Upload
vumien
View
264
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Methods in Cell Biology
VOLUME 6 3Cytometry
Third Edition, Part A
Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
Harry A. Crissman
J . Paul Robinson
Contents of Volume 64
xii
Contributors
xvii
Preface to the Third Edition
xxi
Preface to the Second Edition
xxv
Preface to the First Edition
xxi x
PART I Principles of Cytometry and General Method s
1 . A Brief History of Flow Cytometry and Sortin g
Myron R . Melamed
I. Introduction
3II. Instrumentation
4III. Applications
9References
1 3
2 . Principles of Flow Cytometry : An Overview
Alice L . Givan
I. Introduction
1 9II. The Illumination of a Particle
20III. Fluidics : Centering Particles in the Illuminating Beam
26IV. Collection of Light Signals from Particles
33V. From Light Signals to a Data File
37VI. From Data to Information
4 1VII. Sorting
44VIII. Conclusions
4 8References
4 8
3 . Laser Scanning Cytometry
Louis A . Kamentsk y
I. Introduction
5 1II. Background
5 2III. Description of the Instrument
5 5IV. The Utility and Operational Characteristics of Some Laser Scanning
62Cytometry List Mode Features
V. Utility of Solid Phase Cytometry for Cell Preparation
80
VI. Future Directions
8 2
References
8 4
4 . Principles of Confocal Microscop y
J. Paul Robinso n
I. Brief History of Microscope Development
8 9
II. Development of Confocal Microscopy
9 0
III. Image Formation in Confocal Microscopy
9 2
IV. Useful Fluorescent Probes for Confocal Microscopy
9 6
V. Applications of Confocal Microscopy
10 0
VI. Conclusions
105
References
105
5 . Optical Measurements in Cytometry : Light Scattering, Extinction ,
Absorption, and Fluorescenc e
Howard M. Shapiro
I. Introduction
10 8
II. Signal Processing Tasks in Flow Cytometry : An Overview
10 8
III. The Optical Signal: Interaction of Light with Cells
11 0
IV. Detection : Converting Optical Signals to Current
11 8
V. Electronics : Converting Current to Voltage
123
VI. Fluorescence Compensation and Logarithmic Amplification
124
VII. Peak Detection, Integration, and Pulse Width Measurement ; Triggering
127
VIII. Measurement Sensitivity : Changing Concepts and the Bottom Line
127
References
12 9
6 . Flow Cytometric Fluorescence Lifetime Measurement s
Harry A . Crissman and John A . Steinkamp
I. Introduction
13 1
II. Applications of the Technology
13 4
III. Cell Preparation and Staining
13 7
IV. Fluorescence Lifetime Flow Cytometry Instrumentation
13 8
V. Results
14 1
VI. Critical Aspects of the Technology
14 4
VII. Future Directions
14 6
References
14 7
7 . Principles of Data Acquisition and Display
Howard M. Shapiro
I. Introduction
14 9
II. Pulse Characterization Using Analog and Hybrid Circuits
15 0
III. Analog Data Display
154
IV. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
15 5
V. Pulse Characterization by Digital Signal Processing
15 9
VI. Data Storage and Display with Digital Computers
16 1
References
16 7
8 . Time as a Flow Cytometric Paramete r
Larry Seamer and Larry A . Skla r
I. Introduction
16 9
II. Historical Overview
17 1
III. Sample Mixing and Delivery
17 1
IV. Data Analysis
17 5
V. Applications
17 9
VI. Conclusions
18 1
References
18 1
9 . Protein Labeling with Fluorescent Probe s
Kevin L. Holmes and Larry M. Lantz
I. Introduction
185
II. Labeling of Proteins with Organic Fluorescent Dyes
186
III. Labeling of Proteins with Phycobiliproteins
194
IV. Conclusion
202References
202
PART II Cell Preparation
10 . Preparation of Cells from Bloo d
J . Philip McCoy, Jr.
