GRAMMAR BASICS

special characters

ú í á é ý ů ěš ř č ž

pronunciation: Czech pronunciation always follows the same rules

tonic accents on vowels / hačik on s, c, z, rvowels:

/a/ - a /a:/ á/è/ -

/*/ (neutral sound between consonants or ex: vš -> /v*š/, or consonant on its own "k" /k*/ also when there is an apostrophe '

/ö/ /é/: e /é:/ é

/ie/ ě/i/, i /i:/ í, ý

/o/ o /oy/ oi, oj/ay/ ai, aj,

/u/ u /u:/ ú/ou/ ou/ow/ au

consonants/b/ b

/ж/ ch/d/ d

/f/ f, ph/g/

/k/ k/kv/ kv

/l/ l/em/ m+ other consonant/en/ n + other consonant

/p/ p/r/ r/rž/ ř/ž/ ž

/s/ s, c/z/ z/š/ š/t/ t/č/ č/y/ j

/pause/ - h as a consonant on its own (not preceded by c or p - h makes a vowel sound longer.

/v/ v

The háček (the sign above a letter -> č) is added to standard Latin letters for expressing sounds which are foreign to the Latin language, and the acute accent

(ex: é) is added to make a letter sound longer. The Czech orthography is considered the model for all other Slavic languages. In words of domestic origin, "soft" i is written only after "soft" or "ambiguous"

consonants while "hard" y follows "hard" or "ambiguous" consonants.

Hard and soft consonants in Czech

Soft ž š č ř ď ť ň c j

Ambiguous z s v l b p m f

Hard h ch k r d t n quotation marks: ‚‘ »«

Names of nations and nationality nouns are capitalized: AnglieAngličan (Englishman), Adjectives derived from geographical names and names of nations, such as anglickýangličtina (England), (English – adjective) are not, Names of languages are not capitalized:

Respect expression – optional: Ty (you sg.), Tvůj (your sg.), VyVáš (your pl.); Bůh (God), Mistr (Master), etc.

Headings – The first word is capitalized.

Cities, towns and villages – All words are capitalized, except for prepositions

the modern orthography in Czech language has been codified by Josef Dobrovský

Pronouna pronoun is a word that can take the place of a noun. "Thing" and "person" and "location" are not exactly pronouns because they need an article you can use them to replace a noun if you can't remember its name.

personal pronouns nominative form

Já my

ty vy

on ona ony

oniony ona

Articlean article is a small word that tells you how many units of noun there are, and what gender the noun is. Numbers and portions can be used as articles.The Czech language does not use the equivalent of the article "the".

portions: we use the genitive to indicate portionsunits and measures - always followed by nouns in gen.a glass of water - sklenice vodya piece of cake - kousek dortua slice of pizza - plátek pizzu

1 litru gen., 1 kilo gen. 1 šálek gen. 1 lžíce gen. 1 plechovka gen. .. /1 hrnec gen. / 1 talíř gen.... / 1 plátek gen / 1 part gen/ 1 láhev s gen. 1 sklenice de /(1 l, 1 kg, 1 cup of, 1 spoonful of, 1 tin of, 1 pot of, 1 plate of, 1 slice of, 1 portion of, 1 bottle of, 1 glass of)

šálek kávy

demonstrative articles

Plural (more than one person/animal/object)

masculine: "ti/ty" - the, those, "tito/tyto" - these e.g. "ti psi" - "the/those dogs", "ty hrady" - "the/those castles" "tito psi" - "these dogs", "tyto hrady" - "these castles"feminine: "ty" - the/those, "tyto" - these e.g. "ty knihy" - "the/those books", "tyto knihy" - "these books"neuter: "ta" - the/those, "tato" - these "ta auta" - "the/those cars", "tato auta" - "these cars"

The genitive case is used with many expressions of quantity, after any numbers greater than 5, ordinal numbers, and the adjectives neco - (something), and nic - nothing.

possessive articles (singular) nominative form

Já --> můj" (for Ms), "moje" (for Fs/Ns

my -->náš (Ms)náše (Fs/Ns)

ty--> tvůj (Ms),tvoje (Fs/Ns)

vy --> váš (Ms)váše (Fs/Ns)

on --> jehoona --> jejíony --> jeho

oni/--> jejichony --> jejichona --> jejich

bankovky a mince

jeden (1) cent, dva (2) centy, pět (5) centů, deset (10) centů, dvacet (20) centů, (50) padesát centů, pět (5) euro ,deset (10) euro. dvacet (20) euro, padesát (50) euro, sto (100) euro, dvě set (200) euro, pět set (500) eur

To bylo před dvěma eur a padesát centů. -> To je € 2.50

I would like (some bread)... Chtěl bych (chleba) Chtěl bych + acc I like (bread) Mám rád (chleba). Mám rád + accHow much does it cost? .Kolik to stojí?

numbersTo form the numbers between 11 and 18, we take the singular cardinal number

and add nácteleven - jedenácttwelve - dvanáct

to form the numbers between 22 and 29 we take the singular cardinal number and put dvacet in front of it.

22 dvacet dva23 dvacet tři etc zadny - nothing

(1 = jeden)(2 = dva)(3 = tři )

(4 = čtyri)(5 =pět)(6 =šest)

(7 = sedm (8 =osmt

(9 =devět 10 desět

11 jedenáct(12 dvanáct

13 třináct14 čtrnáct

15 (patnáct) 16 (šestnáct)17 sedmnáct)18 osmnáct)

19 devátenáct)20 dvacet

21 dvacet jedna22 (dvacet dva)23 (dvacet tři)

24 (dvacet čtyri) 25 (dvacet pět)

ordinal numbers (indicate a position)

( 1. = prvního) -(2. =druhý ) (3. = třeti)

(4. = čtvrtý) (5. = pátý)(6. = šestý)7. = sedmý8. = osmý

9. = devátý10. desátý

11. jedenáctý12. dvanáctý13. třináctý14. čtrnáctý15. patnáctý16. šestnáctý

17. sedmnáctý18. osmnáctý

19. devátenáctý20. dvacátý

21. jednadvacátý22. dvacátý druhý23. dvacátý třetý

24. dvacátý čtvrtý25. dvacátý pátý

people English - the family, the male friend/the female friend, the male neighbour, the female neighbour, the relative, the adult, the teenager, the man, the woman, the

parent, the mother, the father, the son, the daughter, the partner, the boy, the girl, the sister, the brother

Czech - rodina, přitel/přitelka, soused/sousedka, vztah, dospělý, dítě, chlapecmuž, žena, rodič, matka, otec, syn, dcera, společnik, chlapec, dívka, sestra, bratr

nouns depicting people are "animate"

to work - a worker, k práci - pracovníkto teach - a teacher, učit - učitel

to study -> a student. ke studiu -> studentto think --> a thinker. přemýšlet -> myslitel

to play --> a player, hrát -> hráčto hunt --> a hunter. lovu -> lovec

to dance --> a dancer, k tanci -> tanečníkto drive --> a driver. řídit -> řidičto read --> a reader. číst -> čtenář

to research --> researcher pro výzkum -> výzkumníkto translate --> a translator. přeložit -> překladatel

To clean --> a cleaner. Čistit -> čistší.to manage --> a manager. spravovat -> správce

to employ --> an employer. zaměstnávat -> zaměstnavatelto be employed --> an employee. být zaměstnán -> zaměstnance

To work in an office --> an office worker. Pro práci v kanceláři -> administrativní pracovník.

to be unemployed --> an unemployed person, je nezaměstnaný -> nezaměstnané osoby. to work freelance --> a freelance worker,

pracovat na volné noze -> volné noze pracovníka.to paint --> a painter, - malovat -> malíř

to make art --> an artist. dělat umění -> umělecto sing --> a singer. zpívat -> zpěvák irrto buy --> a buyer. koupit -> kupujícím irr

to sell -->a seller. prodat -> prodejce

pracovníka používá stroj. Žena pracuje jako zdravotní sestra.

Uměleca dělá obrázek. Žák dělá domácí úkol.

by John Frankenheimer -> Johna FrankenheimeraFemale person, add -ova to name: Jeanne Moreau -> Jeanne Moreauova

5 smysly: 5 senses

Present Tense vidět (to see)

vidím vidíme

vidíš vidíte

on/ona vidí vidí

Present Tense řekni (to say)

řeknu řekneme

řekneš řeknete

on/ona řekne řeknou

: ,

Present Tense slyšet (to hear)

slyším slyšíme

slyšíš slyšíte

on/ona slyší slyší

Present Tense dojmout (to touch) regular verb

Dojmu Dojmeme

Dojmeš Dojmete

on/ona/to dojme dojmenou

Present Tense čichat (to smell)regular verb ending in -at

čichám čicháme

čicháš čicháte

on/ona/to je čichá čichají

to feel - cıtit - citím, citíš, cití, citíme, citíte, citíto wear/to carryto wear - nosit - nosím, nosíš, nosí, nosíme, nosíte, nosí

to carry - nést néstu nésteš néste nésteme néstete néstou

to put on - to take off to have

Žena nosí hlava-šátek, sluneční brýle a náušnice.

