D I V E R S I T Y S C H O O L S

Job Search Journal

S O U T H E R N / N O R T H E R N

Fall 2016

Campus Publications

Job Search Journal

Index Of Advertisers

AIR - American Institutes for Research ................................................. 11Anne Arundel Medical Center ................................................................ 33Atotech ................................................................................................... 29Baltimore Life Insurance Company ....................................................... 18Broward Health ...................................................................................... 33Cape Fear Valley Health .............................................Outside Back CoverCF Industries ............................................................................................ 6Dade Paper.............................................................................................. 12Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas ............................................................. 31Florida Dept of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles ................................. 8Jasper Engines ........................................................................................ 27Memorial Hospital at Gulfport ............................................................... 32MicroPort Orthopedics, Inc. ................................................................... 29Our Lady of Bellefonte Hospital ............................................................ 33Schiavone Construction Company ........................................................ 28Sonalysts ................................................................................................. 19Speedway SupeAmerica ......................................................................... 14State Employees Credit Union - NC ...................................................... 13UNC Rex Healthcare .............................................................................. 33U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services ................................................................ 15VCU Health ............................................................................................ 34Wilkes Regional Medical Center ............................................................ 34

SCHOOL BOARDS

Baltimore County Schools - MD ............................................................ 36Charlotte County Public Schools - FL .................................................... 37Gwinnett County Schools - GA .............................................................. 36Harris County Department of Education - TX ...................................... 37Henderson County Scools - NC ............................................................. 37Hillsborough County Schools - FL ......................................................... 37Jefferson County Public Schools - KY .................................................. 36Merriwether County Schools - GA ......................................................... 37Onslow County Schools - NC ................................................................ 37Orange County Schools - NC ................................................................. 38Prince William County Schools - VA ..................................................... 38Warren County Schools - TN ................................................................. 38

GRADUATE SCHOOLS

University of Arkansas Graduate School ............................................... 39

Quick Link to Websites

SERVICE & RETAIL

AIR - American Institutes for Research .................................. www.air.orgDade Paper .......................................................................www.dadepaper.comFlorida Dept of Highway Safety & Motor Vehicles .....www.beatrooper.comSpeedway SuperAmerica ........................................... www.speedway.comU.S. Fish & Wildlife Services ...............................................www.fws.gov

BANKING & INSURANCE

Baltimore Life Insurance ............................................... www.baltlife.comFederal Reserve Bank of Dallas ........................www.dallasfed.org/careersState Employees’ Credit Union - NC ................................www.ncsecu.org

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Atotech USA, Inc. .......................................................... www.atotech.comCF Industries ........................................................... www.cfindustries.comJasper Engines ....................................................www.myjaspercareer.comMicroPort Orthopedics, Inc. .............................www.ortho.microport.comSchiavone Construction Company .........www.schiavoneconstruction.comSonalysts ..................................................................... www.sonalysts.com

HEALTHCARE

Anne Arundel Medical CenterBroward Health ...................................................www.BrowardHealth.orgCape Fear Valley Health .....................................www.capefearvalley.comMemorial Hospital at Gulfport .......................www.gulfportmemorial.comOur Lady of Bellefonte Hospital ...............................jobs.bonsecours.comUNC Rex Healthcare ..................................................www.rexhealth.comVCU Health .................................................... www.vcuhealth.org/careersWilkes Regional Medical Center .........................www.wilkesregional.org

SCHOOL BOARDS

Baltimore County Public Schools - MD .............................. www.bcps.orgCharlotte County Public Schools - FL ....... www.yourcharlotteschools.netGwinnett County Schools - GA .................................... www.gcpsjobs.orgHarris County Department of Education - TX ........... www.hcde-texas.orgHenderson County Schools-NC ... www.hendersoncountypublicschoolsnc.orgHillsborough County Schools - FL ..............................www.sdhc.k12.fl.usJefferson County Public Schools - KY ..........www.jefferson.kyschools.usMeriwether County Schools - GA ....................................www.mcssga.orgOnslow County Schools - NC ................................www.onslow.k12.nc.usOrange County Schools - NC .......................www.orangecountyfirst.comPrince William County Schools - VA ..................................www.pwcs.eduWarren County Schools - TN ..............................www.warrenschools.com

GRADUATE SCHOOL

University of Arkansas Graduate School .....................http://grad.uark.edu

Job Search Journal

Campus Publications 3

Welcome!

We, the staff at Campus Publications, Inc., along with your Career Place-ment Center, and the many excellent

companies featured in this publication, know the journey toward finding a satisfying place in the world for yourself is a hard one. But the fact that you are where you are right now demonstrates that you have the qualities for success.

Whether your choice is graduate school or forging ahead into a career, you are in charge and in the driver’s seat! We hope you’ll view the Jour-nal as a road map that will keep you going with helpful directions on selecting a career as well as selecting a graduate school. An excellent way to charge your batteries for the trip is to examine the many recruitment messages contained throughout the Journal. Within these, you’ll find detailed contact information for companies, organizations, and graduate schools that would like very much to hear from you (convenient fuel right at your fingertips).

The Job Search Journal describes in detail the steps you can begin to take now to shape your future. We tell you how to:

• fashion a resume into a dynamic document that will open doors for you,• tailor a cover letter that personalizes your contact with a company,• find a company that will suit your style and background,• interview with confidence,• negotiate a fair starting salary and strong benefits package,• move ahead in your career, and much more!

So relax, hang onto your hat and this copy of the Job Search Journal. Enjoy the ride!

Wishing you the best in all of your endeavors—Very Sincerely, The Staff of Campus Publications, Inc.

Expressions of appreciation are due to all of the career placement directors whose participation in the Journal has made it possible for this career information to reach you. Most certainly, we would like to also acknowledge the generosity of the companies whose interest and involvement in the Job Search Journal have made this Fall 2016 edition possible.

Copyright(c) 2016, by Campus Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.

Southern / Northern Diversity Schools Job Search Journal Published by:Campus Publications, Inc.2975 Bee Ridge Rd. Suite DSarasota, FL 34239Phone: (941) 926-8590 • Fax: (941) 926-2778Website: www.campuspublicationsinc.comE-mail: campuspublications@comcast.net

Note: the names and addresses used in resumes and cover letter examples are fictitious.

Feature Articles

Index of Advertisers 2Quick Link to Websites 2Welcome 3Participating Diversity Schools 4Diversity: Getting It Right 6Start Your Job Search 7Career Center Job Fairs 7Working in the Public Sector 8Thinking Small Can Be Smart 9American Institute for Research Article 10Networking Can Multiply Your Opportunities 12Researching Companies 14Questions You Should Find Answers To: 16The Internet 17Resumes 18Resume Examples 20Cover Letters 22How To Complete A Job Application 23Cover Letter Examples 24Interviewing 26Job Offer - Take It Or Leave It 30Moving Up in Your Career 31Nurses Rule 32Career Focus : Biology / Microbiology 34Make The Difference - Be A Teacher 35Set Your Sights On Grad School 38

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Contact ListAlAbAmA A & m UniversityMs. Yvette S. Clayton, Career Development ServicesPatton Building, Room 101, P.O. Box 997Normal, AL 35762256-372-8182

AlAbAmA stAte UniversityMs. Kathryn Williams, Career Planning & Placement915 South JacksonMontgomery, AL 36101-0271334-229-4156

AlbAny stAte UniversityMs. Tracy Simmons Williams, Career Services Office504 College DriveAlbany, GA 31705229-430-4654

AlCOrn stAte UniversityAdrienne Willis, Placement Services Office1000 ASU Drive, 540Alcorn State, MS 39096601-877-6324

Allen UniversityMs.Brenda Mitchell, Career Planning & Placement1530 Harden StreetColumbia, SC 29204803-376-5706

beneDiCt COlleGeMs. Karen Rutherford, Career Planning & Placement1600 Harden Street, MSC 100Columbia, SC 29204803-705-4671

betHUne-COOKmAn COlleGeMs. Davita Bonner, Career Placement Office640 Mary McLeod Bethune Blvd.Daytona Beach, FL 32114386-481-2143

bOWie stAte University Ms. April Johnson, Director of Career Services14000 Jericho Park Road Wiseman Centre, Room 126 Bowie, MD 20715 301-860-3828

CentrAl stAte University Lesa DeVond, Career Services Center 1400 Brush Row Road, P.O. Box 1004 Wilberforce, OH 45384 937-376-6383

CHeyney University Marcia Robinson, Director Career Services Office 1837 University Circle, P.O. Box 200 Cheyney, PA 19319 610-399-2033

CHiCAGO stAte University Lee Junkins, Director Career Development Center 9501 S. King Drive, CRSU 180 Chicago, IL 60628 773-995-2327

ClAFlin University Ms. Carolyn R. Snell, Career Development Services700 College AvenueOrangeburg, SC 29115803-535-53358

ClArK AtlAntA UniversityMs. Ernita Hemmitt, Career Planning & Placement223 James P. Brawley DriveAtlanta, GA 30314404-880-6701

COPPin stAte COlleGe Linda Bowie, Career Development Center 2500 West North Avenue Baltimore, MD 21216 410-951-3919

DelAWAre stAte University Robin Roberts, Director Career Services1200 North Dupont Highway Dover, DE 19901 302-857-6120

DillArD University Ms. Dewain Lee, Office of Career Services2601 Gentilly BoulevardNew Orleans. LA 70122504-595-2358

eliZAbetH City stAte UniversityMr. Brutus Jackson, Career Planning & PlacementCampus Box 804, Weeksville RoadElizabeth City, NC 27909252-335-3287

FAyetteville stAte University Ms. Helene Cameron, Career Services Center1200 Murchison Road, SBE Suite 230Fayetteville, NC 28301-4298910-672-1098

FisK University Mr. Echelle Eady, Career Services Office1000 17th Avenue NorthNashville, TN 37208-3051615-329-8894

FlOriDA A & m UniversityMs. Delores Dean, Career Center100 Student Union Plaza, M. L. King Blvd. Tallahassee, FL 32307850-599-3700

FlOriDA memOriAl UniversityMs. Athena Jackson, Career Development Center15800 N.W. 42nd AvenueMiami Gardens, FL 33054305-626-3782

FOrt vAlley stAte University Ms. Romelda Simmons, Career Development Center1005 State University DriveFt. Valley, GA 31030478-825-6202/6350

GrAmblinG stAte UniversityMs. Adrienne Willis, Office of Career ServicesGSU Box 4264Grambling, LA 71245318-274-2346

HAmPtOn University Ms. Vivian Wren-David, Career Center114 Wigwam Bldg.Hampton, VA 23668757-727-5331

HArris-stOWe stAte University Wanda McNeil, Career Services Office3026 Laclede AvenueSt. Louis, MO 63103314-340-3511

HOWArD University Kim Wells, Career Services Office 525 Bryant Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20059 202-806-7513

JACKsOn stAte University Ms. Lashanda Jordan, Career Services and Student

Employment CenterP.O. Box 17280Jackson, MS 39217-0218601-979-2477

KentUCKy stAte University Valerie Shavers, Career Counseling and Placement Office ASB 241, 400 E. Main Street Frankfort, KY 40601 502-597-5948

le mOyne - OWen COlleGe Dr. Denita Hedgeman, Office of Career Services807 Walker AvenueMemphis, TN 38126901-435-1728

linCOln University Ruty CanadaDirector, Career and Academic Support Services820 Chestnut Street, MLK 317Jefferson City, MO 65101573-681-5974

LinCOln University Ralph Simpson, Director Career Services1570 Baltimore Pike, MSC #186, P.O. Box 179 Lincoln University, PA 19352 484-365-7588

mArtin University Vera Graves, Manager of Career Education2171 Avondale Place Indianapolis, IN 46218 317-917-3308

mAryGrOve COlleGe Veronica Killebrew, Director of Academic Advising and Student Development8425 West McNichols Detroit, MI 48221-2599 313-927-1481

meDGAr evers COlleGe Debra Young, Career Management Center 1150 Carroll Street, Room S-302Brooklyn, NY 11225-2298 718-270-6059

miles COlleGeMs. Glenda Brown-WadeCareer Planning & Placement5500 Myron Massey Blvd.Birmingham, AL 35064205-929-1404

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mississiPPi vAlley stAte UniversityMs. Tiffany Wallace, Career Services Center14000 Highway 82, West, Box 7225Itta Bena, MS 38941-1400662-254-3441

mOreHOUse COlleGeMr. Douglas Cooper, Career Services Office 830 Westview Drive, S.W.Atlanta, GA 30314 - 3773404-215-2644

mOrGAn stAte University Bill Carson, Center for Career Development 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane, Montello C-224 Baltimore, MD 21251-0001 443-885-3110

neW yOrK City teCHniCAl COlleGe Adrian Griffith, Placement Office 300 Jay. Street, Room N602B Brooklyn, NY 11201 718-260-5050

nOrFOlK stAte UniversityMr. Nash Montgomery, Career Services700 Park AvenueMills Godwin Student Center, Suite 306Norfolk, VA 23504757-823-8462

nOrtH CArOlinA CentrAl UniversityMs. Donna Hembrick, Office of University Career ServicesBox 19585 - Jones BuildingDurham, NC 27707919-530-6337

