klox dI nhIN sI, ijs kwrn swry mYdwn Cf ky dOV gey sn[ -fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 18. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 45. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 26.

227

AkwlgVH auqy vI kbzw kr ilAw185 Aqy BMgIAW nwl lVweI lV ky AwpxI

SkqI/imsl nUM srv-SRyST swibq kr idqw[186 tyk isMG ies q`Q dw kwiel hY ik

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jmWdrU hI SRyST sYink sI[ aus dIAW ij`qW ny ieh spSt kr

idqw sI ik rxjIq isMG dy brwbr dw hor koeI imsl srdwr nhIN sI[ ausdw jnm

qW KMfw vwhux Aqy vYrIAW nUM kWbW lwaux leI hI hoieAw sI[ ausdI bwdSwhI qW r`b

v`loN ilKI hoeI sI, ijsdy v`l auh idnoN-idn vDdw jw irhw sI[187

aukq Gtnw qoN bwAd dIAW ijnHW GtnwvW dw gRMQ ivc vrxn AwieAw hY auh

19vIN sdI dIAW hn Aqy aunHW dw sMbMD mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj-kwl nwl hY[

19vIN sdI dIAW GtnwvW dw AiDAYn AsIN Agly Bwg ivc krWgy[ imsl-kwl bwry

idqI jwxkwrI ivc tyk isMG ny id`lI smyq Bwrq dy rwjnIiqk hwlwqW aupr cwnxw

pwieAw hY[ rwjnIiqk s`qw dI pRwpqI leI ies sdI ivc BwrqI dwvydwrW qoN ielwvw

ivdySI hmlwvrW ny vI Awpxw h`Q AzmwieAw[ id`lI ivc q^q dI pRwpqI leI hoeI

^wnwjMgI ny keI bwdSwhW nUM blI cVHw idqw[ pMjwb ivcly is`KW dy AwpsI-mqByd dUr

hox auprMq aunHW ny vI rwjnIiqk s`qw dI pRwpqI leI Xqn AwrMB kr idqy[ seIAdW

dI rwjnIiqk BUimkw dw ies sdI dy qIjy dhwky ivc AMq ho igAw[ is`KW dI SkqI nUM

kuclx leI id`lI dy hukmrwnW ny ^wn bhwdur Aqy mIr mMnUM ijhy AiqAwcwrI

ivAkqIAW nUM lwhOr dw gvrnr QwipAw[ ienHW dovW ny is`KW dI hoNd nUM imtwaux dw

hr sMBv Xqn kIqw[ lwhOr dy dIvwn lKpiq rwey ny Awpxy Brw jspiq rwey dI

mdd nwl is`KW nUM imtwaux dIAW ksm-b`D kwrvweIAW kIqIAW[ AnykW qsIhy Jlx

dy bwvzUd isKW dy hONsly psq nw hoey[ hmlwvrW duAwrw hirmMdr swihb nUM FwihAw

igAw ijsdI is`KW ny muV auswrI kr leI[ tyk isMG ny AbdwlI dy swry hmilAW dw

185 AkwlgVH auqy kbzw krky rxjIq isMG ny dl isMG nUM 1801 eI. ivc kYd kIqw sI[ -fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 19. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 47.


not : BMgIAW nwl rxjIq isMG dI lVweI gujrwq ivKy hoeI sI, ijs ivc rxjIq isMG Aqy ausdI ss sdw kOr ny hmlw kIqw sI Aqy swihb isMG bydI ny ivc pY ky sulHw krweI sI[ -fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 18-19.


228

vrxn nhIN kIqw, ausny AbdwlI dy kyvl aunHW hmilAW dw izkr kIqw hY, ijnHW ivc

ausdI is`KW nwl muT-ByV hoeI[ ieho-ijhI siQqI hI nwdr Swh, qYmUr Swh qy Swh

zmwn dy hmilAW dI hY[ bwhrI hmlwvrW nUM ihMdosqwn dI srhd qoN pwr rihx leI

mzbUr krn qoN bwAd is`K srdwrW ny pMjwb dI DrqI ’qy Awpxw AiDkwr jmw ilAw,

pr rwjnIiqk hwlwq siQr nw ho sky[ isK srdwrW dIAW AwpsI lVweIAW dw dOr SurU

ho igAw[ isKW dIAW AwpsI lVweIAW bwry tyk isMG ny BrpUr crcw kIqI hY, ijs ivc

isK srdwrW duAwrw mly ielwikAW, aunHW dIAW mOqW qy nvyN dwvydwrW bwry jwxkwrI idqI

geI hY[ jMmU/kSmIr dy SwskW dy pK-ivpK ivc isK srdwrW dy AwpsI tkrw dIAW

vwrdwqW dw hwl vI tyk isMG ny iliKAw hY, ijnHW qoN isK srdwrW dy AwpsI sMbMDW bwry

sihjy hI AMdwzw lwieAw jw skdw hY[ tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq lVweIAW dw bhuqw

hwl ieiqhws AnuswrI hY, pr kuJ ku QwvW ’qy ausny tply vI KwDy hn, ijvyN ik ausny

mIr mMnUM dy smyN bwry ilKidAW, ausdI QW ^wn bhwdur dw nwm ilK idqw hY Aqy

AbdwlI dy qIjy hmly ivc hI cOQy qy pMjvyN hmly dIAW GtnwvW nUM AMikq kr idqw hY[

18vIN sdI dIAW GtnwvW ilKidAW ausny kuJ AijhIAW lVweIAW dw vI vrxn kIqw hY

ijnHW dw ieiqhws ivc sMkyq nhIN imldw[ audwhrx vjoN AMimRqsr dy kuJ ielwikAW

aupr srdwr cVHq isMG dy kbzw krn qoN bwAd JMfw isMG BMgI duAwrw aus aupr

hmlw krnw Aqy jY isMG knHeIAw duAwrw mulqwn aupr hmlw krky aus nUM lutxw[

(Bwg-e)

is`Kis`Kis`Kis`K rwj dw AwrMB, ivkwsrwj dw AwrMB, ivkwsrwj dw AwrMB, ivkwsrwj dw AwrMB, ivkws Aqy pqnAqy pqnAqy pqnAqy pqn

((((1799-1843 eI.)eI.)eI.)eI.)

imsl srdwrW dIAW AwpsI Aqy durwnIAW nwl lVIAW lVweIAW dw hwl, aunHW

dy kwrnW qy isitAW bwry AsIN ipCy ivcwr kr cuky hW[ lwhOr aupr kbzw krn Aqy

AwpxI hkUmq clwaux leI lgpg iek sdI (18vIN) qk jdo-jihd jwrI rhI, pr

229

koeI vI hukmrwn jW hmlwvr lwhOr nUM lMmw smW Awpxy kbzy ivc nw r`K sikAw[

ATwrvIN sdI dy AMq ivc SukRckIAw imsl dy srdwr rxjIq isMG ny lwhOr aupr

kbzw kr ilAw, ijs nwl auh srdwr qoN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG bx igAw[188 lwhOr

dI bwdSwhI rxjIq isMG nUM ausdy ivAkqIqv, ausdI s`s mhwrwxI sdw kOr dI mdd

Aqy Akwl purK dy hukm nwl pRwpqI hoeI[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG bwry jwxkwrI dyx vwly AnykW sRoq auplbD hn,

ijnHW ivcoN kuJ smkwlI Aqy kuJ bwAd ivc ilKy gey hn[ ienHW sRoqW dI lVI ivc

jykr cricq gRMQ nUM vyiKAw jwvy qW ieh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj-kwl dw

smkwlI sRoq hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyyN qoN lY ky mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dy

mhwrwjw bxn qk dIAW GtnwvW jo ik tyk isMG ny ies gRMQ ivc drz kIqIAW

hn, auh ausny Awp vyKIAW Aqy suxIAW sn[ ienHW nUM AwDwr bxw ky ausny lgpg

40 pMny is`K rwj dy ieiqhws bwry AMikq kIqy hn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy kwl

dw AiDAYn krn leI FukvIN vrg-vMf ieh hY ik mhwrwjw swihb dy jIvn nUM aus

188 mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny lwhOr aupr Awpxw AiDkwr 1799 eI. ivc jmHw ilAw sI[ ies smyN qoN bwAd hI auh lwhOr dw hukmrwn bx igAw sI[ kuJ ieiqhwskwrW (fw. Bgq isMG, muhMmd lwqI&, pRym isMG hoqI, sohx isMG sIql, AmrnwQ Awid) dI mwnqw hY ik rxjIq isMG nUM mhwrwjw dw lkb 11 PrvrI, 1801 eI. nUM ivswKI vwly idn mrXwdw sihq pRwpq hoieAw[ ies idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw lwhOr ivc drbwr ligAw[ ijs ivc SwierW v`loN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy is`K pMQ dI aupmw ivc kivqwvW pVIAW geIAW[ SihrW dy ihMdUAW, is`KW Aqy muslmwnW ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ‘mwn p`qr’ pyS kIqy Aqy ies idn Awpo-Awpxy Drm sQwnW ivKy Awpxy ies rwjy dI cVHdI klw leI ArdwsW kIqIAW[ mhwrwjy dy drbwr ivc Ardws igAwnI gurmuK isMG ny kIqI Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM rwj-iqlk dyx dI rsm bwbw swihb isMG bydI duAwrw inBweI geI[ iesy idn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny nwnkSwhI iskw clwieAw, ijs aupr iek pwsy iliKAw sI-

dyZ qyZ Pqih nusriq bydrMg[ XwPq Aj nwnk gurU goibMd isMG[

Aqy dUjy pwsy iliKAw igAw sI- dwrl slqnq lwhOr sMmq 1808 mymInq mwnoS[ ies idn qoN bwAd hI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Swsn-pRbMD nUM bwdSwhI inXmW Anuswr clwauxw

AwrMB kIqw sI[ -Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p. 353. ; AmrnwQ, zPrnwmw-ey-rxjIq isMG, ikrpwl isMG (sMpw.), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw-1983, pMnw 17. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 19-20. ; sohx isMG sIql, is`K rwj qy Syry pMjwb, igAwnI, lwhOr buk Swp, luiDAwxw-2010, pMnw 47-48. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 227-28.

230

dy muFly jIvn, lVweIAW, AMZryzW qy hor rwijAW nwl sMbMD, isvl qy sYink

pRbMD, rwjnIiqk, smwijk qy AwriQk nIqI, is`K qy hor DrmW pRqI rveIAw,

inAW pRbMD Awid iviSAW ADIn ivcwirAw jwvy[ ieh vrg-vMf qW hI sMBv ho

skdI sI jykr swfw AiDAYn AnykW sRoqW ’qy AwDwirq huMdw jW tyk isMG v`loN

mhwrwjw swihb dy smucy jIvn bwry jwxkwrI idqI geI huMdI[ pr tyk isMG ny qW

rxjIq isMG dy jIvn dIAW pRmuK GtnwvW aupr hI roSnI pweI hY[ auh mhwrwjw

rxjIq isMG dy isvl, sYink qy inAW pRbMD bwry iblkul cup hY Aqy auh rxjIq isMG

dy hor DrmW pRqI rveIey, smwijk qy AwriQk hwlwqW bwry vI koeI jwxkwrI pRdwn

nhIN krdw[ iesy qrHW auh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dIAW kyvl aunHW lVweIAW dw izkr

krdw hY, ijnHW ivc rxjIq isMG ny ij`q auprMq ij`qy hoey ielwikAW nUM Awpxy rwj

ivc imlw ilAw[ auh rxjIq isMG dIAW AnykW AijhIAW muihMmw bwry iblkul vrxn

nhIN krdw, ijMnHW nwl ausdy rwj dw ivsQwr nw ho sikAw, audwhx vjoN ausny mulqwn

dIAW Cy muihMmw nUM nzr-AMdwz kridAW kyvl sqvIN jyqU muihMm dw hI vrxn kIqw

hY[ ies leI ies Bwg ivc AsIN tyk isMG duAwrw idqIAW ieiqhwsk GtnwvW nUM

Gtnw-kRm Anuswr ieiqhwsk sRoqW dI mdd nwl ivcwrn dw Xqn krWgy[

lwhOr aupr kbzw krn qoN bwAd mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny sB qoN pihlW ksUr

aupr hmlw kIqw[ inzwm dIn nUM ijq ky rxjIq isMG ny ksUr nUM Awpxy kbzy ivc kr

ilAw, pr inzwm dIn nUM hI pRbMD sONpI riKAw[ inzwm dIn dI mOq qoN bwAd ausdy Brw

kuqb dIn ny Awpxy Awp nUM ksUr dw hwkm GoiSq kr idqw, ijs kwrn mhwrwjw rxjIq

isMG nUM ksUr aupr dubwrw hmlw krnw ipAw[ ies lVweI ivc Kwlsw &OjW bVI bhwdrI

nwl lVIAW qy kuqb dIn nUM hrw ky ksUr &qih kr ilAw[ rxjIq isMG ny ksUr aupr

muV kbzw kr ilAw Aqy rhnumw slUk kridAW kuqb dIn nUM mmdot Byj idqw[189 tyk

isMG ny ienHW lVweIAW jo ik krmvwr hoeIAW sn, dIAW nw qW imqIAW idqIAW hn Aqy

189

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 501(A).

231

nw hI kwrn dsy hn[ Asl ivc ieh dovyN ieiqhwsk lVweIAW 1802 Aqy 1807 eI.

ivc hoeIAW sn[ pihlI lVweI ivc hzwrW gwzI mrvwaux qoN bwAd ksUr dw hwkm

inzwm dIn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy pYrIN Aw igirAw sI[ ausny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

dI eIn mMn leI sI Aqy jMg dw ^rc Aqy hor nzrwnw vI auqwirAw sI[190 dUjI lVweI

dw kwrn nvwb inzwm dIn dI mOq auprMq ausdy Brw kuqb dIn dw rxjIq isMG qoN bwZI

ho ky q^q aupr bYTxw sI[ ies lVweI ivc vI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI ijq hoeI sI

pr ausny bwZI nvwb nwl Shwnw slUk kridAW aus nUM iek lK rupey dI swlwnw jwgIr

dy ky mmdot Byj idqw sI[191

ienHW dovW lVweIAW qoN pihlW tyk isMG ny iek Gtnw dw izkr kIqw hY jo

Asl ivc ienHW dy ivckwr vwprI sI[ tyk isMG Anuswr mrwiTAW ny pMjwb dI h`d

aupr Aw fyrw lwieAw[ mrwTw hulvwxw192 (jsvMq rwau hulkr) Ajy pMjwb phuMicAw

hI sI ik ipCy-ipCy iPrMgI193 vI phuMc gey[ jdoN mrwiTAW dy pMjwb phuMcx dI ^br

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM imlI qW ausny mukblw krn leI &Oj iqAwr kIqI[ pr

jsvMq rwau hulkr, rxjIq isMG nUM imlx leI lwhOr dy nyVy phuMc igAw[ ies Gtnw

dI ivsiqRq jwxkwrI dyx dI QW tyk isMG ny isr& ieh kih ky hI smwpqI kr idqI

hY ik i&rMgIAW vwlI ieh ibpqw jldI hI tl geI[194 ieh ieiqhwsk Gtnw 1805

eI. dI hY,195 ijs dw inptwrw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG duAwrw mrwiTAW Aqy AMZryzW

190

Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p. 357. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 21.; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 51-52. 191

Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p. 367. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 23. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 59-60. 192

ieh mrh`tw jrnYl ieMdor dw sI[ 193

iPrMgIAW dI &Oj dI kmwn jrnYl lwrf lyk dy h`Q ivc sI[ - Muhammad Latif, Ibid p. 362. ;

fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 24. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 72. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 56-58. 194


“sMmq 1862 mGru dI 22 bvIvI mMglvwr mrhtw jsuvMqrw AMimRqusr mo AwieAw[ pwCy pwCy iPrMgI BI mrhty ky lgw AwieAw[ so BI AMimRqsru jI Awn phuqw[ Pyr mrhty nwl pgu vtweI rxjIq isMG ky imqR bxy AMimRqusru jI mo[ rlu ky culy lIqy Awps bIc shu krI[ jo ieku dUey sy DRoh Clu n krnw[” rwm isMG, gurmuKI idn p`qRI, hQiliKq nM. S.H.R. 1796, Kwlsw kwlj, AMimRqsr, pMnw 2.

232

ivckwr 24 dsMbr, 1805 eI. nUM imqRwcwrI dy Aihdnwmy duAwrw sulHw krwaux nwl

hoieAw sI[196

kWgVy dy iklHy aupr sMswr cMd dw kbzw sI[ aus koloN kWgVw qy bweIDwrW

ij`qx leI goriKAW197 ny hmlw kIqw[ ies muihMm dOrwn aunHW ny kWgVy nUM Gyrw pw

ilAw[ sMswr cMd nUM Awpxy aupr bhuq mwx sI[ aus ny goriKAW dw mukwblw bVI

dlyrI nwl kIqw pr goriKAW dI SkqI Agy ausdw hMkwr jldI hI tut igAw[ ausny

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM mdd leI bulwieAw[ ausny sdw leI rxjIq isMG dI eIn

mMnx dw Aqy mdd dy bdly ivc kWgVw dyxw dw, vwAdw vI kIqw[ mhwrwjw rxjIq

isMG sMswr cMd dI mdd leI Kwlsw &Oj lY ky ciVHAw[ pihlW kWgVw hwsl kIqw Aqy

Pyr goriKAW nwl lVweI lVI, ijs ivc gorKy hwr ky dOV gey[ isMGW dI &qih dy

jYkwry hr cotI aupr gMUjy[198

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI SkqI vDx nwl bwkI irAwsqW dy srdwrW nUM aus qoN

^qrw mihsUs hox ligAw[ pitAwlw irAwsq ny AwpxI rwKI leI i&rMgIAW nUM bulw

ilAw[ ijnHW ny sqluj dirAw dy iknwry auqy Aw ky AwpxI CwauxI bxw leI[ mhwrwjw

rxjIq isMG ny vI sqluj dirAw dy dUjy pwsy AwpxIAW &OjW qwienwq kr idqIAW[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG AMZryzw nUM Awpxy rwj ivc dwi^l nhIN hox dyxw cwhuMdw sI[

ausny AMZryzw qk ieh sunyhw GilAw ik jykr auh lVn leI Awey hn qW ieh smJ

196

Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p 362. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 22. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 40. 197

goriKAW dw jrnYl nypwlI Amr isMG Qwpw sI[ -Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p 382. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 24. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 72.


not : tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq ieh Gtnw 1809 eI. dI hY[ gorKIAw jrnYl Amr isMG Qwpw ny kWgVw nUM 50,000 sYinkW smyq burI qrHW Gyr riKAw sI[ sMswr cMd ny mdd krn leI rxjIq isMG nUM sidAw sI[ goriKAW dw mukwblw krn leI rxjIq isMG dIAW &OjW ny pihlW iklHy kWgVy aupr Awpxw kbzw kIqw[ goriKAW dy jrnYl Amr isMG Qwpw nwl Kwlsw &OjW ny bVI bhwdrI nwl lVweI lVI, ijs nwl auh dOV ky sqluj qoN pwr ho igAw sI Aqy ies ij`q qoN bwAd kWgVw is`K rwj ivc imlw ilAw igAw[ - AmrnwQ, auhI, pMnw 47-49. ; Aihmd Swh btwlvI, auhI, pMnw 79-80. ; Muhammad Latif, Ibid,

p. 382. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 24. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 72. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 56-58.