Muž je uvedení sako na .

Leonard Cohen se sundal klobouk.

Žena néste ručníky .

dívka je postižené

dívka je šťastný.

1) verbs: to do , to make, to use, to work as.

study these four sentences: the worker uses a machine. The woman works as a nurse. The artist is making a picture. The pupil is doing homework.

pracovníka používá stroj. Žena pracuje jako zdravotní sestra. Uměleca dělá obrázek. Žák dělá domácí úkol.

in the Czech language, to do and to make are translated into one word --> dělat. There is only one form of present in the Czech language. in the Czech language, to do and to make are translated into one word --> dělat.

Present continuous of dělát (TO do/to make)

dělám děláme

děláš děláte

dělá děláji

verbs:

jíst- to eat(irregular verb) jím jíšon / ona / to jíjíme jítejedí

pít - to drink + regularPijupiješon / ona / to pijepijemepijetepijí

dávat jídlo s někým - to feed someone dávamdávašdávadávámedávátedáva<- Muž dává seno na ovce. .

Verb Dát/Dávat (local-lingo noticeboard)

I have noticed that the verbs "dávat" (impf) and "dát" (pf) are really "in fashion" in the Czech language, taking up different meanings than simply "to give". You can say "Dám si jeden hruskový džus" (I'll treat myself to a pear juice) Or "Dám dopis do obálky" (I'll put the letter in the envelope). This has made me a little curious about the idiomatic use of "dát/dávat". Could someone here please give me a few examples of the use of this verb?

Dat na nekoho Rely on someone Dat komu co vedet let someone to know somethins Dat (si) neco delat to have somethin done

Also, some ...how can I say... modi di dire (you lorenzo know what I mean )

To se neda delat That cant be done Neda se nic delat Nothing can be done bout it Da to hodne prace That takes a lot of work To jsem si dal! I've made a mess Dej mi pokoj! Let me alone!

dat si lehara (nebo pohov) - have a rest dat si do nosu (nebo do lebedy) - have a delicious meal dat klukovi/holce kopacky - break up with a boy/girl compiled by Lorenzo, Kiko and Jana

kuchař připravuje jídlo z rýže. - the cook prepares a rice dish.

to cook: vařit - vařim, vařis, vaři, vařime, vařite, vařite, vaři

A noun A noun is a word to name a person, a place or thing.

Common nouns are the names for things we can see and touch. Abstract nouns are the names for things we cannot see and touch. Proper nouns are the special names, used for a person, a place or a thing. A proper noun starts with a capital letter. The Czech noun can be animate (humans and animals) or inanimate. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter. Czech nouns change according to their function in the sentence this is called declension (declension table is on homework page chapter 4) There are 7 declension cases.

The Genitive*Masculine hard animate endings are 'a' and 'e' for singular and 'u' with a small circle on top for plural. Masculine inanimate endings are 'u' and 'e' for singular and 'ů'

*Feminine words will have one 'y' or 'e' added to the endings of singular words. A couple of exceptions require adding the letter 'ě' or the letter 'i' for singular. To form plurals is more complicated. Many feminine words simply drop the letter 'a' from the ending - uziverzita becomes simply univerzit. A few words will use the ''ě' r 'i' or í' endings.

*Neuter words end with 'a', 'e' or 'long i' for singular. In the plural forms the final letter is dropped so auto becomes aut. Of for some words the 'e' or 'í' are used. In the end, students need to complete a lot of memorization to recognize word gender and the appropriate declensions.

Declension

Main article: Czech declension

The noun cases are typically referred to by number, and learned by means of the question to which they are the answer. When learning a new word, children recite the cases using a set of example phrases, shown as follows:

1. kdo/co? (who/what?) nominative

2. bez koho/čeho? (without whom/what?) genitive

3. komu/čemu? (to whom/what?) dative

4. vidím koho/co? (I see whom/what?) accusative

5. oslovujeme/voláme (we address/call) vocative

6. o kom/čem? (about whom/what?) locative

7. s kým/čím? (with whom/what?) instrumentalGendermerriam webster grammar says: The three genders are masculine, feminine, and neuter, with masculine further subdivided into animate and inanimate. Words for individuals with biological gender usually have the corresponding grammatical gender, with only a few exceptions; similarly, among the masculine nouns, the distinction between animate and inanimate also follows meaning. Other words have arbitrary grammatical genders. Thus, for instance, pes (dog) is masculine animate, stůl (table) is masculine inanimate, kočka (cat) and židle (chair) are feminine, and morče (guinea-pig) and světlo (light) are neuter

Every Czech noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter

Masculine nouns often end with a consonant:Feminine nouns often end with an -a:Neuter nouns often end with an -o:

Czech Nouns: Gender

There are three important grammatical categories that determine the composition of a Czech noun: the case, number, and gender.

Gender

Every Czech noun is either masculine, feminine, or neuter (similar to the Spanish "el", "la", German "der", "die", "das", etc., although there are no such articles in Czech). It is often possible to tell the gender of the noun by its ending:

Masculine nouns often end with a consonant:pán - gentleman, hrad - castle, pes - dog, soused - neighbor (male)

Feminine nouns often end with an -a:žena - woman, kniha - book, dívka - girl, sousedka - neighbor (female)

Neuter nouns often end with an -o:město - city, auto - car, slovo - word

However, this does not work for all nouns. In fact, below is a complete list of possible noun endings:

Masculine:

- hard consonant (e.g. pán - gentleman, hrad - castle)- soft consonant (e.g. muž - man, stroj - machine)- vowel -a (e.g. předseda - chairman, turista - tourist)- vowel -e (e.g. soudce - judge)

Feminine:

- vowel -a (e.g. žena - woman, škola - school)- vowel -e (e.g. růže - rose, židle - chair)- soft consonant (e.g. píseň - song, zátěž - load)- hard consonant (e.g. kost - bone, sůl - salt)

Neuter:

- vowel -o (e.g. město - city, auto - car)- vowel -e/-ě (e.g. moře - sea, dítě - child)- vowel -í (e.g. stavení - manor, koření - spices)

The declension of the Czech noun The masculine gender has six sets of model nouns:

Animate nouns ending with a hard consonant (d, h, ch, k, n, r, t)

Model noun: pán (gentleman)Other nouns in this category: syn (son), pes (dog), doktor (doctor)

Singular Plural1. nominative pán páni or

pánové2. genitive pána pánů3. dative pánovi pánům4. accusative pána pány5. vocative pane (short

-a-)páni or pánové

6. locative pánovi pánech7. instrumentalpánem pány

Inanimate nouns ending with a hard consonant (d, h, ch, k, n, r, t) Model noun: hrad (castle)Other nouns in this category: dům (house), rok (year), hotel (hotel)

SingularPlural1. nominative hrad hrady2. genitive hradu hradů3. dative hradu hradům4. accusative hrad hrady5. vocative hrade hrady6. locative hradu hradech7. instrumental hradem hrady

Animate nouns ending with a soft consonant (č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň)

Model noun: muž (man)Other nouns in this category: lékař (doctor), řidič (driver), strýc (uncle)

Singular Plural1. nominative muž muži2. genitive muže mužů3. dative muži mužům4. accusative muže muže5. vocative muži muži6. locative muži mužích7. instrumental mužem muži

Inanimate nouns ending with a soft consonant (č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň)

Model noun: stroj (machine)Other nouns in this category: konec (end), čaj (tea), nůž (knife)

SingularPlural1. nominative stroj stroje2. genitive stroje strojů3. dative stroji strojům4. accusative stroj stroje5. vocative stroji stroje6. locative stroji strojích7. instrumental strojem stroji

Special nouns ending with the vowel -a or -e

Model noun: předseda (chairman)Other nouns in this category: děda (grandpa), Jirka (George), Honza (Johnny)

Singular Plural1. nominative předseda předsedové2. genitive předsedy předsedů3. dative předsedovi předsedům4. accusative předsedu předsedy5. vocative předsedo předsedové6. locative předsedovi předsedech7. instrumental předsedou předsedy

Model noun: soudce (judge)Other nouns in this category: poradce (consultant)

Singular Plural1. nominative soudce soudci2. genitive soudce soudců3. dative soudci soudcům4. accusative soudce soudce5. vocative soudce soudci6. locative soudci soudcích7. instrumental soudcem soudci

FEMININE Nouns ending with the vowel -a

Model noun: žena (woman)Other nouns in this category: kniha (book), matka (mother), třída (class), houska (bun)

Singular Plural1. nominative žena ženy2. genitive ženy žen3. dative ženě ženám4. accusative ženu ženy5. vocative ženo ženy6. locative ženě ženách7. instrumental ženou ženami

Nouns ending with the vowel -e

Model noun: růže (rose)Other nouns in this category: večeře (dinner), historie (history)