PHilAnDer smitH COlleGeDr. Juliana Mosley-Anderson, Office of Student Affairs900 W. Daisy Bates DriveLittle Rock, AR 72202501-370-5295

PrAirie vieW A & m UniversityMs. Glenda Jones, Career Services OfficeL W Minor Street, Evans Hall Rm 217Prairie View, TX 77446-0066936-857-2120

rUst COlleGeMr. John F. Peaches, Career Development Office150 Rust AvenueHolly Springs, MS 38635662-252-8000, ext. 4085

sAvAnnAH stAte UniversityMr. Shaunce Riley, Student Leadership & DevelopmentP.O. Box 20524Savannah, GA 31404912-353-3049

sOUtH CArOlinA stAte UniversityMr. Joseph Thomas, Career Development CenterP.O. Box 7068Orangeburg, SC 29117803-536-7033

sOUtHern University AnD A & m COlleGeMs. Tamara Montgomery, Career Services OfficeP.O. Box 9246, Branch Post OfficeBaton Rouge, LA 70813225-771-2200

sOJOUrner - DOUGlAss COlleGe Dr. Marian Stanton 500 North Caroline Street Baltimore, MD 21205 410-276-0306

sPelmAn COlleGe Ms. Toni Ireland, Career Planning & Development440 Westview DriveAtlanta, GA 30314404-270-5270

tAllADeGA COlleGe Ms. Dolores D. Traylor, Office of Counseling Services627 West Battle StreetTalladega, AL 35160256-761-6246

tennessee stAte University Dr. William Giffens, Career Center3500 John Merritt Blvd.Nashville, TN 37209615-963-5981

teXAs sOUtHern University Dr. Antoinette Roberson, Cooperative Education & Placement 3100 Cleburne StreetFairchild Building, Room 150Houston, TX 77004713-313-7346

tOUGAlOO COlleGe Ms. Gladys Jones, Office of Career Services500 West County Line RoadTougaloo, MS 39174601-977-7821

tUsKeGee University Ms. Sarah Stringer, Career Development & PlacementCarnegie Hall, 3rd FloorTuskegee, AL 36088334-727-8294

University OF ArKAnsAs At Pine blUFF Ms. Mary Jones, Office of Career Services1200 N. University Drive ,Caldwell Hall, Suite 202Pine Bluff, AR 71601870-575-8462

University OF tHe DistriCt OF COlUmbiA Tori Hawkins, Career Services Specialist4200 Connecticut Avenue N.W. Washington, DC 20008-1175 202-274-6251

University OF mArylAnD, eAstern sHOre Theresa Queenan, Office of Career Services Student Services Center Princess Anne, MD 21853 410-651-6447

virGiniA stAte UniversityMr. Lewis Newbill, Career ServicesP.O. Box 9410Petersburg, VA 23806804-524-5211

virGiniA UniOn UniversityMs. Mildred Maree Britt, Career Services1500 N. Lombardy StreetRichmond, VA 23220804-257-5656

vOOrHees COlleGeMr. Gerald DeVaughn, Career Planning & Placement29 Academic Circle, Wilkinson Bldg.Denmark, SC 29042803-780-1265

WilberFOrCe University Jack Williams, Co-Op Education & Career Services 1055 N. Bickett Road, P.O. Box 1001 Wilberforce, OH 45384-1001 937-708-5742

WinstOn-sAlem stAte UniversityMs.Lamonica Singleton, Career Services OfficeCampus Box 19294Winston Salem, NC 27110336-750-3240

XAvier UniversityMs. Carolyn Thomas, Career Services Office1 Drexel DriveNew Orleans, LA 70125504-520-5055

yOrK COlleGe, City University OF neW yOrK Irene TanieyStudent Development & Career Counseling Center 94 - 20 Guy R. Brewer Boulevard, Room 1G02 Jamaica, NY 11451 718-262-2282

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achievements when groups focused on collective goals, learning, and stabilizing customer relationships. Training in group processes and career development skills can also enhance diversity outcomes, according to other studies.

Corporate America is trying harder to make diversity work at all levels. Fortune magazine, in its annual review of diversity efforts at major corporations, reports that minority representation rose in nearly every category it evaluated. The report can be found at http://www.greatplacestowork.com/best-companies/100-best-companies-to-work-for. It includes a list of fifty companies ranked as best for minorities. Your copy of the Job Search Journal is also an excellent resource for finding companies seeking to develop diversity among their ranks.

The diversity of our culture is ever more reflected in our workplaces. Findings from new research on diversity should lead to closer attention by corporations as to what is effective training for diversity programs. In addition, greater access to upwardly mobile career paths by minorities will ensure opportunities for economic innovation and leadership in the American workplace for all workers.

Today, diversity efforts at mid-size and large companies are firmly in place and in many cases, have been so for a decade or more. Many of these

companies have allocated at least one person to specifically manage diversity efforts. In fact, diversity departments are not uncommon. Increasingly, managerial compensation is linked to achieving diversity goals. While smaller companies may not have the capacity to designate a single individual exclusively to such duties, someone in human resources is likely to be responsible for being proactive in regards to diversity issues and recruiting.

Why is this? Because diversity in the workplace is an inevitable wave of change that is washing over American businesses due to the changing demographics of the labor pool. More women and minorities have entered the workforce and will continue to do so. Common sense dictates that the way in which a company’s internal and external diversity efforts are implemented will have an outcome on worker satisfaction and productivity, important ingredients for overall business profitability. Also at stake are a company’s image and the potential market share that minorities represent.

Although executives at many large companies thought they were leaders in providing equal opportunity, in reality, their employees felt differently. So much so that these companies ended up with huge legal costs due to class-action suits brought by minorities and women.

So what went wrong? Well, for one thing, achieving harmony in the workplace is hard enough even if the workers are seemingly homogenous. People, after all, are individuals, and unique ones at that. So even when the workplace finally begins to truly look like a melting pot, making diversity work will continue to be a challenge.

According to a five-year study directed by Thomas A. Kochan at MIT’s Sloan School of Management, diversity efforts have not been based on any scientific evidence as to what really works. Companies have been reluctant to conduct rigorous internal analysis of their diversity programs because of the legal and cultural issues involved. But companies are realizing that just having diversity programs in place doesn’t mean the programs are necessarily effective in terms of business outcomes. Indeed, higher turnover and greater conflict in the workplace can result if diversity efforts are poorly managed, according to Kochan. He believes companies should do more hard metric analysis of their diversity programs so that with better data, the companies can improve their training in this area. A study done by Harvard Business School (Ely and A study done by Harvard Business School (Ely and study done by Harvard Business School (Ely and Thomas) has found that diversity has a positive impact on business

Diversity: Getting It Right

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are they updated? Are there any online resources maintained by the center? Some career centers have created Web sites with direct online recruiting links to the human resource departments of numerous companies, many of which will accept resumes electronically. Other career centers may offer electronic job fairs or links to them.

Once you begin your job search in earnest, most career counselors are more than willing to give your resume a final critique or role-play an interview with you. Thanks to your career center’s participation in the Job Search Journal, you have a portable career handbook which contains not only helpful job search information but also valuable recruitment messages from companies who definitely want to hear from you.

Career Center Job Fairs Many campuses offer on-campus recruiting events at some point during the year. Because demand for college graduates is high, many companies, from Fortune 500 ones to regional or even local ones, are finding these events to be an important and efficient way to discover well-qualified job candidates.

For you, participating in these events can have real payoff value in terms of career information, networking opportunities, interview experience, and perhaps even a great job. Your career center counselor can provide you with the details such as what companies will be present, what interview attire will be appropriate, and what steps are necessary in terms of getting an interview.

Be sure to ask; don’t just show up because many events are centered around interview appointments which must be scheduled in advance through your career center. Find out as early in the year as possible since the competition for interviews with certain companies may be intense - and only a certain number of interviews can be granted.

Encourage your friends to go, too, so you’ll see some familiar faces. That can help calm any pre-interview butterflies you may experience. Also, you may be able compare notes with friends on the various recruiters’ interviewing styles or questions before going into an interview; this could give you a better idea of what responses a recruiter may be looking for from a candidate. By going to interviews and becoming comfortable with talking about yourself with recruiters, you’ll not only gain a sense of what to say, but you’ll also learn how to say it, succinctly and confidently.

Don’t forget to highlight the date of your campus career fair on your calendar and plan on getting a good night’s sleep the night before. Then rise, and go shine!

Ideally, your campus career center should be a place you become familiar with well before you graduate. As a sophomore or junior, even as a freshman,

you should talk with a campus career counselor. Not only could this help you make better career-planning decisions, but also the information you gain from such a discussion could influence what college courses you take. Your school’s career center is where you may possibly find information on job co-op or internship opportunities which can provide you with a “trial run” of what a particular career may hold in store for you.

As a senior looking toward the future, you will definitely want to visit your campus career center as soon as possible. By making an appointment to meet with the director of placement or a career counselor, you convey professionalism. Your interest in seeking career information also reflects initiative, a trait the career counselor will probably appreciate and mentally make note of. This favorable impression could later lead to a positive recommendation of you as a candidate for a job opening that may come through the career center.

During your meeting with a counselor, you will want to find out what career-related services and resources are available to you. Will there be any upcoming career or job fairs offered through the center? If so, be sure to confirm the date and get the details of how to participate. Also, find out specifically what career reference guides to jobs and careers the center may have on hand that you can use.

Does the center receive job listings from local and regional companies? Where are they posted and how often

Start Your Job Search at Your Campus Career Center

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In terms of employee benefits, such as health and life insurance and pension or retirement plans, these are more likely to be offered by state and local governments than by the private sector. State and local jobs can be located by contacting your local and state government employment offices. Many Internet career sites have government job links. The U.S. Department of Labor Web site, www.dol.gov also has links to state and local government job listings. Information on many occupations commonly employed by State and local governments may be found in the Occupational Outlook Handbook found at www.bls.gov/oco/cg/cgs042.htm.

Federal Government The largest employer in the country is the federal government hiring 2 percent of the nations civilian workforce. Uncle Sam employs 2.7 million workers and hires an average of 300,000 new employees each year to replace workers that transfer to other federal or private jobs, retire or stop working for other reasons. Nearly half of the jobs at the federal level are classified as managerial or professional. And you don’t have to move to Washington, D.C. to get a job because only 16% of all federal employees work in the Washington area.

If the idea of public service appeals to you, there are many career opportunities in your local, state and federal governments. Although paperwork and hiring procedures may

be more cumbersome, the choice of careers in the public sector is as wide-ranging as in the private sector.

State and Local Opportunities Some of the largest employers in the country are state and local governments with local government employing more than twice as many workers as State Government. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov if you exclude publicly operated hospitals and educational organizations, 7.9 million workers are employed by these entities placing them among the largest employers in the economy. Local government jobs can be found in county and municipal governments, school districts, and special districts, with occupations found in nearly every industry in the economy. State government payrolls are growing due to an increasing population and because many programs once under the control of the federal government have reverted back to states which have been given more administrative responsibilities for the programs.

Working in the Public Sector

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(continued from page 8)

Federal jobs span the three branches of government: judicial, legislative, and executive. The executive branch is by far the largest of the branches employing 96% of all federal civilian employees. It includes the 14 cabinet departments and has the broadest range of responsibilities. Employee benefits are generous as compared to many jobs in the private sector. The federal government serves as a model for all employers in abiding by equal employment opportunity legislation, therefore all government hiring is based on performance and qualifications regardless of your sex, rase, color, creed, religion, disability, or national origin. Where else can you apply for a high paying entry-level job that offers employment at thousands of locations internationally, excellent career advancement opportunities, plus careers in hundreds of occupations? Workers employed by the Federal Government play a vital role in many facest of American life and job security is usually greater than in the private sector.

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) handles the hiring of federal employees. Look in your local phone directory under U.S. Government for an federal employment information number. The OPM Web site is http://www.opm.gov. The Congressional Quarterly’s Washington Information Directory, available at many libraries, is also an excellent source of information regarding federal employment.

A s you begin your job search, don’t be afraid to think small, i.e., as in small companies. Why? Because small businesses play an enormously important role in the

overall labor market in terms of employment opportunities and new job creation. In fact, according to the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy, more than 99% of all employers are small busi-nesses and two-thirds to three-quarters of net new jobs are created by small businesses. For research purposes, the SBA defines a small business as a business having fewer than 500 employees.