233

lYx ky isKW dw kMm hI lVweI krnw hY Aqy AsIN Awrwm isr& mulk ijq ky hI krnw

hY[ jy koeI hor rwh hY qW auh vI ds dyx[ AMZryzW ny ikhw ik durwnIAW nUM qusIN

ijiqAw hY Aqy idlI dy cOZiqAW nUM AsIN, ies leI sqluj qoN pwr qusIN rwj kro Aqy

aurwr AsIN[199 ies Gtnw nUM ieiqhws ivc 1809 eI. dw Aihdnwmw ikhw jWdw hY[

ieh iek AijhI sMDI sI ijsny isK rwj dIAW h`dW nUM sqluj qk sIimq kr idqw

sI[ AMZryzW dy sqluj qk Awaux dw kwrn tyk isMG vWg swry ieiqhwskwrW ny mwlvy

dy srdwrW dw aunHW dI rwKI ivc cly jwxw hI mMinAw hY[ tyk isMG ny AMZryzW vloN

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM idqy jvwb ivc isr& hd inSicq krn dw kQn kIqw hY,

jdoN ik ies smyN AMZryzW ny sqluj qoN pwr AwpxIAW &OjW nw Byjx leI mhwrwjy qoN

kuJ SrqW aupr dsq^q krvwey sn[200 ieh sMDI 25 ApRYl 1809 eI. nUM hoeI sI[201

iek ieiqhwsk ABwv vwlI Gtnw dI sUcnw idMidAW tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik

AMZryzW dI vDdI hoeI SkqI nUM vyK ky mwlvy, duAwby Aqy mwJy dy keI is`K srdwr

iekTy hoey[ ijnHW ivc AwhlUvwlIey Aqy isMGpurIey muK sn[ ieh AMZryzW iKlw&

kwrvweI krnw cwhuMdy sn[ ies kwrj leI ienHW ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM imlx dw

PYslw kIqw Aqy lwhOr v`l cl pey[ pr AMimRqsr Aqy lwhOr ivckwr hI aunHW dI

mulwkwq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl ho geI, ijs dOrwn aunHW ny Awpxw ierwdw

disAw[ swrI g`l suxn qoN bwAd mhwrwjy ny swry srdwrW nUM ies g`l auqy sihmq

kr ilAw ik jykr AMZryz srkwr koeI vDIkI krygI qW aunHW iKlw& kwrvweI zrUr

kIqI jwvygI[ tyk isMG Anuswr ies gurmqy qoN bwAd Ardws vI kIqI geI[202

199

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 502(A). 200

Runjeet Singh must still, nevertheless, withdraw his troops to the right bank of the Sutlej, his last usurpations must also be restored, but the restitution of his first conquests would not be insisted on; while, to re-move all cause of suspicion, the detachment under Sir David Ochterloney could fall back from Loodiana to Kurnal, arid take up its permanent position at the latter place. -J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p 148. ; ies sMDI dI ivsiqRq jwxkwrI kinMGm ny AwpxI iesy rcnw dI ‘AMiqkw 9’ ivc idqI hY[

201 J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p 148. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 57.

202 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 513(A, e).

234

1809 eI. ivc hoeI sMDI dy AwDwr ’qy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy AMZryzW dy

sMbMDW bwry sUcnw idMidAW, iek AspSt qy Axieiqhwsk Gtnw bwry izkr kridAW

tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik mhwrwjw swihb nUM AMZryzW ny ikhw ik qUM swfI ADInqw pRvwn kr

lY, ijsdy bdly ivc AsIN qYnUM tYks dy Cy Awny rK ky ds Awny dyvWgy[ jykr ieh Srq

mnzUr nhIN qW swnUM Cy Awny ibnw ADIngI kbUl kIiqAW dyxy pRvwn kr lY[ qyry nwl

kIqI sMDI ies Srq ’qy hI kwiem rih skdI hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AijhI gl

suxidAW, ibnw iksy gl-bwq dy hI lVweI dI iqAwrI kIqI Aqy idlI nUM isK rwj ivc

imlwaux dw PYslw kIqw[ rxjIq isMG dy pRqIkrm dI gl luiDAwxy, idlI, klkqy huMdI

hoeI lMdn puj geI[ brqwnIAW dI mhwrwxI ny ihMdosqwn dy hwlwq nUM smJdy hoey &OjI

A&srW nUM mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl sMDI krn dw suJwA idqw[ AMZryz bhuq qoh&y Aqy

sugwqW lY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG kol AMimRqsr Awey[ koeI nvW ilKqI smJOqw nhIN

hoieAw blik pihlW hoeI sMDI (1809 eI.) nUM hI brkrwr riKAw igAw[203

Awpxy rwj dw ivsQwr kridAW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny bhwvlpur,204

rwvlipMfI, DnIGyb Aqy ksppur nUM vI Awpxy rwj ivc imlw ilAw[ kwbl dy vzIr

Pqy ^wn (&qih ^W) nwl myl-jol kwiem krky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny kSmIr auqy

kbzw kr ilAw Aqy Awpxy rwj nUM Atk qk vDw ilAw[205 QoVHy smyN ivc hI

203 -auhI-, p`qrw 513.

not : BwvyN ik ieh Gtnw ropV ivKy sMn 1831 eI. ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy gvrnr-jnrl ivckwr hoeI mulwkwq vWg hI BwsdI hY pr iesdy kwrnW Aqy imlx-sQwn dw v`fw AMqr hY[ dUjw tyk isMG ny ies Gtnw ivc aus smyN ieMglYNf ivc rwxI dy hox dI g`l kIqI hY jdoN ik ropV dI mulwkwq smyN ieMglYNf ivc bwdSwh sI[

204 bhwvlpur dy hwkm ny 1807 eI. ivc rxjIq isMG dI eIn mMn leI sI[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 60. fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 23.


not : &qih ^W cwhuMdw sI ik kSmIr dy gvrnr Aqw muhMmd ^W nUM htw ky kSmIr nUM A&gwinsqwn dw AinKVvW Bwg bxwieAw jwvy[ ies kMm dy leI ausny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG qoN mdd mMgI sI, ijs krky aunHW ivckwr g`T-joV hoieAw sI[ ies g`T-joV qoN bwAd &qih ^wn Aqy rxjIq isMG ny 1813 eI. ivc kSmIr aupr sWJw hmlw kIqw sI, ijs dOrwn kSmIr kbzy ivc kIqw igAw[ &qih ^wn Atk aupr vI kbzw krnw cwhuMdw sI pr Aqw muhMmd ^W dw Brw jhWdwd ^W rxjIq isMG dI Srn Aw igAw Aqy ausny iklHw rxjIq isMG dy spurd kr idqw[ -fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 36-42. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 84-86.

235

isAwlkot qk jMmU dy swry ielwky rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy kbzy ivc kr ley[ ij`qy hoey

ienHW ielwikAW ivc rwjOrI, puxC Aqy pIr pMcwl Swiml sn[206 fyrw gwzI ^W jo ik

pihlW swidk muhMmd ^W dy kbzy ivc sI, nUM ij`q qoN bwAd mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

ny bhwvlpur dy nvwb dy spurd krn bdly ausqoN pMj lK ^rwj ilAw sI, ijsnUM lY

ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG 27 jnvrI 1822 eI. nUM lwhOr puijAw sI[207 ies

ieiqhwsk Gtnw dw sMkyq idMdw hoieAw tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

nUM bhwvlpur qoN bhuq swrI dOlq imlI, ijsnUM lY ky auh lwhOr vwips Aw igAw[208

is`K rwj dy ivsQwr leI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG qy ausdy hmYqI hmySw

XqnSIl sn[ mulqwn aupr kbzw krn leI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny keI vwr &OjW

cVHweIAW[209 mulqwn dI Aw^rI mihMm smyN Kwlsw &OjW ny vfI igxqI ivc cVHweI

kIqI[ ies lVweI ivc isMGW ny qopW Aqy bMdUkW dI vrqoN kIqI[ iklyH dIAW kMDW qopW

nwl keI vwr igrweIAW geIAW jo vYrI ny dubwrw bxw leIAW[ pr AÎr qopW dI

mdd nwl isMGW ny iklHy dIAW kMDW nUM DrqI ivc imlw idqw[ jdoN isMG iklHy dy AMdr

dwi^l hoey qW muZl &OjW vI AlI-AlI dy nwAry lgwauNdIAW mYdwn ivc Aw geIAW[

k`t-v`F hox lgI Aqy iklHy ivc loQW dy Fyr lg gey[ muz`&r ^W nUM jmrwjy dy dUq

ivKweI dyx lg pey[ ausdw swrw mwl lut ilAw igAw[ AMq isMGW ny ij`q dy ngwry

vjw idqy Aqy swry Sihr nUM burI qrHW lut ky ZrIb AmIr iek smwn kr idqy[ jMg

206

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 503(A). not : ieiqhws qOr ’qy ienHW ielwikAW aupr rxjIq isMG ny kbzw 1815 eI. ivc kIqw sI[ ies muihMm

smyN ausdy muK jrnYl hrI isMG nlUAw, AkwlI PUlw isMG, srdwr dl isMG Aqy dIvwn rwm idAwl sn[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 91.

207 AmrnwQ, auhI, pMnw 179. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 43. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 111.

208 qRws pwie kir Pyrw mwirE Aq sucyq isMG hY joeI] lYq pltxw sMg bhu qb rokq jwie bhwvl koeI[24870] mn Bwvq hI daulq lY ky Awey muir lvpur mY khIAY] mMjn kIno AMimRqsr kw sYl bwgo hsrI kw jhIAY] -tyk isMG, auhI- p`qrw 507(a).

209 mulqwn dI muihMm aupr rxjIq isMG 7 vwr igAw sI[ ieh muihMmW lgwqwr 1803, 1805, 1807,

1810, 1816, 1817 Aqy 1818 eI. dIAW sn[ sqvIN muihMm qoN bwAd mulqwn nUM is`K rwj ivc imlw ilAw igAw sI[ -fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 32-34.

236

ij`q ky Kwlsw &OjW lwhOr vwips AweIAW[210 mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jo ies muihMm ’qy

Awp nhIN igAw sI nUM jdoN Sihr lutx dw pqw lgw qW auh bhuq inrwS hoieAw Aqy

ausny Awpxy puqr KVk isMG nUM puiCAw ik myry hukm ibnw jnqw nUM ikauN luitAw hY?

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny mulqwn dy lokW leI Awtw, dwxw, iGE, qyl, guV, KMf Awid

qoN ielwvw kuJ mwieAw vI ByjI-

hukm bwJ ikE lUtI reIAq gunwihvMd kumydwn kIE hY]hukm bwJ ikE lUtI reIAq gunwihvMd kumydwn kIE hY]hukm bwJ ikE lUtI reIAq gunwihvMd kumydwn kIE hY]hukm bwJ ikE lUtI reIAq gunwihvMd kumydwn kIE hY]

kr jmeIAq hukm TihirE bwDq nIq jwn Ab jIE hY[24830[kr jmeIAq hukm TihirE bwDq nIq jwn Ab jIE hY[24830[kr jmeIAq hukm TihirE bwDq nIq jwn Ab jIE hY[24830[kr jmeIAq hukm TihirE bwDq nIq jwn Ab jIE hY[24830[

slqslqslqslq deI bYTwie qurq hI dY dY AwigAw jmU pTweI]deI bYTwie qurq hI dY dY AwigAw jmU pTweI]deI bYTwie qurq hI dY dY AwigAw jmU pTweI]deI bYTwie qurq hI dY dY AwigAw jmU pTweI]

Awp Krc lY Byjn lwgw pul bMDwie Dn kI bhu dweI]Awp Krc lY Byjn lwgw pul bMDwie Dn kI bhu dweI]Awp Krc lY Byjn lwgw pul bMDwie Dn kI bhu dweI]Awp Krc lY Byjn lwgw pul bMDwie Dn kI bhu dweI]

Awtw dwxw iGE qyl guV KMf AqsY dyq phucweI]Awtw dwxw iGE qyl guV KMf AqsY dyq phucweI]Awtw dwxw iGE qyl guV KMf AqsY dyq phucweI]Awtw dwxw iGE qyl guV KMf AqsY dyq phucweI]

Aaur sMpiq Byjy inq ipRq jUJq isMG kir kY Aq DweI[1[Aaur sMpiq Byjy inq ipRq jUJq isMG kir kY Aq DweI[1[Aaur sMpiq Byjy inq ipRq jUJq isMG kir kY Aq DweI[1[Aaur sMpiq Byjy inq ipRq jUJq isMG kir kY Aq DweI[1[211

ies ieiqhwsk lVweI dw hwl ilKidAw tyk isMG ny iek g`l bwkI

ieiqhwskwrW nwloN inAwrI Aqy kImqI swhmxy ilAWdI hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny

ies lVweI ivc hoeI Awm jnqw dI lut-Ksut krn dw ivroD kIqw sI Aqy aunHW leI

rwSx Awid Byjx dw pRbMD vI kIqw sI[

210


-auhI-, p`qrw 504(A). not : mulqwn ivKy 1818 eI. nUM hoeI ieh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI sqvIN lVweI sI[ ies jMg ivc

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMMG Awp nhIN igAw sI, sgoN ausny Awpxy lVky KVk isMG nUM hI ByijAw sI[ mulqwn dy iklHy nUM Fwhux leI vI isMGW ny qopW dI vrqoN hI kIqI sI[ fw. gMfw isMG AwpxI ikqwb ‘rxjIq isMG’ dy pMnw 22 aupr Zulwm zIlwnI dw hvwlw dy ky isMGW duAwrw qopW dI mdd nwl iklyH nUM Fwhux leI kIqI jdo-jihd hwl dw ies qrHW ilKdw hY, “is`KW dI iek qop dw phIAw tut igAw[ is`KW ny &Yslw kIqw ik iek iek is`K Dury hyT moFw dyvy qy qop clweI jwvy[ sB qoN pihlW aus jQy dy kmWfr ny moFw idqw[ qop clI qW auhdw srIr purzw-purzw ho ky auf igAw[ qW aus qoN dUsry drzy vwlw isMG qop hyT moFw fwhux vwsqy Aw Kloqw[ ies qrHW igAwrW isMG ShId ho gey[” ies lVweI ivc muz&r ^W Aqy ausdy s`q ivcoN pMj puqr mwry gey sn[ iklHy ivcoN bySumwr kImqI smwn luitAw igAw sI jo lwhOr dy qoSyKwny ivc jmHW kIqw igAw[ ies lVweI ivc isMGW dy h`Q Awey Dn-mwl bwry Aihmd Swh btwlvI ‘qwrI^-ey-pMjwb’ pMnw 92. aupr ilKdw hY, “ie`ny hIry, jvwihrwq, zyvr, sonw, cWdI Aqy rySmI kpVy isMGW dy h`Q l`gy ik auh supny ivc vI ienHW dw iek rweI ij`nw Anumwn nhIN lw skdy[”

237

mhwrwjy dI dInw ngr PyrI dOrwn vwprI iek nvyklI Gtnw dw izkr tyk

isMG ny ies qrHW kIqw hY[ dInw ngr phwV dy hyT visAw hoieAw hY[ mhwrwjw

rxjIq isMG jdoN ieQy puijAw qW ausdy iek ivAkqI (nwm spSt nhIN huMdw) ny iek

phwVIey dy Gr jw ky ikhw hY ik qyrI lVkI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy lwiek hY, ies

leI ies nUM myry spurd kr dyvo[ aus ivAkqI ny mrXwdw qoN ault aus lVkI dw

ivAwh mhwrwjy nwl krvwaux dw hT kIqw[ aus lVkI ny rwjy dy fr kwrn Aqy

Awpxw Drm bcwaux leI Awqm-hiqAw kr leI[ jdoN mhwrwjw swihb nUM ies

hiqAw dw pqw lgw qW ausny ies gupq-pwp dy fr kwrn kw&I dwn-puMn kIqw[ pr

iesdw Pl ausnUM aus smyN Bugqxw ipAw jdoN auh rwvI dirAw rwhIN lwhOr vwips

prqx lgw[ ies smyN pTwxW duAwrw kIqy hmly ivc ausdy bhuq swry sYink mwry

gey[212 ieh Gtnw 1818 eI. dI ho skdI hY ikauNik ies swl mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

AwdInw ngr igAw sI Aqy byVI ivc bYT ky vwips lwhOr AwieAw sI[ pr tyk isMG

duAwrw vrxq ‘lVkI dI Awqm-hiqAw vwlI’ Aqy ‘pTwxW duAwrw rwvI dirAw pwr

krn smyN kIqy hmly dI’ Gtnw iblkul nvyklI hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy AwdInw

ngr ivc Tihrn dw hwl Aihmd Swh btwlvI ies qrHW ilKdw hY, “sMmq 1874

(1818 eI.) dy ivswK mhIny mhwrwjw kUc krky AdInw ngr pujw[ AdInw ngr phwV

dy dwmn ivc siQq hY[ ieQy aunHW ny Shr nUM vswaux Aqy bwZ bgIcy lwaux vl pUrw

iDAwn idqw[ Awp lg pg do mhIny auQy rhy Aqy swry phwVI rwijAW qoN mwlIAw vsUl

kIqw[ vrKw ruq dy SurU ivc iek byVI ivc svwr ho ky Awp ny rwvI dirAw rwhIN lwhOr

ivc pRvyS kIqw[…iesy swl dy AÎr ivc jmwdwr uShwl isMG nUM nOkrI qoN htwieAw

gieAw Aqy ausdI QW iDAwn isMG nUM jmwdwr bxw idqw gieAw[”213

ieh iek ieiqhwsk q`Q hY ik rxjIq isMG Awpxy Awp nUM ‘mhwrwjw’ khwaux

dI QW ‘isMG swihb’ AKvw ky izAwdw KuS huMdw sI[ hirmMdr swihb pRqI ausdy

212


Aihmd Swh btwlvI, auhI, pMnw 91.