Singular

Plural

1. nominative růže růže2. genitive růže růží3. dative růži růžím4. accusative růži růže5. vocative růže růže6. locative růži růžích7. instrumental růží růžemi

Nouns ending with a soft consonant (č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň)

Model noun: píseň (song)Other nouns in this category: povodeň (flood), pláž (beach), loď (ship)

Singular Plural1. nominative píseň písně2. genitive písně písní3. dative písni písním4. accusative píseň písně5. vocative písni písně6. locative písni písních7. instrumental písní písněmi

Nouns ending with a hard consonant (d, h, ch, k, n, r, t)

Model noun: kost (bone)Other nouns in this category: radost (joy), starost (worry)

Singular Plural1. nominative kost kosti2. genitive kosti kostí3. dative kosti kostem4. accusative kost kosti5. vocative kosti kosti6. locative kosti kostech7. instrumentalkostí kostmi

Declension of Neuter Nouns The neuter gender has four sets of model nouns:

Nouns ending with the vowel -o

Model noun: město (city)Other nouns in this category: auto (car), okno (window), jablko (apple),

zrcadlo (mirror)

Singular Plural1. nominative město města2. genitive města měst3. dative městu městům4. accusative město města5. vocative město města6. locative městě městech7. instrumentalměstem městy

Nouns ending with the vowel -e

Model noun: moře (sea)Other nouns in this category: pole (field), nebe (sky)

Singular Plural1. nominative moře moře2. genitive moře moří3. dative moři mořím4. accusative moře moře5. vocative moře moře6. locative moři mořích7. instrumental mořem moři

Nouns ending with the vowel -e/-ě

Model noun: kuře (chicken)Other nouns in this category: dítě (child), štěně (puppy), kotě (kitten), tele (calf)- mostly nouns signifying young animals

Singular Plural1. nominative kuře kuřata (but děti - children!)2. genitive kuřete kuřat3. dative kuřeti kuřatům4. accusative kuře kuřata5. vocative kuře kuřata6. locative kuřeti kuřatech7. instrumental kuřetem kuřaty

Nouns ending with the vowel -í

Model noun: stavení (manor)Other nouns in this category: nádraží (train or bus station), náměstí (town square),

září (September), umění (art)

Singular Plural1. nominative stavení stavení2. genitive stavení stavení3. dative stavení stavením4. accusative stavení stavení5. vocative stavení stavení6. locative stavení staveních7. instrumental stavením staveními

The genitive caseGenitive case expresses possession. One way to recognize this case is to know that it answers the questions 'koho?' (KO-ho) and 'ceho?' (CHAY-ho) which are 'whose?' and 'of whom/of what?' in English. The genitive form of the word will always refer back to the possessor.

The genitive case also indicates where someone or something has originated or come from. Think of the example: Z hradu vychazeji lide (ZE HRAD-u VEE-kigh-eey-zay-yi LEE-dyay) means People are coming out of the castle. Here the word 'hrad' for castle has taken on the genitive ending to indicate that the people are coming from the castle.

Genitive case and declension

As with all other cases, there are endings for masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter gender words. This article will focus on nouns alone.

*Masculine hard animate endings are 'a' and 'e' for singular and 'u' with a small circle on top for plural. Masculine inanimate endings are 'u' and 'e' for singular and 'u' with the small circle for plural.

*Feminine words will have one 'y' or 'e' added to the endings of singular words. A couple of exceptions require adding the letter 'e' with a small inverted 'v' on top or the letter 'i' for singular. To form plurals is more complicated. Many feminine words simply drop the letter 'a' from the ending - uziverzita becomes simply univerzit. A few words will use the 'e' with inverted 'v' or 'i' or 'long i' endings.

*Neuter words end with 'a', 'e' or 'long i' for singular. In the plural forms the final letter is dropped so auto becomes aut. Of for some words the 'e' or 'long i' are used. In the end, students need to complete a lot of memorization to recognize word gender and the appropriate declensions.

The genitive case is always used after a list of particular verbs including the following examples.

*ptat se (P-tat say) and zeptat se (ZEP-tat say) which both are Czech for the English verb 'to ask' - the difference is that ptat se is the imperfective form of the verb; zeptat se is the perfective form.

*bat se (BAT say) imperfective and zabat se (ZA-bat say) perfective are Czech for the verb 'to be afraid of.'

Genitive case and prepositions

The genitive case is used after many prepositions that relate to the origin of something. Among the most common Czech prepositions for the genitive case

are:

*bez (BEZ) - without

*blizko (BLEEZ-ko) - near to something

*do (DOH) - to, into something or until

*od (ODD) - from or away from

*u (OOO) - at, by, or near something - this is commonly used in restaurant names such as U Kalicha or 'At the Chalice' restaurant in Prague.

*z or ze (ZZ or ZAY) - from, of or off.

Further uses

The genitive case also refers to many expressions of quantity, after any numbers greater than 5, ordinal numbers, and the adjectives neco (NEEYET-so) - something, and nic (NEETS) - nothing.

The genitive case is one of the most complicated cases to learn and requires much more space than this article permits. But with patience and practice, students can begin to recognize the many areas where the genitive case is used and its role in context. Understanding the genitive case and its partners in the Czech language is an important step to discovering the exciting world of Czech culture.

complex nouns

jídlo z rýže

a shoe --> botaa shop --> obchod

a shoe-shop --> boty-obchod online shop --> internetový obchod

the plural of quantifiable nounsThere are three important grammatical categories that determine the composition of a Czech noun: the case, number, and gender.

Number

Czech distinguishes between the singular (one subject) and plural (more than one subject). There is no one way to create a plural of a word. In the majority of cases, it is done by adding or changing the ending of the singular (pán - páni, město - města). Sometimes the stem of the singular is modified (dítě - děti). In some instances, the plural looks the same as the singular (růže - růže).

Examples:

Masculine:

pán (gentleman) - páni (gentlemen)hrad (castle) - hrady (castles)muž (man) - muži (men)stroj (machine) - stroje (machines)předseda (chairman) - předsedové (chairmen)soudce (judge) - soudci (judges)

Feminine:

žena (woman) - ženy (women)růže (rose) - růže (roses)píseň (song) - písně (songs)kost (bone) - kosti (bones)

Neuter:

město (city) - města (cities)moře (sea) - moře (seas)kuře (chicken) - kuřata (chickens)dítě (child) - děti (children)stavení (manor) - stavení (manors)

Animate nouns ending with a hard consonant (d, h, ch, k, n, r, t)

Model noun: pán (gentleman)Other nouns in this category: syn (son), pes (dog), doktor (doctor)

Singular Plural1. nominative pán páni or pánové2. genitive pána pánů

Inanimate nouns ending with a hard consonant (d, h, ch, k, n, r, t)

Model noun: hrad (castle)Other nouns in this category: dům (house), rok (year), hotel (hotel)

Singular Plural1. nominative hrad hrady2. genitive hradu hradů

Animate nouns ending with a soft consonant (č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň)

Model noun: muž (man)Other nouns in this category: lékař (doctor), řidič (driver), strýc (uncle)

Singular Plural1. nominative muž muži2. genitive muže mužůInanimate nouns ending with a soft consonant (č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň) Model noun: stroj (machine)Other nouns in this category: konec (end), čaj (tea), nůž (knife)

Singular Plural1. nominative stroj stroje2. genitive stroje strojůSpecial nouns ending with the vowel -a or -e

Model noun: předseda (chairman)Other nouns in this category: děda (grandpa), Jirka (George), Honza (Johnny)

Singular Plural1. nominative předseda předsedové2. genitive předsedy předsedůmodel noun: soudce (judge)Other nouns in this category: poradce (consultant) Singular Plural

1. nominative soudce soudci2. genitive soudce soudcůFEMININE NOUNS Nouns ending with the vowel -a

Model noun: žena (woman)Other nouns in this category: kniha (book), matka (mother), třída (class), houska (bun)

Singular Plural1. nominative žena ženy2. genitive ženy ženNouns ending with the vowel -e Model noun: růže (rose)Other nouns in this category: večeře (dinner), historie (history)

Singular Plural1. nominative růže růže2. genitive růže růžíNouns ending with a soft consonant (č, ř, š, ž, c, j, ď, ť, ň) Model noun: píseň (song)Other nouns in this category: povodeň (flood), pláž (beach), loď (ship)

Singular Plural1. nominative píseň písně2. genitive písně písní

Nouns ending with a hard consonant (d, h, ch, k, n, r, t)

Model noun: kost (bone)Other nouns in this category: radost (joy), starost (worry)

Singular Plural1. nominative kost kosti2. genitive kosti kostí

NEUTRAL NOUNSThe neuter gender has four sets of model nouns:

Nouns ending with the vowel -o

Model noun: město (city)Other nouns in this category: auto (car), okno (window), jablko (apple), zrcadlo (mirror)

Singular Plural1. nominative město města2. genitive města měst

Nouns ending with the vowel -e Model noun: moře (sea)Other nouns in this category: pole (field), nebe (sky)

Singular Plural1. nominative moře moře2. genitive moře moří

Nouns ending with the vowel -e/-ě Model noun: kuře (chicken)Other nouns in this category: dítě (child), štěně (puppy), kotě (kitten), tele (calf)- mostly nouns signifying young animals

Singular Plural1. nominative kuře kuřata (but děti - children!)2. genitive kuřete kuřat

Nouns ending with the vowel -í Model noun: stavení (manor)Other nouns in this category: nádraží (train or bus station), náměstí (town square), září (September), umění (art)

Singular Plural1. nominative stavení stavení2. genitive stavení stavení

NOTE:food solids can have different shapes and sizes. there is a difference of meaning between "on je jíst celý sýr." and 'on je jíst jeden kus sýra.