Historically, the number of job opportunities during an economic slowdown have been greater at small firms rather than at large firms, not only because there are so many more small firms in existence but because small firms are often more able to nimbly continue to expand their businesses even during recessions. Over the past decade, in the face of global competitive pressures, many large companies have had to reduce their labor costs by downsizing their staffs. This means competition for jobs at large firms will remain extremely challenging. In contrast, jobs at small companies may be easier to find and hiring

9

more rapid since small companies are eventually forced to hire more employees if they want to continue to grow.

Many small companies are willing to hire someone who may not have all of the qualifications they are seeking if the candidate seems to possess solid skills in a few areas and an ability to work fluidly with diverse groups of people in a variety of situations. Excellent communication skills, which includes being able to listen as well as talk and ask intelligent questions will definitely help get your foot in the door at small companies.

Small Is Fine With Many CEOs At small companies, many executives are more likely to have time to mentor others since it will help the company build a more skilled staff and hence, a more successful company. For less-experienced workers, this can mean invaluable opportunities. Not only may you get more exposure and mentoring from seasoned pros, but you may be given the chance to work in many different areas of the business. Thus you may move up the career ladder much more rapidly at a small company.

And while there are many career benefits to working for a small company, actual benefits such as health insurance may be scarce because of the high costs such insurance imposes on a small busi-ness. So if health insurance is important to you, be sure to clarify what benefits are available or consider how you might acquire them by other means if you get a job offer at a small company. In other areas, such as flexible schedules, small businesses may be more accommodating than large companies, and then again, maybe not. So be prepared to ask questions before accepting an offer - but keep in mind, it is not considered good interviewing etiquette to inquire about benefits until you receive an actual offer. Remember, too, that a small company’s atmosphere is usu-ally very dynamic because the entrepreneurial spirit of the small business’s founder will be reflected in the day-to-day operations. It’s likely things will move at a faster pace because decisions don’t have to go through very many channels. So, just as you would for a large company, you will want to try to get a sense of the atmosphere of the business by observing others in the workplace during your visits to a company. Do workers seem friendly and energized or withdrawn and disinterested? Don’t just accept the business at face value because the rate of failure for small businesses is high. Plan on thoroughly investigating a company’s history and financial state before deciding to go with a small company. See our article, “Re-searching Companies,” for advice. Once you do find some small com-panies whose numbers and reputations seem bright, then by all means give them your serious consideration. Your career may thank you!

Thinking Small Can Be Smart

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Amid Signs of Growing Re-segregation, Black Student Scores Were Lower, and Achievement Gaps Were Wider, in Mostly Black Schools, NCES Study Finds

isolation for black students,” according to the report. For example, a 2014 study by the University of California-Los Angeles of federal education data found beginning in the late 1980’s a reversal in a decades-long trend toward desegregation. Since then, those researchers found, attendance at schools with 90 percent or more black students has increased by roughly 10 percent among blacks in the South and the West.

A key assumption guiding the new NCES report is that the percentage of black students in a given school is a potential indicator of patterns of segregation or re-segregation. The report noted that “racial segregation may have a negative association with the quality of teaching and learning” in such schools.

In a separate analysis, the report’s authors used the relationship between achievement and a school’s concentration of black students to determine whether the achievement gap was primarily between schools (related to the concentration of black students) or within schools (related to whether or not a student is black). This issue informs approaches to narrowing the gap, including decisions about allocating such key resources as technology, updated textbooks and qualified teachers.

Examining the 31-point achievement gap between black and white students nationwide on the NAEP 2011 Mathematics Grade 8 Assessment, the analysis attributed 16 points to differences in achievement within schools and 5 points to differences in achievement between schools. The remaining 10 points cannot be definitively attributed to either.

"Black and white students attending the same school account for more of the achievement gap than black and white students attending different schools,” said Sami Kitmitto http://www.air.org/person/sami-kitmitto , an AIR principal researcher and a co-author of the report. “Given that about half of the achievement gap appears within-schools, this suggests that resources might best be targeted toward struggling students within schools wherever those students are found.”

View the full paper, “School Composition and the Black-White Achievement Gap http://www.air.org/resource/school-composition-and-black-white-achievement-gap .”

About AIR Established in 1946, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., the American Institutes for Research (AIR) is a nonpartisa n, not-for-profit organization that conducts behavioral and social science research and delivers technical assistance both domestically and internationally in the areas of health, education and workforce productivity. For more information, visit www.air.org

Washington D.C. - Schools with the highest percentage of black students have the lowest black student achievement test scores, particularly among black males, and the

widest achievement gaps between blacks and whites, a new federal study finds.

The study, conducted for the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics by the American Institutes for Research (AIR), offers a new take on the stubborn black-white achievement gap. Examining the performance of nearly 100,000 8th graders on the mathematics portion of the 2011 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), the study found a wide disparity in average racial composition in the nation’s schools. The average black student attended a school that was almost half black, while the average white student attended a school that was about one-tenth black. Eighty percent of white 8th graders attended schools that were 0 to 20 percent black; only a quarter of black 8th graders attended such schools.

"In recent years, there has been increasing attention paid to re-segregation’s effects on the black-white achievement gap,” said George Bohrnstedt, an AIR Institute Fellow and one of the report’s authors. “While our study cannot show a causal link between racial isolation and achievement, schools with the largest percentage of black students are showing troubling results, particularly for black males. ”Schools with the highest concentration of black students - those with 60 percent or higher - were mostly in the South and in cities, the study found.

AIR researchers took into account various factors known to be correlated with achievement, including teacher credentials, student teacher ratios, and whether students qualified for the National School Lunch Program or had disabilities. Even when these elements were factored in, black male achievement was significantly lower in schools with the highest concentration of black students. At such schools, the report found, the achievement gap for males was 25 points, compared to a gap of 17 points in schools that were less than 20 percent black. For young women, the black-white achievement gap was not statistically wider in schools with the highest percentages of black students (15 points) than in schools with the lowest percentages (13 points).

The report’s findings come amid signs that the black-white achievement gap has changed little in the past decade. The overall black-white achievement gap on the NAEP 2013 Mathematics Grade 8 Assessment was 31 points, roughly equivalent to three years of schooling. While it was not the focus of this report, NAEP data show that gap has remained unchanged from 2007 to 2013.

The authors’ more specific focus stemmed from “a need to further understand how achievement may be associated with increased racial

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Job Search Journal

Network is a rallying cry for many career center counselors. They will also insist that as a job hunting activity, networking is as important as writing a resume.

And they’re right. You may or may not have had a counselor go into detail about networking but keep reading and you’ll be able to network with the best.

If you learn to network well, you will be opening up many career opportunities that you wouldn’t uncover any other way. Networking is talking to people, asking for information but not for a job (at least not at first). The goal of networking is to discover information about job openings that match your skills, interests and education. You want to track down the people who would know about these jobs, and then ultimately you want to connect with the persons who can make the hiring decisions for the jobs you are interested in. The jobs you uncover through networking may or may not be advertised and often are higher level, better paying positions.

Grow Your Own Grapevine The phrase “I heard it through the grapevine” comes rather close to describing the networking process, but in the case of networking you have to grow the grapevine yourself. In other words, you have to actively seek out the information that can be found through networking. Networking, as with any skill, improves with practice. So you may want to do some warm-up role playing with friends or family before actually making your first cold call.

Think of career questions that will help you clarify what you want to do and make a list of the ones that you would like to discuss with persons in fields that interest you. Don’t neglect doing research first, however; you don’t want to waste people’s time with questions that you can find answers to yourself by doing some preliminary reading about the types of jobs that seem appealing to you.

Introduce Yourself There are some rules to networking etiquette. You will want to introduce yourself immediately, say what your major is, and then mention the name of the person who referred you to the current contact. If you are networking by phone, ask if it is convenient for the person to speak to you briefly about some career questions you have. If the person is too busy, find out if you can schedule a more convenient time to call back. Remember, you are seeking information; so never ask, “Do you have any jobs available?” Instead, verbalize your information request along these lines, “Hi, I’m Charlie Smith; I am going to graduated with a B.S. in business from Howard University and I’m interested in finding out more about ... ”You can mention a specific job opening if you happen to know about it and are interested in it but also ask for the name of the person who would be in charge of hiring for that position. You could ask that person for more information regarding the position by interviewing him about the types of tasks, skills, and educational requirements associated with the position or career. You could also ask what other types of positions support the department. But don’t talk too long; be brief, especially if the person sounds impatient. Whether you get to have a discussion with this person or not, ask if he knows of anyone else you should talk to. And be sure to thank him for his time and consideration.

If, after your conversation with someone, you obtain information about a job you would like to apply for, you could comment that it sounds interesting; then try to find out when or for how long the position will be open. Clarify who will be in charge of hiring for the position, and be sure to get that person’s name and title if at all possible so you will be able to send your resume directly to that person. Later, to accompany your resume, you will want to compose a strong cover letter that, based on the information you gathered about the position’s requirements, which explains why you would be qualified for the position.

Network First with Familiar Faces To begin the process of networking, you don’t necessarily have to start with strangers. There can be several levels in your network. To establish the first level, begin by compiling a contact list of family members, friends of family members, your friends and their families, acquaintances from various organizations with whom you may have or have had some connection, former employers, co-workers, classmates, teachers, coaches, and professors.

You want to let them know you are looking for employment and that you would appreciate any information they can pass on to you regarding job opportunities. Ask if they know of any persons that you should talk to about job opportunities. But don’t stop there. Brainstorm a bit. Think about the careers these people may have or have had. Try to get them to talk about their career if it seems interesting. Ask if they can tell you more about the company they work for. The information you receive may not match any of your career aspirations but the idea initially is

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Networking Can Multiply Your Opportunities

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to start a flow of information from which you can pick the pieces that look most promising.

You can enhance your network very easily by looking at the recruitment messages contained in this issue of the Job Search Journal. These companies would like you to contact them for more information about job opportunities that interest you. If you don’t see a specific contact name in a recruitment message, check with the company’s human resources department or ask for the department that is likely to represent the area of your career interest. Then ask for the name of that department head or someone with a title that would reflect a career path of interest to you. Make a request to speak with that person; again, be sure to remember your networking etiquette. If you haven’t been referred to this person by another person whose name you can mention, indicate that you saw the company’s recruitment message in this publication. Your helpful feedback regarding the company’s recruitment advertising will be appreciated and this will open your conversation on a positive note. Building up a third level of your network will take more time. To find more people to talk to, check local, regional, and national business or industry publications in the library or via the Internet for articles that could contain the names of persons whose work parallels your career interests. Note any other identifying information, such as where the person works, so that you can try to reach the person by phone or e-mail. Your career center or some of your professors may also have names of alumni or contacts at companies who would be willing to answer career questions and possibly give you other names to contact. If you e-mail someone, make your letter brief and proof it carefully before sending it.

Another strategy you can take is to go to events that persons in the career areas of interest to you would likely attend. These could be on-campus seminars or meetings conducted by businesses or other professional organizations. You may find notices regarding these activities posted on the bulletin boards at school, on the Internet, or in professional or trade periodicals. If you decide to go to such a meeting, dress professionally, i.e., wear a conservatively tailored suit or dress.

Make It Short and Sweet Consider having some business cards printed for yourself that briefly describe your education and skills. It’s easily done with a personal computer, printer, and some special business supply stock purchased at the local office supply store. Then you will have something you can give to the people you meet at these meetings that will enable them to contact you later. Your goal should be to introduce yourself to as many people as possible; offer your card and try to strike up a brief conversation that will lead to additional contact names.

Always begin your conversation by asking a question about the other person; try to talk about events related to the person’s work or industry. Another icebreaker is to try to find out what you may

have in common - is the person an alumni of your school; what was his major? Don’t conduct a monologue about yourself; try to keep your initial contacts brief since you will meet more people that way. If someone you meet seems interested in talking with you at length, ask if you could call or set up a meeting to discuss the person’s career path in more detail. Be sure to jot down a reminder regarding this so you’ll remember to follow up appropriately.

Let people know you enjoyed talking with them. And remember to thank them for any information they pass on to you. In some cases, you may want to follow up with written thank-you notes to the contacts who were especially generous with their time and advice. Always review the business cards you collect. Make some brief notes on each card or elsewhere to help you recall where and from whom you received the card; include any other facts regarding your contacts that may be useful later if you decide to network further with those persons.

Begin “growing your grapevine” as early as possible in your college career. The more labor you invest in networking, the greater and sweeter will be your harvest in terms of job opportunities.

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altavista.com • ask.comdogpile.com • google.com

yahoo.com

Internet search engines to try:

style of relating to others-do you like working as a team, or do you prefer more independence-these are the type of questions you should ask yourself to build your own personal profile. By gaining insight about yourself, you will be able to look at career options on the basis of how well the jobs within those careers match your talents and interests.

An excellent source of information on careers is the government publication, the Occupational Outlook Handbook, which is published by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics division. You may access this guide online at www.bls.gov. To compare salaries for various occupations among different industries, check out the National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates site at http://stats.bls.gov/oes.

