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APPENDIX A
BACKGROUND DATA AND CALCULATIONSFOR TECHNOLOGY SCREENING
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INNOVATIVE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
302238
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A.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to present innovative and emerging technologies,screen them under the criteria and objectives established previously, and developpotential remedial technologies for use with other technologies as remedial actionalternatives. In this report, an innovative technology is. defined as a technologythat has not been established for the particular waste on which it is to He used;however, it has proved successful in other wastes. An emerging technology is atechnology that is still in the research stage and has not been utilized in industry.There are two contaminated media found at the Blosenski Landfill Site that mightbe detoxified by utilizing an innovative or emerging technology. They are asfollows:
• Burned and unburned contaminated municipal solid waste (MSW), withcrushed drums and drum residuals.
• Contaminated Soils
The complex hydrogeologic conditions of the site make the recovery of a solvent,or an in-situ treatment process on the contaminated groundwater unreliable andtherefore, unfeasible. Biodegradation technologies are also eliminated because oftheir inability to control aerobic and nutrification conditions during groundwaterremediation.
Innovative and/or emerging technologies that might be applicable to remediatingthe contaminated, onsite media are presented in the following paragraphs.
A.2 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Crushed Drums
The Rl identified MSW in most of the test pits dug at the site. The description ofthe MSW included household and charred garbage, garbage, baled plastic, and ablackened cinder material. The MSW was also found to be contaminated with HSLcontaminants that pose unacceptable potential health risks. Based on informationobtained during the Rl, it is believed that the HSL contaminants were introduced to
1 3022:9
(Red)DRAFT
the MSW during surface dumping and codisposal of drummed and tanked wastes.Therefore, the MSW is treated as a contaminated media, not a contaminant sourceduring this screening process.
The nonhomogeneous nature of the MSW and the random pockets of HSLcontaminants identified during the Rl make it difficult to apply many of theinnovative technologies available.
Typically, a large volume of a relatively homogeneous waste is required to properlyI evaluate, model, and test a process or technology that will stabilize, detoxify, or
destroy the contaminants efficiently and cost effectively.
• A.2.1 Stabilization
i The composition of the MSW media and the volatile organic contaminants foundwithin the media make stabilization technologies difficult to evaluate. Volatileorganics are known to leach from most stabilization processes (lime, fly ash,pozzalan, pozzalan portland cement). Both toluene and xylene have been reportedto readily migrate from thermoplastic encapsulation processes, whereas other sitecontaminants may inhibit the thermoplastic hardening process. Thermoplasticmicroencapsulation and macroencapsulation stabilization technologies can createtheir own hazardous conditions due to their exothermic and heat transfercharacteristics. It is also an expensive technology and high levels of technicalexpertise is required to design, operate and maintain this technology.
Two other innovative stabilization technologies are self-cementation andvitrification. Self-cementation requires a waste with large amounts of calciumsulfate or calcium sulfite, neither of which are present in sufficient concentrationsin the MSW to complete the reaction process. Vitrification is a process in whichwastes are sometimes mixed with silica and heated to extremely hightemperatures. The process can be done in conjunction with excavation, or as anin-situ process. The process does emit fumes and vapors that would requirecovering the in-situ treatment area with a dome (probably an inflatable unit) or
302240i
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hood apparatus and treating the emissions. An onsite or offsite vitrification plantcoupled with the excavation of the existing wastes would also require collectionand treatment of the emissions from the process. The cost of the vitrificationprocess would be significantly higher than the other stabilization technology owingmostly to the costs associated with the high energy needs required to produce asilica, glass-like solid.
According to a study published in the January/February 1985 Hazardous WasteConsultant, Battelie Memorial Institute is developing an in-situ vitrificationtechnology based on a 1983 patent by the U.S. Department of Energy. Thetechnology consists of grids laid out on the contaminated material to be vitrified.Molybdenum or graphite electrodes are then inserted into the soil within. thetreatment area grid. The spacing of the electrodes will vary with the size of theprocess. In a large-scale operation (400-800 tons vitrified at one time) theelectrodes would be spaced 11.5 to 18 feet apart. When the electrodes are inplace, a conductive mixture of flaked graphite and glass frit is placed in 2-inch-deep trenches connecting the electrodes in an "X" pattern. The mixture initiateselectrical conductance over the treatment area.
Voltage (up to 4,160 V) is applied to the electrodes and the graphite/glass fritmixture quickly attains temperatures sufficient to melt the soil (2,000°F). As thesurrounding soil melts, it becomes electrically conductive and completes theelectrical circuit. A sophisticated power-control system maintains maximumpower input to the electrodes as the electrical resistance of the soil changes onmelting.