238

ipAwr, siqkwr qy smrpn dIAW AnykW GtnwvW ieiqhws ivc drj hn[ tyk isMG

ny mhwrwjw swihb duAwrw hirmMdr swihb dI suMdrqw leI sony dy drvwzy bxvwaux qy

dIvwrW aupr sonw lgvwaux dw izkr kIqw hY[ aus Anuswr sonw lgx nwl hirmMdr

swihb dy srovr dw jl jgmg krn lg ipAw[ drbwr swihb dI syvw auprMq

rxjIq isMG ny AMimRqsr Sihr dI punr-auswrI dw kwrj AwrMB kIqw[ Sihr dy punr

inrmwx sdkw AnykW vwpwrI, ikswn, K`qrI Awid AMimRqsr ivc Aw ky vs gey[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy hukm Anuswr ies pivqr Sihr ivc corW, DwVvIAW Aqy

irSvqKorW nUM PV ky szwvW idqIAW jWdIAW sn Aqy ikrq krn vwly lokW nUM jgHw

idqI jWdI sI[214 mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny hirmMdr swihb ivKy sonw lgvwaux dw

kwrj 1830 eI. ivc kIqw sI, ijsdI pRoVHqw hirmMdr swihb dy gyt aupr lgI q^qI

qoN huMdI hY[215

aus smyN dy is`K srdwrW Aqy gRMQIAW dw sRI gurU gRMQ swihb pRqI rvèIAw

vrxn kridAW tyk isMG ny inrsMkoc sUcnw idMidAW iliKAw hY ik is`K srdwrW dy

mn ivc gurbwxI dw bhuq siqkwr sI, ijs kwrn auh Awpxy GrW ivc sRI gurU gRMQ

swihb dw pwT krvwauNdy qy BytwvW cVwauNdy sn[ auh pwT krn vwly gRMQIAW nUM vI

idl Kol ky vsqR Aqy mwieAw Byt krdy sn[216 pr gRMQIAW dI hwlq iblkul iesqoN

ault sI[ auh mwieAw dy lwlc kwrn srdwrW dy nOkrW nUM irSvq dy ky ieh is&wirS

krvwauNdy sn ik srdwr kyvl aunHW qoN hI pwT krvwaux[ Awpxy loB dI pUrqI ^wiqr

auh srdwrW dy mgr-mgr sRI gurU gRMQ swihb cukI iPrdy sn Aqy ûSwmd krn dw

214

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 504(A). 215 < siq nwmu krqw purKu inrBau inrvYru Akwl mUriq AjUnI sYBM gur pRswid ] ] jpu ] Awid scu

jugwid scu ] hY BI scu nwnk hosI BI scu ] sRI mhwrwj gurU swihb jI ny Awpxy prm syvk is`K jwxkwr sRI drbwr swihb jI kI syvw sRI mhwrwjw isMG swihb rxjIq isMG jI pr dXw krky krweI[ sMmq 1887 ib:[

216 pihnwie dyq puhuswkw sB kau Bytw dyq ngdI qum jwno] hoq pRsMn igrMQI inq pRiq hI gwvq mhmw bhuq bKwno] jo jo suny cauqrPI rcnw lY lY igrMQ Awvq phcwno] bYTy rhy duAwry pr hI shq kst BwrI ird Awno[8[ -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 508(a).

239

koeI mOkw nhIN sn gvwauNdy[ auh kihx mwqr igAwnI sn pr Asl ivc auh

igAwn dw gRMQ pVHn vwly AigAwnI Aqy h`Q ivc dIvw lY ky KUh ivc ifgn vwilAW

ivcoN sn[217

kwbl dy hwlwq ieh sn ik mmUd (Swh mihmUd bwdSwh kwbl) ny Awpxy

vzIr &qih ^W nUM A`KW ivc slweI Pyr ky kql kr idqw[ pr CyqI hI Swh mihmUd

musIbqW ivc iGr igAw ikauNik nzIm ^W (muhMmd AzIm ^W gvrnr kSmIr) ny

ipSwvr aupr kbzw kr ilAw Aqy kwbl qk AwpxI hkUmq kwiem kr leI[ ausny

bhuq swry gwzIAW nUM Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw Aqy swry duSmxw nUM ij`qx dw inScw

kr ilAw[ ausny Atk qoN pwr dy Swsk mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ij`qx qy AwpxI

hkUmq kwiem krn leI vI hiQAwrbMd &OjW cVHweIAW[ Atk qoN pwr gey isMGW

auqy ausny hmlw kr idqw, jdoN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ies g`l dw pqw lgw qW

auh Atk dirAw dy iknwry puijAw[ ies vkq Atk dirAw dw vhw Aiq qIbr sI

jo prbqW nUM vI roVH irhw sI[ AkwlI PUlw isMG jo durd (hwQI) aupr Asvwr sI,

sB qoN pihlW dirAw ivc auqirAw[218 ies qrHW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI swrI

sYnw Atk dirAw qoN pwr phuMc geI[ AkwlI PUlw isMG kih irhw sI gurU Kwlsw hY,

Kwlsw gurU hY Aqy Kwlsw hI kwl-purK hY[ tyk isMG dw ivSvws hY ik ies lVweI

ivc gurU goibMd isMG ny Awp pRgt ho ky Aqy GoVy aupr Asvwr ho ky is`K &OjW dw

217 hoq pRsMn igrMQI inq pRiq hI gwvq mhmw bhuq bKwno] jo jo suny cauqrPI rcnw lY lY igrMQ Awvq phcwno] bYTy rhy duAwry pr hI shq kst BwrI ird Awno[8[ Arcw phucwvq lwgY Purmwies qau giV AMdir jwqy hY] Dkw DkI hovn lwgI mhw inrwdr pwqy hY] ArQ Awpny kwrin jwno vwk gurw ky rulqy bwhir cwqy hY[ ieq auiq iPrih Awdir ibn jV hI srwpy hoey igrMQI md mwqy hY]9] rqn vyc kir kc ivhwJq jnm mrn ky kwrin soaU] kir mY dIp kUp mih igrqy kho swc Xh bwq sBoaU] AMimRqsr lhor mD hI cwvq igrMQ pwCy idRV hoaU] mhw inlj AwigAwnI mUriK swD srUp bMck sm auaU[24890[ -auhI-, p`qrw 508(a).

218 keI ieiqhwskwrW ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy pihlW dirAw ivc auqrn dI g`l ilKI hY[

240

swQ idqw[219 auh ilKdw hY ik gurU dI ikRpw sdkw jo vI gwzI isMGW nwl lVn leI

mYdwn ivc auqirAw ausnUM kwlI dI Byt cVHnw ipAw[220 ies lVweI ivc AkwlI PUlw

isMG,221 krm isMG222 Aqy grBw isMG223 qoN ielwvw AnykW isMG ShId ho gey[224

ies lVweI ivc Kwlsw &OjW ny muslmwn sYinkW nUM dwixAW vWg BuMn suitAw[ srkwr

(mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG) dy kihx auqy isMGW ny muhMmd AzIm ^W dIAW &OjW nUM Gyrw pw

ky AYsw KMfw vwihAw ik mYdwn Aqy ndI lwSW nwl Br geI[ AMq swry gwzI mYdwn Cf

ky dOV gey[ isMGW ny swrw ielwkw Awpxy kbzy ivc kr ilAw Aqy gwzIAW dy fyirAW

nUM lut ilAw[225 ieh ieiqhwsk Gtnw sMn 1823 eI. ivc vwprI sI[ ies lVweI dw

hwl qW ieiqhwsk hY pr kwbl dy vzIr &qih ^W nUM Swh mihmUd duAwrw mwrn dI

g`l ivc aukweI hY[ &qih ^W dI mOq qW tyk isMG dy dsy Anuswr hI hoeI sI pr

ausnUM AMnw krky kql krn dw kMm Swh mihmUd dy puqr kwmrwn ny kIqw sI[226

aupr idqI Gtnw nUM smJx leI ieh jwx lYxw vI zrUrI hY ik A&gwnW v`loN kIqy

219 ies XuD ivc gurU goibMd isMG dy pRgt ho ky is`KW dw swQ dyx dI jo SrDk g`l tyk isMG vWg hI sRI gxyS dws ny ‘&qih nwmw gurU ^wlsw jI kw’ ivc kIqI hY, auh ilKdw hY- Awpx pMQ kI r`C kr, gurU goibMd isMG suxo suKdwie[ ibrd lwj pCwx irdy, isMG Awqr jwx ikRpwl hoie Awie[ sohy qurMg su nyzw ly hwQ, jo qurkW nUM mwr ky byg Bjwey[ Awid AMq jau dyvn BIr prY, Dr ky AOqwr sdw hoie shwie[106[ -&qih nwmw gurU ^wlSw jI kw, pMnw 192.

220 ies lVweI ivc muZl &Oj dw jwnI nukswn 10,000 sI[ -pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 85.

221 ies nUM is`K jgq ivc AkwlI PUlw isMG dy nwm nwl Xwd kIqw jWdw hY[ auh ijQy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI AkwlI &Oj dw jrnYl sI EQy aus smyN sRI Akwl q^q dw jQydwr vI sI[

222 ieh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw iek lVwkU jQydwr sI, ijsnUM mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny iek lK pMjwh hzwr dI jwgIr idqI hoeI sI[ ieh jwgIr &OjI syvw leI 250 svwr r`Kx bdly idqI geI sI[ -gxyS dws, auhI, Put not, pMnw-182.

223 ieh mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw jrnYl sI[ iesdy nwm dw ‘ktVw’ (muh`lw) AMimRqsr ivKy bixAw hoieAw hY[ -fw. ikrpwl isMG, is`K ieiqhws dy ivSyS p`K, SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI, AMimRqsr-1997, pMnw 157.

224 ies lVweI ivc Kwlsw &Oj dy ShId Aqy PtV hox vwilAW dI igxqI 1240 sI[ -pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 85. ; “There were upwards of 1,000 men kiled and wounded on the side of the Sikhs, and

amongst them four officers of distinction Phoola Singh Akalee, Gharba Singh and Karam Singh Chahal, two Jagirdars and Ballbhadar Singh Gurkhali.” –T. Prinsep Henry, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab, Languages Department, Punjab-1970, p. 110.


226 Aihmd Swh btwlvI, auhI, pMnw 93.

241

hmly ivc pihlW &Iroz ^W &Oj lY ky AwieAw sI, ijsnUM ^Yrwbwd dIAW phwVIAW ivc

isMGW ny hrwieAw sI[ ausdI mdd leI Awey muhMmd AzIm ^W nUM Sihzwdw KVk isMG

Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ny dirAw dy iknwry Gyrw pwky B`jx leI mzbUr kr

idqw sI[227 ies lVweI ivc ShId hox vwly iqMn is`K jrnYlW dy nwm PUlw isMG,

grBw isMG Aqy krm isMG hI sn[ ieh iqMny is`K ies lVweI ivc bVI bhwdrI nwl

lVdy hoey ShId hoey sn[228

AMZryzW dI nIqI pUry Bwrq nUM Awpxy kbzy ivc krn dI sI[ ies nIqI qihq

aunHW ny Brqpur dy j`t (gwsb) nwl iek lVweI lVI, ijsdw hwl tyk isMG ny cwr-

pMj pMinAW aupr vrxn kIqw hY[229 ies lVweI dOrwn jdoN Brqpur dy iklHy nUM

AMZryzW ny Gyrw pw ilAw qW Brqpur dy j`tW ny AMZryzW ivruD aunHW dw swQ dyx leI

keI pwsy dUq Byjy[ tyk isMG Anuswr aus smyN qk pUry Bwrq ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq

isMG qoN ibnw hor koeI sUrmw nhIN sI bicAw jo aunHW dI mdd kr skdw[230 aunHW dw

227

sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 100-101. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 79-85. 228

pwie dugwVw bMdUk ibKy, qk ky su inSwn pTwx clwieE[ PUlw isMG ko mwQw so PoV geI, qeI lwgq hI surDwm isDwieE[ -gxyS dws, auhI, pMnw 190. grBw isMG hiQAwr gih ciVE qurMg kudwie[ qrvwrn so mwr ky qurkn dIE igrwie[76[ cOpeI] grBw isMG ifgq qjy pRwn[ snmuK sIs dIey blvwn[ krm isMG pyKq hI AwieE[ qurkn kau hiQAwr clwieE[77[ svYXw] qwV qVwk kmwn lY bwn, jvwn pTwn kau byg clwieE[ iqn isMGn jMg kIE Bl FMg, so mwr mlyCn kau qb GwieE[ pTwx ky hwQ qy golI lgI, krm isMG qo Gwiel hoieky AwieE[ Awx ky fyry pRwn qjy, surDwm igE hrnwm iDAwieE[78[ -auhI-, pMnw 182-183. -“PUlw isMG inhMg, srdwr grBw isMG, srdwr krm isMG cwhl Aqy guriKAW dI pltn dy kumYdwn

Awid vPwdwrI ivKw ky Agly sMswr ivc cVweI kr gey[” -AmrnwQ, auhI, pMnw 141. -“AkwlI PUlw isMG, jo bhuq hI isrk`FvW srdwr sI, hwQI auqy svwr ho rx-BUmI ivc fitAw hoieAw

sI[ srdwr grBw isMG, krm isMG cihl Aqy gorKw pltn dw kumydwn Aqy srdwr ZwzIAW dI qlvwr dw iSkwr ho gey[” -Aihmd Swh btwlvI, auhI, pMnw 101.

229 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 510-512(a).

230 gorI nwih caugqy dIsY mUey ruhyly jwnq hY] mrty Aor gorKI nsqy gujr bl ibn mwnq hY] imrjwmwnI susq hoq hY jY purIAY gun hwnq hY] hor blI jo hir QY drsY kwT puqrIAw Twnq hY[16[ pMjwb mD iek is`K gurU kw qyj rws hI Awp khwvY] -auhI-, p`qrw 510(a).

242

iek dUq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM lwhOr Aw imilAw Aqy AMZryzW iKlw& &OjI

shwieqw dI mMg kIqI[231 pr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AMZryzW nwl sqluj qk h`d

bMnx dI hoeI sMDI kwrn mdd krn qoN ienkwr kr idqw[232 ieh ieiqhwsk lVweI

1825-26 eI. ivc hoeI sI Aqy ies lVweI ivc AMZryzW ny Brqpur nUM ij`q ky Awpxy

kbzy ivc kr ilAw sI[

tyk isMG Anuswr 1829 eI. ivc hoeI ipSwvr dI lVweI dw kwrn ieh sI ik

pTwxW ny isMGW dy keI fyirAW aupr hmlw kIqw, ijs ivc kuJ is`K Aqy pTwx vI

mwry gey[ jdoN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ies g`l dI ^br imlI qW ausny swry isMGW nUM

iekTy ho ky hmlw krn leI hukm idqw[233 ies lVweI dOrwn ipSwvr ivc ijQy qk

pTwxW dw kbzw sI, aus aupr isMGW ny kbzw kr ilAw[234 ies lVweI dOrwn pTwxW nUM

ijauNdy hI Agn Byt kIqw igAw[ ies lVweI ivc isK &OjW nUM bhuq nzrwnw Aqy iek

qyz r&qwr vwlw ierwkI GoVw vI imilAw[235 ieh sB kuJ lwhOr ilAWdw igAw[236

sMn 1837 eI. ivc hoeI jmrOd dI ieiqhwsk lVweI bwry tyk isMG ilKdw hY

ik jdoN qurkW dy drw KYbr qk phuMcx dI ^br hrI isMG nlUey nUM imlI qW ausny ibnw

231

ies lVweI dOrwn mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG qoN mMgI mdd dw hwl kinMGm ny vI iliKAw hY, “The Jat

usurper of the Jumna asked his brother Jut of the Ravee to aid him ; but the Muharaja affected to discredit the mission, and so satisfied the British authorities without compromising himself with the master of a fortress which had successfully resisted the disciplined troops and the dreaded artillery of his neighbors.” -J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p 193-94.


233 jykr ieiqhwsk nzrIey qoN vyKIey qW pqw lgdw hY ik ipSwvr auqy kIqy ies hmly dw jo kwrn tyk isMG ny idqw hY, auh Asl kwrn nhIN hY[ ies Gtnw dw Asl kwrn ieh sI ik 1829 eI. ivc s`Xd Aihmd Swh ny Xwr muhMmd ^W nUM hrw ky ipSwvr auqy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ jdoN ies g`l dw pqw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM lgw qW ausny kMvr Syr isMG Aqy jrnYl vYnqUrw nUM ipSwvr auqy muV kbzw krn dw hukm idqw sI[ -AmrnwQ, auhI, pMnw 172-73. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 46. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 124.

234 ies lVweI ivc seIAd Aihmd Swh is`K &Oj qoN hwr ky ns igAw sI[ ies lVweI ivc Xwr muhMmd ^W dy Brw sulqwn muhMmd ^W ny is`K &OjW dI mdd kIqI sI[ sulqwn muhMmd ^W nUM mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy hukm nwl ipSwvr dw gvrnr bxw idqw igAw sI[ -AmrnwQ, auhI, pMnw 172-73. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 46. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 124.

235 ieh pRisD GoVw ‘lylI’ sulqwn muhMmd ^W ny ies lVweI qoN bwAd mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM Sukrwny vjoN Byt kIqw sI Aqy ies nUM lwhOr jrnYl vYnqUrw lY ky AwieAw sI[


243

iksy dyrI dy qurkW aupr hmlw kr idqw[ qurkW nUM kmzor smJdy hoey hrI isMG nlUey

ny qwkq qoN vD mwx/joS nwl ieh hlw kIqw jo ausdw kmlwpn sI[237 ausny qurkW dI

&Oj nUM mYdwn ivcoN Bjx leI mzbUr kr idqw Aqy aunHW nUM AigEN Gyrw pw ky mwrnw SurU

kr idqw[ qurk &OjW ny Acwnk vwips muV ky hlw kr idqw[ aunHW duAwrw clweIAW

bMdUkW dI iek golI hrI isMG nlUey dy Aw lgI, ijs nwl auh ShId ho igAw[ mhwrwjw

rxjIq isMG nUM jdoN lwhOr ivc nlUey dI mOq dw pqw lgw qW ausny bhuq A&sos kIqw

Aqy BwrI &Oj Byj ky ies lVweI nUM ijq ilAw[238 tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq ies lVweI

dIAW lgpg swrIAW GtnwvW ieiqhwsk hn[ ies lVweI dw mUl kwrn ieiqhwskwrW

ny hrI isMG nlUey duAwrw drw KYbr ivKy jmrOd (&qihgVH) nwmk iklHw (1836 eI.)

bxwauxw disAw hY[ ijs kwrn kwbl dy bwdSwh dosq muhMmd ^W ny Awpxy nwieb

imrzw sMmI ^W nUM lgpg qIh hzwr &Oj dy ky ies iklHy aupr kbzw krn leI ByijAw

sI[ iklHy nUM muZl &OjW ny Gyrw pw ilAw[ Gyry dI ^br sux ky ibmwr hox dy bwvjUd hrI

isMG ies lVweI ivc jo iqMn idn pihlW SurU ho cukI sI, 30 ApRYl, 1837 eI. nUM ds

hzwr &Oj lY ky Swiml hoieAw[ pTwxW nUM Gyr ky mwrn dI Aqy pTwxW duAwrw muV hmlw

krn dI jo gl tyk isMG ny ilKI hY, auh TIk hY ikauNik nlUey ny Bjy jWdy pTwxW dw

bVI dUr qk ipCw kIqw sI pr Acwnk SmSo dIn dy rswly dy Aw jwx kwrn pTwxW ny

muV hmlw kIqw sI[ ies smyN hI hrI isMG nlUAw iek golI dw iSkwr ho igAw sI Aqy

ijs nwl ausdI mOq ho geI sI[ jdoN rxjIq nUM ies Gtnw dw pqw ligAw qW ausny

BwrI &Oj Byj ky ies jMg nUM ijq ilAw sI[239

tyk isMG duAwrw mhwrwjy dI S^sIAq dw mulWkx ies qrHW kIqw igAw hY[

237

hrI isMG nlUey dy kmlypn dI jo g`l tyk isMG ny ilKI hY, auh n&rq kwrn nhIN sgoN nlUey dy pRym kwrn ilKI geI hY ikauNik ies lVweI ivc hrI isMG nlUAw s^q ibmwrI dI prvwh nw krdy hoey vI lVn leI clw igAw sI[

238 -auhI-, p`qrw 313(e, s).