What Color Is Your Parachute is a classic among the many thousands of job-search books that have been published. It has very helpful suggestions relating to discovering what your interests and talents are as well as tips on how to research companies. Your career center counselors will probably be able to provide you with titles of similar books or may even have copies of such books that you can borrow. There are also many self-assessment tests you can take that will match your personality, interests, and skills with careers or job titles. Check with your career center to see if it offers such testing.

Once you have been able to narrow down your potential career path through self-examination, then you will want to focus on finding companies that have the jobs you want. Research will not only help you identify companies with jobs that would suit you, but it can also help you find companies whose culture will suit you, too. By doing research on companies, you will also be able to identify the strongest companies and the strongest industries in our economy. This, in turn, will allow you to know which companies offer the best career potential.

Your having knowledge about the companies that you send your resume will pay off, too, if you are called for an interview. Having such background knowledge lets you go into the interview in a position of strength. You will be able to intelligently discuss a company’s products, its competitors, and its industry by having

Researching CompaniesInvestigate Yourself First

As you have learned in school, doing research on a topic you’re studying can help you gain a more in- depth view of that subject. But when the subject is as

broad as “where should I look for a job,” you could quickly feel overwhelmed by the sheer magnitude of the potential jobs and companies about which you could seek information. There is an excellent way to narrow this subject down, however. Before looking outward, look inward at yourself. By conducting some research on yourself, you can get a stronger sense of what your likes and dislikes are when it comes to careers and work. With this self-knowledge, you will then be able to eliminate many superfluous steps in your job search because you will be able to better identify which companies are likely to be good candidates in terms of your own job and career preferences. There are several areas of your experience that you can explore. Try to identify the type of tasks you’ve enjoyed in the past; also do an inventory of your interests. Consider your personality-do you lean toward being an extrovert or an introvert? Look at your interpersonal

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done research in advance. You’ll also know what questions to ask during an interview, and you can fill in gaps in your research of a particular company during this time as well.

Consult A Variety of Sources The sources of information on companies are numerous, so much so that figuring out which sources are the best to use can sometimes lead to confusion. A good way to approach your research is to first identify what information you are looking for. If you are trying to get information on industries, a good overview of the prospects for different careers in various industries is the Career Guide to Industries, another publication from the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. This guide is also available on line at www.bls.gov. Most libraries have copies of this guide in their reference departments. Your career center may also have a copy.

In fact, your career center should be the first place you visit as you begin your company research. Find out from counselors what companies are scheduled to appear at career fairs that may be taking place on your campus. The companies that are going to have representatives on your campus are the ones you should investigate first since the career fair provides you with a wonderful opportunity to discuss job prospects with someone from those companies. Your career center may have printed materials such as product literature, annual reports, and news clippings about the companies that participate in your campus’s job fairs. Your career center counselors may also have names of alumni who are willing to provide information on the company where they are employed. Talking with these alumni can give you valuable insight into company cultures.

Another key fact to find out right away is whether a company is publicly or privately owned. A publicly owned company means the company has sold shares of stock to the public. If a publicly held company has assets of $10 million or more, it must file certain financial reports about itself with the federal agency that oversees publicly owned companies, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). These reports can give you much information regarding the current financial state of a company and who its key personnel are. These reports can be retrieved electronically through EDGAR, the SEC’s online database, located at www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml.

Because businesses, both public and private, with more than one employee are required to get an Employer Identification Number (EIN), they are assigned a NAICS (pronounced Nakes) code (North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) when they are issued an EIN. The NAICS codes have replaced the SIC (Standard Industrial Classification) codes that have been used in the past by government statistical agencies to classify businesses which allows the agencies to gather economic and employment statistics in a standardized fashion.

While the names of specific businesses are not included in the data because such data must be kept confidential by the government agencies charged with collecting that data, there is a very useful report from the Census Department that allows you to determine the types of industries and businesses that are found within individual counties all across the United States. By examining this data, you can determine where the industries that have your preferred occupations are located. Information and a link to the County Business Patterns database is available online at www.census.gov/econ/cbp/index.html; in addition to searching by county, you can search the database by state, zip code, and metropolitan areas.

To find out the specific names of companies in those areas that you identify as places where you would be willing to live, you can try several methods to obtain company names. Local county governments gather statistics also and usually have economic information pertaining to businesses located within their county. This information may be available through the county’s economic development office; if it is not compiled, the county should have a list of occupational licenses it has issued and you may be able to obtain this list since it is considered public information. Chambers

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Questions You Should Try To Find Answers To:

What type of company/organization is it? A publicly held corporation? A privately held company? A foreign-owned company? A non-profit, non-government organization? A federal, state, or local government agency?

What are the company/organization’s products and/or services? Are there different divisions? What are the channels of distribution - wholesale, retail? How is it using the Internet? Who is the competition?

What is the company/organization’s history? How and when was the company/organization founded? By whom? What is the current role of the founders? What is the company/organization’s market share? What have been the trends in its sales, profits or funding revenues, debt? How has the company/organization managed to grow? How has the company dealt with downturns - by selling assets, by downsizing the employee base?

Who are the key executives in charge? What experience and educational backgrounds do the executives possess? If the company’s shares are traded by the public, what amount of stock do company executives hold? What is the average tenure of the executives? Have there been many recent departures of top managers lately? What compensation packages are offered to top executives?

What are the working conditions for other employees? Are promotions based on seniority? Is the workforce unionized? Has the company/organization received recognition for innovative management practices? What are average salaries for different positions? What comprises the benefits package? Are tuition reimbursements for training and education offered? What is the safety record of the company/ organization? Where are the company’s offices located? In what geographic areas does the company/ organization do business? What type of facilities/offices does the company/ organization have? What is their condition? How accessible are workplaces in terms of commuting time?

of Commerce are also good sources of information. There is a huge amount of information on companies available online; with some patience, use of search engines, and perhaps keyword search suggestions from a business reference librarian, you can narrow down the most productive sites. (See our related article for more information on using the Internet for your job search.)

Make the Most of Printed Matter

Of course, you may find it more efficient to use a printed directory for reference information on companies, especially if the company is private, small, regional, or foreign-owned. There are many publications which contain profiles on both public and private companies. Ask for assistance from a reference librarian; he or she may be able to suggest some specialized directories not included in this article. Some better-known publications include Standard & Poor’s Register of Corporations, Directors and Executives, Moody’s Manuals, Thomas’ Register of American Manufacturers and Ward’s Business Directory.

It is also important to check for any recent news that may have been released regarding a company. Business periodicals such as the Wall Street Journal, Investor’s Business Daily, Barron’s, Forbes, Fortune, and Business Week cover large as well as emerging companies. Other publications such as Inc. and Entrepreneur focus on new or fast-growing companies. Of course, if you are interested in working for a government agency or non-profit organization, there are specialized guides for these entities as well.

As you will discover during your research, there are many excellent sources of information although no single source exists that covers all industries and all companies. You can’t, of course, find out everything about every company because if a firm is privately held, it doesn’t have to reveal as much public information about itself as its publicly held counterparts would. But chances are you can find out some things about most companies you wish to consider and some knowledge is better than none. Also, by doing research on similar publicly held companies, you can become knowledgeable about that industry as a whole.

Try to be consistent as you gather your company information; in other words, if you expect to be able to compare companies, you have to gather comparable information about them. Below are some questions that you can use to guide your fact-finding. Whether you are a freshman or a senior, you should try to include time in your schedule on a regular basis for career and company research. By making such research an ongoing project, you’ll have time to unearth valuable discoveries that you can use in your favor once you do begin to explore the world beyond college.

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such as marketing firms for use in direct mail campaigns, for instance, the site’s privacy clause should reveal this to you and give you the option of not allowing the release of your data to such parties.

Use Lots of Key Words When you do decide to post your resume at a site, you need to review the format requirements to make sure your resume is submitted correctly. Also, take a look at how you have described your skills and experience. Since it is highly likely that any resume you submit electronically will be scanned at some point by software, your resume needs to contain certain key words that the software can recognize as matching the requirements of job openings for which you are applying. (See our article on resumes for additional details on scannable resume preparation.)

One of the first career sites you may want to visit is the U.S. Department of Labor site www.dol.gov. It contains many career exploration links which can be helpful in terms of narrowing down actual job titles that might match your skills, interests, and educational background. For some self-assessment tools, head to www.RileyGuide.com. Another site that has a lot to offer new graduates is www.CollegeGrad.com. The site has numerous links pertaining to the job search process for students looking for that first “real” job.

Don’t Overdo It One word of caution, however. Internet career sites are wonderful places to visit but because the sites are so rich you can be tempted to remain online for hours, clicking away for one more bit of information. If this is the case, set some limits on the time you spend online. Also, consider going online at night after regular working hours. For one thing, if you’re surfing using the same phone line that represents the phone number shown on your resume, then you may be preventing recruiters from reaching you. Strive for balance. Make sure you use other methods to find out about jobs, by attending job fairs on campus and elsewhere, by posting your resume with your campus career center, and by networking with family, friends, acquaintances, and others (see our related networking article).

Remember the old saying, “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush?” With this thought in mind, why not start your Internet job search by going to www.CampusPublicationsInc.com and linking to the compainis with recruitment messages in this edition of the Job Search Journal? We have provided a web page titled Job Seekers with quick links to websites arranged by industry to assist you in your search. Participating companies include large national and international corporations as well as regional firms and they really want to hear from you.

One click can open corporate doors just about anywhere. And once you’re in there, it’s definitely worth your while to mouse around. Good luck and happy clicking.

The Internet: Extra Propulsion for Your Job Search

As a candidate in search of a future career, your timing couldn’t be better. Thanks to the phenomenal increase in the number of Internet job boards and career sites, the

likelihood of your finding a job that really matches your skills and career preferences has been greatly enhanced. A wealth of information regarding careers is easily available at any hour and truly at your fingertips via the World Wide Web.

Although the Internet has not replaced traditional job search methods, it can certainly help you speed up the process of conducting a successful job search. In fact, trying to decide which online career resources to use can be mind-boggling, once you discover just how much job-related information is on the Web. Besides being a place where you can post your resume, career and job sites strive to keep you coming back by offering career advice, helpful how-to articles pertaining to writing resumes and cover letters, company profiles, and links for researching companies as well as direct links to the companies.

Who Gets Your Data? There are some things to keep in mind, however, if you want to make the most of Internet job search resources but at the same time protect your privacy. Check out a site’s privacy policy before posting any personal information about yourself. Usually, you’ll find a link to a site’s privacy policy at the bottom of the site’s home page. At many sites, you can either post your existing resume or fill in a blank form that asks you to provide details about your work history and contact information. This data then goes into a database and remains there for a certain length of time. Most sites do not charge for these postings.

Be sure, however, to clarify if any fees are charged, for instance, for updating the information, or for referrals from interested companies. You should also find out how long your personal data will remain in the database. It is also wise to determine how and by whom your resume information can be accessed. If you are already employed, you’ll sleep better at night by finding out beforehand what safeguards a site has in place to prevent your resume from landing in your boss’s hands. Keeping some notes on where and when you have posted resumes will help you take the appropriate follow-up action in a timely fashion.

Of course, career and job board sites also exist to serve seekers of job seekers, i.e., headhunters, recruiters and other HR (human resources) types. Sites usually charge these recruiters a fee for access to the site’s candidate databases. That is to be expected and it is a legitimate commercial use of the data a site has collected. What may not be acceptable to you is a site selling its data for purposes other than connecting job seekers with companies and individuals who have genuine hiring needs. If a site is selling its data to third-party vendors,

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To say that preparing your resume is an important part of your job search is a cliche. But no matter how often you may have heard this, it isn’t any less true. Your

resume is one of your life’s most important documents, up there with your report cards, your Social Security card, even your will. But, as with writing a will, actually getting around to writing a resume seems to be a challenge for many. Yet you must get started on it as soon as possible. You can do an excellent job of writing it if you budget sufficient time for it. It is imperative that you work hard at it and be prepared to rewrite and revise. You must devote as much or more effort to perfecting your resume as you ever devoted to any other subject. It is that important. So what are you waiting for?

Records and References Begin first by gathering records regarding your work and school history so you can have all of your personal information in one convenient spot. A file folder or large envelope will help keep things organized. Use the checklists below to guide your search for the material which will comprise the content of your resume.

Education Records1) Names and addresses of colleges you’ve attended; include relevant special training, technical courses, or seminars2) Dates of higher education enrollment/graduation3) Campus leadership/volunteer activities that could reflect skills and experience that would be useful to an employer4) Your academic record: courses taken, grades, any honors/special awards received that relate to your academic achievements

Work Records1) Names, addresses, and phone numbers of companies/or persons for whom you’ve worked (those you would like to include under work experience)2) Dates of your employment3) The names of supervisors and pay records (note: you will not include this in your resume, but you may need to have it handy for job applications that may have to be completed later as part of the hiring process)4) Job titles, accomplishments and responsibilities, including any special recognition you may have received for your work efforts You will also need to select your references; these should be three or four people who can speak favorably of you in terms of your past work experience, volunteer activities, or academic efforts. Check your references’ addresses and phone numbers to make sure that the information is current; don’t assume you know how to spell your references’ names if you’ve never seen their names in print; always check on the spelling of names.