The molten soil zone (with temperatures approaching 3,630° to 3,630°F) expandshorizontally and vertically until it encompasses the volume of soil between theelectrodes. As the soil melts, organic waste constituents in the soil are pyrolyzed.The resulting gases migrate to the surface and are combusted when they come incontact with air. The high temperatures at the surface cause virtually complete
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* combustion of organic components of the gases. Hazardous constituents that donot volatilize remain in the molten soil, becoming part of the glass and crystalline
J product after cooling.
I An off-gas hood, which is placed over the vitrified area, collects any hazardousconstituents that escape the molten soil. These colleqted gases are piped to an
I off-gas treatment system for cooling, paniculate removal, and elimination ofremaining contaminants. The nature of the off-gas treatment system will varywith each individual type of waste treated.
!When the desired vitrification depth is achieved, voltage to the electrodes is turned
I off, and the area is allowed to cool. It may take several months for completecooling to occur; however, after 1 or 2 weeks, the vitrified area may be backfilled
j1 with clean fill.
It has been estimated that the cost of in-situ vitrification for stabilizing3 3radioactive wastes ranges from $122/yd and $252/yd of soil vitrified. The lower
1 cost estimate assumes a power cost of $.029/kwh and a moisture content of! 5 percent, whereas the higher cost corresponds to a power cost of $.0825/kwh and a
25 percent moisture content. These costs include site preparation activities,annual equipment charges, labor, electrical power, and molybdenum electrodes forvitrifying to a depth of 16.4 feet.
At this time, Battelle has conducted 21 engineering-scale tests capable ofI vitrifying 0.05-1.0 tons of soil at a time. These small-scale tests required a power
capacity of 30 kW. Seven pilot-scale tests designed to vitrify 10 tons of soil at apower capacity of 500 kW have also been completed. A large-scale, 3,750 kW
'<• operation with the capability of vitrifying 400 to 800 tons was scheduled for testing, in December 1984 and at this time the results are still under evaluation. The tests
reported are for radioactively contaminated soil and not chemically contaminatedsoil.
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In summary, the vitrification stabilization process may be applicable to the site'sMSW, but it is a relatively experimental technology that requires a high degree oftechnical expertise to model, design, and operate. The costs are also extremelyhigh and prohibitive. Extensive modeling and bench tr-ting would also be requiredto develop site-specific applicability, effectiveness and costs.
4
A.2.2 betoxification
Detoxification is the process whereby a contaminant that has affected the surfaceor subsurface environment is displaced by physical, chemical, or biologicalmethods.
Detoxification technologies are based on the following three basic treatmentprocesses:
• Physical treatment (washing, mixing, aeration)
• Chemical treatment (chelating agents, sorption, oxidation-reductionaction)
• Biological treatment (enhanced natural population, artificial populations,aerobic degradation, anaerobic degradation)
The concentrations and volumes of contaminants found at the site would reduce theoverall efficiency of these technologies. The results of the Rl indicate that hot-spots of contaminants that range widely in - contaminant composition andconcentration were found throughout the site. The most cost-effective andefficient utilization of detoxification technologies occurs in conditions where thecontaminants are located in a well-defined area, the contaminants are attached toa homogeneous medium, and consist of relatively hi^h concentrations of chemicalsthat can be treated in a few basic process steps. In this case, there is nocontaminant source; rather, a media (MSW) with a wide range of contaminants.Because the MSW media is contaminated with several different types ofcontaminants (volatile organics, acid/base neutral extractables, pesticides/PCBs,
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and metals), detoxification technologies will have to be linked together to achievethe desired remediation objectives and criteria. Each time the site contaminantsare handled and/or processed, the time and cost of renovation increasesdramatically. Previous studies have also reported a tendency for the technologiesto be relatively slow and very expensive for actual large-scale use.
The potential effectiveness of a soil detoxification technology on the site's MSW isnot predictable at this time. Further testing, evaluation, and research isnecessary. Several of the soil detoxification technologies that might be applicableto the site-contaminated MSW are as follows:
• Hydrolysis - A practical and reliable method of destroyingorganophosphorous and carbonate pesticides. Hydrolysis can beaccomplished by acid, enzyme, or direct microbial attack. Factorsaffecting the rate of hydrolysis include pH, temperature organic content,concentration of contaminant, and moisture. This technology wasdeveloped for pesticide detoxification of soil but may be applicable to theMSW media and site contaminants. Degredated or incinerated MSWtypically exhibit some characteristics of soil (e.g., grain-size, particledensity, pH, bulk density, and pore space). Other characteristics (e.g.,soluble salts, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable acids and bases,nitrogen content, organic content) would have to be evaluated on a site-specific basis.