239 J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p 224-25. ; Khazan Singh, History of the Sikh Religion, Language

Department, Punjab, 1988, p. 318. ; fw. Bgq isMG, auhI, pMnw 48. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 139-140. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 104-105.

244

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy AMq smyN qk ausdI sYink SkqI pUry zorW ’qy sI Aqy ausny

Awpxw iek vfw rwj sQwipq kr ilAw sI[ ausdy dieAwvwn suBwA kwrn ausdI jnqw

ausnUM byhd ipAwr krdI sI[ mhwrwjy dI krxI krm-Drm dy pK qoN inrml sI[ ausdy

pRwx Cfx qk gurU mhwrwj ny kdy ausdI ipT nhIN lgx idqI sI, blik ausdw hr QW

prdw hI FikAw sI[ ieh vfI krnI vwlw mhwrwjw AÎr dunIAw qoN kUc kr igAw[240

ausdw sskwr cMdn dI icKw bxw ky lwhOr ivc kIqw igAw[ ausdIAW rwxIAW Aqy iek

kbUqr ausdI icKw ivc nwl hI sV gey[241 ausdI mOq qoN bwAd ausdy puq-poqirAW ny

bhuq puMn-dwn kIqw[ gMgw aupr pMifqW nUM vI dwn idqw igAw[ tyk isMG dw ivSvws hY

ik mhwrwjy dI SuB krnI krky mOq auprMq ausdw invws scy drbwr ivc hoieAw[242

ieiqhwsk vwikAwq vWg hI tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy

clwxy qoN bwAd ausdw puqr KVk isMG pMjwb dw bwdSwh bixAw[243 mhwrwjy dy puq-

240

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq lwhOr ivKy 27 jUn, 1839 eI. ivc hoeI sI[ - J. D. Cunningham,

Ibid, p. 235. ; Khazan Singh, Ibid, p. 319. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 144-145. ; pRym isMG hoqI, auhI, pMnw 106-107.

241 AMimRqsr mY hY srkwr] inhcw suD kIE drbwr] CotI jwn vfI prdKnw] shir audwly iPrqo rKnw[11[ nMgI pYrI krqo fyrw] qn kly n pwvq Pyrw] lwv lskr kw AMq n AwvY] mulK Apnw bhuq vswvY[12[ jwdu md kr dIE pIlwie] rsnw rokI aun sB jwie] mrn mUl jm pwvq Gyrw] swsw qk rwKq nbyrw[13[ dwn puMn kirE bhu BwqI] lyq dyq jwnhu cau jwqI] Drm krm mY qjqy pRwn] rwKq prdw hY Bgvwn[14[ icKw swQ hI mwrqI nwir] eyk kbUqr mrqw swir] cMdn icKw mY dyq jrwie] Acrj mwnq sB iqs Qwie[15[ -tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 513(s).

“sMmq 1896 hwV idny vIrvwr[ hwV vdI eykm cwr GVI rhdy lhor mY pwqswh rxjIq isMG surgubwsI hUAw[ hjUrI bwg mY isskwr hoeI[ cwr rwnIAw swq golIAw sqI hoeIAw[ Pyr kbUqr kw joVw BI sMmn burj qUM auf kir icKw bldI bIcu Awn pVw[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 8.

242 tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 513(s).

243 KVk isMG dy rwjw bxn bwry fw. POjw isMG Aqy sohx isMG sIql ilKdy hn ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy h`QIN ausnUM rwj-iqlk lwieAw sI[ pr iDAwn isMG fogrw cwhuMdw sI ik kMvr nOinhwl isMG nUM rwjw bxwieAw jwvy[ -Fauja Singh, Maharaja Kharak Singh, Punjabi University, Patiala-1977,

Introduction, p. 19. ; sohx isMG sIql, is`K rwj ikvyN igAw, lwhOr bu`k Swp, luiDAwxw-2003, pMnw 26. ; pr kinMGm ilKdw hY ik iDAwn isMG fogrw KVk isMG nUM hI rwjw bxwaux dy hk ivc sI, “The

army was assembled, and a litter, said to contain the dying Muharaja, was carried along the (bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)

245

poqirAW qoN ielwvw keI hor srdwrW Aqy vzIrW nUM vI Aws sI ik AsIN pMjwb ivc

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj sQwpq krn ivc bhumulw Xogdwn pwieAw hY[ ies

leI ho skdw hY ik AsIN ies q^q dy vwirs bx jweIey pr ieh nw ho sikAw[

mhwrwjw bxn auprMq KVk isMG ny Awpxy mMqrI-mMfl ivc koeI vI pirvrqn nw

kIqw[ iDAwn isMG fogrw vI pihlW vWg hI vzIr dy pd aupr bixAw irhw[244

mhwrwjw KVk isMG dw puqr kMvr nOinhwl isMG jo ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

dI mOq qoN bwAd ipSwvr clw igAw sI, rwjnIiqk smJ-bUJ pKoN Awpxy Awp nUM

Awpxy ipqw mhwrwjw KVk isMG nwloN lwiek smJdw sI, ies leI auh rwjsI hukmW

dI prvwh nw krdy hoey, AwpxI mn-mrzI krdw sI[ jdoN auh vwips lwhOr AwieAw245

qW aus smyN mMgl isMG (mhwrwjw KVk isMG dw swlw) Aqy cyq isMG mhwrwjw KVk

isMG dy nzdIkI sn[ iDAwn isMG fogry ny kMvr nOinhwl isMG nUM ieh kih ky

BVkwieAw ik mhwrwjw KVk isMG Aqy cyq isMG ny AMZryz srkwr vl icTIAW

ilKIAW hn, ijs ivc mhwrwjy ny tYks dy ds Awny Awpxy leI rK ky Cy Awny AMZryzW

nUM dyxy prvwn kr ley hn[246 jykr ieh gl isry cVH geI qW pMjwb ivc kwl pY

jwvygw Aqy jnqw bwZI ho jwvygI[ swrw Anwj lok koiTAW ivc Br lYxgy[ hr pwsy

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) extended line. Dhian Singh was assiduous in his mournful attentions; he seemed to take orders

as if from his departing sovereign, and from time to time, during the solemn procession, he made known that Runjeet Singh declared the Prince Khurruk Singh his successor, and himself, Dhian Singh, the vuzeer or minister of the kingdom.” -J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p. 236.


245 “kMvr nO-inhwl isMG Cy idnW ivc lwhOr Aw pujw[ gulwb isMG ny rsqy ivc qy ipSwvr ivc kMvr nO-inhwl isMG nUM mnGVq g`lW sunw sunw ky ies qrHW ckrwieAw ik auh ivcwrw JUT s`c dI prK nw kr sikAw qy gulwb isMG dI p`tI ivc Aw ky mhwrwj KVk isMG dw duSmn bx bYTw[ lwhOr pujdy hI iDAwn isMG Aqy ausdy swQIAW pwsoN kMvr swihb nUM gulwb isMG dIAW g`lW dI gvwhI iml geI[” -krm isMG (sMpw.), PulvwVI, fogrw-grdI dy guJy Byq (lyK), fw. gMfw isMG, PulvwVI pRYs, AMimRqsr-poh, mwG, sMmq 1986, pMnw 225.

246 ieh dovyN ^q iDAwn isMG fogry ny jwhlI bxwey hoey sn Aqy dohW auqy KVk isMG qy cyq isMG dIAW mohrW vI corI krky lweIAW hoeIAW sn[ -Major G. Carmichael Symth, A History of the

Reigning Family of Lahore, Calcutta-1847, p. 28. ienHW jwlI icTIAW ivc iliKAw igAw sI, “pMjwb AMgryzw dy ADIn ho jwey, rwj qy knUMn AMgryzI hox, is`K &OjW qy srdwrW dI QW AMgryzI A&sr hox, KVk isMG nwm mwqr bwdSwh rhy, rupy ipCy Cy Awny AMgryz Awpxy ^rcW vwsqy r`K lYx qy ds Awny KVk isMG nUM pYnSn vjoN idqy jwx[” -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 29.

246

irSvq dw bol-bwlw ho jwvygw[ ieh gl sux ky nOinhwl isMG ny ikhw ik ies qrHW qW

isK-rwj hI ^qm ho jwvygw[ iDAwn isMG fogry dI cwl nUM nw smJidAW aus ny cyq

isMG nUM kql krn dw mSvrw ausdy Agy riKAw[ aunHW ny gupq cwl bxw ky cyq isMG nUM

kql kr idqw247 Aqy nOinhwl isMG ny auh icTIAW pRwpq krky pwV idqIAW[248

swrI dunIAw ies iBAwnk smyN nUM cMgI qrHW vyK rhI sI[ mhwrwjw KVk

isMG burI qrHW rogI ho cukw sI[249 aus smyN mMfI ivKy kplwgVH dy rwjy bwZI hoxw

cwhuMdy sn[ ijnHW nUM muV vs krn leI kMvr nOinhwl isMG duAwrw &OjI kwrvweI

kIqI geI[250 kMvr nOinhwl isMG ny keI Gr Aqy Drm-sQwn Fwh ky lwhOr Aqy

AMimRqsr nUM vDIAw FMg nwl isrjx dw Xqn kIqw[ tyk isMG Anuswr ies qrHW

Gr Aqy Dwrimk sQwn Fwhux dw kwrj ausny hMkwr vs kIqw sI[ kuJ smyN bwAd

mhwrwjw KVk isMG dI ibmwrI dy kwrn lwhOr ivc mOq ho geI Aqy ausdw

sskwr cMdn dI icKw bxw ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy sskwr vwlI QW hI kIqw

igAw[251 jdoN ipqw dI icKw nUM lWbU lw ky kMvr nO inhwl isMG vwips AwieAw qW

aus aupr (ifauFI) dw bMnw igr igAw, ijs nwl auh byhoS ho igAw qy muV hoS ivc

247

“8 AkqUbr 1839 dI rwq nUM iDAwn isMG fogrw, gulwb isMG fogrw, sucyq isMG fogrw, kMvr nOinhwl isMG, rwxI cMd kOr, cwry sMDwvwlIey srdwr (Aqr isMG, lihxw isMG, ikhr isMG, AjIq isMG), hIrw isMG fogrw, gwrfnr, rwau kysr isMG, ny mhwrwjw KVk isMG dy mihlW ivc dw^l ho ky cyq isMG nUM ausdy swhmxy kql kr idqw[” -krm isMG, auhI, fogrw-grdI dy guJy Byq (lyK), fw. gMfw isMG, pMnw 226-27. ; J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p. 238.


249 mhwrwjw KVk isMG dI ibmwrI dw kwrn keI ivdvwnW (fw. gMfw isMG, sohx isMG sIql, igAwnI igAwn isMG, simQ Awid) ny iDAwn isMG fogry duAwrw idqIAW dvweIAW ivc s&Yd kskrI Aqy rs kpUr imlwaux dI swizs nUM mMinAw hY[

250 “He took advantage of the repeated dilatoriness of the Mundee and other Rajpoot chiefs around Kanggra in paying their stipulated tribute, to move a large force into the eastern hills, and the resistance his troops experienced amid mountain fastnesses seemed fully to justify the con- tinuous dispatch of reinforcements. His design was, to place a considerable army immediately to the northeast of Jummoo, to be ready to co-operate with the troops which could reach that place in a few marches from Lahore.” -J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p. 242-243.


“KVg isMG nOinhwl isMG pru gusy hI rihAw[ bfI icMqw kry[ nOinhwl isMG khy n lwgw[ iqsI icMqw mo srIr rogI BieAw[ Pyr CUt gieAw[ sMmq 1897 kwqku idny bweIey 22[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 9.

not : mhwrwjw KVk isMG 5 nvMbr, 1840 eI. ivc clwxw kIqw sI[

247

nw AwieAw[ iDAwn isMG fogrw ausnUM AMdr lY igAw[ ausdI mwqw cMd kOr ny kMvr nUM

vyKxw cwihAw pr ausdI prvwh nw kIqy ibnw kMvr nUM gupq hI riKAw igAw[252

kMvr nO inhwl isMG dI hiqAw nUM ieiqhwskwrW ny iDAwn isMG fogry dI iek igxI-

imQI swizs mMinAw hY[253 ies smyN iDAwn isMG ny clwkI dy nwl Syr isMG nUM btwly

qoN lwhOr s`d ilAw[ kMvr nOinhwl isMG dy srIr dw sskwr kIqw igAw[ iDAwn isMG

fogry ny duK dw nwtk kr ky AwpxI swizs ’qy prdw pw ilAw[ q^q dw nvW

dwAvydwr jdoN Syr isMG nUM mMinAw igAw qW cMd kOr ny vI Awpxw dwAvw q^q ’qy

jqwauNidAW rOlw pw ilAw[254 ausny ikhw ik Syr isMG Aqy qwrw isMG mihqwb kOr dy

Awpxy lVky nhIN hn[ mihqwb kOr qW Asl ivc npu`qI sI[ ausdI mW (mhwrwxI sdw

kOr) ny ieh Awpxy dohqry bxw ky mihqwb kOr nUM Arpn kIqy sn[255 iesy kwrn

252

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 514(A). -AMdr qr& hvylI dy qury jWdy, C`jw Fwh dohW auqy pwieAw eI[ Swh muhMmdw aUDm isMG QWauN moieAw, kOr swihb jo sihkdw AwieAw eI[10[ A~T pihr lukwieky rìKE ny, dUjy idn rwxI cMd kOr AweI[ KVk isMG dw drd dryg nwhIN, kOr swihb qweIN EQy rox AweI[ imrq hoieAw qW kro sskwr ies dw, rwxI AwiKAw-qusW ikauN dyr lweI[ Swh muhMmdw roNdI ey cMd kOrW, ijs dw moieAw puqR sohxw Syr sWeI[11[ -ASok, SmSyr isMG (sMpw.), pRwcIn vwrW qy jMg-nwmy, (ik`sw Swh muhMmd dw), SRomxI gurdvwrw pRbMDk

kmytI, AMimRqsr-1997, pMnw 307. 253

nOinhwl isMG nUM iDAwn isMG duAwrw byhoS hwlq ivc AMdr iljwx qoN lY ky mrn qk dw hwl gwrfnr ies qrHW ilKdw hY- “They were servants in my own camp of Artillery, and were five in

number. Two were afterwards privately put to death-two escaped to Hindostan, the fate of the fifth is unknown. One of the palkee bearers afterwards affirmed, that mhen the prince was put into the palkee, and when he was assisting to place him there, he saw that above the right ear there was a wound which bled so slightly as only to cause a blotch of blood of about the size of a rupee, on the pillow or cloth on which his head rested while he was in the palkee. He added, that the blood neither flowed nor trickled in any quantity, before his being taken out. Now, it is a curious fact, that when the room was opened, in which his corpse was first exposed by the Rajah, blood in great quantity, both in fluid and coagulated pools, was found around the head on the cloth on which body lay.” -Major G. Carmichael Symth, Ibid, (Phoot Note), p. 36.

254 “punh rwjy iDAwn isMG ny kihE cMd kOr kO qQw Avr muswihbw kau[ jo pwiqswhI syr isMG kau dIjIey[ qb rwnI cMdu kOr eyh bwq n mwnI[ Awp hI rwj krny lwgI[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 11.

255 “srIk lok syr isMG kO rj ky bytw khqy[ rwnI sdw kOr kI bytI mqwb kOr pwqswh rxjIq isMG kI rwnI iqs ny byty pwlXy Qy do[ qwrw isMG Ar syr isMG[ qwrw isMG qO msqwnw BXo swD sMg[ syr isMG Gr….. bYTo[ ies kir kY sMDvwlIey Aqr isMG AjIq isMG lhxw isMG rjku ky byty pwlku kihE[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 16. ; In 1807 it was understood that Mehtab Kour was pregnant, and it is

(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)(bwkI Agly pMny ’qy)

248

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ienHW nUM Cf ky myry pqI nUM rwj isMGwsn ’qy ibTwieAw sI[

ausny Syr isMG nUM lwhOr qoN kF idqw Aqy &Oj dI sihmqI nwl Awp rwxI bx geI[

tyk isMG dI mwnqw hY ik cMd kOr ny Awp rwxI bx ky bhuq hI nIc kMm kIqw[ ies

smyN iksy cMgy Swsk dI loV sI ikauNik i&rMgIAW dw ^qrw idno-idn vDdw jw irhw

sI[ rwjy qoN ibnw sYnw hmySw rMfI huMdI hY Aqy ies nwr (cMd kOr) nUM XuD dI kI swr

sI ? ies g`l bwry tyk isMG itpxI krdw hY ik “jhwj nwv nhI qulw bnwieE] rx

smuMd qrnw ikm jwieE]”256 (sMDwvwlIey) srdwr AjIq isMG Aqy srdwr lihxw

isMG, rwxI cMd kOr dy p`K ivc sn, ijnHW nwl imlky ausny rwj clwauxw SurU kIqw[

rwjw iDAwn isMG ny ausnUM rokxw cwihAw pr ausny swrI Kwlsw &Oj nUM Awpxy nwl g`T

ilAw, ijs kwrn ausdy Agy iksy dw zor nw cl sikAw[257 Syr isMG lwhOr Cf ky

btwly clw igAw[ q^q auqy bYTx qoN bwAd rwxI cMd kOr ny idl KolH ky dwn

kIqw[258

hOlI-hOlI rwxI cMd kOr pRqI vI inrwSw dw mhOl bx igAw[ Kwlsw &OjW

cwhuMdIAW sn ik Syr isMG nUM q^q aupr ibTwieAw jwvy[ iDAwn isMG fogrw vI Syr

isMG vl hI ho igAw[ cMd kOr Aqy AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw, hIrw isMG qy sucyq isMG

fogrw nUM Awpxy nwl rlwauxw nhIN cwhuMdy sn[ ies kwrn fogirAW ny Awps ivc

ivvwd dw frwmw rc ilAw[259 mwVy Awcrx vwilAW dI sMqwn vI mwVI hI huMdI hY,

lwhOr ivc siQq hIrw isMG fogry ny Awpxy ipqw iDAwn isMG Aqy Syr isMG nUM Kwlsw

(ipCly pMny dw bwkI) believed that she was really delivered of a daughter ; but, on Runjeet Singh's return from

an expedition, he was presented with two boys as his offspring. The Muharaja doubted : and perhaps he always gave credence to the report that Sher Singh was the son of a carpenter, and Tara Singh the child Of a weaver, yet they continued to be broug-ht up under the care of their reputed grandmother, as if their Sudda parentage had been admitted. -J. D. Cunningham, Ibid, p. 185. -sIqw rwm kohlI ny vI tyk isMG vWg hI iliKAw hY[ -Sita Ram Kohli, Sunset of the Sikh Empire,

Orient Longmans LTD, New Delhi-1967, p. 11-12. 256


-auhI-, p`qrw 515(a). 258

-auhI-, p`qrw 515. 259

ies swzs nwl gulwb isMG fogrw rwxI cMd kOr dw hmwieqI bx igAw[

249

&OjW duAwrw sihXog krn dI ^br idqI[ iDAwn isMG ny Syr isMG nUM lwhOr aupr hmlw

krn leI Byj idqw[260 ausny smUh Kwlsw &OjW dI mdd nwl lwhOr dy iklHy nUM Gyrw pw

ilAw[ bVI BwrI lVweI hoeI, iklyH dy AMdr Aqy bwhr bhuq nukswn hoieAw[261 jdoN swry

mOq dy fr kwrn kMb rhy sn qW rwjw iDAwn isMG jMmU qoN AwieAw[ ausny ivc pY ky

sulwh krvw idqI, ies qrHW ausny AnykW dI jwn bcw leI[262 ies lVweI ivc cMd kOr

ny hwr mMn leI Aqy Syr isMG nUM mhwrwjw bxw idqw igAw[263 Syr isMG dy mhwrwjw bxn

nwl iDAwn isMG fogrw Aqy ausdw pirvwr muV qwkq ivc Aw igAw Aqy sMDwvwlIey

srdwrW dI bVI mwVI hwlq hoeI jo swry sMswr ny vyKI[ AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw iProzpur

clw igAw Aqy lihxw isMG sMDwvwlIAw kWgVy dy iklHy ivc kYd kr ilAw igAw[264

tyk isMG Anuswr mhwrwjw Syr isMG ivc iek cMgy Swsk vwly gux nhIN sn[

auh kyvl nwm dw Syr sI, ausdw ivvhwr ijRMBkw265 dyvI vrgw sI[ auh mUrK mq

260 ieh lVweI 1841 eI. ivc hoeI sI[ ies lVweI dw Asl kwrn iDAwn isMG fogrw sI, jo rwxI cMd kOr dI QW Syr isMG nUM rwjw bxw ky Awp vzIr bxnw cwhuMdw sI[ hIrw isMG fogry ny is`K &OjW nUM cMd kOr dy iKlw& kr ky Syr isMG dw swQ dyx dw kMm kIqw sI Aqy ieh ^br jMmU ivc iDAwn isMG kol phuMcweI sI[ -sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 50-52.