Content Once you have assembled the details of your school and work experiences, you are ready to insert this content into a master resume document. From it, you will be able to create custom versions of your resume as needed. Depending on the skill requirements of a position, you may want to tailor the content of your resume. You can choose

which of your skills and what in your background would most closely match the needs of the employer. Then by giving these elements more emphasis in your resume, you can make your qualifications as a candidate more appealing.

Contact information is always placed at the top of a resume. This is your name, address, and phone number(s). Refer to the box for pointers on whether to include your e-mail address and/or your Web site address. How you position this contact information visually depends on your preferences. Generally, you can arrange your contact text blocks (1) in the top left corner of the page, (2) at the top center of the page, or (3) if you include both home and school addresses, top-center your name and align your addresses in the top left and right corners.

The main headings you’ll be using in your resume are: “Education” and “Work Experience.” “Employment History” and “Internships” are others. Additional headings to consider could be “Objective”, “Honors”, “Extracurricular Activities”, and “Awards”.

Should you mention grades on your resume? If you were a high academic achiever and had a consistent, overall 3.0 - 4.0 GPA, then including grade information under “Education” would be a plus. If your overall GPA wasn’t particularly strong, you could include only the GPA for the courses associated with your major if that GPA was 3.0 or above.

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Many students who have some work history wonder which heading to put first, “Education” or “Work Experience.” If your former or current employer represents a high-powered firm with lots of prestige associated with its name, then listing your work experience first may be more beneficial. On the other hand, if the school you have attended has a certain cachet attached to its name or if you are graduating with honors, then by placing “Education” as your first heading, your resume may get more attention. Opinions vary on whether you should include an “Objective” statement in your resume. If you do include an “Objective,” and you know what position you wish to apply for, specifically mention it in your objective. If you don’t have a particular job title in mind, then a brief description of your work goals is sufficient for your objective. Some career advisors feel including an “Objective” in your resume is unnecessary.

The inclusion of “References” as a heading on your resume is optional. If you choose to show this as a heading, then also include a line, “available upon request” next to it. You should not place your references’ names directly on your resume. List them on a separate sheet because you don’t want your references contacted unless an employer has requested reference information as a result of an interview with you. Another way to make use of favorable references is to obtain some reference letters in advance. But don’t enclose the letters with

every resume you send out. Reserve them for use only with very choice positions which you’ve ranked at the top on your job search list. After you have pulled together the content for your resume, your next decisions relate to the way you will present that content. The three components that will shape your resume are:

• the style in which you organize your content • the language you use to describe yourself,• the way you physically arrange the text on paper

Whether you chose a chronological or functional style for your resume, just remember you can always change it. The key to a good resume is the savvy use of key words. More and more large companies are scanning resumes using software that searches for key words which describe skills; these key words are nouns or adjectives - examples are “multilingual,” “word processing,” “spreadsheets,” or they could also be brand-specific key words, such as “Microsoft Word,” “WordPerfect,” or “Microsoft Office.” To assure the scanner picks up enough key words, you could cluster your skills under key word topics, such as “Languages.” Under that, you could list Spanish, Russian, etc.

Don’t use a traditionally written resume - one that has verb phrases because scanning software isn’t programmed to find verb-based skill descriptions. Only if you know for certain that your resume will not be scanned should you use action verbs to describe your skills. If possible, before sending your resume, find out from the company’s human resources department if your resume will be scanned or screened by software.

The formatting of your resume can make a difference in how easily and quickly it can be read. Whoever is looking at your resume is likely to have quite a few other resumes to review besides yours. By having a pleasing balance of white space and text blocks, you are helping the reader skim your information quickly yet come away with a good grasp of your skills and experience. Review “Formatting Tips” for specific suggestions regarding formatting your resume. Once you’ve shaped your resume’s content, wording, and format into a document, then you’re ready to print a copy for proofing. In fact, print several copies and pass them around to friends and family for feedback and extra error checking. Be sure to examine the following:

• spelling, verb tenses, consistency of language/grammar structure;• accuracy and organization of the information; and• its layout: is it easy to read; does it lead with your strengths?

Then print it out again and if time permits, ask a campus career counselor to review your resume. For better proofing, try to allow a day or two to pass before you proof a final time. Your eyes will be fooled into seeing it as a new document, and you will thus be more alert to errors. Take another final look. Are you satisfied with the quality of your resume? If you are, then relax a bit. If not, relax a bit and then get back to work. A final polishing never hurts. When you have completed this process, congratulate yourself on a job well done. Relax briefly again if you like, but not for long. If you have also done your research on companies and know the positions you want to target, your job search is ready for blast-off.

Stay organized and follow up appropriately. Try to establish a routine for your search. Rest assured, however, with the potent mixture of your excellent resume and taylored cover letters, you have powerful fule that will take you far. Hang on and enjoy the ride.

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Chronological resume

VIRGINIA BROWN

Current Address: Permanent Address:319 Fountain Street 2206 Taylor LaneDaytona Beach, FL 32115 Jacksonville, FL 32211904-555-1401 904-555-4457vbrwn@mindspring.com

OBJECTIVE: A position involving e-commerce development.

EDUCATION: B.S. - Computer Science 2017 Bethune-Cookman College Daytona Beach, FL 32114

Computer program skills in: C/C++, Visual Basic, Microsoft Office, Oracle, HTML, SQL, Linux,Microsoft Front Page

Activities: President, Young Women in Business Club Computer lab assistant, on-campus computer lab Provided technical assistance in computer lab; Oriented students to lab facilities

Awards: Dean’sList (2013-2017)

WORK Software Solutions, Inc., 2346 Winner’s Circle, Daytona Beach, FL 32115EXPERIENCE: Assistant Manager, Client Services 2014-present Designed data-entry fields for client Oracle databases Advised clients regarding database creation Presented database software solutions to prospective clients Coordinated training for e-commerce clients

Summer 2015-2017 WebCity, Inc., 338 Peilican Avenue, Jacksonville, FL 32201 Assistant Internet Coordinator Updated business content for client websites Edited content and converted into HTML format Assisted with online forums with clients’ customers

REFERENCES: Available upon request

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Functional resume

JAMES SMITHCurrent address: Permanent address: 4000 Johnson Blvd. 69 Mahler Street Chicago, IL 60628 Schaumburg, IL 60173312-995-2121 847-934-3367

OBJECTIVE: A geriatric nursing administration position

EDUCATION: Chicago State University, Chicago, IL 60628 B.S., Nursing, 2016 Clinical Experience: Provided total nursing care to acute geriatric patients Monitered medications, IV’s, and administered other assigned care Coordinated rehabilitative treatments for patients Experienced in cardiac resuscitation Assessed for outpatient nursing and home health care needs

Leadership and Organization: Served as president of Student Nurses Association Assisted in development of nursing school’s community health screening project Planned care schedules for homebound frail elderly patients Coordinated details of engagement of nationally-recognized speakers for geriatric healthcare forum

Communications: Edited nursing school’s monthly newsletter Contributed articles regarding geriatic care tips for publication in local Chicago paper Assisted with organization of semi-annual geriatric healthcare issues forum Spoke to local senior organizations on topics relating to elderly care for Alzheimer patients

Computer Literacy: Knowledge of Microsoft Office Windows xp/Windows Vista / Windows 10 Experienced in generating patient supplies via computer program

Work History: Columbia Grant Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614 2015-2017

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While a recruiter can form a quick mental image of y o u r s k i l l s a n d e d u c a t i o n f r o m r e a d i n g y o u r resume, sending your resume by itself to a recruiter without a

cover letter is like asking a recruiter to watch you on TV with the sound turned off. He or she can “see” you in your resume, but without a cover letter that reveals your unique “voice,” the recruiter can’t really get the “full story” on you. An effective cover letter lets you “turn up the volume” and communicate personally with someone who has to perform the rather impersonal task of weeding through a stack of resumes.

Avoid “To Whom It May Concern Ideally, you should address your letter to a specific person. Although some recruitment messages may include a specific name of a recruiter or individual to whom resumes and cover letters can be sent, in many cases, only the identity of the company department or division and an address is given. But generally, you can call the company and ask for that department, and then, once you are connected, you can obtain a specific person’s name and title to whom you can send your cover letter and resume. If you are not applying for a particular position but are interested in working for that department, you would want to find out the name of the person in charge of that department and the title they hold.

You don’t need to get into details regarding your qualifications other than to convey that you would like to apply for a position within that department. Be sure to ask for the correct spelling of the name you are given before hanging up. It does take time to track down this information, but by having a person’s name on the letter, it increases the chances of your being “heard,” and your resume being “seen.”

So what is it you want your cover letter to do? Do you have a specific position in mind - was this position actually advertised as open? Or do you just want to get your foot in the door and are willing to consider an entry-level position with the company? Why do you want to work for this company? Before ever sending your letter, you should have researched the company well enough to know something about where it stands in its industry and what its company culture is like. From this information, you should be able to convey in your letter some positive points about the company and what your motivation is for wanting to work for them in terms of how you could be of help to them.

Stick With Good Structure Now, to get down to the actual writing of the letter - it needs to be one page only and it needs to sell “you.” Selling “you” means describing point by point how your skills and education either match the skill and education requirements of a particular position or how you would be able to assist the company with your particular skill set and educational background. Your writing style should be clear, concise, and error-free. The format of your letter will include a block for your address (you can leave your name out of it because you will have your name typed out in the signature line). Skip a line and add the date of your letter. How you arrange the blocks of text in your letter will depend on whether you choose to use a “block” style or “modified block” letter style. (See our cover letter examples.)

Skip another line or two and add the addressee information, placing this block of text flush left. Skip another line and then begin the salutation, and punctuate it with a colon, unless you’ve talked to the person at some length. In that case, a comma would be acceptable.

In your first paragraph, you state why you are writing - if you are applying for a particular position that was advertised, then refer to the specific position and where you saw it mentioned. If you just desire to work for this company and have a definite reason for it or an objective in mind, then express this in the opening paragraph. Your second paragraph is where you need to give examples of why your skills and education would be a good match for the position and/or the company. Use strong action verbs and aim an “active” rather than “passive” voice whenever possible. (Review examples in a grammar book for details if you are unsure of your sentence style.) This is where you really must “pitch” positively for yourself. No negative information about yourself should be mentioned (anything negative can be discussed in an interview) nor should you voice any complaints about previous employers in your letter.

Your third paragraph needs to wrap things up with a compliment about the company (its achievements, people or its products) and convey your desire for an interview opportunity. Provide information on how you can be reached and then give a date on which you will follow up regarding your interview request should you not hear from anyone before then. Mention also that your resume is enclosed.

Close with “Sincerely,” and then skip four lines before typing your full name. Two or three lines down, you can add the word “Enclosure” since you are including your resume with the letter. Use a 9" x 12" envelope so you won’t have to fold your letter (or your resume). Both will look nicer and be easier to handle without creases. The manner in which you prepare this letter should be the same as your resume in terms of paper, ink, font size and style, and printer. (See our advice on these points in our resume article.) Don’t forget to proof at least three times! Ask someone else to take a look at your cover letter so you can get some feedback on your writing’s effectiveness as well as some help checking for errors.

Sound Sincere, Skip the Slang Keep your language simple but slang-free and don’t use words whose meaning isn’t totally clear to you. Looking at other cover letters can help you but don’t fall prey to the temptation to just copy a letter - it usually doesn’t work very well and may “sound” inauthentic. You can definitely do a better job as it will truly be “you” speaking. Just allow yourself plenty of time to tailor your letter to reflect how you can meet the specific needs of the job or potential job with the particular company at which you are seeking employment.

Place a copy of the letter in a file that is easily accessible and note on your calendar when you should follow up. Remember, practice makes perfect - the first one or two letters may seem hard to write but once you have gone through the process several times, it will get easier to talk about yourself in a way that will make a reviewer pay heed, and before you know it, you’ll have a paycheck and the satisfaction of concluding a successful job search.

Cover Letters: Get Personal on Purpose

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Agreat resume and successful interviews will not, in most cases, eliminate a basic job search task: filling out a job application. This document is a company’s

way of officially retrieving data on you with your permission; it is also a way that they can legally hold you accountable for presenting true information about yourself. So you will want to make sure what you put down on an application is accurate.

As part of writing your resume, you had to pull together information regarding your past employment and education. Although you didn’t include the names and titles of supervisors or employers’ phone numbers, most applications request this information. Jot this extra information down on a copy of your resume to take with you so you won’t have to spend time remembering all of these details.