When we say, 'on je jíst celý sýr. ' , we mean that he is eating the whole cheese. <-- big or small

syr (cheese) is in the nominative

When we say, 'on je jíst jeden kus sýra. ', we mean 'he is eating a portion of cheese'.

sýra (of cheese) is in the genitive

similar words to cheese are: chléb (bread). dort (cake). čokoláda (chocolate) they are all the result of a process where the producer determines the size of their product.

Adjectivesan adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun. It can also describe who the noun or the pronoun belongs to or how many there are. The adjective adjusts itself to the gender, declension and number of noun. Czech adjectives are divided into two groups:

1) Adjectives with a hard ending in the nominative singular -ý (masculine) -á (feminine) -é (neuter)

2) Adjectives with a soft ending in the nominative singular -í (masculine, feminine and neuter)

All Czech adjectives end with a long vowel.

Shapes and colours -

shapes (nouns) kružnice, valek, krychle, čtverec , trojúhelník, kužel, polygon, kříž, vlasek, srpec, obdelnik, half-circle, hvesda, obdelnik colours (adjectives) oranžová, žlutá, modrá, červená, zelená, tmavě-modrá, fialová, růžová, šedá, hnědá, černá, bílá, matná / světlé světle / tmavě

nebezpečné - dangerouschytil - prisoner (adj)Zdarma - free (adj)

VerbA verb is a word that is used to tell what a person or thing does or to describe the noun. Verbs change according to who is involved. Verbs change according to when they take place. To be TO BE on its own provides no action to a sentence: the subject complement re-identifies the subject; the adjective complement modifies it. This is a NOUN. // NOUN + IS + adjective to je trojúhelník:

trojuhelnik je červená

Present Tense být (to be)

Já jsem jsme

jste jste

on/ona/to je jsou

THERE IS + SINGULAR NOUN - Tam jeTHERE ARE + PLURAL NOUN Tam jsou

Actions (only animate nouns require action verbs)

Present continuous of jít (TO GO)

Jdu jdeme

jdeš jdete

ono/ ona/ to jde jdou

verbs:existenceto bepossessionto havemovementto goto go into go outthe five sensesto see, vidětto say, řeknito hear, slyšetto feel, dojmoutto smell. čichatemotions, symptomsto feel. cıtitclothing: to wear, nositto put on, to take off transportto carry, néstactivitiesto do/to make - dělatcommunication: to ask ptat se + genitiveto ask - zeptat se + genitive

in the Czech language, to do and to make are translated into one word --> dělat.

Present continuous of dělát (TO do/to make)

dělám děláme

děláš děláte

dělá děláji

There is only one form of present in the Czech language.

cestovat to travel (on foot, by train, by plane, by car, on horseback, by boat) počkat to waitzůstat přes noc - to stay overnightdojíždět mezi to commute between A and Z

uniknout - to escapek záchraně - to rescuespustit - to run jít na procházku - to go for a walkk návštěvě - to visitchůze - to walknavigovat - navigatestop. stopgo. jít

evakuovat - to evacuate

počkat - to waitzůstat přes noc. - to stay overnight

ukázat pas - to show passport

cestovat pěšky. - to travel on footcestovat autem. - travel by carcestovat na koni. - travel on horsebackcestovat lodí. - to travel by boatcestovat vlakem - to travel by traincestovat letadlem. - to travel by plane

dojíždět mezi určení. - to commute between destination

verbs - to wash, - myt

to sleep, spátto wake up, se probuditto play a music instrument,- hrát na hudební nástroj,to play a game, - zahrátto play with a toy - , hrát s hračkou

Adverb

An adverb is a word that describes a verb. Usually it describes how, where, when or how often it happens. The spelling of the adverb never changes adverbs indicating positionin front - v přední částiat the back - na zadní straně

adverbs indicating directionbackwards. zpětforwards.dopředuto the right. na pravé straněto the left. na levé straně

Adverb/příslovce

How to form an adverb - An adverb is a word that describes a verb. Usually it describes how, where, when or how often it happens. The spelling of an adverb never changes. the Czech equivalent of the adverb ending -ly is - ně

efektivní (adj Ms) --> efektivně (adv)

consult a dictionary before converting an adjective into an adverb.

common adverbs:very - velmi. so - tak

almost - téměřthroughout - v celém textuapproximately - circa / cca.unfortunately - bohužel.

often - častotogether - dohromadyfor nothing - pro nic za nictoday - dnestomorrow - zítrayesterday - včeraat once - okamžitě

hopefully - doufejmeof course - samozřejměreally - opravduapparently - zřejmě surely - jistěeventually - nakonecprobably, maybe - asi, možná.

An adverb gives an indication of time, place, manner or quantity. The adverb stays invariable (does not change)Examples :

(čas ) : Marie is coming today.

Marie přichází dnes.

adverbs of time příslovce času yesterday včeratoday dnestomorrow zítranow nyníthen potomlater pozdějitonight dnes v nociright now právě teďlast night včera v nocithis morning dnes ránonext week příští týdenalready jižrecently nedávnolately v poslední doběsoon brzyimmediately okamžitě still ještěyet doručenoago lety.

(způsobem: He treated us very kindly,

On k nám choval velice laskavě,

adverbs of manner příslovce o způsobu very velmiquite docelapretty docela really opravdufast rychlewell dobřehard těžkéquickly rychleslowly pomalucarefully opatrněhardly stěžíbarely stěžímostly většinoualmost téměřabsolutely absolutnětogether dohromadyalone sama

místo: During their visit, they will stay here.

Během své návštěvy, budou pobyt zde.

here zde.there tamover there támhleeverywhere všudeanywhere kdekolivnowhere nikdehome domůaway pryč

out venku

quantity : I have enough food in the house.

Mám dost jídla v domě.

adverbs of frequency příslovce frekvenční always vždyfrequently častousually obvyklesometimes někdyoccasionally příležitostněseldom zřídkararely zřídkanever nikdy

negative form. The English adverb "not" is translated by the negative present of the verb (see your dictionary for tables)

I am going out. ---> I am not going out.

Jdu ven. ---> Nebudu ven.

He is in the house -> He is not in the house.

On je v domě -> On není v domě.

I know --> I do not know.

Já vím -> Já nevím.

Preposition

A preposition is a word that links one noun or a pronoun to another one. Prepositions often describe where someone or something is, or where it is moving towards, or where it is moving towards. The genitive case also indicates where someone or something has originated or come fromexpressing location: inside and outsidein - v into, - doout, - venout of - venku are location prepositioninside - dovnitřoutside dovnitř are location pronounsvarious prepositions that can be used with a location noun: by + location, u + location u - at, by (location) genitiveu - at, by, or near something - this is commonly used in restaurant names such as U Kalicha or 'At the Chalice' restaurant in Prague.on + location, na na - on (location) locativeat the end of + location - po - after (locative) above + location = nad nad - above, over (instrumental) in + location = v (locative) into, - do (genitive) out, - od (from, or away from) genitive out of - od - from (genitive) bez + genitive (without)

blizko + genitive - (near to something)

do + genitive (meaning 2 - until)

z or ze- (from, of or off.)

Ora particle that you can find after a verb that changes its meaning. hanging from something -> připojen ke + N (dative) k / ke - to, towards

Genitive: během (during), podle/dle (according to/along), vedle (beside), kolem (around), okolo (around), do (into), od(e) (away from), z(e) (out of/from), bez(e) (without), místo (instead of).

• Dative: k(e) (towards), proti (against), díky (thanks to), naproti (opposite). • Accusative: skrz(e) (through), pro (for), na (to/for). • Locative/Prepositional: o (around, about), na (on), při (into, in, around), v

(in), po (after, around). • Instrumental: za (behind), před (in front of), mezi (between), pod(e)

(below), s(e) (with), nad(e) (above).

I am in the house. (no action, no movement) jsem v domě (dům = house) I am going into the house (an action, a movement) jdu do domu (dům = house) I am inside (inside replaces "in the house" no action and no movement) jsem dovnitř.I am going inside (inside replaces "into the house" action and movement) jdu dovnitř.

The garden is outside the house. (no action, no movement) zahrada je venku domuI am going out of the house (an action, a movement) jdu ze domuThe garden is outside (outside replaces

"outside the house" no action, no movement) zahrada je vnějsíI am going outside (outside replaces "out of the house - action, movement) jdu vnějsí.