261 ies lVweI ivc Syr isMG dy pwisEN 4786 AwdmI, 610 GoVy Aqy 320 bYl mry qy j^mI hoey Aqy dUjy pwsy iklHy ivc 130 AwdmI mry Aqy j^mI hoey sn[ -Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p. 506 ; Major G.

Carmichael Symth, Ibid, p. 57. 262

Syr isMG Aqy rwxI cMd kOr ivckwr smJOqw iDAwn isMG fogry ny hI krvwieAw sI[ ies smJOqy dIAW SrqW bwry sim`Q ilKdw hY “First, a jaghire of nine lakhs for the princess-Kuddee Kuddeealee

was the place named, adjoining yhe Jummo states, and Goolab Singh was to have the management of it for her ; second, that as it was the Ranee’s wish to live as the faithful widow of Kurruck Singh, Shere Singh should never make any pretensions to her hand ; third, that the Dogra garrison of the fort should be allowed to march out unmolested and with flying colours ; and fourth, that security should be given for the due fulfilment of these conditions.” -Major G. Carmichael Symth, Ibid, p 59.


-“punh bsMq pMcmI kO sBu POjw Kwlsw jI iekqR BXo syr isMG ko tIko kIXo pwqswhI qKqu pru bYTwieE[ sMmq 1897 mwG sudI pMcmI ky idnu[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 16.


not : sMDwvwlIey srdwr AjIq bwry jo sUcnw tyk isMG ny idqI hY, aus ivc ieh ZlqI hY[ auh lwhOr qoN Bj ky iProzpur nhIN sgoN sqluj qoN pwr (AMbwlw) cilAw igAw sI[ -Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p. 507. ;

Murray, History of The Punjab, London, 1846, p 231. ; -krm isMG, auhI, isK drbwr dy roz-nwmcy (lyK), krm isMG, pMnw 259. ; lihxw isMG nUM ausdy Awpxy hI ispwhIAW duAwrw kYd kIqw igAw sI Aqy bwAd ivc auh lwhOr ivKy vI kYd irhw[ - krm isMG, auhI, pMnw 259. ; sohx isMG sIql, auhI, pMnw 56.

265 ieh iek pOrwixk dyvI hY jo Awls PYlwaux krky pRisD hY[

250

kwrn pRsiQqIAW nUM smJ nhIN skdw sI, ijs kwrn lok ausnUM pwZl kihMdy sn[ auh

icVIAW Aqy mCIAW mwrn ivc hI kImqI smW nSt krdw sI Aqy rwjnIqI dI smJ

v`loN auh aUxw sI[ ausny Awpxy ^zwny Brn Aqy Awpxw pRBwv vDwaux leI koeI Xqn

nhIN kIqw, ijs kwrn ausdw js sMswr ivc nw PYl sikAw[ nw ausny koeI Drm dw

kMm kIqw Aqy nw hI iksy dyS nUM ij`q ky Awpxy rwj ivc imlwieAw[266 ausnUM Awpxy

Aqy vYrI dI prK vI nhIN sI[ cMd kOr kYd ivc hox dy bwvjUd dwn-pMun krdI rihMdI

sI, ijs kwrn ausdI mihmw vDx dw fr sI[ dUjw ausdw ipAwr AjIq isMG

sMDwvwlIey nwl sI jo AMZryzW nwl imilAw hoieAw sI[267 auh cwhuMdI sI ik AjIq

isMG nUM vwips lwhOr ilAWdw jwvy[ auh klyS nUM mukx nhIN dyxw cwhuMdI sI Aqy keI

vwr rokx ’qy vI ss-shury dI dOlq kih ky dwn krdI rhI[ ijs kwrn mhwrwjw Syr

isMG Aqy iDAwn isMG fogry ny rwxI cMd kOr nUM mwrn dw mqw pkwieAw[ iek golI nUM

swrI g`l smJw ky mwrn leI ByijAw igAw[ ausny p`Qr mwr ky rwxI dI mOq kr

266

tyk isMG duAwrw mhwrwjw Syr isMG dI kmzor S^sIAq bwry kIqIAW itpxIAW nUM sO-pRqISq sc mMn lYxw TIk nhIN hY ikauNik mhwrwjw Syr isMG dw jo cirqr ibAwn kIqw igAw hY, iesqoN pqw lgdw hY ik tyk isMG ny mhwrwjw Syr isMG dIAW aunHW g`lW dw izkr kIqw igAw hY jo rwxI cMd kOr, sMDwvwlIey srdwrW Aqy fogirAW duAwrw ausnUM bdnwm krn leI PYlweIAW geIAW sn[ Asl ivc kuJ GwtW hox dy bwvjUd vI auh bhuq suMdr, dwnw, dUrAMdySI Aqy sUrmw bwdSwh sI[ mhwrwjw Syr isMG bwry igAwnI igAwn isMG ‘qvwrI^ gurU Kwlsw’ (Bwg pihlw) dy pMnw 155 qy 346 aupr ilKdw hY, “slqnq dy mwmilAW iv`c bVI idlcspI lYNdw irhw[ hr POj dI kvwied vyKdw qy svyr qoN lY ky 11 vjy q`k mulk dy kMmW ivc l`gw rihMdw[” “mhwrwjw Syr isMG ie`k bVw jvwn, suMdr qy dwnw mhwrwjw sI[ ies dIAW A`KW motIAW motIAW qy cyhrw gol vyKx vwly qy bVw Asr pWdw sI[ rwjsI mwmilAW ivc iehdw idmwZ dUr q`k pu`jdw sI[ is`KW dy dwVHI bMnx dw irvwj iesy mhwrwjw dy vyly hI ipAw[ iek vwr dw izkr hY ik hzwry dI lVweI qy mhwrwjw Syr isMG igAw[ jd donoN pwisAW qoN jMg SurU hox lgI[ qd ie`k v`fy grWfIl kd dy pTwx ny ikhw ik POjW nUM mrvwn dw kI lwB cMgw hovy ik srdwr Awps iv`c inpt lYx[ ieh sux ky mhwrwjw Syr isMG Jt GoVy qoN auqr ky auhdy swhmxy jw Kloqw qy ikhw ik pihlW Awpxw vwr kr lY[ pTwx ny qd qlvwr iKc ky BrvW vwr kIqw, ikMqU mhwrwjw Syr isMG dI nok dy nwl qlvwr dy do tukVy ho gey[ iPr mhwrwjw Syr isMG ny ie`k hI vwr nwl pTwx nUM tukVy tukVy kr idqw[ ies qrHW ieh jMg mhwrwjw iek`lw ij`q ky Aw igAw[” -igAwnI igAwn isMG, qvwrI^ rwj Kwlsw, Kwlsw tRYkt suswietI, AMimRqsr-1924, (Bwg pihlw).

267 “ieh (srdwr Aqr isMG Aqy ausdw BqIjw AjIq isMG) 18 jnvrI 1841 nUM mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy rwj g`dI pr bYTx vyly AMgryzI ielwky nUM B`j gey sn[ mhwrwjy dy ivruD AMgryzW dI shwieqw lYx leI AjIq isMG klkqy vI igAw sI[ AMgryzI polItIkl eyjMt imstr jwrj rsl klwrk ny mwrc-ApRYl sMn 1843 ivc sMDwvwlIAW dI ihmwieq krnI SurU kr idqI[” -fw. gMfw isMG, pMjwb au~qy AMgryzW dw kbzw, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw-2000, pMnw 28.

251

idqI[ pwpI dw AMq burw huMdw hY, ijs kwrn bwAd ivc golI nUM vI mwr idqw igAw[

mhwrwjw Syr isMG Aqy iDAwn isMG ny qwkq dy nSy ivc ieh jmW vwlw kwrj

kIqw[268 mhwrwxI cMd kOr dI mOq bwry jo kuJ tyk isMG ny iliKAw hY, aus rwhIN kuJ

g`lW nvIAW swhmxy AweIAW hn jo ausdI mOq dy bwry kuJ nvyN kwrn pyS krdIAW

hn[ rwxI cMd kOr dI mOq krn vwlIAW golIAW dI igxqI ieiqhwskwrW ny cwr ilKI

hY, ijnHW nUM bwAd ivc iDAwn isMG ny szw dy ky mwr idqw sI[ ieiqhwskwrW ny ieh

vI iliKAw hY ik ienHW mOqW smyN mhwrwjw Syr isMG lwhOr ivc nhIN sI[269

kiljug dw ieh inXm hY ik iek h`Q nwl pwp kIiqAW dUjy h`Q nwl ausdw

Pl pRwpq krnw pYNdw hY[ ies leI cMd kOr dI hiqAw dw ihswb krn leI kudrq ny

iek nvIN Kyf KyfI[270 mhwrwjw Syr isMG Aqy iDAwn isMG ny mqw krky sMDwvwlIey

lihxw isMG nUM kYd ivcoN bwhr kF ky muV drbwr ivc r`K ilAw[ AjIq isMG

sMDwvwlIey nUM vI vwips bulw ilAw igAw[ swirAW ny bwbw bydI Aqy sRI gurU gRMQ

swihb dy swhmxy iek-dUjy pRqI imqR Bwv r`Kx dI ksm KwDI pr idloN swry iek-dUjy

nUM mwr ky KuS sn[271 kuJ icr qW SWqI rhI pr iPr iDAwn isMG ny AjIq isMG Aqy

lihxw isMG nwl iml ky mhwrwjw Syr isMG nUM mwrn dw mqw pkwieAw[ dUjy pwsy Syr

isMG ny sMDwvwlIAW nUM ikhw ik qusIN iDAwn isMG nUM mwr idE Aqy rwj nUM Awpxw

268

tyk isMG, auhI, p`qrw 516(a). “pun: sMmq 1899 jyT idny 30 syr isMG ny rwjw nwl slwh kir kY cMd kOr kIAw golIAw pwso cMd kOr

kI muskY bMDvweI prwdy swQ[ Pyr pQ rwhI swQ mwr dInw golIAw ny[ hukm syr isMG Aru rwjy ky swQ cMd kOr mwr dInI[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 18.

269 Muhammad Latif, Ibid, p. 509. ; Major G. Carmichael Symth, Ibid, p. 69.


271 punh kyqk mhIny pwCo sMDwvwlIey mMgvwey[ bwby ibkRm isMG bydI aUny vwly ky hQI[ AjIq isMG AwXo bwby ibkRm isMG jI swQ lhOr mY[ qy Aqr isMG n AwXo[ Aqr isMG bwby bIr isMG pws Awn rihE[ qb lhxw isMG kO Aru kyhru isMG kO kYd qy inkwrXo[ byVIAw ktIAw[ iekqu pwsy sMDwvwlIey bYTy[ qy iekqu pwsy bwbw ivkRm isMG iekqu pwsy syr isMG[ iekqu pwsy….ivc swihbu[ qy bIcu igrMQ swihbu riKAw[ qb dono ny hwQ rKy igrMQ swihbu q….kmw isMG ky dyhI qy[ shu krI[ dono …..syr isMG sMDwvwlIAw ny[ jo hm Awps bIcu Kot n krnw[ DRoh n krnw[ jMg julm n krnw[ imqR bxy Awps bIcu[ qb kVwhu pRswid vMifAw[ qb syr isMG ny sMDwvwlIAw ky muK mY gPw dIE[ Ar sMDwvwlIAw ny syru isMG pRqwp isMG ky muK mY gPw dIE[ Awps bIc jPIAw pweIAw imly igly bVw AnMdu hUAw[ qb ijqnw mulK sMDwvwlIAw dw sI[ so sBu aun kO dy dIAw[ -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 19-20.

252

smJ ky clwE[272 iPr iDAwn isMG dy kihx auqy aunHW ny mhwrwjw Syr isMG dw isr

qlvwr nwl kt ilAw[273 iesqoN bwAd Syr isMG dy lVky (kMvr prqwp isMG) nUM

kql krky ausdw isr kt ilAw[274 jdoN dovW dy isr k`t ky auh mihl v`l Awey qW

rsqy ivc iDAwn isMG fogrw iml igAw[ sMDwvwlIAW ny iDAwn isMG nUM Syr isMG dy

mwrn dI ^br idqI Aqy iqMnoN mihl ivc cly gey[ dIpmwlw krn dw hukm idqw igAw[

iqMnW ny bYT ky slwh kIqI ik hux swrw Swsn-pRbMD swfy hukm Anuswr clxw hY[ ies

leI iksy Aijhy ivAkqI nUM q^q auqy ibTwieAw jwvy jo swfy kihx Anuswr Swsn-pRbMD

clwvy[ iqMnW ny slwh krky dlIp isMG nUM rwj gdI aupr ibTwaux dw PYslw kIqw[275

AjIq isMG sMDwvlIey ny iDAwn isMG fogry dy vzIr bxn dy ^qry kwrn ausnUM goLI

272

“syr isMG ny AjIq isMG ko khw jo hm qum qO BRwqw hY[ Xih phwVIAw kOn hY[ Xw ko gul kro[ qb sMDwvwlIAw ny dono kI bwq suxky mn bIc pweI[ punh dono BweIE ny lhxw isMG Aru AjIq isMG ny iml kir mnsUbw kirAw jo hm dono hI kO mwrIey[ rwjw kO BI[ Aru syr isMG kO BI[”-auhI-, pMnw 22.

273 “AjIq isMG ny Agy vDky mhwrwjw Syr isMG nUM krwbIn ivKweI, pr klw dw pqw nw lgx krky (jo Axjwx nUM nhIN sI lBdI) Syr isMG ny ikhw, qUM hI ds dyh iesdI klw[ AjIq isMG ny mgroN hI GoVw np idqw Aqy golI Syr isMG dy sjy mmy auqy vjI, jI-iBAwxw auTky ^wbgwh vl au~qy Bj igAw[ pr Syr isMG BUirAW vwlw mgr hI igAw Aqy isr vF ky lY AwieAw[” -krm isMG, auhI, ibrDW dy ibAwn (lyK), krm isMG, pMnw 278. “qoVy lgwie kir mwno sMDwvwlIey nhI Awey syr isMG ko kwl POj smyq syr isMG aupr ciV AwieAw hY[ qb AwvidAw hI krwbIn mwrI qw KVy ho ky lhxw isMG ny[ Pyr qurq hI AjIq isMG dOV ky aUpr qy jwie kir qlvwr mwr kir sIs kwtXo syr isMG kw[ qb Eq smy buD isMG mhrw syr isMG ky pws sI qb Eh isrI swihbu pkV ky auT KVw hUAw lVny lwgw[ qb eyk do vwr kir kY buD isMG mhrw bI kitXo gieE[ eyk cOVw isMG sI Ehu BI eyk do vwr kir kY mwrXo gieE[” -auhI-, pMnw 23.

274 “lihxw isMG kMvr prqwp isMG nUM kql krn leI qyz isMG dy bwZ ivc clw igAw sI, Aqy auhnW ny Awps ivc p`kw qYA kIqw hoieAw sI ik ijauN hI bMdUk dy c`lx dI Awvwz suxweI dyvy, qW auh aus ivcwry muMfy dy isr auqy qlvwr clwey Aqy ausdw glw k`t dyvy[ ies smJOqy qoN qurMq mgroN aupRokq lihxw isMG qyz isMG dy bwZ ivc igAw Aqy ausny dyiKAw ik kMvr prqwp isMG auQy gxyS pUjw kr irhw sI, puMn-dwn kr irhw sI Aqy sMklp krn leI q`kVI dy p`ly ivc bYTx hI vwlw sI[ jdoN aupRokq kMvr (prqwp isMG) ny aupRokq srdwr (lihxw isMG) nUM iek v`Kry rONA ivc dyiKAw qW auh auQoN iekdm n`T igAw, pr auh SrwrqI srdwr vI qurMq ausdy ipCy n`Tw Aqy ivcwry muMfy nUM PV ilAw[ BwvyN auh roieAw ic`lwieAw Aqy bhuq rOlw pwieAw, pr ausny ausdI iek nw suxI[ kMvr AwpxI Aw^rI GVI kihx l`gw : ‘bwbw jI ! mYN Awpdw bytw hW, syvk hW, mYnUM jwx idE, mYnUM mwro nw[ mYN quhwfw &rmWbrdwr Aqy v&wdwr rhWgw Aqy iblkul ausy qrHW krWgw, ijs qrHW quhwfI ie`Cw Aqy nsIAq hovygI[’ ausny aus ivcwry muMfy dw isr qlvwr dy ieko vwr nwl ausdy DV qoN v`K kr idqw Aqy aus ivcwry XqIm auqy ausnUM iblkul koeI qrs nw AwieAw[” -sohn lwl sUrI, auhI, pMnw 251-52.“qyjw isMG ky bwg mY pRqwp isMG shjwdy…..lVny lwgw Qw[ aUhw lihxw isMG[….sIs kwtw[ pRqwp isMG bhuq ibrlwp….jIqwieAw jI hm qumwrw thlUAw hoie rhygw[….aus ky pws jo nokru sy iqnhu BI hwQ joV kir bhuq bynqIAw krIAw[ pru lhxy isMG eyk BI n mwnI[ pRqwp isMG kw sIs auqwr lIAw[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 23-24.