• Dechlorination - Seems to be very successful for degradingpolychlorinated pesticides. The process was developed to treat anddispose of hazardous chlorinated hydrocarbon wastes. The hydrogenproduced from the reaction of an alkali metal (lithium or sodium metalsare dechlorinators) with alcohol (T-butyl alcohol is also a dechlorinator)plus the use of another dechlorinating agent, tetrahydrofuran, results inan inherent fire hazard. Quarter-nary ammonium dichloroiodide salt
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surfactants offer promise for terrestial cleanup of soils containing TCDDand similar toxicants. The key to whether these agents will helpremediate the contaminated MSW lies within site-specific evaluation andtesting of this technology.
• Photolysis - A photo-chemical process that degrades TCDD, PCD or otherpolychlorinated organic compounds by utilizing sunlight or ultraviolet rayswith the appropriate concentration of hydrogen donors.
• Chemical Oxidation - A newer technology that is not fully investigatedbut organic pollutants have been treated by oxidization with aqueouschlorine dioxide.
• Extraction - Use water as an extraction solvent used to leach organicpollutants from the soil matrix. Heavy metals have also been shown tomobilize under this process with a lower pH solvent. Soil columnstudies have shown that metal ions can be mobilized by complexation withinorganic anions.
• In-situ Biodegradation - A detoxification process that utilizesmanipulation of soil conditions to enhance the activity of naturallyoccurring or artifically innoculated microorganisms. Often referred to asland farming, this process has been widely used on a number of pesticideswith a variety of success. In general, this process has been successfulwhen properly operated and applied. The amount of information availableon innoculation of microorganisms is limited, but an evaluation byKobayashi and Rittman indicates that every class of man-madecompounds can be biodegraded by some microorganism.
• In-situ Enzyme Destruction - Detoxification of contaminants by utilizingbioengineered enzymes that destroy toxic organics outside of a living cell,thus eliminating the concerns associated with releasing new strains ofliving organisms into the environment. Enzymes are highly specific
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proteins that are capable of catalyzing only one type of reaction or ofoperating on only one type of chemical (substrate). In order to producedetoxifying enzymes, a foreign gene is introduced into a microorganism.The microorganism then becomes an efficient bacterial factory forproducing large quantities of desired enzyme products. The desiredenzyme is secreted and retained at the surface of the bioengineered cell.The enzyme is collected from a mass of the engineered cells in arelatively pure form. Enzymes are then applied directly to thecontaminated media. The enzymes biodegrade the contaminants and then,after a short half-life, are biodegraded, leaving no hazardous by-productin the environment.
The application of any of the above detoxification technologies is questionable atthis time because of the following:
• Consequent interference of technology processes due to the variety ofchemicals found at the site.
• Lack of data available on similar processes that have been applied to amedia, other than soils, that is similar in physical, chemical, and inhibitorparameters as the site's MSW.
• Lack of large-scale field application of the technology to determineoverall effectiveness, implementation costs, rate of detoxification, andresidual effects.
• Lack of laboratory simulations of the technologies on site-specificcontaminants to determine if they can be detoxified, implementation ofmost detoxifying technologies listed above will require the excavation ofthe MSW and the subsequent mixing, blending, and/or agitation with asolvent (water, alcohol, chlorine dioxide). The contaminated solvent willalso require treatment and/or disposal. The residual solids (detoxifiedMSW media will require dewatering (drying), testing for hazardous waste
8
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delisting, and disposal. Equipment failure could require the temporarystorage of contaminated wastes, contaminated wastes saturated withsolvent, contaminated solvents, saturated detoxified wastes or anycombination of the above. The process will require an all weatheroperational status with the proper safeguards. It is a commonconstruction practice to delay controlled excavation or fill-placementactivities during adverse weather conditions for safety, prouuct qualityand cost reasons.
The implementation of a detoxification technology will require thehandling of waste media that is saturated with solvents and that wouldexhibit the characteristics of a saturated soil. This material would beextremely difficult to control and expensive to handle. The combinationof an abrasive waste media in conjunction with a solvent would cause highwear rates on equipment. The ongoing process would also require thehandling of the contaminated materials during all weather conditions,including below freezing temperatures and heavy rainfalls.