I. Introduction
207
II. Collection, Transport, and Storage of Blood
20 8
III. Fixation and Preservation
21 0
IV. Separation of Erythrocytes from Leukocytes
21 0
V. Assessment of Cell Viability
21 1
VI. Staining
21 2VII. Summary
21 2Appendix 1
21 3Appendix 2
21 4Appendix 3
21 4References
21 4
11 . Cell Preparation for the Identification of Leukocytes
Carleton C . Stewart and Sigrid'. Stewar t
I. Introduction
21 8II. Antibodies
21 9III. Tandem Fluorochromes
234
IV. Cell Preparation and Staining Procedures
23 7V. Titering Antibodies
24 4VI. Solutions and Reagents
24 9References
25 0
12 . Strategies for Cell Permeabilization and Fixation in Detecting Surfac eand Intracellular Antigens
Steven K. Koester and Wade E . Bolto n
I. Introduction
25 3II. Application
25 4III. Materials and Methods
26 2IV. Concluding Remarks
26 6References
26 6
PART III Standardization, Quality Assuranc e
13 . Stoichiometry of Immunocytochemical Staining Reaction s
James W. Jacobberge r
I. Introduction
27 1II. Structure of Immunoglobulin G
27 3III. Cell Structure
274IV. Permeabilized Cell Structure
274V. Antibody-Antigen Reactions
28 1VI. Multiparametric Analyses
292VII. Summary
294References
29 5
14 . Standardization and Quantitation in Flow Cytometr y
Robert A . Hoffma n
I. Introduction
300II. General Issues
300III. Performance Characteristics-Dynamic Range, Linearity, Resolution,
302and Sensitivity
IV. Standardization and Calibration of Common Cytometry Measurements
31 2V. Examples of Applications Using Calibrated Measurements
33 0VI. Issues in Quantitation of Fluorochromes and Other Molecules
33 2References
33 4
PART IV Cell Proliferation
15 . Methods to Identify Mitotic Cells by Flow Cytometr y
Gloria Juan, Frank Traganos, and Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
I. Introduction
34 3II. Materials
345
III. Cell Preparation and Staining
34 5
IV. Instruments
34 6
V. Critical Aspects of the Procedure
34 6
VI. Results and Discussion
34 7
VII. Comparison of Anti-H3-P Monoclonal Antibody with Other Markers of
35 0
Mitotic Cells
References
35 3
16 . Cell Cycle Kinetics Estimated by Analysis of Bromodeoxyuridin eIncorporatio n
Nicholas H . A . Terry and R . Allen White
I. Introduction
35 5
II. Applications
35 7
III. Materials
35 8
IV. Methods
36 0
V. Critical Aspects of the Procedure
36 9
References
37 2
17 . Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cell Division History Using Dilution ofCarboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester, a Stably Integrate d
Fluorescent Prob e
A. Bruce Lyons, Jhagvaral Hasbold, and Philip D . Hodgki n
I. Introduction and Background
376
II. Reagents and Solutions
37 8
III. Preparation and Labeling of Cells
37 8
IV. Gathering of Information Concurrent with Division
38 1
V. Analysis of Data
38 6
VI. Application of Carboxyfluorescein Diacetate Succinimidyl Ester to in Vitro
39 0
Culture of Lymphocyte sVII. Monitoring Lymphocyte Responses in Vivo
39 2
VIII. Antigen Receptor Transgenic Models
39 5
References
39 7
18 . Antibodies against the Ki-67 Protein : Assessment of the Growth Fraction
and Tools for Cell Cycle Analysis
Elmar Endl, Christiane Hollmann, and Johannes Gerdes
I. Introduction
399
II. Application
40 1
III. Materials and Methods
402
IV. Critical Aspects
40 8
V. Controls and Standards
40 9
VI. Examples of Results
41 0
References
414
19 . Detection of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antige n
Jorgen K. Larsen, Göran Landberg, and Göran Roo s
I. Introduction
41 9II. Molecular Biology of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
42 0III. Methods for Immunochemical Detection and Quantification of
42 1Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
IV. Results of Cytometric Analysis of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
42 3Expression
V. Applications in Toxicology, Pathology, and Oncology
42 6References
42 8
20 . Lymphocyte Activation Associated Antigen s
Andrea Fattorossi, Alessandra Battaglia, and Cristiano Ferlini
I. Introduction
43 3II. Methodological Aspects
43 7III. To Flow or Not to Flow for Assessing Lymphocyte Activation/
44 7Proliferation? And, If Yes, How Reliable Is Immunophenotyping ?