Grammar: Describing a landscape

THERE IS + SINGULAR NOUN - Tam jeTHERE ARE + PLURAL NOUN Tam jsou

various prepositions that can be used with a location noun: by + location, u + location u - at, by (location) genitive

on + location, na na - on (location) locativeat the end of + location - po - after (locative)

above + location = nad nad - above, over (instrumental) in + location = v (locative)

hanging from something: gerund with preposition. -> připojen ke + N (dative) k / ke - to, towards

practise: There is a tree by the lake. There are three bales in the field. the butterfly is flying above the flower. The ladder is hanging from the tree. The village is on the hill. The school is at the end of the pathway. In a rural landscape, there are villages, fields, hills etc. (visualise these sentences) then analyze this:

Tam je strom u jezera Tam jsou tři zoky v pole. Motýl letí nad květina. (ladder) je připojen ke stromu

Obec je na kopci. Škola je po silnici. Ve venkovské krajiny, tam jsou vesnice, pole, kopce, atd.

describing manufactured objectsby John Frankenheimer -> Johna Frankenheimera

describing objectsmade of / vyrobeno z- describes the materials used to make the object

This is an oil painting. The canvas is made of cotton. To je olejomalba. Plátno je vyrobeno z bavlny. A table made of wood. = a wooden table. stůl ze dřeva. = Dřevěný stůl. An ornament made of porcelain = a porcelain ornamentOrnament z porcelánu = porcelánu ornament A box made of cardboard = a cardboard boxKrabice z kartonu = kartonu krabice

made by / byl vyroben + N - describes the person who made the object. This is an image by Antonin ChittussiTento obraz byl vyroben Antonina Chittussi

<--- this is an image of Antonina Chittussi. (an image representing Antonin Chittussi) To je obrázek představující Antonina Chittussi

made in / byl vyroben v- describes the place where the object was made. "Předměstí Paříže" by Antonin Chittussi was made in England. "Předměstí Paříže" Antonina Chittussi byl vyroben v Anglii.

Antonín Chittussi, *1.12.1847 – †1.5.1891, český malíř, žák J. Trenkwalda a J. Swertse Od historické malby přešel k plenérovému krajinářství. Od roku 1879 působil v Paříži. Ovlivněn malíři tzv. barbozinské školy, přehodnocením francouzských vzorů vytvořil lyrickou syntézu české krajiny a v podání atmosféry se přiblížil impresionismu zachycením prchavého momentu nálady, atmosféry krajiny. V jeho obrazech najdeme motivy z Barbizonského lesa, z Železných hor, jihočeských rybníků.

Conjunction

A conjunction is a word to join two parts of sentences or two words together. Conjunctions are used when you want to make lists, or comparisons, or explain things with two sentences - a (and) . but

or

therefore

so

either... or

neither... nor

because

Expressions and proverbs

An expression is a group of words that never changes. A proverb is a sentence that never changes. A quote is a group of words that someone has used before and you need put them into "...." . An interjection is a single word expression and it doesn't need a full sentence. ukazovat pas a letenku ,pozor! , mít šťastnou cestu! - mi pošlete email , nebezpečí! svobodu cestování, krátkou vzdálenostlong distance,

Ahoj, : hellomy name is: what is your name? Odkut prichazis - Where are you fromHow old are you?ano - yes ne - no nerozumim - I don't understandI love youchtela bych neco.. : I would like.... prominte: Excuse me pardon - sorrycelorocně = All year round,

le většinu času: most of the time, navíc,: in addition,

kdo? - who? what is happening?What?kdy? When? Where? kdejak? How? How much does it costkolik? How many? a cup of coffeedobre - OKprosim - please

dekuji - thank you bye bye: na shledanou

svobodu cestování - freedom to travelshort distance - krátkou vzdálenostlong distance - dlouhé vzdálenosti

pozor! - attention mít šťastnou cestu! - have a safe journey!mi pošlete email - send me an email

ukazovat pas a letenku. - "show your passport and ticket".

weather

The weather (adjectives) - bouřlivé počasí ,deštivého

počasí , slunečné počasí s mraky , slunečné

zatažené obloze , zasněžený

world (nouns) Severní Amerika, Jižní Amerika Tichý

oceán, Atlantický oceán, Evropa, Afrika, Asie Indický oceán, Australie Antarctika

Bydlím v Severní Irsku. Bydlím ve východní části města. I live in Northern Ireland. I live in the Eastern part of townPanda žije v Asii The panda lives in Asiapozdravy z Prahy greetings from Prague - N - Sever, W -Západ- S - Jih W - Východ

Address: DKav, 221b Malostranské nám, Praha

The months of the year (noun) (mesic) (nominative form), leden únor březen duben květen červen červenec srpen září říjen listopad prosinecMonths of the year in genitive form: ledna, února, březena, dubna, května, červena, červeneca, srpna, září,října, listopada, prosinceThe days of the week (noun) Pondělí, Úterý, Středa, Čvrtek, Pátek, Sobota, Nedělethe date, Úterý, 5. října, 2010. - (Week-)day, date month (in genitive form) year.The seasons (nouns) (rocni obdoni) jaro, léto, podzim, zimaSpecial occasions (expressions) narozeniny. Všechno nejlepší k narozeninám! Nový rok, Velikonoce, Vánoce Veselé. Silvestr

the time

Kolik je hodin? - den, ráno, odpoledne, večer, noc, Any indication of time or date in a sentence, answers a question "When/kdy?", this types of complements are called complements of time/ (čas )"

Století má sto let.

Desetiletí má deset let. Rok má dvanáct měsíců. Měsíc má třicet nebo třicet jedna dnů, s výjimkou února. Den má dvacet čtyři hodin. Hodina má šedesát minut. Minuta má šedesát sekund.

Během dne: - during the dayMezi půlnocí a svítání - na noc. Mezi východem a polednem - ráno. mezi polednem a západem slunce - odpoledne. mezi západem slunce a půlnocí - večer.

00,00 - o půlnoci. 09,00 - devět hodin ráno. 09,05 - pět minut po deváté ráno. 09.15 patnáct minut po deváté ráno09,25 - dvacet-pět minut po deváté ráno09.30 - půl desáté ráno09,40 - dvacet do deseti ráno. 09.45 - patnáct do deseti ráno10.00 - deset hodin ráno. 12,00 - polední / poledne. 21,00 - devět hodin večer.

when you want to express duration, use "po dobu" + number of years, months, days, hours, minutes or seconds in the genitive form

structure of sentence -

the subject does the action

the verb describes the action

the complement is everything else in the sentence.

Direct and Indirect Objects

by http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/

A direct object is the receiver of action within a sentence, as in "He hit the ball."

Be careful to distinguish between a direct object and an object complement/aposition:

• They named their daughter Natasha.• Oni jmenovali jejich dcera Nataša.

In that sentence, "daughter" is the direct object and "Natasha" is the object complement, which renames or describes the direct object.

The indirect object identifies to or for whom or what the action of the verb is performed. The direct object and indirect object are different people or places or things. The direct objects in the sentences below are in green; the indirect objects are in yellow.

• The teacher gave A's. to his students• Učitel dal stupňů aby svým studentům • Grandfather left all his money to Stephen and Laura• Dědeček odešel všechny své peníze aby Stephen a Laura. • Melissa sold her boat to me• Melissa mi prodávala její loď

Sentence structures: Větné struktury:

complement of time (čas ) - "when/kdy?"complement of place (místo) - "where?/kde? "complement of manner (způsobem )- "why?" "proč?"genitive (genitiv ) - "whose" or "of what" čí? direct and indirect object complement akuzativ/ dativ - what, (co? ) to what (k čemu?) /for what (na co?)

texts:Oficiální stránky

• Absolvent Filozofické fakulty University Karlovy

• V šedesátých letech novinář a korespondent Československého rozhlasu na Dálném východě, v Evropě a Spojených státech

• Signatář Charty 77 a dvakrát její mluvčí (1979 a 1985). Vězněn za činnost ve Výboru na obranu nespravedlivě stíhaných (1979-1982). Za normalizace vydavatel samizdatových časopisů a předseda redakční rady xeroxových Lidových novin

• Zakladatel a předseda Rady pro mezinárodní vztahy (od roku 1994)

• Člen Commission on Global Governance pro reformu OSN (1992-2000)

• Zvláštní zpravodaj OSN pro lidská práva v Jugoslávii, Bosně a Hercegovině a Chorvatsku (1998-2001)

• Hostující profesor Claremont Graduate School (Kalifornie), University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Brown University (Rhode Island). Přednášel na Hebrew University (Jerusalem), Filozofické fakultě University Karlovy a Vysoké škole mezinárodních a veřejných vztahů (1997-2006)

• Autor a politický komentátor • Ředitel a Trustee Reuters Founders Share Company (od 2005)

narozen 20. dubna 1937 v Kladnězemřel v sobotu 8. ledna 2011

(1989)