You should have your Social Security card with you in case you are asked to present it. Including your Social Security number on job applications is usually required. Most job applications ask you to provide reference information so be prepared to supply the full names, titles, complete addresses and phone numbers of your references.

It is okay to use abbreviations when filling out applications because of space limitations. Don’t forget to include the period to punctuate your abbreviation correctly. States’ abbreviations don’t require periods. Filling out a job application can be one of the most tedious task in your job search if you are not prepared. Planning ahead can make this job so smoothly. If you are unsure of what might be asked of you, generic job applications are available for purchase at the office supply store. It’s not a bad idea to purchase an application and fill it out ahead of time. Have it with you when you go and relax, you’re ready.

Below are some helpful tips on how to best complete a job application so that it helps instead of hinders your chances of getting the job you want.

1. Before you fill out an application, read all of it.

2. If possible, request another copy of the application or make a copy yourself. This lets you complete a first draft without worrying about penmanship mistakes or memory mishaps. Referring to your draft, you can write a final, neater copy.

3. Pay attention to the directions and make sure you follow them exactly.

4. Use a ballpoint ink pen, preferably black - not a pencil. A piece of paper under the application can prevent you from punching a hole in it with your pen; the extra sheet of paper can also alleviate ink seepage onto the back of the application.

5. Unless the application directs you to write in cursive, print neatly and stay within the lines provided.

6. If your last name is to be written first, use a comma to separate it from your first name. Elements of your address may also need to be separated by a comma if written on the same line. Example: Smith, John 3347 Bentley St., Sarasota, FL 34239

7. Include street numbers, suite or apartment numbers and zip codes with addresses; include area codes with phone numbers.

8. Look carefully at the sequence in which some questions are asked. Fill in all blanks or boxes; if a question does not apply to you, it is acceptable to use NA for Not Applicable if the format allows this. In some cases, you may see boxes to check instead. Look closely at all of these to see if they must be checked so you don’t inappropriately leave one blank by mistake.

9. Where your signature is requested, you should use cursive and definitely not print in this area. You usually must put a date by your signature as well.

10. Proof your application slowly and thoroughly a final time to make sure you haven’t overlooked anything.

11. Make or request a copy of the completed application for your records.

How to Complete A Job Application

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Block-style format

726 Edisto AvenueColumbia, SC 29205

June 5, 2017

Ms. Deborah BrownVice President, Store Management DivisionUpscale Department Stores, Inc.333 Eagle AvenueHouston, TX 77002

Dear Ms. Brown,

I recently graduated from Prairie View A & M University with a B.B.A. in marketing management and would like an opportunity to discuss what career openings may be available within your organization. I minored in computer science and have been intrigued by your company’s reputation as an innovator in the use of technology. During my past four summers, as a full-time assistant floor manager at a major retail department store in Columbia, S.C., I handled credit approvals, authorization of refunds, floor associate scheduling and quarterly inventory reports for the store. Additionally, I supervised merchandise display areas and worked with our marketing department to plan special promotional events for the store.

While in school, I served as secretary treasurer of our student government during my senior year. Within the business school, as a volunteer, I assisted with the engagement of special business-school seminar speakers. I am comfortable with public speaking and served as our campus debate club president for two years.

I believe my education and past work experience would allow me to contribute productively to your achievements as a company. My resume is enclosed for your review. I will contact you within the next several days to determine when, at your earliest convenience, I could arrange an interview to discuss my qualifications further with you.

Sincerely,

John Smith

Enclosure

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Modifiedblock-styleformat

2298 Morgan Street Jacksonville, FL 32209

April 21, 2017Mr. Frederick JonesVice President, Human ResourcesXYZ Securities, Inc.200 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005

Dear Mr. Jones,

I would like to be considered for the Investment Analyst position you recently advertised in the Fall 2016 edition of the Southern / Northern Diversity Schools Job Search Journal. On May 21, 2017, I will graduate magna cum laude from Florida A&M University with a B.S. degree in economics and a minor in accounting.

While attending school, I have worked part-time as an assistant analyst in the research division of a local financial institution’s trust department (full-time in the summer). During this time, from my coursework and from my work experience, I have gained considerable under-standing of how to use financial and economic data to predict market trends. As an analyst assistant, I reviewed corporate financial statements, annual reports and SEC filings along with economic reports pertinent to the stock market.

In addition to tracking stock activity related to customer portfolios, I worked with the re-search department staff to compile data on individual stocks as well as broader market trends. I also assisted in writing reports interpreting our technical findings. These were distributed for use by the trust administration department staff. I appreciated project contributions made by my fellow coworkers and learned to value what team effort can accomplish. I also learned to work well under pressure since we had tight deadlines for completion of these reports.

Your company’s emphasis on research seems to have paid off since I recently read in Barron’s an article which recognized the accuracy of your stock and market analysis. I believe I could contribute to the continuation of your excellence in research. Because I would like to work for a company of your caliber, I am willing to relocate to New York and would appreciate greatly the opportunity to discuss in person my qualifications for the above position. I will fol-low up with a phone call to you next week if I have not heard further from you. You may reach me at 904-555-2237. My resume is enclosed.

Sincerely,

Rhonda Williams

Enclosure

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Interviews: What You Must DoFirst interviews: You must arrive on time. Your grooming, your poise and your basic communication skills must pass muster. You must convince the interviewer that you have the qualifications to do the job. Your attitude must convey enthusiasm and sincere interest.

Second interviews: You must arrive on time. Your grooming must be impeccable; you will be more closely scrutinized since you will probably talk with several people in addition to your main interviewer. Questions will be more probing so your poise and communication skills must rise to the challenge. You must persuade all who talk with you that you have the qualifications to handle the job. You must give specific examples of how you have employed your skills in the past, of how you have solved problems, and explain how your experience can be applied to the position you are seeking. Your attitude must convey enthusiasm and sincere interest. You must seem at ease in the company environment.

Types of Interviews:The group interview tests your poise before groups. Have several friends or family members conduct a mock group interview. Try to view a group as a cluster of friendly individuals; think positively of yourself. After all, you were invited back.

The behavioral interview appraises your problem-solving abilities based on examples of your past behaviors which you must provide Be honest and specific with your details; try to conclude with an outcome that provides a positive image of your problem-solving skills.

The meal interview examines your table manners and your abilities to conduct business in a social setting.Decline alcoholic drinks. Order only easy-to-eat food; avoid spicy or breath-damaging choices. Don’t get boisterous; maintain your reserve. If you have any doubts beforehand about dining formalities, consult a recent edition of an etiquette book. Remember to thank your host for his hospitality.

Interviewing

The most challenging part of your job search will be handling interviews. You have to sell yourself to another person, who, in all likelihood, has never laid eyes on you.

Although interviews aren’t exactly anyone’s idea of fun, there are many steps you can take to make an interview go in your favor.

Good “Prep” Work Will Pay Off Research companies in advance of sending your resume. That way, when you are called for an interview, you will eliminate a last minute scramble for company information. It can’t be emphasized enough that being informed about a company can make a huge difference in your interview success. Not only will your knowledge of the company demonstrate your intellectual curiosity to the interviewer, but it will also show that you had the foresight and initiative to prepare yourself for the interview. Knowing that you can make a good impression by being well versed about a company can give your confidence a boost, which in turn should improve your overall interview performance.

Once you have researched companies and jobs, it’s a good idea to try to send out resumes to as many job positions that interest you as you can. This will assure you of more interviews and more potential offers within a shorter timeframe. When you do begin receiving responses to your resume, schedule interviews fairly close together. You will get better at interviewing that way and, again, you will generate more choices in terms of job offers.

Before your interviews, consider how best to talk about your skills and education so that you can convince your interviewer that your qualifications for a position are in line with the needs of the company. Review your resume so that you don’t overlook anything when you are asked to talk about yourself. You should also be able to talk about both your strengths and weaknesses in a positive manner. Practice summarizing your resume information out loud so that you will be able to present the contents concisely and confidently. You want to answer questions without rambling. Think also of questions that you can ask. This will help you determine if the company is right for you. Have your questions handy so that you can refer to them when the appropriate opportunity arises during the interview.

Ideally, you should run through several mock interviews. Imitate all the steps that you would face in a real interview: entering the room, shaking hands, being seated, responding to interview questions, and finally, departing. If you can videotape your practice interviews, you can have instant visual feedback on your performance, but even reviewing an audiotape of your responses can be helpful. Have your “interviewer” run through

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typical and tough questions that might be asked. With practice, not only will the answers improve but your delivery of those answers will improve as well.

If you can, try to find out beforehand who is interviewing you. Knowing something about your interviewer in advance can help you in several ways. The person’s background may influence the focus of the interview; and by being familiar with the interviewer’s work history, you may gain insight about what the interviewer is looking for in a candidate. This may also help you anticipate potential roadblocks that may occur during the interview.

First Impressions Do Count Don’t stint on your personal appearance. No matter how well you answer questions, if your apparel and grooming are anything but impeccable, you could be doing yourself a grave injustice. You should select attire that is a little more conservative and formal than what may be the norm at the company. This applies even for those companies that tout their informality.

Men should wear a suit that shows no signs of wear and one that is quietly conservative in color, cut, and fabric. Belted suit pants should break just slightly over the shoe top. Belts and shoes need to match; black or brown leather is the best material. Belt buckles should be unremarkable. Acceptable shoe styles are wingtip lace-ups or dressier, tasseled slip-ons in plain leather: no suede, patent leather, or saddle shoes. Make sure shoes are well polished and that the soles and heels are in good shape. The safest bets for socks are opaque, non-bulky dark ones that are long enough to prevent gaps of bare leg. Men’s shirts should be white or very pale in color, of pinpoint oxford cloth or broadcloth and professionally ironed and starched. Ties should preferably be silk, with a tastefully modest print that provides a pleasing but conservative contrast to suit and shirt. For women, while conservative is still the watchword, choices are a bit broader. A nicely tailored suit still works well for interview attire. However, a conservatively cut dress with a jacket is another

look that is also very appropriate. Color schemes should be low-key. Although hemlines vary so much these days, for interviews hem height should definitely be no more than two inches above the knee. Steer clear of slit skirts. Choose closed, low-heeled shoes of leather and wear plain, nontextured hose. A purse is okay but it needs to be unobtrusive.

Fingernails should be short, clean and well manicured. Hair should look freshly trimmed or styled and be clean. For men, a traditional-style watch is okay as is a wedding band but pass up other adornments. Women can wear a modest amount of jewelry and perhaps a scarf as an accessory, but flashy choices should be avoided. Makeup and nail polish, if worn, should be subtle.

Another accessory that is acceptable is a plain leather briefcase or portfolio; either will do for carrying extra resumes as well as a pad for note taking. Women should try to avoid carrying both a purse and a briefcase or portfolio. Bringing along an umbrella and an overcoat may also be advisable if forecasts suggest inclement weather. Men should carry a handkerchief inside their jackets; women should tuck away tissues, lipstick, a compact and even an extra pair of panty hose in their purses. Several ink pens for note taking are also a good idea. Make sure you have suitable backup clothing pressed and ready to wear should you need a quick change.

Use Poise With a Positive Attitude You know you look your best. Now you need to follow proper interviewing etiquette which will help you demonstrate your social poise to the interviewer. First and foremost, be on time. If you are in an unfamiliar location, try to do a test run of your route in advance and factor in some extra time for any traffic or parking delays. But don’t get there too early - ten minutes or so before your appointment is the soonest you should appear in the office where your interview is scheduled.

Greet the secretary or receptionist courteously, introduce yourself, and then explain why you are there. Wait until you are told where to be seated; then try to choose a chair that won’t cause you to slouch. A spot where you can watch office comings and goings will let you observe more people and can help you discover a lot about the mood of the workplace. Just make sure you’re not in the way of incoming traffic. As you wait, don’t chew gum and it is best not to bring in a a beverage durring the interview. If offered water it is okay to accept but don’t let it become a distraction.

If you feel nervous, a few discreet deep breaths can help calm you. Try to think positively about how your interview will go; this will help you project enthusiasm, a trait interviewers like and look for. When you finally meet your interviewer, wait until he or she offers a hand and then shake it firmly for a few seconds. (practice your handshake beforehand so it’s not too firm or too limp.) Maintain

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good eye contact with your interviewer and smile pleasantly when you are greeted. Once you enter the interviewer’s office, again wait until you are offered a seat. Then if you have a choice, select a nearby seat that will allow you to sit erectly as you talk.

Expect a little bit of small talk to build rapport. If your interviewer seems nervous or inexperienced, try to find something to talk about: either something you might each have in common or an object or picture in the interviewer’s office. While you want to relax, you don’t want to act overly familiar. You should not call your interviewer by his or her first name unless you are told to.