In an EPA document, EPA-600/D-82-348, Emergency Response Equipmentto Clean up Hazardous Chemical Releases at Spills and UncontrolledWaste Sites, it was reported that a mobile washing system was currentlyunder development. This system is being designed for onsite removal of abroad range of hazardous materials from excavated soils. The soilswasher is expected to be an economical alternative to the currentpractice of hauling contaminated soils off site to a landfill, and replacingthe excavated volume with fresh soil on site. The system will be capableof extracting contaminants from soils—"artificially leaching" the soilusing a water-based cleaning agent—and thereby enabling operators toleave the treated soil on site. To accomplish this, the soil is passedthrough a rotating drum screen water knife soil scrubber where soil lumpsare broken apart by intense jets of water, and chemicals are stripped fromsoil particles. The resulting soil slurry is fed into a 4-stage, counter-current chemical extractor. Each stage consists of a mixing, froth-
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flotation cell connected in series with hydrocyclones, which centrifugallyseparate solids from liquids. The soil particles are agitated repeatedly inwashing fluid and are progressively decontaminated as they flow through
- each stage. The cleansed soil is then returned to the site. The extractedhazardous contaminants are separated from the washing fluid usingphysical/chemical treatment procedures (flocculation, sedimentation,carbon adsorption, etc.). The cleaned washing'fluid is recirculated whilethe separated and concentrated contaminants are disposed of byappropriate means. The prototype soils washing system will be capable of
3 3processing 3 to 14 m (4 to 18 yd ) of contaminated soil per hourdepending on the soil particle size and the nature of the contaminants. At
3those rates, the treatment of the estimated 200,000 yd of contaminatedMSW media would require between 1.3 years to 5.7 years of continuousoperations.
Soil washing at the Blosenski Landfill Site may also require a process to leachor remove the heavy-metal contaminants found at the site. Again, the EPAis preceding with laboratory bench scale tests, and plans to soon have anoperational field soil washing unit that utilizes a chelating agent with asolvent recovery system.
In-situ biodegradation and enzymatic technologies are not connected toexcavation and multiple handling and processing of the wastes but they arelimited in their application. Biodegradation has been applied to pesticides,organic phosphates, and organic-contaminated groundwater. The keydifficulties in developing a biodegradation process are as follows:
• Selecting a naturally occurring or developing bioengineeredmicroorganism that will detoxify the site contaminants in theenvironment of the site. Key environmental parameters includetemperature, moisture, nutrient availability and, most importantly, theoxygen requirements of the microorganisms. In current groundwaterbiodegradation tests, dissolved oxygen levels have been supplemented with
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hydrogen peroxide stabilized by using soil pretreatment of stabilizers andchelating agents. In the treatment of wastes or soils, reinjection of bio-innoculated waters along with aeration wells has been used successfully ina Waldwick, New Jersey, site. However, the site geologic conditionsallowed for a high degree of control on the extraction and reinjectionzones. In a similar study site, key criteria* utilized in selecting abiodegradation remediation technology were site hydrogeologic conc"*ionsand the presence of a contaminated perch aquifer not used for domesticpurposes. The fractured bedrock groundwater system that suppliesdomestic water for the region surrounding the Blosenski Landfill Site hasthe potential to create an unmanageable treatment system. Reinjectionof innoculated and peroxide-enriched waters may establish flow paths dueto mounding that are currently not a pathway used by the sitecontaminants. These new pathways may establish pathways that reachother receptors currently not at risk. In addition, technologies to controlgroundwater movement are not effective on the fractured bedrock systemassociated with the site. The costs associated with in-situ biodegradationare not established on a unit cost basis, but can be developed on a site bysite basis.
The application of an in-situ enzymatic treatment technology for theBlosenski Landfill Site has the same problems as those listed for the in-situbiological technology with two exceptions. Enzyme injection may not posea significant health risk to those unidentified receptors depending upon thetype of enzyme selected and the half-life of that enzyme. The otherconsideration is the lack of significant information, research, bench/pilottesting and field application on the in-situ enzymatic degradationtechnology. This is more of an emerging technology than an innovativetechnology at this time.
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In summary, none of the in-situ detoxification technologies presented above appearfeasible for remediating the contaminated MSW found at the Blosenski LandfillSite. The technologies' main advantages of in-situ, low cost, and limited-risktreatment are eliminated, owing to the uncontrolled and undefined groundwaterflow network in the fractured bedrock underlying the site. The technologies'efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and public health risks are not definable at thistime. However, detoxification technologies combined with excavation thatrequires a controlled treatment process do appear feasible. In particular, theutilization of a soil-washing technology with several processes to detoxify the site'scontaminants is considered feasible at this time. However, insufficient data isavailable to evaluate and screen its cost effectiveness at this time.
A.2.3 Destruction
The destruction of the contaminants in the MSW media cannot be attained with anyof the innovative or emerging technologies reviewed for this feasibility study. Analternate technology, incineration, is included in the Technology Screening. Someof the newer types of incineration (pyroplasma process, plasma dust process,plasma torch, circulating bed combustion, high temperature fluid wall reactor,etc.) are not considered innovative or emerging technologies, but rather aninnovative process of incineration, an alternate technology. Several innovativedestruction technologies were reviewed and determined to be infeasible at thistime for the site conditions described by the Rl. These technologies included
• Radio Frequency In-situ Heating - Interference from site contaminantswill reduce the effectiveness of this technology. In particular, the depthand treatment temperatures reported in preliminary studies would notdestroy PCBs or heavy metals. The technology is also reported to be inthe conceptual design stages.