Filmtip Vlak (the Train) - Hlavni role v dramatickem pribehu Johna Frankenheimera vytvorili Burt Lancaster, Paul Scofield a Jeanne Moreauova.

válečný - v poslednich dnech druhe svetove valky se nemecky plukovnik a milovnik uměhi von Waldheim roshodne, ze vzacne obrazy Pabla Picassa, Pierra-Augusta Renoira, Paula Gauguina a rady dalsich malířu necha odveztz Francie do Nemecka. Kdyz se armady spojencu priblizi k Parizy jsou pod jeho dohledem tato umelecka dila nalozena v bednach do vlaku. Ten ma ridit zamestnamec zeleznicni spolecnosti, inzenyr Paul Labiche, ktery se proti Nemcum take spoiji s členy tajneho francouzskeho Odboje. The Train - USA/F/IT 1964 Délka:127 minutZemě: Spojené státy americké / Francie / Itálie- režie:: J. Frankenheimerhraje:: B. Lancaster, P. Scofield, M. Simon

Hluboké na. Vltavou (Hubloka on the Moldau (Vlatva)

Jílovék: district in Prague

Karlštejn Hrad Karlstejn Castle

eměpisek – the geographer. Text in CzechAntoine de Saint Exupéry – Malý Princ (The Little Prince) Šesta planeta byla desetkrát (10 x) větší. Bydil na ni starý pán a spisovatel obrovské knihy. "Ale hled'me, badatel!" zvolal, když spatřil malého prince. Malý princ se posadil na stůl a byl trochu udýchán. Tolik se už nacestoval!“Odkut přicházíš?” zeptal se ho starý pán. “Co to je za tlustou knihu?” řekl malý princ “Co tu děláte?” “Jsem zeměpisec. Odpověděl starý pán. “Co je to zeměpisec?” “To je vědec, který ví, kde jsou moře, veletoky, města, hory a pouště.”“Opravdu moc zajímavé,” řekl malý princ “Konecne opravdové zamestnaní!” A rozhlédl se kolem sebo po zeměpiscově planetě. Jeste nikdy neviděl tak vzešenou planetu. “Vaše planeta je moc hezká. Jsou tu oceány?"To nemohu vědět.” řekl zeměpisek“Ach!” (malý princ byl zklaman “A hory?”“To nemohu vědět.” odpověděl zeměpisec.“A města a řeky a pouště?”“To také nemohu vědět.” řekl zeměpisec. “Vzdyt' jste zeměpisek!”“Ovsem,”řekl zeměpisek “ale nestem badatel. A nernam zadné badatele. Zeměpisek nikdy nepočítá města, řeky, hory, more, oceány a pouště.”

Kavka (Corvus monedula) (C.m.). Kavka obecná (Kavka, Kráka) : in rovině jsou li tam, věže a zámky, velmi obecná , v horách vzácnéji, často jen v zime na silnicich. V některych obcich panství Preddhradí u Skutje, chrudimensky kraj, jim vyvěsuji na vysoké stromy budky na H a polovzrostlá mládata pak jedí (C. Kavka, monedula B: Kavka, monedula,

J.C. Monedula, B Kávka – H v lesich R: H.S. C monedula - /H/ , v. Lesich, na vežich a starých budovách, , A, F, celorocně v Praze, přenocuki však větsinou v Kunratickem lese a u Jílovéko na osamělých stromech, krom věži a zřicenim H i na skalach/Karlštejn a Petín / a v dutyach bucích – stará obora v Hluboké na. Vltavou P.42

Stanislav Komárek: Ptáci v Cechách v letch 1360-1890 Aneb Tajemství rytiře von Sacher-Masocha

equivalent text: Black land birdsChristopher Moriarty - A Guide to Irish birds (Mercier Paperback Cork, Republic of Ireland, The Raven is usually confined to wild country, it is large, glossy black all over and has a deep croak. The next two may be almost seen everywhere: the Rook is black with whitish face and grey bill, the call is a harsh 'caw'; the Jackdaw is smaller, has grey head and black face, the call is short and rather high. The Chough is common only on sea cliffs, it is glossy black with red bill and legs. The male Blackbird is glossy black with orange bill. I use the term "Hedgerow" to cover a variety of habitats ranging from built-up areas to open farming country. The essential feature of such places is that they have plenty of trees, bushes, buildings and fences on which birds can perch for rest and shelter. In addition to these must be a good proportion of open ground in the form of roof top, gardens or fields as all the birds in the group take a good proportion of their food on the ground. Our most familiar species live in these surroundings: rooks, jackdaws, thrushes, finches and tits amongst others.

Je možné myslet si něco bezútěšného? Nebo lépe, neco bezútěšného bez jediného náznaku útechy? Dalo by se to vysvětlit tím, že poznání samo o sobe je útěchou. Bylo by tedy jistě možné si myslet: Musíš zmizet ze světa, a presto zustat, aniz by se tím to poznaní znehodnotilo, naopak zustat práve s vědomím toho poznani. To pak skutečně znamena vytahnout se va vlastní cop z bažiny. Co v tělesnem světě působí smešne, to se v duchovním světě může vyskytnout. Tam totiž neplatí zákon pritažlivosti (andělé nelétají, neprekonali žadnou pritažlivost, jen my pozorovatelé pozemského sveta si to neumíme jinak vysvětlit), což si ovšem nedovedeme představit, nebo leda na vysokém stupni poznaní. Jak uboze znam sam sebe ve srováni s tím, jak znam napriklad svuj pokoj. Proč? Nelze pozovat vnitrní svět jako pozorujeme vnějsí svět. Deskriptivní psychologie aspon je vcelku zrejmým antropomorfismem, přesahovaním hranic vnitrní svět lze pouze proživat, nikoliv popisovat – Psychologie popisuje pozemský svět zrcadlící se v nebeske klenbě, nebo lépe: popisuje zrcadlení, jak si je představujeme my, prisati k zemi, kamkoliv se obrátíme.

Is it possible to think of something bleak? Or rather, something bleak without a hint of consolation? It could be explained by the fact that knowledge itself is comforting. It would therefore certainly possible to think: You have to disappear from the world, and yet remain without identified by a degraded the contrary, just stay with the knowledge that knowledge. It really means then pull up your own ponytail from the marsh. As in the physical world works funny, it is in the spiritual world can occur. There is not the law of attraction (angels do not fly, can not get no attraction, just let us land-based observers, the world do not know how else to explain), which, of course, imagined, or ice on a high level of knowledge. How poorly known in itself As a comparison with, for example if I know my room. Why? Unable to pose the inner world as we see the outside world. Descriptive psychology at least is quite obvious anthropomorphism, overlapping borders of the inner world can only experience, rather than describe - describes the mundane world of psychology is mirrored in the firmament, or, better describes the mirror as we imagine them, bite the ground, everywhere you turn.

Prague Pravo Newspaper. ú í á é ý ů ěš ř č žopravy Karlova mostu - works on Charles Bridge, Prague Pravo, April 2010

Druhá etapa opravy Karlova mostu začala v srpenu roku 2007 a měla by skončit letos v listopadu. Navazuje na etapu první, která v letech 2004 a 2005 zabezpečila některé pilíře mostu proti risiku podemletí. Cílem této etapy je obnova hydroizolace mostu, která vznikala v letech 1966 až 1974 a dnes již svou funkci moc neplní, takže deštová voda může prosakovat do zdiva mostu. Dochází proto k výměně vrstev mostovky a k aplicaci střicané izolační vrstvy, která ma zamezit průsaku vody do konstrukce mostu. Při tom je protřeba rozebrat také kamennou zed' zabradlí, protože hydroizoločni vrstva je napojována právě na ni - a vytváří tak jakousi mělkou vanu z níž je voda odvaděna do původních kamennych chrličů. Při rozebíraní zábradlí se zároven kontroluje mira poškození dřive použitých kvádrů, na kterých se podepsal zub času - nebo možná přesněji zub počasí. Vazne poškozené kameny se nahrazují novými a s výjimkou těch, které se navzdory šetrnému vyjímání rozpadly prakticky na písek, jsou uloženy ve speciálním skladu v Praze Bohnicích.

kamennych chrličů - stone gargoylespočasí - weather

The second phase of reconstruction of Charles Bridge began in August 2007 and should finish in November this year. It follows the first phase, which in 2004 and 2005 secured some of the pillars of the bridge against the risk of collapsing. The aim of this phase is to restore the waterproofing the bridge, which originated between 1966 and 1974 and now does not fulfill its function any more. Rainwater has been seeping into the masonry bridge, therefore an insulating layer needs to be applied. At the same time, the stone wall railing and water-insulating layer need to be connected - thus creating a sort of shallow tub of water which is piped into the original stone gargoyles. When disassembling the railing , there was an extent of damage on previously used blocks caused the ravages of time - or perhaps more accurately - damages due to the weather. Seriously damaged pieces are replaced with new ones except those which , despite the gentle removal, had virtually disintegrated into sand and they are deposited in a special warehouse in Prague Bohnice.

http://www.prague-information.eu/dtl_nw/id/543Charles Bridge Again Serving the

Public after Renovation2010-11-16 09:15:17

The first phase of renovation on Charles Bridge is complete, according to experts the next phase could take up to twenty years. The final inspection has been made and at last there is an end to the disputes, partly between experts, partly invoked by the public. “All’s well that ends well,” said Mayor of Prague Pavel Bém at the ceremonial opening of the bridge on St. Martin’s Day. We asked the people involved in the reconstruction of the bridge what the completion of restoration work meant to them.