253

mwr ky mwr idqw Aqy ausdw isr kt ilAw[276 AjIq isMG ienHW hiqAwvW kwrn

kuJ A&sos krn lgw qW idl pRcOx leI aunHW ny dwrU pIqI Aqy gnkw dw nwc

vyiKAw277 Aqy Awpxy Agly vYrI hIrw isMG fogrw nUM mwrn dw mqw vI bxwieAw[278

tyk isMG duAwrw vrxn kIqIAW auprokq swrIAW GtnwvW scweI dy nzdIk qy

ieiqhwsk hn[ pr ienHW dy kwrnW ivc kuJ AMqr zrUr hn jo hor sRoqW qoN iBMnqw

r`Kdy hn[ ijvyN ik tyk isMG ny iDAwn isMG dI mOq dw kwrn ausdy muV vzIr bxn

nUM mMinAw hY Aqy jdoN ik gurmuKI idn p`qRI vwly ny iesdw kwrx cMd kOr dI mOq dw

bdlw drswieAw hY[

mhwrwjw dlIp isMG nUM sMDwvwlIey srdwrW ny q^q aupr ibTw idqw[279 hIrw

isMG fogry ny &OjW Agy pukwr kIqI ik sMDwvwlIey srdwr swnUM swirAW nUM mwr ky

pMjwb auqy AMZryzW dw kbzw krvwauxw cwhuMdy hn[ pihlW aunHW ny myry ipau nUM mwr

idqw hY Aqy hux mYnUM mwrn leI qzvIjW bxw rhy hn[ jykr qusIN myrI mdd kro qW

ienHW qoN mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy kql dw bdlw ilAw jw skdw hY[ ies kwrj bdly mYN

&Oj dIAW qn^whW ivc vI vwDw krWgw[ iklHy nUM Awpxy kbzy ivc krn leI hIrw

276

“qb Awgy rwjw iDAwn isMG Awvdw imilAw hjUrI bwg pws[ qb sMDwvwlIAw kihAw jo clo hjUrI ikly AMdir pwqswhI kw bMdbsq kro[ qumw….hY[ qb prmysru kw Bwxw AYsy hI hovxw sI[….iqny kwlu koeI n prqI[ sMDwvwlIAw ky nwl ikly mo cilAw gieAw[ punh jhw cMd kOr mwrI QI[ qb EQy jwih KVy hUey[ qb lhxy isMG khw jo rwjw jI cMdu kOru iksu qrW mwrI QI dso KW[ qb rwjy auq vyly jwx lIAw jo ienw dIAw AKI iPr geIAw hY[ qb rwjy ny khw jo lhxw isMG jI eyh bwqw qum kYsIAw krny lwgy ho[ qb rwjy qlvwr kI muT pr hQu riKAw[ qb lhxy isMG ptwk krwbIn mwrI qurq hI[ qb rwjw ifgu pVw[ punh qlvwr sO sIs kwt dIAw[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 24-25.

277 “Aj pihlw idn hY ik AjIq isMG Aqy lihxw isMG ny uSI nwl s`jy hQ nwl Srwb pIqI ; kMjrI koeI nhIN mMgvweI geI sI, ieh JUTI qohmq hY[” -krm isMG, auhI, ibrDW dy ibAwn (lyK), krm isMG, pMnw 278.


“aun sMDwvwlIey Clu kir ky bhuqy hI mnuK Byjy hIry isMG pws[ jo qum kO rwjw bulwvqw hY[ qurq hI AweIE[ eyk vYrI AYsy BI kIAw jo rwjy kI muhr Cwp BI Kqu aupr ilKu ky Byj dInI[ qb BI jly pMifqu dyK kir muhr kau n mwinAw[ qy hIry isMG kau kihAw qkVw ho[ eyh koeI Clu DRohu hUAw hY[ qb iksI rwjw hI ky nokru ny ikly bIco inks kir sBu Kbru rwjw kI hIry isMG kO Awn sunweI[ jo rwjw surguvwsI BYAw hY[ qum qkVy hoeIE[ qum kO BI mwrny vwsqy bulwvqy hY[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 28.

279 “AjIq isMG isDw znwn Kwny igAw, 5 swl dy bwl dlIp isMG nUM nwl lY ky q^q qy ibTw idqw qy Ehdy m`Qy qy Syr isMG dy isr qy co rhy Un dw it`kw lwieAw[” -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 345.

254

isMG ny &OjW nUM Awpxy nwl kr ilAw[280 iklHy aupr qopW dI mdd nwl v`fI igxqI

ivc &OjW ny hmlw kIqw[ iklyH dI kMD Fwh ky pOVI lweI geI[ pihlW iek (lihxw

isMG) nUM Aqy Pyr dUjy (AjIq isMG) nUM mwirAw igAw[ iPr aunHW ny sMDwvwlIAW dy

swQIAW byxI rwm (imsr bylI rwm) Aqy gurmuK isMG nUM Gyr ilAw[ AspSt jwxkwrI

kwrn tyk isMG ilKdw hY ik pqw nhIN aunHW nwl kI bIqI ? aunHW dy mrn jW ijaUx dI

g`l Ajy qk swhmxy nhIN AweI[281 tyk isMG duAwrw ilKI auprokq Gtnw ivc hIrw

isMG duAwrw is`K &OjW kol pukwr krn, is`K &OjW duAwrw iklHy nUM Gyrn Aqy sMDwvwlIey

srdwrW dI mOq dw jo izkr kIqw igAw hY, auh ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy TIk hY[ ies

Gtnw dy Aijhy hwl dw izkr iek csmdId gvwh ny vI kIqw hY jo Gyrw pYx smyN

iklHy ivc sI, auh dsdw hY, “hIrw isMG ny &Oj nUM jwky bihkwieAw Aqy ^ws krky

ikhw ik Aqr isMG AMgRyzw nUM lYx igAw hY jy sMDwvwlIey rhy qW AMgRyz Aw jwxgy; nwl

hI iek buqkI dw lwlc idqw[ swrI &Oj Kwau-pIey iklHy nUM Gyr KVoqI, Aqy AsIN

AMdr qqpr ho gey[ swrI rwq lVweI huMdI rhI Aqy AjIq isMG qy lihxw isMG morcy

ibTwauNdy iPrdy sn[ AYn ADI rwq morcy ibTwauNdy lihxw isMG nUM golI vjI, Aqy nOkr

Jtpt hI auTwky ^whgwh ivc lY gey[ dUjy bMny vl AjIq isMG vI ieho kuJ kr irhw

sI[ jdoN cwcy nUM golI lgx dI ^br lgI qW ausdy pws jw ky rox lg ipAw[ lihxw

isMG bhuq gusy hoieAw Aqy ikhw, “mwrnw rwijAW Aqy vjIrW nUM, Aqy roxw qIvIAW

vW|! ieh kI gl hY ? hovyN BqIjw myrw Aqy Pyr rovyN, ieh kI g`l ? jy mYN ijaUNdw

rihMdw qW svyry kMD tp ky qlvwr nwl lVweI krdw, pr krW kI by-bs hW; jwh!

svyry lV ky mrIN, roieAW kuJ nhIN bxdw[” Aijhw hI hoieAw; svyry AjIq isMG

280 “qb hIrw isMG Aru jlw pMifqu dono GoiVAw aupr cVu bYTy[ ssqR lku bMn lIqy[ buDU ky Awvy jwie auqirAw[ AwpxI POj kO BI Aru hor pVqlw kO BI kihny lwgw jo mY qumwrw gulwm thlUAw nokru hW[ jy qum kho qW mY jMmU kO cilAw jwvw[ jy kho qw qumwry crn…….ij qum hm ko mwrnw hoey qo ieh sIs hm qumwry my Dr dyqw hoN Ab hI mwro[ qb POj kh…….k hY[ hm qyrI qwibAw hY[ ijQy qUM iqQy AsI…hIrw isMG khw suno BweI hmwrI bwqw[ qIn rupey nwl kw vwDw…….rb V kO dyqw hO[ swry pMQ kO[ myry ipqw kw bdlw lYdy ho[ qb POj ny sBu bwq hIry isMG kI mwn lInI[ sB POj hIry isMG kI qwibAw ho geI[ qb kuCk hIrw isMG kw idlu srsw BieAw[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 30.


255

&sIloN tipAw, pr nOkr ny Fwl qlvwr nw idqI, ^wlI h`Q hI ipAw, Aqy iqMn sMgInW

^w ky mwirAw igAw[”282 jo tyk isMG ny igAwnI gurmuK isMG Aqy bylI rwm dy mrn jW

ijaux dw SMkw pRgt kIqw hY, iesqoN ieh jwxkwrI imldI hY ik gRMQ dy rcnwkwl qk

aunHW dI mOq bwry pqw nhIN sI lg sikAw jdoN ik hIrw isMG fogrw ny mhwrwjw dlIp

isMG dw vzIr bxn (17 sqMbr, 1843 eI.) qoN kuJ idn bwAd ienHW nUM sqMbr, 1843

eI. ivc hI kql kr idqw sI[283 ienHW dI mOq dI ^br nUM kuJ smyN leI gupq riKAw

igAw sI, ijs kwrn ienHW dI mOq bwry lokW ivc keI SMky KVy ho gey sn[ ijsdI

gvwhI aumdw-auqvwrI^ Aqy gurmuKI idn pqRI qoN vI imldI hY[284

jdoN mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dy rwjw hox dw FMForw swry jgq ivc iPr igAw Aqy

AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIey dy mrn dI ^br jMmU qk pujI qW gulwb isMG Aqy sucyq isMG

ny hIrw isMG fogrw nUM sunyhw GilAw ik ieh jMjwl Cf ky vwips jMmU Aw jwvo[ pr

hIrw isMG fogrw vwips nw igAw[ ausny jvwb ByijAw ik myry ipqw ny isMGW nwl rl

ky ieh rwj sQwipq kIqw hY, ies leI mYN ies nUM Cf ky vwips nhIN Aw skdw[ mYN

srkwrI bMdw hW, qusIN vfy ho ky mYnUM ieh ikho ijhI slwh dy rhy ho[ ies leI myrw

kihxw mMn ky lwhOr Aw jwvo[ hIrw isMG dI g`l mMn ky dovyN fogry Brw lwhOr Aw gey[

ipqw dw bdlw lYx kwrn hIrw isMG dw &OjW ivc kw&I pRBwv bx cuikAw sI[ pr dUjy

282

krm isMG, auhI, ibrDW dy ibAwn (lyK), krm isMG, pMnw 279. 283

The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, Vol-II, p. 187. 284

“….rwjw swihb (iDAwn isMG dw dwh-sMskwr ^qm hoieAw qW lgpg aus vyly jdoN iqMn cwr GMty idhwVI rih geI sI, rwjw hIrw isMG, rwjw sucyq isMG, rwey kysrI isMG, pMfq j`lw Aqy rwj dy hor nyVly rukn iklHy ivc dw^l hoey Aqy ArSt Bujy guMbd ivc pujy[ imsr bylI rwm Aqy BweI gurmuK isMG mIitMg leI Awey Aqy auhnW nUM iekdm hoxI dy pMijAW ivc kYdI bxw ilAw igAw Aqy auhnW nUM Sy^ iemwmu`dIn dy hvwly kr id`qw igAw[ rwq vyly aupRokq SyK auhnW nUM Awpxy Asqbl ivc lY igAw Aqy auhnW nUM grm ASnwnGr vwlI glI ivc lYjWidAW, auhnW nUM auhnW dIAW mwVIAW krqUqW dI szw brdwSq krn leI mjbUr kIqw[ ies smyN qk jdoN pUry cwr swl bIq cu`ky sn, koeI bMdw vI auhnW bwry sUcnw nhIN sI pRwpq kr sikAw Aqy Awm lok Aqy SihrI jo vI g`lW g`lW krdy hn, auh ieiqhws ivc ilKy jwx dy Xog nhIN hn[” -sohn lwl sUrI, auhI, pMnw 264.

-“punh Pqy qo qIsry idnu ikly mo FUF kY igAwnI gurmuK isMG kO Aru bylI rwm qosy KwnIey kO Aru rwm ikRsn kO BohirE qy kwF kir pkV lIno[ by hukmq krI[ bhuq sjwie dInI[ keI khqy hY Klu auqwr kY gMdgI mY dbwie dIny hY[ keI khqy hY ik dirAwau mY ruVw dIey hY keI khqy hY irAw…….kIey hUey hY[ keI khqy hY dUr ik ikilAw mo phwV mY Byjy hUey hY[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 34-35.

256

pwsy mhwrwjw dlIp isMG Aqy ausdy mwmy jvwhr isMG ny is`K &OjW dI mdd nwl hIrw

isMG fogry nUM mwrn dI slwh bxweI[ jdoN jvwhr isMG ny dlIp isMG nUM nwl lY ky

&OjW Agy hIrw isMG nUM mwrn bdly ienwm dyx dI g`l kIqI qW &OjW ny dovW nUM kYd kr

idqw[ bwAd ivc mhwrwjw dlIp isMG nUM qW hIrw isMG kol Byj idqw pr jvwhr

isMG nUM kYd ivc hI riKAw igAw[ ies Gtnw qoN bwAd gulwb isMG Aqy sucyq isMG

vwips jMmU cly gey285 Aqy hIrw isMG mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dw vzIr bx ky hkUmq

krn lg ipAw[286 jwhr hY ik ies smyN qk hIrw isMG fogrw isK &OjW ivc kw&I

Awdr vwlw ruqbw bxw cuikAw sI[ sMDwvwlIey srdwrW dI mOq qoN bwAd ausnUM is`K

rwj dw Aglw vzIr bxn dI Aws b`J geI sI, ijs kwrn auh Awpxy cwicAW dy

kihx ’qy vI jMmU vwips nhIN igAw sI, sgoN aunHW nUM vI vwips bulw ilAw sI[ jvwhr

isMG jo ik ausdy leI sB qoN vfw ^qrw sI, dy kYd hox ’qy ausny Awpxy cwicAW nUM vI

jMmU jwx leI mzbUr kr idqw Aqy Awp vzIr bx igAw[ tyk isMG ny ies Gtnw

ivc isr& jvwhr isMG nUM kYd krn dw izkr kIqw igAw hY, jdoN ik aus smyN dy

cSmdId gvwh bwbw AmIr isMG dy ibAwn nwl krm isMG ihstorIAn ilKdw hY ik

jvwhr isMG nUM ausy smyN &OjW duAwrw mwr idqw igAw sI[287 tyk isMG v`loN idqI ies

sUcnw nwl hI gRMQ dI smwpqI ho jWdI hY[

tyk isMG ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj-kwl dIAW AnykW GtnwvW bwry

jwxkwrI idqI hY jo ik ieiqhwsk p`K qoN kw&I mhqvpUrn hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

bwry jwxkwrI idMdy smyN tyk isMG ny Gtnw-kRm nUM ieiqhws Anuswr riKAw hY[

285

sucyq isMG dIAW dovyN pltnW iklHy ivc kYd sn ijnHW qoN hiQAwr Koh ky hIrw isMG ny aunHW nUM Azwd kr idqw sI[ hiQAwr Kohx dI g`l sucyq isMG nUM bhuq burI lgI sI[ pr rwjw gulwb isMG ausnUM smJw ky vwips Awpny nwl jMmU lY igAw sI[ -nñdkumwrdyv Smwí, pNjwb-hrx AOr mhwrwjw dlIp isNh, ihñdI puÆqk EjyñsI, klkÄw-1979, pƒÃT 9.


“punh idlIp isMG kO Pgxu mY sMmqu 1900 bIc rwj sB BXo[ vjIr hIrw isMG Bey[” -rwm isMG, auhI, pMnw 34. ; “ies dy mgroN mhwrwjw dlIp isMG nUM dUjI vyr g`dI qy ibTwieAw Aqy Awp (hIrw isMG) vzIr bixAw[” -igAwnI igAwn isMG, auhI, pMnw 352.

287 krm isMG, auhI, ibrDW dy ibAwn (lyK), krm isMG, pMnw 269.

257

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jMgW/XuDW dw vrxn kridAW tyk isMG ny swrIAW lVweIAW

dy kwrnW dw Aqy lVweIAW dy hwl dw vrxn lgpg ieiqhws Anuswr hI kIqw hY[

mhwrwjw swihb dw jIvn ilKidAW tyk isMG ny kyvl A&gwnW qy jMmU/kSmIr dy

rwijAW nwl lVIAW lVweIAW dw hI izkr kIqw hY, jdoN ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny

cinEt aupr kbzw krn leI krm isMG dUlo dy puqr j`sw isMG ivruD (1802 eI.),

AMimRqsr aupr kbzw krn leI BMgI imsl nwl (1805 eI.), PYzlwpurIAw, nkèIAw

qy kneIAw imsl dy ielwikAW nUM kbzy ivc krn leI (1810-11 eI.) is`K srdwrW

nwl vI lVweIAW lVIAW sn[ A&gwnW qy jMmU/kSmIr dy rwijAW i^lwP lVIAW

lVweIAW ivcoN vI tyk isMG ny isr& aunHW lVweIAW dw hI izkr kIqw hY, ijnHW qoN

bwAd hmly vwly ielwikAW nUM is`K rwj ivc imlw ilAw igAw sI[ ienHW lVweIAW qoN

pihlW vI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ZYr-is`KW aupr AnykW hmly kIqy[ mhwrwjw

swihb ny kWgVy aupr (1801 eI.), JMg aupr (1807 eI.), ûswb, swhIvwl qy

vzIrwvwd aupr (1810 eI.), mulqwn aupr Cy vwr (1803, 1805, 1807, 1810, 1816

qy 1817 eI.), kSmIr, Atk qy hzro aupr (1813 eI.), ipSwvr aupr dUjI vwr

(1819 eI. nUM) hmlw kIqw sI[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq qoN bwAd dIAW GtnwvW AMikq kridAW tyk

isMG ny iekw-dukw QWvW ’qy hI ZlqIAW kIqIAW hn, ijsdw vfw kwrn ieh irhw

hovygw ik aus ny keI AijhIAW g`lW nUM AwDwr bxw ilAw jo fogirAW Aqy sMDwvwlIey

srdwrW duAwrw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy puqrW nUM bdnwm kr ky is`K &Oj nUM Awpxy

nwl gMFx leI PYlweIAW geIAW sn[ ies kwl dy bhuqy hwl ieiqhwsk hI hn[

jykr tyk isMG duAwrw idqI is`K rwj dy smyN dI smucI jwxkwrI nUM iDAwn ivc

rKidAW koeI itpxI krnI hovy qW ieh hI ikhw jw skdw hY ik ieh jwxkwrI isK

ieiqhwskwrW leI bVI kImqI Aqy nvyklI hY[ tyk isMG vloN kIqIAW geIAW itpxIAW

dI syD ivc isK rwj dy AMiqm swlW bwry Koj nUM Agy vDwieAw jw skdw hY[

258

swrswrswrswr

hux qk dI Koj auprMq ikhw jw skdw hY ik cqRjugI gRMQ dI ieko-iek h`Q-

iliKq kwpI fw. blbIr isMG swihq kyNdr dyhrwdUn dI lwiebRyrI ivc (KrVw nM.