• UV Photolysis - Contaminants must be desorbed from soils or parentmedia and subjected to ultraviolet light conditions while in a liquid media.The hydrogeologic conditions at the site are not condusive to injecting a
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solvent or surfactant into the contaminated media and controlling orextracting the resulting leachate. The technology is currently limited todioxin and no data was discovered on other contaminants that areassociated with the site.
• Wet Oxidation Process - Utilizes high pressures and termperatures toinduce an oxidation reaction. Reaction temperatures are limited toapproximately 500° F and the contaminated media is converted to a liquidform and subjected to pressures in excess of 1,000 psi. This appears to bea very expensive and limited application technology that is not feasiblefor the site conditions.
A.3 Contaminated Soils
Surface soils and subsurface soils at the Blosenski Landfill Site have been found tobe contaminated with HSL contaminants in sufficient concentrations to poseunacceptable potential public health risks. The contaminants were found in varyingconcentrations, in localized hot spots in surface soils, in subsoils beneath drumdisposal areas, and in subsurface soils contaminated with leachate from the site'swastes.
The complex hydrogeologic conditions of the site and the characteristics of thecontaminants limit the number of innovative or emerging technologies that mightbe effectively applied to remediate the site. As noted in the prior discussions,stabilization technologies, such as sorption, pozzolanic processes, andthermoplastic encapsulation are not suitable to immobilizing or stabilizing thepolychlorinated hydrocarbons, xylenes and/or toluenes associated with the site.Detoxification technologies that utilize in-situ treatment schemes are not reliableor controllable options. Groundwater mounding effects from the remediation havethe potential to create new groundwater flov/ pathways, thus allowing sitecontaminants, treatment solvents, and/or chelating agents to migrate from the siteand reach potential receptors. Extraction of all the material injected cannot beassured or a probable estimation made. In-situ biodegradation and enzymaticdetoxification technologies
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have the same problem. The destruction innovative technologies reviewed are notapplicable to the site contaminants since many do not address the destruction ofsite PCBs or heavy-metal contaminants or they require the waste material to be ina concentrated liquified form.
The two innovative technologies that appear most feasible for detoxifying the site'scontaminated soils are as follows:
• In-situ vitrification• Excavation with soils washing
In-situ vitrification, as described in the preceding paragraphs, is a dramatic,dangerous process in which extremely high voltages are applied to conductiveprobes inserted into the contaminated material. The resulting high temperaturereaction liquifies the soils, destroys the organic contaminants, and stabilizes theheavy metal contaminants in the crystalline silica material that remains after theprocess is completed. To date, the process has been tested under controlled fieldconditions and has been successful at melting soils and forming crystalline silicaby-products, but it has not been applied to soils or other media that containcontaminants similar to those found at the Blosenski Landfill Site.
iSoil washing of excavated soil with water and/or other solvents or chelating agents
I is a promising innovative technology that has been successfully applied incommercial petroleum operations. There are few published reports available at
, this time on the success of this technology on uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.The technology will require the separation or screening of contaminated materialsthat are not suitable for washing. Materials such as large rocks, wooden timbers,
I concrete and/or crushed drums may not be processable, requiring disposal in asecure facility. There may also be solidified residues of wastes that do not
> completely detoxify during washing and that will require alternate disposaltechniques or re-treatment.
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A.4 Summary
There is limited information available related to the apolication of an innovativetechnology to remediate the contaminated MSW media at the Blosenski LandfillSite. Further study is required to define the site contaminant locations and
tconcentratir s in order to evaluate the effectiveness and cost of any technologyutilized in ...mediating the site. Site-specific testing is required to determine if aninnovative or emerging technology is an effective remediation approach. Based onthe information reviewed, further investigation for remediation of the contaminantMSW media and bench testing of the following innovative technologies is 'considered feasible:
• In-situ vitrification• Excavation and subsequent soil washing
The crushed drums found in the site test pits are considered to be untreatableunder the soil washing technology because of their physical condition, the varietyof HSL contaminants found in the drum residuals, and the unknown quantity of Idrums (crushed or intact) that may be deposited within the site limits. The crusheddrums are best suited for disposal in a secure landfill under this technology. If fulldrums are discouraged, they are best handled on an individual basis after 'identification of the drum's content. Technologies that call for the stabilization,
idestruction, or treatment of drummed wastes or spent solvents from drum cleaning •activities (solvent washing, hydro-blasting, or steaming) are applicable to sites withlarger volumes of wastes that can be treated with a limited number of processes. jThe waste source must also be of sufficient size and consistency to allow propermodeling, bench testing, and onsite trial testing. The information currently javailable on the site does not indicate that such conditions exist. In-situvitrification may be feasible for the remediation of the i.rufhed drums. Additional, isite-specific testing will be required to determine the effectiveness of the >technology.