Martin Doksanský, Director of SMP CZ, the company responsible for the renovation work:

Maybe it will come as a surprise, but for me it is a great pleasure. For quite a long time they made the most of the attacks and ridiculous arguments against us, so we learned to live with it and fight it and I think that in the final stage, in the few months when suddenly everything went quiet, it was clear that the reasons for all those attacks were a little different from those drummed into the heads of the public via certain people. I’m pleased that the building work went well, it’s an incredible reference and a beautiful thing, we needn’t be ashamed. To give a ceremonial conclusion, the renovation will be recorded in gold lettering in our company chronicle.

Zdeněk Bergman, Director of Charles Bridge Museum and Prague ferryman:

The renovation has made our museum richer by exhibits which document the development of the bridge. It’s good that Charles Bridge has been successfully renovated. In answer to all those who were worried about the gothic masonry I have to say that the really historical part is the internal stonework, and the renovation work will protect against the penetration of salt and water that was damaging the body of the bridge.

As for Charles Bridge Museum, from the very first digging the renovation has brought new information, for example, thanks to the Institute of Chemical Technology, it has been confirmed that they actually did put eggs in the mortar. New information has also emerged about Judith Bridge, the foundations of the column on which St. Wenceslas stood, the foundations of the customs house on Křižovnické náměstí, the infill from Eratické náměstí helped us to uncover masonry that was older than that of Charles Bridge.Thanks to these findings we have been able to improve models and of course we

use them in other museum work.

Petra Hoftichová, Prague City Gallery, responsible for public sculptural work:

Everyone looks at the bridge from their own perspective, I was pleased that the gallery received money from the City for the renovation of St. Francis Borgia, that the statue of Cosmas and Damian is being renovated, and thanks to the sponsorship of the Promonstratensian order the statue of St. Norbert is also being renovated. Thanks to completed restoration work we have been able to begin 3D scanning of statues, which will serve, for example, in the correct positioning of the renovated pieces, and most of all it gives us, and I hope also the public, the chance to see the sculptures from the other side, from the river.

Daut Kara from the company Mott MacDonald, which carried out specialist supervision of the building work:

Although I had no idea beforehand, it’s been a whole stage in my life, even if I admit that I wasn’t too keen to get involved. Not that I don’t like the bridge, but I didn’t fancy being the building supervisor. The previous work on columns 8 and 9 helped to reconcile me with it. It’s work with a lot of interesting people, from divers to archaeologists and art-historians, and it’s fine, pleasant work, but sometimes quarrels break out, but that’s a small part of it. We have concluded one phase and we have a clear conscience because we have protected Charles Bridge against damage and salt. Now we can intensively prepare for the next phase, although for this we need the “right” stone, and we know that it is in an unopened seam. The stone used so far was the only possible option which could help in the necessity for quick reconstruction. At the start of the building work that original stone was nowhere in sight, and they’ve been saying since 2004 that the quarry would be opened up in two years time. Now they say it’ll be in a year, which is a big step forward. Hopefully it really will be opened up by the time the next phase begins.

Roman Kotrč from the Charles Bridge Artists Association:

After three years, during which building work took up almost half of Charles Bridge at some time, we have really had to tighten our belts, on top of that we had the financial crisis, so I’d say that, for us, the completion of this phase of reconstruction means a brighter future. The bridge has regained the atmosphere that it lost during the renovation work and the bridge has come alive again, which is a good thing.

Luboš Hroneš, owner of the quarry in Kocbeře which supplied the stone for the repair work:

For me and my company it was a prestigious moment, for us the repair work has finished, but we are still answering questions about our stone, its qualities, its use in Baroque times. People want to know what was true in the news, both negative and positive. I have to say that the medialization was quite extreme. Nevertheless, now the conservation institutes are making requests, they are interested in our stone. For example, I’m negotiating the supply of stone for Malá Skála and other reconstruction projects.

Pavel Bém, Mayor of Prague:

It’s very satisfying for me and, at the same time, it’s a weight off my mind. For 20, or more precisely 40 years, it couldn’t be managed, because the last reconstruction of Charles Bridge was carried out between 1964 – 1975, the period when a reinforced concrete structure was applied, which had an irreversible influence on Charles Bridge. This led to debate among experts on what to do about it, and meanwhile water was seeping into the bridge. Especially after the flood of 2002 there was a danger that Charles Bridge wouldn’t survive for future generations. What I consider important is that the reconstruction was completed to the appropriate standard, that the bridge is insulated to such an extent that we can say it has been saved. On the basis of my decision the reconstruction was carried out without closing the bridge, so the main tourist route wasn’t cut off and the public could see how the reconstruction was going. I’m convinced that it was the right decision, even though various squabbles broke out. People could see the unique finds that were uncovered during the reconstruction work.

In complicated work such as this there is always some criticism. One expert says that something is wrong, another criticises the first, a third has a go at the second…, that doesn’t seem so bad or improper. But then the whole thing was overtaken by politics and fines and it’s remarkable that the conservation institute, which initially approved the reconstruction procedure and work, later took a stand against it’s own official stamp and decision and decided to impose fines. Now I simply regard it as folklore. I’d say that all’s well that ends well, the bridge has been protected.

Source: www.praha.eu

Autor: ČTK | napsat komentář

Padělatelé peněz se nezaměřují jen na bankovky, ale i na drobné mince. Takové "falešné pětníky" se dnes obvykle odhalují pohledem zblízka pod mikroskopem.

V historických dobách ovšem existovali lidé, kteří podle zvuku padající mince dokázali s různou mírou spolehlivosti určit, jestli je pravá nebo falešná. Japonský odborník Mototsugu Suzuki, který pracuje pro tokijskou metropolitní policii, nyní tuto starou metodu výrazně "upgradoval". Podle článku na stránkách Nature nechá podezřelou minci sklouznout na mosazný kvádřík. Zazvonění, které je slyšet při nárazu, nahraje a převede do počítače.

Lidské ucho rozdíl mezi současnými pravými a falešnými mincemi nepozná, ale software ano. U pravé mince v hodnotě 500 jenů například ve zvukové stopě najde čtyři zřetelné vrcholy v pásmu 5 až 20 kilohertzů. U falešných mincí tyto budou tyto vrcholy jinde, nebo budou jen tři.

Nahrávky zvuků jednotlivých padělaných mincí mohou být dále využity k vytvoření databáze. Ta by mimo jiné pomohla určit, kolik mincí vlastně pochází z jedné padělatelské operace.

equivalent article:

the sound of a bad penny - Finding counterfeit coins by sound - acoustic method could quickly catch counterfeit coins

You might assume that counterfeiters only bother with high-value bank notes, but there is a chance that some of the coins jangling around in your pocket right now are fake. If Mototsugu Suzuki gets his way, it may be that jangling that gives them away.

Suzuki, a researcher at the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department's Criminal Investigation Laboratory in Japan, has developed a way of examining coins based on the sound they make.

In Suzuki's method, coins slide down a slope and then fall onto a brass block. The sound they make on impact is relayed via a microphone to a computer.

Although the human ear cannot usually tell the difference between real and fake, a computer can. Genuine 500-yen coins showed four distinctive peaks of natural resonance frequencies in the 5-20 kilohertz range. This was not the case for fakes; some fakes produced only three peaks, while others showed four but at different frequencies to genuine coins.

In addition to helping detect counterfeits, the sound data could be used to build up a database of fake coins, suggests Suzuki. This might help law enforcement officers to prove how many coins one counterfeit operation is responsible for.

Občan Vaněk/Citizen Vanek (Václav Havel)publ.: 2009 - Levne Knihy ed 2009 Pohořelice OsobySládekVaněkDějiště: Sládkova kancelář

Na scéně je Sládkova kancelář. Nalevo jsou dvere a nad nimi na zdi visí jakysi zarámovaný diplom; napravo je skřin a registratura a na nich sbirka lahvi od piva s různými vinětami; na zadni zdi je velká neumělá malba, znázornujicí Svejka a hostinkého Pavlice, pod malbou je ozdobný nápis "Kde se pivo vaří, tam se dobře daří"

Citizen Vanek (Václav Havel)English translation by Jan Novak. publ.: 2009 - Levne Knihy ed Pohořelice

Cast of charactersBrewmasterVaněkSetting: brewmaster's office

The set is the office of a brewmaster. Stage right, there is a door and, hanging above it, some sort of a frame certificate. Stage left, there is wardrobe and a filing cabinet, on top of which there is a collection of beer bottles with different labels. On the back wall, there is a large, crude painting, featuring the good soldier Svejk and the innkeeper Palivec. A decorative sign under it proclaims: "Living is easy where brewers keep busy."