Stress Your Qualifications Often What you want to try to do as soon as possible in the interview is to have the interviewer discuss the requirements of the position. Having this information upfront will allow you to tailor your responses in a way to better convince your interviewer that you have what it takes to handle the job. Answer questions completely but briefly. If a question puzzles you, you can respond with a question to clarify what the interviewer is really trying to find out. Be honest; if you have had a negative experience that must be discussed, do so in a positive fashion to demonstrate that you have learned from it. Notice your interviewer’s body language and pay attention to your own. Maintain good posture. If you lean forward slightly as you answer, you will convey enthusiasm. It’s okay to gesture with your hands as you speak - just make sure you don’t get too expansive with your hands or arms. Do not jingle change or fidget with your hair. If your interviewer’s face expresses disinterest, then maybe you’re rambling. Shorten your answers. Try to renew your interviewer’s interest by asking his opinion or advice about the current matter under discussion. But avoid changing the subject or interrupting the flow of the interview.

Ask Good Questions You can reveal your interest in the company to the interviewer by asking questions. Initially limit them to those that can reveal your knowledge of the issues relating to the company or its industry as a whole (stay away from anything controversial). Since your interviewer may be on a schedule, don’t ask too many. And be forewarned: never bring up questions about salary, vacation times, or benefit packages on your own. Sometimes these subjects are not discussed by the interviewer since often a first interview is for screening purposes only. If your interviewer tries to ask you about your salary requirements, try to shift the giving of an answer back over to him by asking him to give you an idea of the salary range. Although you should have some inkling from your research of what the position might pay, it is preferable to have the interviewer provide you with salary information.

At the close of the interview, if you don’t feel you have enough information to gauge the suitability of the work environment, you may certainly try to gain a sense of the company culture by asking additional questions. But if the interviewer seems to be signaling the interview is coming to a close, save your questions. You will likely have another opportunity for inquiry should you be called back for a second interview.

If you have concluded that the company is a place where you’d like to work and you want the position, then again stress your qualifications for the position and be direct. Let the interviewer know that you would like the job if he seems noncommittal. You really have nothing to lose and your assertiveness may change the interviewer’s mind about you as a candidate. If the interviewer has not given you any idea when a decision regarding the position will be made, then ask him about it. Make sure you have the interviewer’s title and his name with its correct spelling so that you can send him a follow-up note.

Regardless of the outcome of your interview, maintain a positive demeanor. Thank your interviewer and shake hands again before you leave. Be sure you have all of your personal belongings before departing. Also offer a friendly farewell to the person that sees you out of the office.

After the First Interview Begin by looking at any notes you took and make sure they are legible so you can refer back to them later if necessary. Review your interview performance and think of how you could have improved it. Then write a brief note to your interviewer, thanking him for the interview opportunity and again reiterate your qualifications for the job if it is one you want.

If you were given a date for a decision about the job and the date comes and goes without your having heard anything, then don’t hesitate to make a call to inquire regarding the status of the position. Companies often have a bureaucratic process that can

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slow down decisions so you have every right to determine your standing as a candidate, especially if you have other offers to consider.

A Second Interview is Your Encore If you are asked back for a second interview, then be encouraged. You are now being viewed as a qualified candidate. In a second interview, you can anticipate that the questions will be more probing.The interviewer is now trying to determine if you will fit into the company’s culture and if you have characteristics that would allow you to problem-solve. Take your time with the questions - your pausing before answering will not be viewed as a negative, but instead will show that you think before you speak. Your interviewer may begin to give you information concerning compensation: salary, vacation time and other benefits, such as health insurance. Listen carefully and take notes if you aren’t offered any printed information. Such notes will be invaluable for comparing total compensation should you find yourself with multiple offers to consider. Nevertheless, even at the end of a second interview, you may not yet receive an offer. You should, however, be given some idea of when a final decision will be made. And if not, ask. If you were interviewed by a second

person, be sure to get his title and name (correctly spelled) because you will also want to send this person a follow up note.

After the Interview Maintain a record of your interviews: note the name of the company, the interview date, the title and name of all persons you spoke with, and any details of what you discussed that you can recall. This will assure that you handle your follow up activities in a timely manner. Keep your spirits high by reminding yourself that you do have unique abilities and talents. Realize that although your interview skills aren’t perfect, with practice you will improve. Always display an enthusiastic attitude throughout your interviews - it in itself is powerfully persuasive. A match between your career needs and an employer’s needs is bound to occur. And if you continue to steadily send out resumes and go to interviews, your career match will happen sooner instead of later.

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might reveal the culture or working atmosphere of a company will be especially helpful. This can clue you in on whether or not the environment is one where you would thrive.

A major part of any salary offer is the benefits package. You should certainly also have information on this portion of your offer before making any final decisions. And you will want to examine cost-of-living data when comparing job offers. Many career sites have links to cost-of-living calculators that can simplify this analysis for you. If, upon reflection, you decide you would like to accept an offer apart from the fact that the salary seems a bit low, then it would be worth it to try to negotiate a higher starting figure. Arrange an appointment to discuss the offer; do not attempt to settle it over the phone. Negotiate In Good Faith Salary negotiations may seem a little intimidating for someone new to the job market. But generally, there is often some leeway in what can be offered in the way of salary during the hiring process. Since what you accept in the present will affect what your pay will be in the future, it is worthwhile to try to negotiate a better salary if it seems low. But don’t be greedy. A large jump upward from an initial offer may not be realistic because many entry-level jobs have fairly fixed starting salaries. However, a modest increase may not be unreasonable, especially if you have strong work experience or skills that are in demand.

You must always be very calm and very positive in your manner when you begin any salary discussions. If you know you want the job but the initial offer seems inadequate (based on your research), express your pleasure but remain noncommittal. Explain that while you are really looking forward to joining the company, you would like to discuss the salary offer. Then you must provide convincing examples of why your skills and experience are worth more than what was originally offered. Conclude by stating a figure (that is on the upper end of the salary range) which you believe is more satisfactory and which you have determined is competitive for the industry.

If you have another pending offer at a higher salary for a similar position, then you could share this with the interviewer and let him know that you would prefer to work for his company, yet you feel the other salary offer is closer to your expectations. Despite your efforts, however, your request may be refused. Remain pleasant and if you really want the job, then respond with a cheerful cordial acceptance.

Once you indicate that you will accept an offer, then you must do so in good faith. Your acceptance has ethical as well as legal ramifications. Courtesy requires that you notify other companies with whom you have interviewed that you are withdrawing from further consideration. Then, relax and congratulate yourself. You’re off to a great start!

The Job Offer - Take It or Leave It?

“We’d like to offer you the position.”

Should you say yes? Or no? What should you do? Getting a job offer can be a pretty exciting moment in a new college graduate’s life. But it can also be a bit overwhelming in terms

of the decisions you have to make.

Uncertainty Is Okay You may feel uncertain about whether you should take a job or not, especially if you still have several other interviews coming up shortly. Realistically, you shouldn’t have to say yes right away. However, you do want to immediately respond in an enthusiastic, positive way to indicate that you’re very happy to receive the offer. You can then explain that since this is a big decision, you’d be grateful for more time to consider the offer. If you ask, most company recruiters are usually willing to grant you anywhere from 24 to 72 more hours.

At this stage, your offer should have a salary amount associated with it. Normally, salary or benefits aren’t topics you should bring up. On the other hand, if you haven’t been given at least a salary range with the offer, then you need to arrange an appointment to discuss salary.

If another of your interviews goes well and you have more interest in the subsequent position, you could let that interviewer know of your strong desire to be considered but point out that you have some time constraints because of a pending offer (you’re not obliged to identify the other company). Then ask how soon he could let you know regarding his decision so you can determine how long you might have to weigh a subsequent offer from him. How should you evaluate an offer? By allotting time for research well before you begin interviewing, you can gain insight into what various positions in certain fields pay. This will help you determine what the salary range should be for the different jobs you may be applying for. But a note of caution: the salaries you may be finding during your research often are actually average salaries; the figures don’t necessarily reflect what the entry-level base pay is for a worker with no experience. Nevertheless, in fields where demand is high and the pool of candidates is low, starting salaries could approach average salary figures.

“Bread” Alone Does Not Make a Meal There are many other factors to bear in mind when you analyze an offer. Your research should also include looking at company profiles. (See our article on researching companies for helpful advice regarding this task.) Any information that you can find which

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Make sure you understand what is expected of you in terms of work. If you have any doubts, confer with your boss. Ask for more specific details on what your boss would like to see accomplished for any projects that seem vague. Be sure to document your work so that you can refer to your achievements when your performance evaluation comes up.

Team Up Higher visibility within your company can be achieved several ways. Show enthusiasm for the assignments you are given and make quality a noticeable feature of your work products. Look for tasks that you can take on outside of your regular responsibilities. Volunteer for projects that would give you the chance to work with others in different departments. This shows initiative and demonstrates your ability to work in a team setting. Seek to enhance your knowledge and skills through training or additional education; then offer to share what you’ve learned through a presentation. Be fastidious about your personal appearance and hygiene. Your attire should emulate the apparel worn by your superiors.

Although you may have many creative ideas, as a newcomer you must first demonstrate your ability to complete work following existing procedures and through cooperative teamwork with your fellow employees. This will help you “fit in” and will establish your reputation as someone who can be trusted to “get the job done.” Once you have built rapport with others, then you can begin to make suggestions that reflect your ideas on how a project or problem should be handled. Remember to put your ideas forth in a manner that doesn’t try to make others look bad. Don’t go above people’s heads to seek approval of your ideas.

Study the behaviors of employees who have already done well within the organization as well as others whose stars seem to be rising. Try to analyze what personal traits or skills have led to their success; then try to incorporate similar strategies in your own workplace behaviors. Seek out a more experienced mentor within the company whose judgment you trust. This person can provide valuable feedback to you regarding your performance as well as suggestions on how to move ahead. Just don’t overdo your consultations; respect your mentor’s schedule and be sure to make an appointment so your mentor won’t feel imposed upon.

Become knowledgeable of your company’s structure and organizational charts. Also stay attuned to the politics of your organization. Although you don’t want to be seen as engaging in petty gossip, keeping your ears open can give you an idea of the alliances and animosities that may exist within your company. By being aware of personal rivalries, you can better anticipate potential obstacles that may arise as a result of personality conflicts. Keep up with press coverage about your company. Follow industry trends so that you can make more intelligent decisions. Get involved in community events, too, always remembering to be loyal to your company by being a good steward for it. By visibly demonstrating your commitment to your company’s goals, you will be building the foundations for your own success.

Moving Up in Your Career

W ith much anticipation, you have started your new job. Now what? How should you “grow” your career? There are many common sense strategies that

can help you gain job satisfaction and the recognition that will lead you to the next level of your career.

First of all, be courteous and friendly. Don’t be overly familiar with co-workers you’ve just met but do make it a goal to try to really get to know other employees. This can be done by mingling at company-sponsored social events, break times, and lunch periods. Just don’t socialize at the wrong times: i.e., when people are trying to accomplish tasks or when you need to get your work completed. Remember the basics, too - arrive on time, dress properly, and stick to your allotted lunch and break periods. Avoid dating persons in your immediate circle of co-workers. Meet your work deadlines while pursuing the highest quality output possible.

Listen with Your Eyes and Your Ears An essential factor in work-place success is communication. Everyone communicates differently - notice the ways in which the people in your office interact, in both group settings and one-on-one encounters. Does your co-worker prefer not to talk when deadlines are tight? How about your boss? Does she prefer end-of-the-day briefings or does she want you to check in more frequently? Pay attention to body language exhibited during speech, your own and that of others. It can tell you a lot. Good listening skills are important, too. Restate what the other person has said if you feel unclear about his meaning. The advice “think before you speak,” is still sound. Pause to consider what the purpose of your message is and how you want to deliver it. Often a brief memo is more effective than an oral statement.

Nevertheless, even if you do a good job with your assigned duties, you can take additional steps to optimize your career. It is extremely important to help your boss do well. Never make critical remarks about him or about other workers. Keep your superior up-to-date on your progress with projects for which you are responsible.

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W ith so many professions getting so little respect from the public these days, nursing is the outstanding exception. Since 1999, when the Gallup Organization

first began including the nursing profession in their public opinion poll that ranks professionals for professional honesty and ethical standards, nurses have been ranked at the top. Yet in terms of a profession chosen for a career, nursing has not been a popular field. The number of persons choosing to go into nursing training programs has been steadily declining until just recently. Thus the output of new nurses to replace retiring nurses and newly created RN positions has continued to fall short of what is needed to fill these jobs.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Servies predicts a registered nurse (RN) shortage of 808,416 by 2020 based on a study done by the National Center for Workforce Analysis. According to figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than a million registered nurses will be needed by the year 2012 if new and replacement nursing jobs are to be adequately filled.

Although nursing program enrollments have increased in recent years, the nursing shortage is likely to continue because of a population increase in the elderly that will continue for years to come on a worldwide basis. Demand for nurses with bacca-laureate degrees (B.S.N.s) or higher in terms of education will be greatest as well as for nurses with experience in critical care, emergency and operating room care, labor and delivery as well as neonatal care according to predictions of several organizations representing nursing professionals.