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| INNOVATIVE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
I
II
REFERENCES
Spooner, Philip A., 1985. "Stabilization/Solidification Alternatives for RemedialActions." Proceeding of the Sixth National Conference on The Management ofUncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites.
Erdogan, H., and M. Sadat, 1984. "Soil Detoxification Methods: State-of-The-ArtReview." Proceedings of the Sixteenth Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference.— — — — — — - —— — — ——— — — — — ———————— ———— — — — — — — — —— — — —
1 Little, A. D., April 1977. "State-of-The-Art Survey of Land ReclamationTechnology." Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
Kastman, K. H., and K. R. Huibregtse, June 1981. "Mechanisms for DetoxifyingSoil." Proceeding of the Tenth International Conference on Soil Mechanics andFoundation Engineering.
Kobayashi, H., and B. E. Rittman, 1982. "Microbial Removal of Hazardous OrganicCompounds." Environ. Sci. Tech.
January/February 1985. "A Guide to Innovative Hazardous Waste TreatmentProcesses." The Hazardous Waste Consultant.
Jhaveri, V. and A. J. Mazzacch, 1985. "Bioreclamation of Ground and Groundwaterby In-Situ Biodegradation: Case History." Proceedings of the Sixth NationalConference on The Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites.
Wezel, R., C. Durst, D. Sarno, P. Spooner, S. James, and E. Heyse, 1985."Demonstration of In-Situ Biological Degradation of Contaminated Groundwaterand Soils." Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on The Management ofUncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites.
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Wilder, I., 1982. "Emergency Response Equipment to Clean Up HazardousChemical Releases at Spills and Uncontrolled Waste Sites." EPA-600/D-82-348.
Castle, C., J. Bruck, D. Sappington, and M. Erbaugh, 1985. "Research andDevelopment of a Soil Washing System for use at Superfund Sites." Proceedings ofthe Sixth National Conference on The Management of Uncontrolled HazardousWaste Sites.
Prickett, T. A., and C. G. Lonnquist, 1971. "Selected Digital Computer Techniquesfor Groundwater Resource Evaluation." Illinois Board of Natural Resources andConservation.
October 1985. "Handbook of Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites."EPA/625/6-85-006.
Ehrenfield, John and Jeffrey Bass, 1984. "Evaluation of Remedial Action UnitOperations at Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites." Arthur D. Little, Inc.,Cambridge, MA.
Todd, D. K., 1980. "Groundwater Hydrology." University of California,Berkeley, CA.
1979. "Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual." Office ofResearch and Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH.
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ALTERNATE WATER SUPPLY
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INTRODUCTION
There are several technologies or groups of technologies that can be utilized todevelop an alternate water supply for an uncontrolled hazardous waste site. Adescription of those technologies and subsequent evaluation under the objectivesand criteria established for this FS is contained in the following paragraphs
Domestic Treatment Systems
A domestic treatment system for the contaminated domestic wells would includethe use of the existing domestic wells and the installation of an activated carbonfilter on each well. The selection of an activated carbon filter was based on thecontaminants found in the groundwater during the Rl. Groundwater from thedomestic wells will have to be collected, analyzed, and bench studies performed todetermine the initial operating life and treatment capacity of different filtersystems. Additional testing of the domestic water supply systems and componentswill also be required to determine if the contaminated groundwater has adetrimental effect on piping, seals, pumps, storage tanks, and other systemhardware. These water supply systems were not designed to handle contaminatedwater and a complete study must be undertaken to evaluate the potential risk ofcontaminant interaction with system components.
Once a system is tested and approved, monitoring will be required to evaluate thewater quality prior to and after treatment, and the condition of the treatmentprocess. A continuous monitoring system would have the highest level ofconfidence in preventing accidental usage of contaminated water because of filtersystem failure or breakthrough. However, such systems are high-maintenanceitems that require a high degree of technical expertise to adjust and/or repair.Sampling with subsequent testing by a qualified laboratory is an extremely reliablemethod of monitoring, but unless it is on an extremely frequent basis, it has alower level of confidence in preventing accidental usage of contaminated waters.A combination of the two monitoring systems would provide a high-level ofconfidence in that continuous monitoring would prevent accidental usage of
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contaminated waters and the laboratory testing would confirm the reliability of thetreatment and monitoring system. Whether or not a continuous monitoring system
i could be developed for a domestic water supply and activated carbon filtration* system that was reliable, capable of detecting parts per billion contaminant levels. on a continuous basis without repeated calibration by an operator, and capable ofI shutting down the system to prevent water usage is questionable.