Občan Vaněk/Citizen Vanek (Václav Havel)publ.: 2009 - Levne Knihy ed 2009 Pohořelice 2V centru scény je kancelářský stůl a tři židle, na stole je hromada různých listin, několik prázdnych lahví od piva a několik skleniček. Vedle stolu stojí na zemi basa piva. Podél zdí a hlavně v rozich místnostni je různé težko definovatelné harampádí jako vyřazené ventily, stařické rádio, rozbitý vesák, stoh starych novin, holínky a podobně. Když se otrevře opona, sedi u stolu Sládek v pracovním plášti, hlavu má položenu na stole a hlasitě chrápe. Po chvilce se ozve zaklepání. Sládek se ihned probere.

Citizen Vanek (Václav Havel)English translation by Jan Novak. 2publ.: 2009 - Levne Knihy ed Pohořelice An office desk and three chairs take up the center of the stage. The desk is littered with stacks of various forms, several empty beer bottles, and beer glasses. A case of beer is lying on the floor beside the desk. An undefinable mass of junk is piled along the walls and in the corner of the room - discarded valves, an ancient radio, a broken-down coat rack, stacks of old newspapers, galoshes, and so on. As the curtain rises, the brewmaster is sitting by the desk in a work smock, with his head lying on top of it, and snoring loudly. After a beat, there is a knock on the door. The brewmaster wakes up at once.

names source: http://www.myczechrepublic.com/As a rule we do not translate names, except for saints, historical figures and past artists. If you are called Adele, you don't need to translate your name unless you want to settle down and assimilate.

Adele - AdélaAgatha - AgátaAgnes - Anežka Amelia - Amálie Anastasia - AnastázieAnette - AnetaAngela - AndělaAngelica - AngelikaAnne, Ann, Anna - AnnaAntonia - AntonieBarbara - BarboraBeatrice - BeátaBernice - BronislavaBetty - Běta, BětušeBlanche - Blanka Bridget, Brigitte - BrigitaCamilla - KamilaCarol - Karla Caroline - KarolínaCatherine - KateřinaCecilia - CecílieCharlotte - Šarlota, KarlaChristina, Christine - KristýnaClaire, Clara - KláraClaudia - KlaudieDana - DanaDanielle - DanielaDenise - DenisaDiane, Dianne, Diana - DianaDominique - Dominika Dorothy - DorotaEdith - Edita, DitaElisa, Elise - EliškaElizabeth, Elisabeth - AlžbětaEmma - EmaEmily - EmílieErica - Erika Esther - Ester

Evelyn - EvelínaFaith - VěraFlorence - Květa, KvětušeFrances, Francine - FrantiškaGabrielle, Gabriella - GabrielaGeorgia - JiřinaGiselle - GizelaHannah, Hanna - HanaHelen - HelenaHenriette - JindřiškaHope - NaděždaIrene - IrenaIsabella, Isabelle, Isabel - IzabelaJane - JanaJanet, Jeanette - ŽanetaJoanne, Joanna, Johanna - JohanaJosephine - JosefínaJudith, Judy - Judita, JitkaJustine - JustýnaKaren - KarinaKatherine, Kathyn - KateřinaLena - LenkaLilianne, Lillian - LilianaLinda - Linda Lucy - LucieLydia - LýdieMadeline, Magdalene - MagdalénaMargaret - MarkétaMarianne - MarianaMary, Marie, Maria, Mariah - MarieMartha - MartaMatilda - MatyldaMelanie - Melánie Michelle, Michaela - MichaelaMira, Myra - MiroslavaMonica - MonikaNatalie - NatálieNelly - Nela Nicole - NikolaOlivia - OlívieRebecca - RebekaRenée - Renata Rose, Rosa - Růžena

Ruth - RútSara, Sarah - SáraSidney - ZdeňkaSimone - SimonaSonia - Soňa Sophie, Sophia - Sofie, ŽofieStella - StelaStephanie - ŠtěpánkaSusan, Suzanne, Susanna - Zuzana Sylvia - Silvie, SylvieTanya, Tatiana - Táňa, TaťánaTheresa, Therese, Teresa, Terry - TerezaUrsula - UršulaValerie - ValérieVeronica - VeronikaVictoria - ViktorieViolet - ViolaWanda - VandaWendy - VendulaXenia - XénieYolanda - JolanaYvonne - Ivona

male namesAlex - Alexej Alexander - AlexandrAlfred - Alfred Alphonse - AlfonsAmbrose - AmbrožAmos - Ámos Andrew - OndřejAnthony - AntonínArthur - ArturBartholomew - BartolomějBenedict - BenediktBernard - BernardBill - VilémCarl - KarelCharles - KarelChristopher - Kryštof Conrad - KonrádElijah - EliášEric - Erik

Ernest - ArnoštEugene - EvženFrancis, Frank - FrantišekFrederick - BedřichGeorge - JiříGregory - ŘehořGus - GustavGuido - KvidoHenry - JindřichHugh, Hugo - HugoIan, John, Jack, - JanIsaac - IzákEwan - IvanJames - JakubJeremy, Jeremiah - JeremiášJerome - JeronýmJonah, Jonas - JonášJonathan - JonatánJoseph - JosefJulian - JuliánLawrence, Laurence - VavřinecLeo - Leo, LeošLewis, Louis, Luis - Luděk, LudvíkLuke, Lucas - LukášMark - MarekMarius - MariánMartin - MartinMatthew - Matěj, MatoušMaximillian - Maxmilián, MaximMichael - MichalMiles, Milo - MilošMoses - MojžíšNicholas - Mikuláš, MikolášPaul - PavelPancras - PankrácPatrick - PatrikPeter - PetrPhilip - FilipSidney - ZdeněkSigmund - ZikmundSimon - ŠimonStanley - StanislavStephen, Steven - Štěpán, Štefan

Theodore - TeodorThomas - TomášTobias - TobiášUlrich - OldřichValentine - ValentýnVictor - ViktorVincent - VincencWalter - ValtrWaldemar - ValdemarWilliam - VilémXavier - XaverZachary - Zachariáš

Names of Czech/Slavonic originsBěla BlaženaBohdanaBohumilaBohuslavaBoženaDarinaDobromilaDoubravkaDrahomíraDrahoslavaEliška GitaHedvikaJarmilaJaroslavaJindřiškaJiřinaJitkaKvětoslavaLadaLjubaMarkétaMiladaMilušeMiroslavaNatašaOldřiškaOlgaOtýlieRadanaRadkaRadmilaSaskieSávaSlavěnaSoňaStanislavaSvatavaSvětlanaTamara

VladěnaVlastaZdeňkaZdislavaZinaZitaZlataZora

AlešBlahoslavBlažejBohdanBohumil BohumirBohuslavBoleslavBorekBořivojBřetislavBrunoCtiborCtirad ČeněkČestmírDaliborDalimirDrahoslavDušanHanušHavelHynekIljaJáchymJarmilJahomirJindřichKamilLadislavLiborLubomírLubošLumír

MilanMiroslavMojmírOtakarPravoslavProkopPřemyslRadekRadimRadomirRadoslavRadovanRostislavRudolfŘehořServácSlavomírSoběslavTadeášTibor VáclavVendelínVěroslavVěnceslavVítVítězslavVladanVladimírVladislavVlastimil VlastislavVojtěchZbyněkZbyšekZdeněk

My time-table: In the morning, I wake up at a quarter past nine. Then I wash myself and I brush my teeth. At half-past nine I have breakfast. Then I work on my website. At noon I go out and do the shopping. At a quarter past noon, I watch "Bargain Hunt" on TV, then I play citiville for half an hour. Between 2 and 5 PM, I work on the website.

časový harmonogram Ráno, jsem se vzbudil v 9:15. Pak jsem se umyl a já jsem čistit zuby. V půl desáté-mám snídani. Pak jsem pracovat na mých webových stránkách. V poledne jsem jít ven a dělat nákupy. Ve čtvrt na poledne, dívám se "Bargain Hunt" v televizi, pak jsem hrát citiville za půl hodiny. Mezi 14,00 a 17,00 pracuji na mých webových stránkách.

name five toys, - loutka, medvídek, postava, hračka-divadlo, panenka

name five games - cšachy, citiville, monopol, schovávat se-a-hledat, kuličky

name five plays - Audience - Václav Havel, PASTÍČKA - Markéta Bláhová, Cyrano z Bergeracu - Edmond Rostand , Ideální manžel - Oscar Wilde A play is a story for the theatre. name five book titles: Malý princ by Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Snehy Kilimandžára - Ernest Hemingway, Svatební přípravy na venkově - Franz Kafka, Má zlatá řemesla, - Ivan Klíma, Žert - Milan Kundera

five music instruments: piano, elektrická kytara, tamburína, housle, akustická kytara