233) suriKAq hY jo gRMQ krqw dI Asl rcnw hY[ gRMQ dIAW AMdrUnI gvwhIAW dy

AwDwr ’qy ikhw jw skdw hY ik ies rcnw dw krqw BweI tyk isMG hY, ijsny ies dI

rcnw AMimRqsr invws smyN kIqI[ tyk isMG dy jIvn qy Agy-ipCy bwry cqRjugI ivcoN

koeI sUcnw nhIN imldI[ gRMQ dy rcnw-kwl nwl sMbMiDq tyk isMG nwm dy do

ivAkqIAW dw izkr ieiqhws ivc imldw hY, ijnHW ivcoN iek hirmMdr swihb dw

pujwrI sI qy dUjw vfwlw sMDUAW dw srdwr[ inScy hI srdwr tyk isMG nUM ies rcnw

dw krqw nhIN mMinAw jw skdw pr hirmMdr swihb dy pujwrI BweI tyk isMG dw

invws sQwn gRMQ krqw vwlw hox krky, aus nUM gRMQ krqw mMinAw jw skdw hY[

sMbMiDq rcnw ivc krqw ny ikqy vI gRMQ dy rcnw-kwl dw izkr nhIN kIqw pr gRMQ

ivclI swmgrI dy AiDAYn qoN iesdw rcnw-kwl 1843-44 eI. isD huMdw hY[

ies gRMQ ivc tyk isMG ny cwr jugW dIAW ieiqhwsk Aqy imiQhwsk GtnwvW

AMikq kIqIAW hn[ tyk isMG duAwrw rcy ies vf-AwkwrI gRMQ dy kul 637 p`qry

(1274 pMny) hn[ siqjug dy kul 63 p`qry Aqy 115 AiDAwie hn[ ies jug ivc

AnykW kQwvW dw vrxn imldw hY, ijvyN- bRhm, isRStI rcnw, vrx-pRxwlI, cwr

vyd, snqkumwr, bRhmw, ivSnUM, iSv, sUr Avqwr, m`C Avqwr, pRihlwd, DrU,

ASivnI kumwr, bwvn duAwrw bl rwjw nUM Clxw, smuMdr mMQn, dyviqAw Aqy dYNqW

dIAW lVweIAW Awid[ qRyqw jug dy kul 108 p`qry Aqy 183 AiDAwie hn[ ies jug

ivc DnMqr vYd, durbwSw irSI, gxyS/iSv pUjw, vydI kul, ikRSn Avqwr jo pihlW

hoxw sI jug bdlx kwrn Agly jug (duAwpr) ivc hoxw, gurU viSSt, ivSvw imqr,

rwjw hrI cMd, rwjy sgV dy sT hzwr puqrW dw kipl irSI dy srwp kwrn sV ky

259

suAwh hoxw Aqy BgIrQ duAwrw qp kr ky gMgw DrqI aupr ilAwauxw, rwjw Aj,

dsrQ h`QoN srvx dw mrnw qy AMDly mwipAW v`loN srwpy jwxw Aqy ies qoN bwAd rwm

jI dy Avqwr hox krky bwkI kQw, jug Avqwr dy jIvn nwl juVIAW GtnwvW ’qy

AwDwirq hY[ ies jug dI kQw ilK ky tyk isMG ny gurmuKI ilpI ivc rwmwiex ilKx

dw hI Xqn kIqw hY[ duAwpr jug dy kul 68 p`qry Aqy 133 AiDAwie hn[ ies jug

dI kQw, jug Avqwr SRI ikRSn dy duAwly hI GuMmdI hY, ijs ivc aunHW dy smkwlI

irSIAW, rwijAW, XoiDAW Awid dw vrxn hY[ kiljug dy kul 397 p`qry Aqy 402

AiDAwie hn[ ies jug dy muFly 350 pMinAW aupr rwjw prICq, jnmyjw, Awdm,

nUh, iebrwhIm, XUs&, XkUb, iskMdr, ibkRmwjIq, AbU bkr, ausmwn, hzrq AlI,

hsn, iProz Swh, bihlol Swh Aqy quZlk vMS Awid bwry jwxkwrI idqI geI hY[

444 pMinAW ’c is`K Drm dy AwrMB (1469 eI.) qoN mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dy

g`dI aupr bYTx (1843 eI.) qk dIAW GtnwvW idqIAW geIAW hn[ 110 pMny gurU

nwnk dyv, 90 gurU AMgd dyv qoN gurU qyZ bhwdr, 132 gurU goibMd isMG, 22 bwbw bMdw

isMG bhwdr Aqy 100 imsl-kwl qoN lY ky mhwrwjw dlIp isMG dy rwj sMBwlx qk,

dI jwxkwrI pRdwn krdy hn[

tyk isMG Anuswr is`K Drm dI AwrMBqw Akwl-purK dy hukm nwl hoeI[ gurU

nwnk swihb nUM Akwl-purK ny Awpxy smwn bxw ky sMswr aupr ByijAw[ gurU

swihbwn nUM tyk isMG ny iek-joiq mMinAw hY Aqy guirAweI bwry auh sucyq mn nwl

ilKdw hY ik ieh koeI pirvwirk vsqU nhIN hY jo pirvwr qk sIimq hovy Bwv

is`K/syvk nUM dyx dI QW kyvl pirvwr dy ivAkqI nUM hI idqI jwvy[ aus Anuswr gurU

dw auqrwiDkwrI auh ivAkqI hI bx sikAw, ijsny Awpxw jIvn gurU-AwSy Anuswr

bqIq kIqw[ gurU swihbwn dw jIvn ilKx leI tyk isMG ny muK rUp ivc jnmswKI

swihq, prcI pwqSwhI dsvIN kI, mihmw pRkwS (kivqw), guriblws pwqSwhI 10

(kuier isMG), sRI gurU gRMQ swihb, dsm gRMQ qy sQwnk/is`K irvwieqW nUM AwDwr

260

bxwieAw hY[ srsrI Jwq mwirAW gurUAW bwry idqI jwxkwrI lgpg pihly is`K sRoqW

dw duhrwE hI lgdw hY[ pr ghu nwl ivcwirAW ieh q`Q swhmxy AwauNdw hY ik ieh

duhrwE jW hU-bhU nkl nhIN blik ies ivc bhuq kuJ nvW hY[ gurU swihbwn nwl

sMbMiDq GtnwvW nUM ausny nvyN idRStIkox nwl ivAkq kIqw hY[ AnykW gRMQW dI mdd

nwl tyk isMG ny gurU swihbwn dw gOrvmeI Aqy inScyjnk jIvn ilKx dw Xqn

kIqw hY, ijs leI ausny aunHW hI sRoqW nUM AwDwr bxwieAw hY jo ausdI idRStI ivc

scweI dy nyVy sn[ GtnwvW nUM inrK-prK ky ilKx dy bwvjUd vI keI QWvW ’qy aus

koloN vfIAW aukweIAW ho geIAW hn, jo ieiqhwsk-kwl nwl myl nhIN KWdIAW Bwv

aunHW dw Gtnw-kwl Aqy ieiqhwsk-kwl smwn nhIN hY[

gurU nwnk swihb bwry idqI jwxkwrI jnmswKI swihq ’qy AwDwirq hY[

imhrvwn vwlI jnmswKI nUM AwDwr bxw ky tyk isMG ny gurU nwnk dyv nUM jnk dw

Avqwr isD krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ gurU nwnk swihb dy Awgmn qy is`K Drm dw

AwrMB hox dy tyk isMG ny do muK kwrn mMny hn, pihlw- aunHW iCAwnvyN kRoV jIvW nUM

muV svrg phuMcwauxw, jo pihly iqMn jugW ivc jnk dI ikRpw sdkw nrk qoN Cutkwrw

pw ky svrg dy AiDkwrI rhy sn, pr kiljug dy smyN svrg ivcoN kF ky prmwqmw

ny sMswr aupr Byj idqy sn[ dUsrw, ihMdosqwn dI BUmI auproN ieslwm dw ^wqmw krnw

Aqy snwqn Drm dI riKAw krnw[ gurU nwnk swihb dy Awgmn dw iek kwrn BwvyN

tyk isMG ny snwqn Drm dI riKAw krnw mMinAw hY, pr ausny gurU nwnk swihb

duAwrw clwey is`K Drm nUM nvyklw pMQ mMinAw hY[ keI ivvwd gRsq msilAW pRqI

kvI ny bwlw jnmswKI dy pYr ivc pYr nw DridAW sc dw swQ idqw hY, ijvyN bwlw

jnmswKI qoN ault bwkI jnmswKIAW vWg ausny gurU nwnk dyv dw jnm ivswK ivc

hoieAw mMinAw hY Aqy mdIny ivc muhMmd dI gor iPrn dI QW m`ky dy iPrn dw izkr

kIqw hY[ pr kuJ swKIAW ijnHW dy AwDwr ’qy bwlw jnmswKI nUM nkwirAw jWdw hY, kvI

ny hU-bhU hI ilK idqIAW hn, ijvyN bIbI ^wn qy mwqw sMg Bog vwlI[ bwlw jnmswKI

261

dy AwDwr ’qy hI gurU jI dI bwrwq dy sulqwnpur vwips jwx dw Axieiqhwsk hwl

iliKAw hY[ snwqnI soc kwrn tyk isMG ny gurU nwnk dyv dy isDWqW nUM AKoN-proKy

kridAW gurU jI dy srwD ikirAw ivc Swiml hox dw aulyK vI kr idqw hY[ kuJyk

aukweIAW dy bwvjUd vI aus ny bhuqIAW swKIAW ieiqhws qy is`K isDWqW dy AnukUl

hI ilKIAW hn[ gurU swihb dIAW AnmqIAW nwl hoeIAW goStW ijvyN sulqwnpur kwzI

nwl, h`j dy ivSy aupr mrdwny nwl, mky dy rwh ivc hwjIAW nwl, mky ivc mulw

nwl, mdIny ivc iemwmW nwl, sYd jlwl nwl, Sy^ bRhm nwl Aqy kuruSyqR pMfqW nwl,

dw ivcwr-ivSw BwvyN ausny pUrbly gRMQW qoN gRihx kIqw hY, pr ivcwr-ivSy bwry

AnykW XukqIAW ausny gurbwxI dI mdd nwl Awpxy koloN joV idqIAW hn, jo bhuq hI

rOck Aqy igAwnmeI hn[ ienHW goStW rwhIN ausny igAwn pRvwihq krn dw Aqy gurU

nwnk swihb dw vfpx dsx dw Xqn kIqw hY[ rwjy iSvnwB, JMfy bwFI, kaufy rwKS,

swlsrwey, sjx T`g Awid dIAW swKIAW qoN pqw cldw hY ik gurU jI ny ienHW nUM

gurmiq dw aupdyS dy ky ijQy s`c dy mwrg aupr idRV rihx leI ikhw, EQy aunHW nUM

is`K Drm dy pRcwrk Qwp ky, aunHW dy GrW nUM siqsMgq dw sQwn vI bxw idqw[ AnykW

Buly-Btky corW, T`gW, hwjIAW, kwzIAW, bRwhmxW, mwieAwDwrIAW Aqy hukmwrwnW nUM

kukrmW, JUTIAW qkrIrW, AigAwn, prwey h`k qy zulm qoN htw ky ikrq krn, nwm

jpx, vMf Ckx Aqy s`cw inAW krn dw aupdyS idqw[ gurU jI ny Awp kIrqn krky

r`bI ausqiq nUM idRV krvwieAw[ jlwl &kIr Aqy BweI lihxy dI prIiKAw dIAW

swKIAW rwhIN gurU jI ny gurU qy pRBU dw ‘Bwxw/hukm mMnx’ dw aupdyS/mhwqm idRV

krvwieAw[ is`K Drm ivc cl rhI kVwh pRSwd dI prMprw gurU jI audoN AwrMB kIqI

jdoN auh rwjy iSvnwB kol ruky hoey sn[ krwmwqW nUM mwnqw idMidAW tyk isMG ny gurU

nwnk dyv duAwrw A`KW mIc ky iek QW qoN dUjI QW jwx bwry iliKAw hY[ iesy qrHW keI

QWvW ’qy tyk isMG ny gurU jI nUM BivKbwxI kridAW vI ivKwieAw hY, ijvyN ik m`ky

ivc gurU jI dy kwzIAW nwl hoey vwrqwlwp dOrwn Kwlsw pMQ dy pRgt hox dw sMkyq

262

idMidAW Aqy kOrU bwdSwh dy auDwr leI ausdw AOrMgzyb bx ky dubwrw jnm lYx qy

gurU jI duAwrw z&rnwmw ilK ky ausdw auDwr krn dI BivKbwxI[

gurU AMgd dyv dy jIvn nwl sMbMiDq GtnwvW bwry tyk isMG ny kuJ Aihm p`KW

aupr roSnI pweI hY, ijnHW qoN is`K Drm dy ivkws bwry sihjy hI AMdwzw lwieAw jw

skdw hY[ gurU AMgd dyv jI ny KfUr swihb dy sQwn aupr is`KI dw pRvwh clwauNidAW

gurmuKI ilpI nUM hoNd ivc ilAw ky aus dI pVHweI dw pRbMD vI kIqw Aqy gurU nwnk

swihb dw jIvn vI BweI bwly qoN ilKvwieAw[ ies qoN ielwvw gurU nwnk swihb

duAwrw clweI lMgr pRQw nUM aunHW ny p`ky qOr ’qy is`K Drm ivc sQwipq kr idqw Aqy

krwmwq ivKwaux nUM is`K isDWqW qoN ivprIq d`s ky Bwxw mMnx dw isDWq isK mnW

ivc pRvwihq kIqw[

gurU Amrdws dy jIvn dIAW GtnwvW tyk isMG ny pUrbly gRMQW qoN hI leIAW

hn pr julwhy dI K`fI ivc igrn vwlI Gtnw dI ausny iblkul nvIN ivAwiKAw kIqI

hY, ausny pihlW qpy nUM srwp dyx dI krwmwq dw pScwqwp kr rhy (gurU) Amrdws nUM

dubwrw AijhI ZlqI kridAW nhIN ivKwieAw, sgoN SWq suBwA Aqy mwn rihq

S^sIAq vwlw ivKwieAw hY[ gurU Amrdws ny qylIAW duAwrw ivroD krn ’qy vI lMgr

dI mrXwdw nUM kwiem riKAw[ AwpxI lVkI dw ivAwh Xog is`K/syvk (BweI jyTw)

nwl kr idqw[ ivSyS qOr ’qy bwkI ieiqhwskwrW nwloN iek vKrw q`Q swhmxy

ilAwauNidAW tyk isMG ny iliKAw hY ik gurU jI ny Awpxy syvk rwmdws dI mdd nwl

gurU nwnk dyv qy gurU AMgd dyv dI bwxI iekqR krky ausnUM iek poQI ivc sWB ilAw

sI[ is`K Drm dy pRcwr qy pRswr ihq gurU Amrdws ny Awp bwaulI dw inrmwx kIqw

Aqy Awpxy syvk BweI jyTw (gurU rwmdws) nUM hukm dy ky AMimRqsr Sihr dI nINh

rKvweI qy AMimRq srovr dI KudvweI krvweI[ iesy sMdrB ivc aunHW ny mMjI pRQw vI

SurU kIqI[ gurU Amrdws dy joqI-joiq smwaux Aqy gurU rwmdws dy gdI aupr bYTx dw

hwl tyk isMG ny sRI gurU gRMQ swihb Aqy bicqR nwtk Anuswr iliKAw igAw hY[

263

gurU rwmdws dy jIvn bwry kvI ny koeI ^ws jwxkwrI nhIN idqI[ gurU Arjn

swihb bwry tyk isMG ny muK rUp ivc do GtnwvW (sRI gurU gRMQ swihb dI sMpwdnw qy

gurU jI dI Shwdq) nUM hI swhmxy ilAwaux dw Xqn kIqw hY[ gurU jI ny Awpxy jIvn-

kwl dOrwn sRI gurU gRMQ swihb dI sMpwdnw krky ijQy gurbwxI nUM sWBx dw AduqI

kwrj kIqw, EQy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb dw drjw ivAkqI (srIr) qoN aucyrw rKidAW gurU

gRMQ swihb nUM Awp nqmsqk hoey Aqy is`KW nUM vI iehI aupdyS idqw[ sRI gurU gRMQ

swihb dI sMpwdnw dw izkr kridAW tyk isMG ny iek nvW q`Q swhmxy ilAWdw hY ik

BweI gurdws qy BweI bMno koloN gurU jI ny ieko smyN do gRMQ iqAwr krvwey sn[ BweI

bMno vwlI bIV bwry Aj qk ieh mwnqw rhI hY ik ieh BweI gurdws duAwrw ilKy Awid

gRMQ dw auqwrw sI jo ijld bxvwaux leI gey BweI bMno ny lwhOr dy rsqy ivc kIqw sI[

isK Drm ivc Shwdq dI prMprw gurU Arjn dyv dI ShIdI qoN SurU hoeI sI[ tyk isMG

Anuswr gurU jI ny Awp Shwdq dy ky ‘BY kwhU kau dyq nih nih BY mwnq Awn’ dy isDWq

nUM isK Drm dw zrUrI AMg bxw idqw[ gurU jI dI Shwdq dw hwl ilKidAW tyk isMG ny

muK gunwhgwr cMdU nUM mMinAw hY, pr gurU jI nUM ShId krn vwly bwdSwh dw nwm

jhWgIr dI QW Swh jhwn ilK ky ausny iek vfI ieiqhwsk aukweI kIqI hY[

CyvyN gurU hirgoibMd swihb dw jIvn ilKidAW tyk isMG ny gurU jI duAwrw Akwl

q^q bxwaux Aqy mIrI-pIrI dy isDWq nUM isK mnW ivc sQwipq krn dw vrxn kIqw

hY[ ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy gurU jI ny cwr lVweIAW lVIAW sn, ijnHW ivcoN tyk isMG ny

krqwrpur dI lVweI dw izkr kIqw hY pr ZlqI nwl ausny hirgoibMdpurw ivKy lVI

lVweI dIAW GtnwvW nUM vI ies ivc rl-gf kr idqw hY[ iesqoN ielwvw iek

Axieiqhwsk lVweI dw aulyK kridAW tyk isMG ny gurU hirgoibMd swihb nUM kIrqpur

dI lVweI ivc ShId hoxw iliKAw hY jo ieiqhwsk q`QW dy ault hY[

gurU hirrwie swihb dw jIvn ilKidAW tyk isMG ny BulyKy nwl gurU hirgoibMd

swihb dy is`KW BweI s`DU qy rUp cMd dw sMbMD aunHW nwl joV idqw hY, ijsnUM ausdI

264

ieiqhwsk aukweI ikhw jw skdw hY[ rwmrwie duAwrw krwmwq ivKwaux kwrn

guirAweI gurU hirikRSn nUM dyx dw ausny ivsiqRq vrxn kIqw hY, ijs ivc krwmwq

nUM kihr d`s ky Bwxw mMnx nUM is`K Drm dy isDWq vjoN aujwgr kIqw igAw hY[

gurU hirikRSn swihb bwry tyk isMG ny bhuqI jwxkwrI nhIN idqI[ isr& aunHW

dy id`lI jwx Aqy ‘bwbw bkwlw’ kih ky joiq-joq smwaux dw hwl hI iliKAw hY[ iesy

qrHW ausny gurU qyZ bhwdr swihb dy jIvn dIAW do muK GtnwvW guirAweI qy Shwdq

bwry izkr kIqw hY[ ‘prcI pwqSwhI dsvIN kI’ dw krqw syvw dws audwsI, jo audwsI

hox krky sMinAws nUM mwnqw idMdw sI, nUM AwDwr bxw ky tyk isMG ny gurU jI dy prwlI