IV. Additional Approaches
45 3V. Concluding Remarks
45 5References
45 7
PART V Cell Death/Apoptosis
21. Analysis of Mitochondria during Cell Death
Andrea Cossarizza and Stefano Salviol i
I. Introduction
467II. Scientific Background
46 8III. Apoptosis and Mitochondria
470IV. Method
472V. Results
473VI. Pitfalls and Misinterpretation of the Data
476VII. Comparison with Other Methods
477VOL Reviews of the Applications
478IX. Biological and Biomedical Information
47 9X. Future Directions
48 0References
48 1
22 . Cytometry of Caspase s
Steven K. Koester and Wade E . Bolto n
I. Introduction
48 7II. Materials and Methods : Caspase Peptide Inhibitors and Methods to
49 0Monitor Response s
III. Results and Discussion
49 7References
502
23 . Analysis of Apoptosis in Plant Cells
Iona E . Wei r
I. Introduction
50 5
II. Apoptosis in Plants
50 6
III. Problems Associated with Analyzing Plant Cells Using Flow Cytometry
50 9
IV. Morphological Changes of Plant Cells
51 2
V. Physiological Changes during Apoptosis
520
VI. Conclusion
524
References
524
24 . Difficulties and Pitfalls in Analysis of Apoptosi s
Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, Elzbieta Bedner, and Frank Tragano s
I. Introduction
527
II. Apoptotic Index May Not Be Correlated with Incidence of Cell Death
52 9
III. Difficulties in Estimating Frequency of Apoptosis by Analysis of DNA
53 1
Fragmentatio n
IV. The Lack of Evidence Is Not Evidence for the Lack of Apoptosis
53 2
V. Misclassification of Apoptotic Bodies or Nuclear Fragments as Single
53 3
Apoptotic Cells
VI. Apoptosis versus Necrosis versus " Necrotic Stage" of Apoptosis
53 5
VII. Selective Loss of Apoptotic Cells during Sample Preparation
53 7
VIII. Live Cells Engulfing Apoptotic Bodies Masquerade as Apoptotic Cells
53 8
IX. The Problems with Commercial Kits and Reagents
53 8
X. Cell Morphology Is Still the Gold Standard for Identification of Apoptotic
53 9
Cell sXI. Laser Scanning Cytometry : Have Your Cake and Eat It Too
54 1
References
54 4
PART VI Cell-Cell, Cell-Environment Interaction s
25 . Analysis of Cell Migration
Nicole Dodge Zantek and Michael S . Kinch
I. Introduction and Application
549
II. General Strategies to Measure Cell Migration
55 0
References
55 8
26 . Three-Dimensional Extracellular Matrix Substrates for Cell Cultur e
Sherry L. Voytik-Harbin
I. Introduction
56 1
II. Application
56 3
III. Methods
56 5
IV. Application of Intestinal Submucosa as a Three-Dimensional Extracellular
57 2
Matrix Substrat eV. Summary
57 6
References
578
27. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Extracellular Matrix and Extracellula r
Matrix-Cell Interactions
Sherry L. Voytik-Harbin, Bartlomiej Rajwa, and J . Paul Robinso n
I. Introduction
58 3II. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Extracellular Matrix and Extracellular
58 4Matrix-Cell Interactions : Current Techniques and Their Limitation s
III. Three-Dimensional Microscopy of Living Systems : Extracellular Matrix and
58 7Extracellular Matrix-Cell Interactions
IV. Summary
59 3References
59 6
28 . Cytometric Analysis of Cell Contact and Adhesio n
Michael S . Kinch
I. Introduction and Application
59 9II. General Strategies to Measure Cell-Cell Adhesions
60 0III. General Strategies to Measure Cell-Ligand Adhesions
60 6IV. Specificity of Cell Adhesion
60 8V. Optimization of Experimental Conditions
60 9References
61 1
29 . Invadopodia : Unique Methods for Measurement of Extracellular Matri x
Degradation in Vitro
Emma T. Bowden, Peter J. Coopman, and Susette C. Muelle r
I. Introduction
61 3II. Invadopodia Activity, a Measurement for Localized Membrane Degradation
61 5III. Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting-Phagocytosis, a Measurement for
61 9Internalization of Proteolyzed Extracellular Matri x