.
i The public perception of the treatment system is likely to be negative and/orskeptical; and the first time the monitoring system malfunctions and shuts down
I the water supply in error or allows usage of contaminated water, there will be nopublic confidence level in the remediation.
I* Individual domestic treatment systems do not appear to be an acceptable alternateI water supply remedy because of the risks associated with an undetected systemi failure and the possible public perception of the system if a failure does occur.
There is also an institutional issue of long-term responsibility for operation,maintenance, repairs and liability for the system. A monitoring system that canfunction continuously, detect a wide spectrum of contaminants, at the lowconcentrations of interest requires little or no calibration, and is extremelyreliable may not be technically attainable.
New Domestic Well(s)
A new domestic well or wells for replacement of the contaminated domestic wellswould require the construction of an offsite domestic well or well field that couldsupply the local residents with domestic water. There is no assurance thatreconstruction of the existing domestic wells would eliminate or reduce thecontamination problem. The flow paths utilized by the site contaminants have notbeen well defined at this time. The localized secondary porosity flow within thebedrock fractures and planes may not be defined, even with additional studies, to alevel that would ensure the successful construction of domestic wells that wouldnot be, or have the potential to be, contaminated with site-related contaminants.However, a common well or well field located far enough away from and
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upgradient from the site may be feasible. The Rl reported that the regionalaquifer was capable of producing water at the average rate of 14 gpm. Based onthe assumption that 10 domestic wells may require replacement within the next 30years, that each domestic well serves 4 persons *nd the average daily usage is 50gallons per person, the resultant domestic consumption rate is 2,000 gallons perday. A 14 gpm well would produce over 20,000 gallons per day or 10 times theasoumed average volume of domestic water usage. In'order to supply adequateflow and pressure to the domestic users, a storage tank would be required with atransmission line and tap-ins for domestic lines.
The technologies exist to construct a public water supply system based on theextraction well developed in the fractured bedrock aquifer system. However, ithas been stated throughout the FS and screening of technologies that there is a lowconfidence level in predicting the flow path of site contaminants in the fracturedbedrock aquifer system. Upgradient domestic well drawdown within the aquifersystem is believed to cause the contaminant migration upgradient of the site. Thelocation of the replacement domestic well is critical. The well should be close tothe service area to reduce line losses, maintenance problems, and installationcosts, and should be located in a topographic location to minimize pumping lossesto the holding tank and optimize the gravitation hydraulic effects of an elevatedtank. For the purposes of this screening appendix and the FS, a location waschosen based on a holding-tank elevation that would create an assumed static linepressure of 40 psi and the system sized for an assumed maximum flow of 20 gpmper dwelling, holding tank capacity of 2-1/2 days of storage (5,000 gallons), and nofire-fighting capacity. The highest surface elvation of the residence to be suppliedwith the alternate water supply is about elevation 860, therefore the minimumwater elevation in the water supply tank should be about elev. 955 to attain the 40psi. Unfortunately the highest local topography is elevated 860, west of the siteand near the one residential well that was assumed replaceable due to its proximityto the known groundwater contamination are*. The area is not suitable for theconstruction of a well because drawdown effects may allow contaminated
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groundwater to enter the system. In addition, the tower would have to be designedand built to attain the desired elevation of 955, about 95 feet above the presentsurface elevation.
An alternate method would be to utilize a pressurized system, with the pressurecreated by a system of pumps and tanks, similar to the systems currently in use
.within the individual domestic systems. There is a question of reliability on such asystem. During a power failure, water-pressure losses will occur and, if the rightconditions are present, a reverse flow or siphoning effect could cause systemcontamination. The active pressurized system would also allow for the location ofa well further removed from the site, reducing the potential for site-relatedcontamination. The technologies exist to construct and implement this alternatewater supply; construction time is short, probably less than 3 months. Reliabilitywill be governed by power outages, the quality of materials installed, and thequality of construction and the productivity of the well. Before implementation, ahydrogeologic investigation will have to be performed to properly identify the areabest suited for the new service well and to better define the potential receptors ofthe contaminated groundwaters. The size and scale of the system can be adjustedaccordingly.
The cost of the new service well alternate water supply system is based on theassumptions and conditions stated previously and will be projected over a 30-yearoperation and maintenance period. The capital cost of the system is estimated tobe $330,000.