ivc lukx dw Anuicq hwl iliKAw hY[ tyk isMG Anuswr gurU jI ny Awpxw sIs iek

is`K qoN ktvwieAw sI[ tyk isMG duAwrw vrixq Awpxy hI is`K qoN sIs ktvwaux dI

Gtnw ijQy ieiqhwsk qOr ’qy Zlq hY auQy ieh gurU jI dI gurU jI dI gOrvmeI

Shwdq nUM Awqm-hiqAw smwn vI drswauNdI hY[ vrqmwn Koj ny gurU qyZ bhwdr

duAwrw kIqIAW XwqrwvW dy AwDwr ’qy ieh istw kiFAw hY ik gurU jI ny smucy jIvn-

kwl dOrwn AnykW QWvW ’qy jw ky is`KI dw pRcwr kIqw sI Aqy is`K sMgqW sQwipq

kIqIAW sn pr tyk isMG duAwrw ilKy gurU jI dy jIvn ivcoN kyvl pUrb dI Xwqrw dw

hI sMkyq mwqr izkr imldw hY, ijs ivc kyvl ptny jwx dw hwl vrixq hY[

tyk isMG Anuswr gurU goibMd isMG dw jnm 1661 eI. ivc hoieAw[ ‘prcI

pwqSwhI dsvIN kI’ dIAW keI swKIAW, ijnHW dy smW, sQwn Aqy ivAkqIAW bwry

jwxkwrI nhIN imldI, nUM tyk isMG ny ieiqhwsk nWvW-QWvW nwl joV idqw hY, keI

GtnwvW ivc koloN vwDy krky Axieiqhwsk lVweIAW Aqy ivcwr-goStIAW isrj

leIAW hn[ audwhx vjoN ‘prcI pwqSwhI dsvIN kI’ dI 32vIN Aqy 34vIN swKI ivc

drz ‘is`KW dy hMkwr’ Aqy ‘gurU jI duAwrw vsqR sqluj Aqy AgnI ivc sutx’

vwlIAW GtnwvW nUM AwDwr bxw ky tyk isMG ny iek klipq XuD dw vrxn kIqw hY[

pr AwnMdpur dI pihlI qy AMiqm lVweI dw vrxn ieiqhws Anuswr kIqw igAw hY[

265

ADuink mwnqw Anuswr gurU goibMd isMG duAwrw ricAw swihq srsw ndI ivc ruVH

igAw sI, pr ies Gtnw bwry tyk isMG nvW q`Q pyS krdw hY ik jdoN gurU jI ny

AwnMdgVH CìfAw qW gurU jI duAwrw iliKAw gRMQ qy rxjIq ngwrw iklHy ivc rih

gey, ijnHW nUM phwVI rwjy Awdr sihq kihlUr lY gey[ gurU goibMd isMG jI duAwrw

Kwlsw pMQ swjx Aqy Kwlsw pMQ dy inAwrypx bwry tyk isMG ny BrpUr crcw kIqI hY[

keI QWvW ’qy is`K mrXwdw bwry vI iliKAw igAw hY[ AwpxI buDI Aqy hor sRoqW dI

mdd nwl tyk isMG ny BweI PyrU nwl, Awgry kwzIAW nwl, nWdyV pMifqW nwl hoeI gurU

jI dI ivcwr crcw Aqy z&rnwmy dw hwl ilKidAW, is`K isDWqW qy gurU jI dI

S^sIAq nUM bhuq cMgI qrHW auBwirAw hY[ gurU goibMd isMG aupr hoey kwqlwnw hmly

dw bhuqw hwl tyk isMG ny kuier isMG vrgw hI iliKAw hY, pr hmlw krn vwly

pTwx nUM pYNdy ^W dy imqr dw puqr disAw hY jo srhMd dw rihx vwlw sI[ gurU goibMd

isMG dw jIvn ilKidAW tyk isMG ny iek vfI aukweI ieh kIqI hY ik BweI gaury dw

sMbMD gurU jI nwl joVidAW, aus duAwrw gurU jI koloN pwhul lYx dI g`l ilKI hY, jdoN

ik BweI gaurw Kwlsw pMQ dI swjnw qoN vI pihlW pRlok gmn kr igAw sI[ tyk isMG

duAwrw ilKy gurU swihbwn dy jIvn ivc BwvyN kuJ aUxqweIAW hn pr aus duAwrw ilKy

smucy hwl dw bhuqw ihsw is`K mwnqwvW ’qy Krw auqrdw hY[

bMdw isMG bhwdr sMbMDI idqI tyk isMG dI sUcnw ivc do g`lW bhuq hI

AihmIAq vwlIAW hn[ pihlI, ausny ‘&qih drSnI’ nUM ‘pMQ gurU’ Aqy ‘dIdwr

Kwlsy kw’ dw hI smwn ArQI mMinAw hY[ dUsrw, ausny Pru^SIAr kol bMdw isMG

bhwdr ivruD iSkwieq krn vwly ivAkqIAW dy nwm (seIAd Abdulw ^wn, dInw

byZ, Syr ^wn Aqy sUrq isMG) idqy hn[ hux qk bMdw isMG bhwdr bwry ilKIAW

geIAW ieiqhwsk ilKqW ivc ienHW GtnwvW dw vrxn nhIN imldw[

cqRjugI gRMQ ivc lgpg 60-65 pMinAW aupr imslW dw Aqy smkwlI muZl

smrwtW dw hwl vrxn kIqw igAw hY[ is`K imslW bwry ieqnI ivsiqRq jwxkwrI dyx

266

vwlw ieh sB qoN pihlw gurmuKI sRoq hY[ ieh gRMQ 1845 eI. qoN pihlW hoNd ivc Aw

cuikAw sI, jdoN ik imslW bwry jwxkwrI dyx vwlw ‘sRI gur pMQ pRkwS’ ikRq rqn

isMG BMgU 1846 eI. nUM hoNd ivc AwieAw[ ies gRMQ ivc ivclIAW GtnwvW ‘sRI gur

pMQ pRkwS’ nUM AwDwr bxw ky nhIN ilKIAW geIAW ikauNik iesdw Gtnw-kRm Aqy

Gtnw dy hwlwq ‘sRI gur pMQ pRkwS’ nwl myl nhIN KWdy[ ies gRMQ ivc bhuq swrIAW

GtnwvW AijhIAW hn jo ‘sRI gur pMQ pRkwS’ ivc drj hI nhIN hn[ imsl-kwl

bwry ilKidAW tyk isMG ny id`lI smyq Bwrq dy rwjnIiqk hwlwqW aupr cwnxw

pwieAw hY[ seIAdW dI rwjnIiqk BUimkw dw ies sdI dy qIjy dhwky ivc AMq ho

igAw[ rwjnIiqk s`qw dI pRwpqI leI ies sdI ivc BwrqI dwAvydwrW qoN ielwvw

ivdySI hmlwvrW ny vI Awpxw h`Q AzmwieAw[ id`lI q^q dI pRwpqI leI hoeI

^wnwjMgI dOrwn keI bwdSwhW dw kql kIqw igAw[ gurmqy dy isDWq qihq pMjwb

ivcly is`KW ny AwpsI-mqByd Bulw ky rwjnIiqk s`qw dI pRwpqI leI Xqn AwrMB kr

idqy[ is`KW dI SkqI nUM kuclx leI id`lI dy hukmrwnW ny ^wn bhwdur Aqy mIr mMnUM

ijhy AiqAwcwrI ivAkqIAW nUM lwhOr dw gvrnr QwipAw[ ienHW dovW ny is`KW dI hoNd

nUM imtwaux dw hr sMBv Xqn kIqw[ lwhOr dy dIvwn lKpiq rwey ny Awpxy Brw

jspiq rwey dI mdd nwl is`KW nUM imtwaux dIAW ksm-b`D kwrvweIAW kIqIAW[

Aihmd Swh AbdwlI duAwrw hirmMdr swihb nUM FwihAw igAw, ijsdI isKW ny muV

auswrI kr leI[ AnykW is`K mwrU kwrvweIAW dy bwvjUd vI is`KW dy hONsly psq nw

hoey[ tyk isMG ny nwdr Swh dy hmly qoN bwAd AbdwlI dy hmilAW dw izkr kIqw hY,

pr ausny AbdwlI dy kyvl aunHW hmilAW bwry hI iliKAw hY, ijnHW ivc ausdI is`KW

nwl muT-ByV hoeI[ ieho-ijhI siQqI hI qYmUr Swh qy Swh zmwn dy hmilAW dI hY[

bwhrI hmlwvrW nUM pMjwb dI rwjnIqI qoN dUr krn auprMq is`K srdwrW ny pMjwb dI

DrqI ’qy Awpxw AiDkwr jmw ilAw, pr rwjnIiqk hwlwq siQr nw ho sky[ is`K

srdwrW dIAW AwpsI lVweI dw dOr SurU ho igAw, ijnHW bwry tyk isMG ny BrpUr crcw

267

kIqI hY[ ausny is`K srdwrW duAwrw m`ly ielwikAW, aunHW dIAW mOqW qy nvyN dwAvydwrW

bwry jwxkwrI dyx dy nwl-nwl jMmU/kSmIr dy SwskW dy h`k-ivp`K ivc isK srdwrW

dy AwpsI tkrw dIAW vwrdwqW dw hwl vI iliKAw hY[ ienHW lVweIAW qoN is`K

srdwrW dy AwpsI sMbMDW bwry sihjy hI AMdwzw lwieAw jw skdw hY[ tyk isMG duAwrw

vrixq lVweIAW dw bhuqw hwl ieiqhws AnuswrI hY, pr kuJ ku QWvW ’qy ausny tply

vI KwDy hn, ijvyN ik ausny mIr mMnUM dy smyN bwry ilKidAW, ausdI QW ^wn bhwdur dw

nwm ilK idqw hY Aqy AbdwlI dy qIjy hmly ivc hI cOQy qy pMjvyN hmly dIAW

GtnwvW nUM AMikq kr idqw hY[ 18vIN sdI dIAW GtnwvW ilKidAW ausny kuJ

AijhIAW lVweIAW dw vI vrxn kIqw hY, ijnHW dw ieiqhws ivc sMkyq nhIN imldw[

audwhrx vjoN AMimRqsr dy kuJ ielwikAW aupr srdwr cVHq isMG dy kbzw krn qoN

bwAd JMfw isMG BMgI duAwrw aus aupr hmlw krnw Aqy jY isMG knHeIAw duAwrw

mulqwn aupr hmlw krky aus nUM lutxw[ iek hor ieiqhwsk ABwv vwlI Gtnw dw

izkr kridAW tyk isMG ny ^wn bhwdur dy AiqAwcwrW qoN iknwrw krky mwlvy ivc

phuMcy hoey is`KW aupr aus duAwrw hmlw krn dI g`l ilKI hY, ijs ivc is`K srdwrW

duAwrw kuJ mwl dy ky smJOqw krn bwry iliKAw igAw hY[ iesy qrHW guzr isMG BMgI

duAwrw Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dI s`s milkw-auz-zmwnI nUM lutx dw hwl vrxn kIqw

igAw hY, ijsdI sUcnw ieiqhwsk sRoqW qoN nhIN imldI[

is`K rwj dy smyN (1799 eI. qoN 1843 eI.) dw tyk isMG duAwrw iliKAw hwl

ausdy jIvn dIAW smkwlI GtnwvW ’qy AwDwirq hY[ ijhVw ieiqhwsk p`K qoN bhuq

mhqvpUrn hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG duAwrw lVIAW lVweIAW dy ausny iqiQ/sMmq

nhIN idqy pr hwl ieiqhws Anuswr hI ilKy hn[ tyk isMG ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

duAwrw lVI (1802 eI.) ivc inzwm dIn qy (1807 eI.) ivc kuqb dIn nwl ksUr,

(1809 eI.) ivc gorKIAw jrnYl Amr isMG Qwpw nwl kWgVw ivKy hoeI lVweI dw

izkr krn dw hwl ilKx qoN bwAd (1809 eI.) ivc AMZryzW nwl hoey Aihdnwmy dw

268

hwl iliKAw hY[ iesqoN bwAd mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI &qih ^wn dy hk ivc

(1813 eI.) ivc Aqw muhMmd ^W nwl hoeI lVweI dw hwl iliKAw hY[ iesy qrHW

(1815 eI.) qk jMmU, rwzOrI, puxC Aqy pIr pMcwl aupr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy

kbzw krn dw sMiKipq vrxn kIqw igAw hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG duAwrw mulqwn

aupr kbzw krn leI mhwrwjw KVk isMG dI mulqwn ivruD (1818 eI.) ivc lVI

lVweI dw hwl iliKAw hY, ijs ivc Awm jnqw dI lut-Ksut krn dw pqw lgx ’qy

mhwrwjw rxjIq dy ivroD krn qy pIVqW leI rwSx Awid Byjx dI nvIN sUcnw idqI

geI hY[ (1823 eI.) ivc mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG duAwrw muhMmd AzIm ^W ivruD lVI

nOSihry dI lVweI dw hwl ilKidAW tyk isMG ny mhwrwjy dI ij`q Aqy iqMn is`K

jrnYlW AkwlI PUlw isMG, krm isMG Aqy grBw isMG dy ShId hox dw ieiqhwsk

vrxn kIqw hY[ Xwr muhMmd ^W nUM hrw ky s`Xd Aihmd Swh duAwrw ipSwvr aupr

(1829 eI.) ivc kIqy kbzy nUM qoVn leI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG duAwrw lVI lVweI

dw hwl qW tyk isMG ny ieiqhws AnuswrI hI iliKAw hY, pr iesdw kwrn kuJ vKrw

mMinAw hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG duAwrw (1830 eI.) ivc hirmMdr swihb ivKy sonw

lgvwaux dw izkr vI tyk isMG ny kIqw hY[ rxjIq-kwl dy gRMQIAW qy srdwrW bwry

jwxkwrI idMidAW, tyk isMG ny ies g`l dw Kulwsw kIqw hY ik aus smyN dy srdwr

gurbwxI dw bhuq siqkwr krdy sn pr gRMQIAW dI hwlq ieh sI ik auh mwieAwpqI

srdwrW qoN mwieAw hwisl krn leI sRI gurU gRMQ swihb aunHW dy mgr-mgr cukI

iPrdy sn Aqy srdwrW dy ihqYsIAW qoN is&wirSW vI krvwauNdy sn ik pwT aunHW koloN

hI krvwieAw jwvy[ jmrOd aupr kbzw brkrwr r`Kx leI (1837 eI.) ivc

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jrnYl hrI isMG nlUey dI lVweI dw tyk isMG ny ivsiqRq

vrxn kIqw hY, ijs ivc is`KW dI ij`q Aqy hrI isMG nlUey dI juJwrU ShIdI dw hwl

vrxn kIqw igAw hY[ iesqoN bwAd mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq Aqy (1843 eI.)

qk dI GrylU ^wnwjMgI dw hwl iliKAw igAw hY[ GrylU ^wnwjMgI, fogirAW qy

269

sMDwvwlIey srdwrW dIAW swizSW bwry kIqw tyk isMG dw bhuqw vrxn ieiqhwsk

hvwilAW nwl myl KWdw hY, jo ieiqhwskwrW duAwrw pyS kIqy q`QW dI smkwlI gvwhI

vjoN swhmxy AwieAw hY[ ies smyN dI sUcnw idMidAW tyk isMG ny iekw-dukw QWvW ’qy

hI ZlqIAW kIqIAW hn, ijsdw vfw kwrn ieh irhw hovygw ik aus ny keI

AijhIAW g`lW nUM AwDwr bxw ilAw jo fogirAW Aqy sMDwvwlIey srdwrW ny mhwrwjw

rxjIq isMG dy puqrW nUM bdnwm kr ky is`K &Oj nUM Awpxy nwl gMFx leI PYlweIAW

sn[ jykr tyk isMG duAwrw idqI is`K rwj dy smyN dI smucI jwxkwrI nUM iDAwn ivc

rKidAW koeI itpxI krnI hovy qW ieh hI ikhw jw skdw hY ik ieh jwxkwrI is`K

ieiqhwskwrW leI bVI kImqI Aqy nvyklI hY ikauNik ies kwl dIAW bhuq swrIAW

GtnwvW aus ny A`KIN vyKIAW sn[

izkrXog hY ik tyk isMG ny is`K isDWqW dI ivAwiKAw nwloN ieiqhwsk Aqy

imiQhwsk GtnwvW nUM vDyry mwnqw idqI hY[ is`K Drm nUM tyk isMG ny iek inAwrw

pMQ svIkwr kIqw hY Aqy iesdy inAwrw hox dIAW AnykW ivSySqwvW vI dsIAW hn,

pr aus snwqnI soc dw p`lw nhIN Cfdw, ijs kwrn GtnwvW dw aulyK kridAW auh

snwqn Drm qy is`K isDWqW nUM rl-gf kr idMdw hY[ ieiqhwsk p`K qoN tyk isMG

iqQwDwirq ieiqhws ilKx dw ieCuk nhIN sI, ijs dI gvwhI swnUM ausdy gRMQ ilKx

dy mMqv qoN lgdI hY[ ausdw mMqv iqQW-sMmqW dI jwxkwrI muheIAw krvwaux nwloN

gurU swihbwn dw punIq jIvn vrxn krnw sI[ imsl-kwl, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG

Aqy is`K rwj dy pqn bwry tyk isMG ny jo jwxkwrI swhmxy ilAWdI hY, ausdw smkwlI

gurmuKI sRoqW ijvyN gurpRqwp sUrj gRMQ, pRwcIn pMQ pRkwS Awid ivc ABwv sI[ ies

kwl dIAW tyk isMG duAwrw idqIAW gvwhIAW ieiqhwsk p`K qoN bhuq lwhyvMd hn[

inScy hI ies gRMQ dIAW gvwhIAW isK ieiqhws dy punr inrmwx leI swrQk isD

hoxgIAW, ijnHW qoN mdd lY ky AwDuink ieiqhwskwr keI nvyN ieiqhwsk q`Q aujwgr

kr skxgy[

270

AMiqkwAMiqkwAMiqkwAMiqkw

5.1 gRMQ Aqy siqjug dy AwrMB dw p`qrw

271

5.2 qRyqw jug dy AwrMB dw p`qrw

272

5.3 duAwpr jug dy AwrMB dw p`qrw

273

5.4. kiljug dy AwrMB dw p`qrw

274

5.5 gurU nwnk swihb dy Awgmn nwl sMbMiDq p`qrw (a)

275

gurU nwnk swihb dy Awgmn nwl sMbMiDq p`qrw (A)

276

5.6 gurU goibMd isMG duAwrw ilKy z&rnwmy nwl sMbMiDq p`qrw (a)

277

gurU goibMd isMG duAwrw ilKy z&rnwmy nwl sMbMiDq p`qrw (A)

278

5.7 gRMQ dy AMq dw p`qrw

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D wrim k Aqy rwj nIiq k gqIiv DIAWD wrim k Aqy rwj nIiq k ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10398/7/07_chapter 3.pdf · bMdw isMG bhwdr nUM iek Aijhw Avqwr purS bxw idqw