Because of the increasing shortage of nurses, health care or-ganizations have worked to make nursing careers more attractive in terms of salary, benefits, and work schedules. Public relations campaigns that emphasize the status and importance of nurses in terms of achieving quality health care delivery and outcomes has also helped attract a more diverse pool of applicants, including more men and minorities, to the nursing profession. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, median annual earnings of registered nurses were $52,330 in 2004; the median 50 percent earned between $43,370 and $63,360.

Today, more than ever, the field of nursing is full of oppor-tunities for persons who are willing to commit themselves to an educational program that will include a certain amount of science-related coursework, liberal arts courses, and specialized nursing instruction within academic classrooms as well as supervised clinical settings. The time it takes to complete the specialized training to become a registered nurse varies, depending on the

program you choose. Completion will qualify you to take a final national licensing exam which you must pass in order to gain a nursing license which is required for working as an RN.

RN training programs include hospital diploma programs, associate degree in nursing (A.D.N.) programs and bachelor of science degree (B.S.N.) programs. Diploma and A.D.N training can be completed more quickly, in 2 to 3 years; B.S.N. programs take longer, generally 4 to 5 years. In the long run, the extra educational hours of B.S.N programs pay off since advance-ment opportunities for B.S.N.s are greater as skill and experi-ence is gained. For those who already have a degree, there are accelerated programs for the B.S.N as well as masters of nursing programs.

Additional sources of information on the nursing profession can be found in the Occupational Outlook Handbook, (look for “Registered Nurses”) which can be found in libraries’ reference departments or on the Internet at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, www.bls.gov/oco/ocos083.htm. Their Internet site includes links to the National League for Nursing www.nln.org, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing www.aacn.nche.edu, and the American Nurses Association www.nursingworld.org. Other Internet information sources are the Nurses for a Healthier To-morrow site www.nursesource.org and National Student Nurse’s Association www.nsna.org.

Compassion and a love of learning (a certain amount of continuing education is required for nursing licenses to remain valid) are traits that persons considering nursing should have or cultivate. For the future, you can be assured that the field of nursing will be an extremely exciting and rewarding place to be, a place you may want to be as well.

Nurses Rule

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and institutions that are attempting to achieve commercial success using cutting-edge biotechnology methodologies. Visiting the websites of such organizations can give you insight as to what skill sets these organizations are currently seeking. To stay abreast of evolving developments, review publications that cover the field of biotechnology. Online magazines or sites such as www.sciencemag.org are excellent sources of information on jobs and careers in this area. Essential to career success in microbiology are communication skills and the ability to work with others as a team. Any experiences that you have had that will demonstrate your abilities in these areas need to be included in your resume and mentioned in your interviews. Having good computer skills and business or entrepreneurial abilities is also extremely important. Take courses and work to develop your abilities in these areas if you wish to be a strong candidate.

Many career forum advisors strongly suggest that college majors with life science degrees such as microbiology get early work experience through summer job placements or intern programs. Even if you are about to graduate, don’t overlook these types of opportunities to gain work experience. Check early in the school year with your campus career counselor to determine if any local upcoming job fairs will have companies or organizations seeking candidates with your background. And, of course, be sure to check out organizations featured in this current edition of the Job Search Journal. A close look at our pages may reveal opportunities that are literally right under your nose. But hey, who are we to tell you that—after all, close up is what you’re good at, right?

Career Focus: Biology/Microbiology Majors

For college students who have majored in Microbiology or Biology, there are many areas of opportunity in the field of microbiology. From helping to combat bioterrorism

or food-borne illnesses to constructing new drug therapies for medical problems, the range of career choices is extremely broad.

If the world of the invisible microbe fascinates you, you may want to consider specializing in a particular branch of microbiology. According to the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), research-oriented career possibilities include bacteriologist, virologist, mycologist, or epidemiologist. But these are just a few; there are many others. To qualify for specialist positions, however, usually means you will need to pursue graduate studies in these specific sub-fields of microbiology. For students who are eager to do so and who have demonstrated graduate school abilities, the ASM has a fellowship program for minority students that helps prepare students for graduate-level studies in microbiology. For additional information on this fellowship, visit the ASM website, www.asm.org. Another good website to visit for career information is that of the Society for Industrial Microbiologists at www.simhq.org.If you aren’t sure about graduate school but would still like to find a career that uses your microbiology-related education and skill set, don’t despair. There are many positions in government and non-profit health and environmental agencies as well as in the health, food, and drug industries for students with bachelor degrees in microbiology or biology.

While you will not necessarily find a research-level position, you can expect to find entry-level openings in the areas of technical support, research assistance, quality assurance, and disease control at these organizations. Competition may be keen because of current economic conditions so be sure to research the organizations well and expect to network to give yourself a competitive edge as a candidate. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Outlook Handbook provides an excellent overview of career possibilities and requirements, under “Biological and Medical Scientists” at www.bls.gov/oco/ocos047.htm.

Because biotechnology is an emerging trend, you can expect rapid changes in the types of personnel being recruited by industries

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Make The Difference: Be A Teacher

Want to work in a profession where you can pursue a passion for learning? Be creative? Have an impact on young peoples’ lives and contribute to the quality of

life in your local community? Then give serious consideration to becoming a teacher. Now, more than ever, minority students need qualified teachers who can help them overcome challenging school environments and achieve academic and personal success. HBCUs graduate more minority teachers than any other source and teachers are from these schools are being sought eagerly.

Increasingly, the teaching profession is facing a shortage of qualified teachers all across the nation. Job opportunities for teach-ers is reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as expected to grow by 17 percent from 2010 to 2020. While due to many reasons, the outcome is the same: the number of teachers retiring or leaving the profession is far greater than the number of new teachers entering the field. As the opportunities in other professions have increased for minorities, the number of minority teachers has declined at an even greater rate. Yet minority students will likely outnumber white students in the next decade or two. This lack of minority teachers is hurting minority students who benefit from teachers with similar backgrounds.

In a report published by the Center for American Progress in 2011 minority students make up more than 40 percent of the national public school population while only 17 percent of the country’s teachers are minorities. In a second report, the CAP notes that in more than 40 percent of the nation’s public schools there are no minority teachers at all. This means that minority students are not getting the experience of being taught by a minority adult figure and thus are missing potentially significant opportunities to serve as role models for students, “giving them a clear and concrete sense of what diversity in education - and in our society - looks like.” According to this report this large discrepancy between minority teachers and minority students can be attributable to low graduation rates in high school (slightly over half) among minority groups.

So what’s in it for you?. Teacher pay is and has been trending upward over the past several years . The median annual earnings of kindergarten, elementary, middle and secondary school teachers ranged from $48,800 to $51,660 in 2010 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The estimated average salary of all public elemen-tary and secondary school teachers was $51,380. Many teachers boost their salary by coaching sports or working with students in extracurricular activities. Most teachers work the traditional 10-month school year with a 2-month vacation during the summer. During the vacation break those on the 10-month schedule may teach in summer sessions, take other jobs, travel, or pursue personal interests. Many enroll in college courses or workshops to continue their education.

But teaching is, of course, not about financial gain. The intan-gible rewards of teaching are greater than any monetary value that could be assigned to the task of teaching. Teaching is about giving back to society, seeing the excitement and hope that new learn-ing instills, and feeling the satisfaction of sharing knowledge and values that will shape the future quality of life for individuals and, ultimately, the greater community outside of your classroom.

Many States are eager to assist minority college students in becoming teachers and have special recruiting and educational assistance programs available for the purpose of increasing the number of minority teachers. All 50 States and the District of Columbia require public school teachers to be licensed. The State Board of Education or a licensure advisory committee usually grants licenses. Most States now offer alternative routes to teacher certification in addition to traditional teacher training programs. Areas of study in greatest need of teachers include math, science, special education and bi-lingual education.

An excellent site to visit for information about becoming a teacher is www.nbpts.org. It has an excellent search engine that will allow you to link to every State’s Department of Education so that you can determine the certification requirements for a particular State. Information regarding financial aid and scholar-ships for minority teacher candidates is also available at this site. In addition, there are direct links to teacher recruitment job banks. Another good source to consult regarding a career as a teacher is the Bureau of Labor’s Occupational Outlook Handbook and its Career Guide to Industries, both of which are available online at www.bls.gov .

So if you’re not sure about becoming a captain of industry, consider being “captain” of a classroom: show your “passengers” new “sights” and new “lands” while providing a safe place for them to advance through another year of their lives. It’s highly possible that you’ll find yourself enjoying the adventure as much as your “passengers.”

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Pound the pavements? Or stay in school? As a graduate- to-be or as a newly minted bachelor’s degree-holder, perhaps you feel life is looming before you and you’re not

sure what you want to do next. But think about it: uncertainty about the future and what it holds is something you’ll always have to deal with. So rather than worry, try to relax. For graduates with four years of college under their belt, the future is still bright.

Nevertheless, if you liked studying and your passion for pursuing additional knowledge in a particular field is still burning brightly, maybe you should consider graduate school. If you’re leaning towards a profession where postgraduate studies or an advanced degree is required, then it’s never too soon to start the application process to assure that you get accepted within the time frame you have in mind.

Before You Go, Why Not Work? But you could also work a while before going to graduate school. Testing the waters of work can be beneficial in many ways, even if you take a job that isn’t your dream career choice. The time you spend in the workforce can teach you many things if you pay attention to how the world of work actually gets stuff

Should You Set Your Sights on Graduate School?

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done. In fact, many graduate schools of business prefer applicants who have worked a while.

Working for a while also makes a lot of sense especially if you don’t have a lot of money with which to pay for graduate school. By being thrifty, you could manage to accumulate some funds to put towards your future studies. Many schools offer part-time programs to accommodate persons who cannot attend a program full-time. Distance-learning graduate degree programs are now an option to consider as well. In addition, many employers offer tuition reimbursement for employees so if you know you would like to take graduate level courses, pay attention to benefit packages discussed during your job interviews; if an employer doesn’t mention tuition reimbursement, don’t assume it isn’t available - ask about it to be sure.

If you feel very certain about a career that requires a graduate degree and just want to get your graduate studies completed as soon as possible, then your job is to figure out where to go for that degree. Even if you’re just not sure yet career-wise but know you want to continue your studies, it is worthwhile to do some delving into which graduate school will be best for you. What schools are strongest in the areas of your interests? What are entrance requirements and the costs of tuition? Most graduate schools require entrance exam testing so inquire early about test dates so the schools receive your scores in time to meet entrance application deadlines. If you need financial aid, you’ll need to check with the schools you are considering as soon as possible to find out application deadlines for scholarships and other types of financial assistance that might be available.

There are several publications that you can refer to for information on graduate schools, including distance-learning offerings. One is Peterson’s Graduate and Professional Programs, an Overview. Many libraries have a copy of this. The online version, www.petersons.com, is quite comprehensive and is very convenient to use. The site allows you to conduct searches for schools by institutional name, by location, by academic area, by

professional degree, and by computer science degrees and/or certification. U.S. News & World Report publishes an annual quality ranking of graduate schools; www.usnews.com will let you find the report online. You should note, however, that many educators and others are critical of this and other rankings of college programs. For a list of articles which discuss the pros and cons of rankings, see the “College Rankings Bibliography” at www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankings.htm, a link created by the staff at the Education and Social Science Library at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign which can give you additional insight on the validity of rankings.

Ask Others Who’ve Gone Before You Be sure to ask professors at your college for their viewpoints and ask if they can suggest other people you should talk to. If you know professionals who are working in the career(s) that interest you, talk with them about their educational backgrounds and training. Find out what they thought of the programs when they were graduate students and if they would recommend them or suggest alternative programs.

Even if initially you don’t know of any professionals, you may be able to track some down by scanning articles for the names of persons being interviewed in professional journals related to the fields you’re interested in. With a little directory assistance checking, it’s likely you’ll be able to get phone numbers for some of the persons featured. Then, take a chance and give them a call; ask if they would be willing to talk to you a few minutes about their career, but make sure you follow good interview etiquette. (See our tips for this in our article on networking.)

Financial Aid Resources To increase your chances of receiving financial assistance for your graduate school studies, begin your investigations as soon as possible regarding aid qualifications. Many graduate schools offer fellowships or assistantships but the number of these is limited so be sure to check deadlines and apply as early as possible.

Many professional associations offer scholarships; begin by checking to find if there are any local branches of the associations you could contact and then follow up with the national chapers as well. The National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (NASFAA) has a Website, www.nasfaa.org, with specific content for students and parents. In addition to the two sites mentioned above, www.usnews.com and www. petersons.com, and the other sites shown in this article, you can browse the Internet and turn up many additional sites providing financial aid information for graduate school by using one or more search engines.