IV. Protocols
623References
62 6
Index
62 9
Volumes in Series
64 5
Contents of Volume 64Cytometry, Third Edition, Part B
PART VII Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetic s
30 . Sorting of Plant Chromosomes
Jaroslav Dolefel, Martin A . Lysdk, Marie Kubaldkovd, Hana Simkovd, Jiff Macas ,and Sergio Lucretti
31. Quantitative DNA Fiber Mappin g
Heinz-Ulli G . Weier
32. Primed in Situ Labelin g
Johnny Hindkjaer, Lars Bolund, and Steen Kelvra a
33. Measurements of Telomere Length on Individual Chromosomes byImage Cytometry
Steven S . S . Poon and Peter M. Lansdorp
34. Detection of Chromosome Translocation Products in Single Interphas eCell Nuclei
Jingly Fung, Santiago Munne, and Heinz-Ulli G. Weie r
PART VIII Cell Function and Differentiatio n
35. Analysis of Mitochondria by Flow Cytometry
Martin Poot and Robert H. Pierce
36. Analysis of RNA Synthesis by Cytometry
Peter ostrup Jensen, Jacob Larsen, and Jergen K. Larsen
37. Flow Cytometry of Erythropoiesis in Culture : Bivariate Profiles of Fetaland Adult Hemoglobin
Ralph M. Böhmer
38. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Human Hemopoietic Progenito rDifferentiation by Assessing Cell Division Rate and Phenotypic Profil e
Luca Pierelli, Giovanni Scambia, and Andrea Fattorossi
PART IX Experimental Oncology
39. Cytometry of Antitumor Drug-Intracellular Target Interaction s
Paul J. Smith and Marie Wiltshire
40. Monitoring of Cellular Resistance to Cancer Chemotherapy : DrugRetention and Efflux
Awtar Krishan
41. Resistance of Tumor Cells to Chemo- and Radiotherapy Modulated b y
the Three-Dimensional Architecture of Solid Tumors and Spheroid s
Ralph E. Durand and Peggy L . Oliv e
42. Analysis of DNA Damage in Individual Cells
Peggy L . Olive, Ralph E. Durand, Judit P . Bandth, and Peter]. Johnston
43. Cytometric Methods to Analyze Ionizing-Radiation Effect s
William D . Wright, Isabelle Lagroye, Peng Zhang, Robert S . Malyapa ,and Joseph L . Roti Rot i
44. Cytometric Methods to Analyze Thermal Effects
Robert P. VanderWaal, Ryuji Higashikubo, Mai Xu, Douglas R . Spitz ,William D . Wright, and Joseph L. Roti Rot i
PART X Clinical Oncology
45. Multiparameter Data Acquisition and Analysis of Leukocytes by
Flow Cytometry
Carleton C . Stewart and Sigrid J . Stewar t
46. Immunophenotyping of Hematological Malignancies by Lase r
Scanning Cytometry
Richard ]. Clatch
47. Immunophenotyping of Acute Leukemia : Utility of CD45 for BlastCell Identification
J-P. Vial and F . Lacombe
48. Cell Proliferation Markers in Human Solid Tumors : Assessing Their
Impact in Clinical Oncolog y
Maria Grazia Daidone, Aurora Costa, and Rosella Silvestrin i
49. Detection of Minimal Residual Diseas e
Andrzej Deptala and Sharon P . Mayer
50. Analysis of Human Tumors by Laser Scanning Cytanetry
Wojciech Gorczyca, Andrzej Deptala, Elzbieta Bedner, Xun Li, Myron IL Me/awed ,and Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
51. Laser Cytometry of Human Tissues and Tumors: Proliferation an dTherapeutic Applications
David A . Re w
52. Prediction and Precise Diagnosis of Diseases by Data Pattern Analysis i nMultiparameter Flow Cytometry : Melanoma, Juvenile Asthma, andHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Günter Valet, Hanna Kahle, Friedrich Otto, Edeltraut Bräutigam, and Luc Kestens
PART XI Microorganisms and Infectious Disease s
53. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Microorganism s
S . A . Sincock and J . Paul Robinson
54. Staining and Measurement of DNA in Bacteri a
Harald B. Stee n
55. Flow Cytometric Monitoring of Bacterial Susceptibility to Antibiotic s
Mette Walberg and Harald B . Steen
56. Flow Cytometry for Evaluation and Investigation of Huma nImmunodeficiency Virus Infection
Thomas W. Mc Closkey