Cisterns and/or Bottled Water Supplies
Cisterns have been used for hundreds of years for water storage and supply.Replacement of the existing domestic wells with a cistern storage system could bedone, but without a reliable source of water they would be of no value. To supplythe cisterns with water, an outside water source must be utilized. In a preliminaryFocused Feasibility Study (FSS) prepared for the Blosenski Landfill Site, under EPAcontract No. 68-01-7037, Work Assignment 242, a potential water supply system
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was identified in nearby Coatesville, Pennsylvania. Water could be transported viatanker truck from the Coatesville Water Authority to the residents' cisterns.Utilizing the consumption values prepared in the previous sections, approximately2,000 gallons of water would be required daily to supply 10 residential dwellings.This would require either daily or bi-daily deliveries assuming the use of one 3,000to 5,000 gallon tanker truck. The residential cisterns would require a minimumholding capacity of 200 gallons for 1 day or, more realistically, 500 gallons for asafety factor or delivery failure 1-day storage capacity. Tanks of this size areavailable in a wide variety of materials, ranging from concrete to various metals,to fiberglass or HDPE. Installation below the frost line is recommended to reducepossible freezing. The procedure would require very common constructionequipment and minimum technical expertise. Either a tanker truck could bepurchased, operated, and maintained, or hauling could be subcontracted to a firmthat already has the equipment and expertise (a bulk food handler or dairy-tanktruck service) or is willing to supply the services. Public perception and interestmay not be favorable for this alternate water supply. Visits by large tanker trucksseveral times a week can disrupt normal activities, destroy or badly damagedriveways and lawns, and be a safety hazard. Delivery truck companies, fuel oilsuppliers, and waste-hauling firms typically encounter accidental damage reportsfrom run-over shrubs, smashed garage doors, building damages, and side-swipedparked vehicles. This system will also be impacted by truck and equipmentbreakdowns, bad weather conditions, and labor disagreements. Interruption ofservice will occur and, in some cases, the failure cannot be anticipated orpredicted.
The cost of installing the 500-gallon holding tanks' necessary plumbing and pumps,maintaining the supply service through a subcontractor, and purchasing the neededwater over a 30-year period has an approximate present-worth value of $693,000.This is based on $30,000 capital cost for tanks and installation, a 5 percent ofcapital cost annual 0 & M, an annual hauling-subcontractor rate of $61,100, and anannual water-purchasing cost of $2,050 per year.
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| A bottled water supply would be a reasonable solution to a temporary alternatedrinking water supply, but it is not a feasible, permanent, alternate water supply.
s Domestic occurrences such as bathing, household cleaning, laundry, and other high* water usages could not be supplied with bottled water.
| Municipal Water System
I An alternate water supply for a municipal water supply system would consist ofconnecting homes in the landfill site area to the nearest municipal water supply
j system. The nearest system has been identified as the Coatesville WaterAuthority. Overall installation cost is the only factor that makes this type of
I alternate water supply unattractive. The technology and expertise to design and»' construct the extension to the Coatesville Water Authority system exists, is proven
in numerous field applications, and can be completed quickly and safely. There areI no anticipated adverse public health risks or environmental impacts. The major
institutional issue will be related to negotiations on cost responsibilities andapproval of the Coatesville Water Authority. The public perception is anticipatedto be highly favorable for a remediation of this quality level. Unless the costs forinstallation and water usage are shifted in an overbearing manner to the residents,it is also possible that extension of the line may access other potential consumerswho, at a reasonable cost, may opt to connect to this system. A portion of theexpansion cost associated with this alternate water supply could be recovered withsome strategic placement of the expansion, to attract the additional consumers.
The installation costs presented in the FFS ranged between $337,000 and $348,000depending on the number of residents connected. The average present-worth valuewas $357,500.
Conclusion
The following alternate water supply systems were identified as potentiallyacceptable replacements for the contaminated domestic wells:
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• Installation of a new well to supply at least 10 residences within the sitearea.
• Installation of a municipal water supply by extending the CoatesvilleWater Authority.
4
Although several of the other alternate systems were lower in costs, theirreliability, technical assesment, public acceptance, and/or implementation criteriadid not attain acceptable evaluations. A noncost criteria evaluation between theconstruction of a new well or the extension of the Coatesville Water Authoritysystem shows that the extension alternative is far more reliable, would be easier toimplement, has little long-term maintenance burdens, the costruction andoperation would not pose abnormal health and safety risks, the potential publichealth risk is qualitatively lower because it is a controlled and monitored system,the design and implementation should take less than a year, and the publicacceptance of extending a current, proven system should be more favorable thandeveloping a well system that has a potential to also become contaminated ifporper hydrogeologic studies and engineering designs are not obtained prior toconstruction. Although the estimated present-worth cost for the extension of theCoatesville system is higher, it is still an acceptable and preferable alternatewater supply system, relative to the alternative systems evaluated and the overallremediation goals and objectives set for the Blosenski Landfill Site.
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ALTERNATE WATER SUPPLYREFERENCES
Fair, G., J. Geyer, and D. Okon, 1966. "Water and Wastewater Engineering." JohnWiley & Sons, Inc. ,
PRC Engineering, September 17, 1985. "Blosenski Site, Focused Feasibility Study,Draft Final Report."
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